lab 8: geostatistics - california state university, northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. what...

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Lab 8: Geostatistics

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Page 1: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

Lab 8: Geostatistics 

 

Page 2: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

 

Page 3: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology
Page 4: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

 

Page 5: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

 

Page 6: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology
Page 7: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

 

Page 8: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

 

Page 9: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

 

 

Page 10: Lab 8: Geostatistics - California State University, Northridgesch60990/geostatistics.pdf · 1. What is Thiessen polygon? • The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology

 

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1. What is Thiessen polygon?  

• The Thiessen polygons are built to generate polygon topology. The locations of the points are used as the label points for the Thiessen polygons (ArcGIS Desktop Help).  

2. What is the major difference between Hand‐in 2 and Hand‐in 3? Why?  

• The Kernel Density map shows greater area density versus the Simple Density. Kernel Density calculates the density of linear features in the neighborhood of each output raster cell and Calculates a magnitude per unit area from point or polyline features using a kernel function to fit a smoothly tapered surface to each point or polyline (ArcGIS Desktop Help). 

3. What is the major difference between Hand‐in 4 and Hand‐in 5? Why?  

• The lower density units are confined to smaller areas and have sharp boundaries with the power raised to two on #4, but when raised to the third power on #5 lower density areas are smooth and cover greater distances. By defining a higher power, more emphasis is placed on the nearest points, and the resulting surface will have more detail (be less smooth). Specifying a lower power will give more influence to the points that are farther away, resulting in a smoother surface. (ArcGIS Desktop Help).  

4. What is the major difference among Hand‐ins 6‐8? Why?  

• “The Regularized method [#6] creates a smooth, gradually changing surface with values that can lie outside the sample data range. The Tension method [#7] controls the stiffness of the surface according to the character of the modeled phenomenon. It creates a less smooth surface with values more closely constrained by the sample data range. For the Tension Spline method, the Weight parameter defines the weight of tension. The higher the weight, the coarser the output surface [#8]” (ArcGIS Desktop Help). 

5. What is histogram? What does the histogram on page 20 tell you?  

• Histograms plot the frequency for an attribute in a dataset so you are able to observe distribution of each variable. The histogram on pg. 20 

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indicates that the data is unimodal (one upside‐down bell shape or hump).  

6. What is the QQplot?  

• The QQPlot is used for comparing the distribution of the data to a standard normal distribution.  “The closer the points are to creating a straight line, the closer the distribution is to being normally distributed” (Using ArcGIS Geo. Statistical Analyst). 

7. Define the terms: Sill, Range, Nugget, and Variogram. Estimate the value of sill, range, and nugget for the variogram after step 10 on page 28.  

• Sill (0.00022996) ‐ The value that the semivariogram model attains at the range (the value on the y‐axis).  

• Range (63282.6) – the distance at which the semivariogram model reaches its limiting value (the sill) or “…the distance where the model first flattens out is known” (ArcGIS Desktop Help).  

• Nugget (0.000075419) – represents the measurement error and/or microscale variation.  

• Variogram ‐ Interpolates a raster from a set of points using kriging with a known semivariogram model and its parameters.  

8. What do the graphs tell you when you conduct cross‐validation analysis (p.35 ‐ 36)?  

• It allows you to display scatter plots that show error. The prediction errors are close to being normally distributed.   

9. Which model is better after doing the comparison in Ex. 4? Why?  

• The trend remove model is better and more valid since the 1:1 line is closer to the line of best fit, the trend remove layer is closer to zero, and the root‐mean‐square prediction error is smaller.  

10. What does the map Indicator Kriging mean?  

• It uses a threshold to create binary data (1 or 0), and then uses ordinary kriging for indicator data. It is understood as  the probability of exceeding a threshold.