laissez les bon temps roulez!!. the logistics of constructing a research purpose statement,...

Laissez les bon temps Laissez les bon temps roulez!! roulez!!

The Logistics of Constructing a Research Purpose Statement, Questions and Hypotheses, Design, Sample, Measurement, and Data Analyses Plan

Christopher J. Burant, PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OHCo-Director of the GRECC Methodology Center, the Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center

What will we learn today?What will we learn today?

How to build models to guide your How to build models to guide your research.research.

How to construct a Research purpose How to construct a Research purpose statement, question, and hypotheses.statement, question, and hypotheses.

How to choose the appropriate data How to choose the appropriate data analysis for your research purpose, analysis for your research purpose, question, or hypotheses.question, or hypotheses.

Nuts and Bolts on Design and SamplingNuts and Bolts on Design and Sampling

Models can be used to Models can be used to help develop Research help develop Research Hypotheses, Questions Hypotheses, Questions

and Purpose Statementsand Purpose Statements

MODEL DEVELOPMENTMODEL DEVELOPMENT

IDEA CONCEPTS THEORY/MODEL MEASURES PURPOSE DESIGN

Building a ModelBuilding a Model

• Based on LTEBased on LTE– LLogicogic– TTheoryheory– Prior Emperical Prior Emperical EEvidencevidence

• Build models based on previous Build models based on previous modelsmodels

• Construct own modelsConstruct own models– Causal OrderingCausal Ordering– Hypotheses DrivenHypotheses Driven

Using Previous ModelsUsing Previous Models

Race/Eth-nicity

Gender

Social, Political, and Economic

Conditions and Policy

Socioeconomic Status

Health Outcomes1.Mortality2.Institutionalization 3.Morbidity (Chronic)4.Functional Limitations5.Self-Rated Health6.Cognitive Function7.Depression

EXPLANATORY VARIABLES

Medical Care and Insurance

Psychosocial Risk Factors1.Health Behaviors2.Social Relationships and Supports3.Chronic and Acute Stress4.Psychological Dispositions5.Social Roles and Productive Activities

Physical/Chemical and Social Environmental Hazards

8

SESEducation Occupation

Income Subjective SESSES Inequality

Race Gender

Environmental Resources & Constraints

Neighborhood FactorsSocial Capital

Work SituationFamily Environment

Social SupportDiscrimination

Psychological InfluencesResilience/Reserve Capacity

Negative Affect (anxiety, depression, hostility)

Negative ExpectationsPerceived Discriminations

Reactive Responding

Access to Medical Care

Exposure to Carcinogens &

Pathogens

Health-Related Behaviors

Central Nervous System & Endocrine Response

Health Cognitive FunctionPhysical Function

Disease

Disease TrajectoriesRecovery Relapse

Secondary Events

Mortality

Health Outcomes

Life Course

9

SES

Neighborhood or Community Hazards and Supports

STRESS

Social Conditions (e.g., Discrimination) That Are Correlated With SES

Other Aspects of SES That Affect Health (e.g., Access to Medical Care, Nutrition, Role Models)

Behaviors That Impair or Support Good Health-Tobacco Use- Exercise

Biological Changes in Systems-Immune System- Endocrine System

Changes in Illness-Related Behavior-Prevention - Early detection

Health Outcomes

10

School and Peers

Period, Cohort, and Geography

Class, Race, and Gender

Workplace and Peers

Family of Destination’s Social

CapitalFamily of Origin’s Social

Capital

Child’s Social Capital

Adult’s Social

Capital

Child’s Health Capital Adult’s Health Capital

11

Negative Parental or Peer Role Models

Poor Childhood Socioeconomic Environment

Poor Childhood Health Habits

Inhibits Development of Self-Esteem and

Skills

Poor School Performance

Teenage Parenthood

Poor Adult Health Habits

Poor Adult Health

Poor Adult Environment

12

Race/Ethnicity

Sex/Gender

Age

Parental Socioeconomic

Position

Education

Occupation

Income

Health

Assets/Wealth

13

IntroductionIntroduction

• Models should be developed based on Logic, Models should be developed based on Logic, Theory and prior Empirical Evidence (LTE)Theory and prior Empirical Evidence (LTE)

• Variables chosen for the model should be Variables chosen for the model should be based on LTE.based on LTE.

