labor in the age of big business. in the late nineteenth century, the american labor force was...

CHAPTER 19: THE INCORPORATION OF AMERICA Labor in the Age of Big Business

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 Women moved into better-paying clerical positions  Use of typewriters and telephones led to more than 8 million working outside the home.  Racism kept African Americans and Chinese out of most skilled positions.  Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – suspended immigration for 10 years and limited their civil rights.  Factory work was a dangerous and tedious ten- to twelve-hour stint.

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Page 1: Labor in the Age of Big Business. In the late nineteenth century, the American labor force was transformed. The number of Americans working for wages

CHAPTER 19:THE INCORPORATION

OF AMERICALabor in the Age of

Big Business

The Wage System

In the late nineteenth century, the American labor force was transformed. The number of Americans working for wages

dramatically grew. Immigrants met the demands of new

industries. Mechanization transformed labor.

Page 3: Labor in the Age of Big Business. In the late nineteenth century, the American labor force was transformed. The number of Americans working for wages

New Opportunities and Old Obstacles

Women moved into better-paying clerical positions Use of typewriters and telephones led to more

than 8 million working outside the home. Racism kept African Americans and

Chinese out of most skilled positions. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – suspended

immigration for 10 years and limited their civil rights .

Factory work was a dangerous and tedious ten- to twelve-hour stint.

Page 4: Labor in the Age of Big Business. In the late nineteenth century, the American labor force was transformed. The number of Americans working for wages

The Knights of Labor The Knights of Labor to mobilize labor to

take control of their own industries. The Knights:

urged workplace cooperation (profit sharing) as the alternative to the wage system

set up small cooperatives in various industries

joined the fight for an 8-hour workday Workers normally excluded from craft

unions joined the Knights, including unskilled workers, women, and African Americans.

Page 5: Labor in the Age of Big Business. In the late nineteenth century, the American labor force was transformed. The number of Americans working for wages

The Decline of the Knights of Labor

The Knights lost their crusade for an 8-hour workday due to a violent incident at Chicago’s Haymarket Square.

Employers rid their factories of union organizers; the Knights lost and the wage system won along with ten-hour work day.

Page 6: Labor in the Age of Big Business. In the late nineteenth century, the American labor force was transformed. The number of Americans working for wages

The American Federation of Labor

The American Federation of Labor, led by Samuel Gompers, organized skilled workers within the wage system.

The AFL: did not organize unskilled workers, females,

or racial and ethnic minorities focused on short-term goals of higher wages,

shorter hours and collective bargaining. Unlike other unions, the AFL did achieve

a degree of respectability.

Page 7: Labor in the Age of Big Business. In the late nineteenth century, the American labor force was transformed. The number of Americans working for wages

Gilded Age Labeled by Mark Twain Growth of new class that pursued cultural

and economic improvement. A definite class structure started

developing with differences between upper and middle class becoming apparent

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