• When choosing predictors for a model, When choosing predictors for a model, variables that should be included should be variables that should be included should be the same ones chosen for a regression, such the same ones chosen for a regression, such as sociodemographics, clinical, and as sociodemographics, clinical, and psychosocial relevant variables.psychosocial relevant variables.

• One should also take into account adding all One should also take into account adding all appropriate confounders to the model.appropriate confounders to the model.

CausationCausation

“ “Principle by which cause and effect are Principle by which cause and effect are established between two variables. It requires established between two variables. It requires that there be a sufficient degree of association that there be a sufficient degree of association (correlation) between the two variables, that (correlation) between the two variables, that one variable occurs before the other, (that one one variable occurs before the other, (that one variable is clearly the outcome of the other), variable is clearly the outcome of the other), and that there be no other reasonable causes and that there be no other reasonable causes for the outcome. Although in its strictest for the outcome. Although in its strictest terms causation is rarely found, in practice terms causation is rarely found, in practice strong theoretical support can make empirical strong theoretical support can make empirical estimation of causation possible.” (p. 579)estimation of causation possible.” (p. 579)

- Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black (1998)- Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black (1998)

AGE

ETHNICITY

EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

Regression representing the predictors of Quality of Life.

INCOME

AGE

ETHNICITY

EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

AGE ETHNICITY

EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

AGE ETHNICITY EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME


CHARLSONWOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME


CHARLSONWOMAC DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

SETTING UP THE MODEL

• Models should be developed based on Logic, Theory or prior Empirical evidence.

• Variables should be temporally ordered with the most antecedent in time on the left hand side of the model.

• Create hypotheses based on the bivariate relationships of the variables in the model a priori to any analyses.

• Run correlations on all variables. Draw in paths of all significant relationships. This will be the initial model.



QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

AGE

ETHNICITY EDUCATION


QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

AGE

ETHNICITY

EDUCATION


QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

AGE

ETHNICITY

EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

AGE

ETHNICITY

EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

RELIGIOSITY

INCOME

AGE

ETHNICITY

EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

INCOME

RELIGIOSITY

AGE

ETHNICITY

EDUCATION

CHARLSON

WOMAC

DEPRESSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

INCOME

RELIGIOSITY

SOCIODEMOGRAPHICFACTORS

PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICALFACTORS

Writing Research Purpose Writing Research Purpose Statements, Questions, and Statements, Questions, and

Hypotheses and Planning your Hypotheses and Planning your AnalysesAnalyses

Spell it Spell it ALLALL out… Step by step: out… Step by step:1.1. WHAT are your research purpose WHAT are your research purpose

statements, questions, or hypotheses? statements, questions, or hypotheses?

2.2. HOW will the variables be HOW will the variables be operationalized?operationalized?

3.3. What is YOUR analysis plan?What is YOUR analysis plan?

Where to start? HERE!!!Where to start? HERE!!!

What do I use a Hypotheses, a What do I use a Hypotheses, a Research Question, or Research Research Question, or Research Purpose Statements? Purpose Statements? It really doesn’t matter. These are It really doesn’t matter. These are

very similar. However, there are very similar. However, there are subtle differences. It is really the subtle differences. It is really the choice of the investigator or your choice of the investigator or your dissertation advisor.dissertation advisor.

Hypotheses Hypotheses vs.vs.Research Questions and Research Questions and Research Purpose Research Purpose StatementsStatements

What is a Hypothesis?What is a Hypothesis?

Remember back in grade school when Remember back in grade school when Sister Alberta Einstein told you it was an Sister Alberta Einstein told you it was an “educated guess”. Well that is what it is “educated guess”. Well that is what it is an “educated guess”.an “educated guess”.

It is created based on It is created based on LLogic, ogic, TTheory, or heory, or Prior Prior EEmpirical Evidence (LTE). mpirical Evidence (LTE).

It is more specific than Research It is more specific than Research Questions or Research Purpose Questions or Research Purpose Statements.Statements.

What are Hypotheses?What are Hypotheses?

It is more specific than Research It is more specific than Research Questions or Research Purpose Questions or Research Purpose Statements.Statements.

It includes a direction. (Hey what do you It includes a direction. (Hey what do you mean direction?)mean direction?) To have a quantifying statement such as: “higher or To have a quantifying statement such as: “higher or

lower”, “more or less”, “larger or smaller”, “positive lower”, “more or less”, “larger or smaller”, “positive or negative relationship”or negative relationship”

This will also allow for a This will also allow for a one-tailedone-tailed statistical statistical significance test.significance test.

An Example of a An Example of a Hypothesis?Hypothesis?

It is hypothesized that in older hospital It is hypothesized that in older hospital patients, those with higher levels of patients, those with higher levels of optimism will have lower levels of optimism will have lower levels of depressive symptoms.depressive symptoms.

Another way to state this is:Another way to state this is: It is hypothesized that in older hospital It is hypothesized that in older hospital

patients, optimism will be negatively patients, optimism will be negatively related to depressive symptoms.related to depressive symptoms.

Tips for Writing HypothesesTips for Writing Hypotheses

If you have 2 variables state whether If you have 2 variables state whether it is a relationship, a comparison, or it is a relationship, a comparison, or predictive in nature.predictive in nature.

State the Independent Predictor State the Independent Predictor Variable and Dependent Outcome Variable and Dependent Outcome Variable in that orderVariable in that order

State direction in describing State direction in describing variables (e.g. “more” “less”)variables (e.g. “more” “less”)

Tips for Writing HypothesesTips for Writing Hypotheses

Name PopulationsName Populations Be SpecificBe Specific Use plural forms to represent groupsUse plural forms to represent groups Do not use two different terms to refer to the Do not use two different terms to refer to the

same variable within a single hypothesis or same variable within a single hypothesis or across several hypotheses.across several hypotheses.

Single sentence can have multiple hypotheses.Single sentence can have multiple hypotheses. For multiple related hypotheses use a For multiple related hypotheses use a

numbered list (bullet points).numbered list (bullet points).

What are Research What are Research Questions and Research Questions and Research

Purpose Statement?Purpose Statement?

Why are they lumped together?Why are they lumped together? They are conceptually They are conceptually

identical.identical. They are just stated differently.They are just stated differently.

They are more general in nature.They are more general in nature.

What are Research What are Research Questions and Research Questions and Research

Purpose Statement?Purpose Statement? Often used in exploratory, pilot Often used in exploratory, pilot

studies (“sailing unchartered studies (“sailing unchartered waters”), when trying to identify waters”), when trying to identify relationship or comparisons.relationship or comparisons.

They are non-directional. They do not They are non-directional. They do not have quantifying statements.have quantifying statements.

Used for a Used for a two-tailedtwo-tailed statistical statistical significance test.significance test.

Example of a Research Example of a Research Questions and a Research Questions and a Research

Purpose Statement?Purpose Statement? Research Question:Research Question:

In older hospital patients, how is their level In older hospital patients, how is their level of optimism related to their level of of optimism related to their level of depressive symptoms?depressive symptoms?

Research Purpose statement:Research Purpose statement: The purpose of this research is to identify The purpose of this research is to identify

how levels of optimism are related to levels how levels of optimism are related to levels of depressive symptom in older hospital of depressive symptom in older hospital patients.patients.

Tips for writing Research Tips for writing Research Questions and Research Questions and Research

Purpose Statements?Purpose Statements? Do not state a research questions Do not state a research questions

that have a “yes” or “no” answerthat have a “yes” or “no” answer In older hospital patients, is their level of In older hospital patients, is their level of

optimism related to their level of optimism related to their level of depressive symptoms?depressive symptoms?

If you have 2 variables state whether If you have 2 variables state whether it is a relationship, a comparison, or it is a relationship, a comparison, or predictive in nature.predictive in nature.


Purpose Statements?Purpose Statements? State the Independent Predictor Variable State the Independent Predictor Variable

and Dependent Outcome Variable in that and Dependent Outcome Variable in that orderorder

Name PopulationsName Populations Use plural forms to represent groupsUse plural forms to represent groups Recommended for no relationships (e.g., Recommended for no relationships (e.g.,

for descriptives), qualitative, and new or for descriptives), qualitative, and new or contradictory (to previous research) topiccontradictory (to previous research) topic


Purpose Statements?Purpose Statements? Use plural forms to represent groupsUse plural forms to represent groups Do not use two different terms to refer to the Do not use two different terms to refer to the

same variable within a single Research same variable within a single Research Question/Purpose or across several Research Question/Purpose or across several Research Question/Purposes.Question/Purposes.

Single sentence can have multiple hypotheses.Single sentence can have multiple hypotheses. For multiple related Research For multiple related Research

Question/Purposes use a numbered list (bullet Question/Purposes use a numbered list (bullet points).points).

Where to start? HERE!!!Where to start? HERE!!!

What QUESTIONS are you trying to answer?What QUESTIONS are you trying to answer?

Are you testing:Are you testing:Differences between groups?Differences between groups?Relationships between variables?Relationships between variables?A variable predicting another A variable predicting another variable?variable?

Changes over time?Changes over time?Univariate descriptives of variablesUnivariate descriptives of variables

Writing a Methodologically Writing a Methodologically Sound Research ProposalSound Research Proposal





Choosing InstrumentationChoosing Instrumentation

Should I develop a new tool or use an Should I develop a new tool or use an existing tool?existing tool? Instrument development can be a Instrument development can be a

tedious undertaking;tedious undertaking; Reliability Issues…Reliability Issues… Validity Issues…Validity Issues… Factor analysis…Factor analysis…

Benefits of Using Existing Benefits of Using Existing InstrumentsInstruments

Literature to draw uponLiterature to draw upon Effect size informationEffect size information

Readily available reliability/validity Readily available reliability/validity informationinformation Cronbach’s alphaCronbach’s alpha Details on psychometric propertiesDetails on psychometric properties

Still More Benefits! Still More Benefits! (get the idea? Try and AVOID survey development!)(get the idea? Try and AVOID survey development!)

Judgmental ValidityJudgmental Validity Content ValidityContent Validity Face ValidityFace Validity

Criterion Related ValidityCriterion Related Validity PredictivePredictive Concurrent Concurrent

Reliability issues related to ValidityReliability issues related to Validity Consistency of results Consistency of results

Survey DevelopmentSurvey Development

Focus GroupsFocus Groups Content ValidityContent Validity Face ValidityFace Validity Piloting testingPiloting testing EFAEFA CFACFA Convergent and divergent validityConvergent and divergent validity Really hard stuff…Really hard stuff…

Writing Research Purpose Writing Research Purpose Statements, Questions, and Statements, Questions, and

Hypotheses and Planning your Hypotheses and Planning your AnalysesAnalyses





Thinking through the Thinking through the process…process…

Once you narrow your research Once you narrow your research hypotheses, questions, or purpose hypotheses, questions, or purpose statements choose the proper tool to statements choose the proper tool to answer them…answer them…

Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement(remember this stuff????)(remember this stuff????) Broadly speaking, data take 2 formsBroadly speaking, data take 2 forms

CategoricalCategorical NominalNominal

ContinuousContinuous OrdinalOrdinal IntervalInterval RatioRatio

A new look at the A new look at the variables…variables…

IPV: Independent Predictor VariableIPV: Independent Predictor Variable StimuliStimuli CauseCause TreatmentTreatment

DOV: Dependent Outcome VariableDOV: Dependent Outcome Variable OutcomeOutcome EffectEffect ResponseResponse


Once you narrow your research hypotheses, Once you narrow your research hypotheses, questions, and purpose statements choose the questions, and purpose statements choose the proper tool to answer them…proper tool to answer them… Testing group differences?Testing group differences?

If your IPVs and DOVs are all CATEGORICAL?If your IPVs and DOVs are all CATEGORICAL? Independent Predictor Variable= Gender M/FIndependent Predictor Variable= Gender M/F

Categorical (dichotomized)Categorical (dichotomized) Dependent Outcome Variable=Depressed? Y/N? Dependent Outcome Variable=Depressed? Y/N?

[[CES-D score <16 and CES-D score <16 and >>1616]] Categorical (dichotomized)Categorical (dichotomized)

Chi Square…Chi Square…

The Chi SquareThe Chi Square

What is a GOOD Research Question What is a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a Chi that should be analyzed with a Chi Square ?Square ? Among elderly patients, what are the Among elderly patients, what are the

differences by gender in being differences by gender in being diagnosed as Depressed? diagnosed as Depressed?


What is a GOOD Research Purpose What is a GOOD Research Purpose statement that should be analyzed statement that should be analyzed with a Chi Square ?with a Chi Square ? The purpose of this research is to The purpose of this research is to

identify the differences by gender in identify the differences by gender in being diagnosed as Depressed within an being diagnosed as Depressed within an elderly patients sample. elderly patients sample.


What is a GOOD Research What is a GOOD Research Hypotheses thath should be analyzed Hypotheses thath should be analyzed with a Chi Square ?with a Chi Square ? It is hypothesized that among elderly It is hypothesized that among elderly

patients females will be more likely to patients females will be more likely to be diagnosed with Depression as be diagnosed with Depression as compare to malescompare to males


What Analysis would you run if your Research What Analysis would you run if your Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement had the Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement had the following: following: Dichotomous Independent Predictor VariableDichotomous Independent Predictor Variable

2 Groups2 Groups Male/femaleMale/female Intervention/controlIntervention/control

Continuous Dependent Outcome VariableContinuous Dependent Outcome Variable A composite scale scoreA composite scale score

Depression ScaleDepression Scale GPAGPA

I am sure you guessed an Independent I am sure you guessed an Independent Samples T-test.Samples T-test.

The The Independent Independent SamplesSamples

T TestT Test So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research

Question that should be analyzed with an Question that should be analyzed with an Independent Samples T Test?Independent Samples T Test?

Same as the Chi Square question without the cut Same as the Chi Square question without the cut point!point!

Among elderly patients, what are the differences by Among elderly patients, what are the differences by gender (IPV=M/F) on their score of depressive gender (IPV=M/F) on their score of depressive symptoms? (DOV= Score on a CES-D {raw score of symptoms? (DOV= Score on a CES-D {raw score of summed items 0-60…etc.})summed items 0-60…etc.})



Purpose statement that should be Purpose statement that should be analyzed with an Independent Samples T analyzed with an Independent Samples T Test?Test?


The purpose of this research is to identify the The purpose of this research is to identify the differences by gender (IPV=M/F) on depressive differences by gender (IPV=M/F) on depressive symptoms within an elderly patients sample? (DOV= symptoms within an elderly patients sample? (DOV= Score on a CES-D {raw score of summed items 0-60…Score on a CES-D {raw score of summed items 0-60…etc.})etc.})



Hypotheses that should be analyzed with Hypotheses that should be analyzed with an Independent Samples T Test?an Independent Samples T Test?


It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, Females It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, Females will have higher scores of Depressive Symptoms as will have higher scores of Depressive Symptoms as compared to Males. (DOV= Score on a CES-D {raw compared to Males. (DOV= Score on a CES-D {raw score of summed items 0-60…etc.})score of summed items 0-60…etc.})


What Analysis would you run if your What Analysis would you run if your Research Hypotheses, Question or Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement was: Purpose Statement was: Comparing 2 continuous level variables…Comparing 2 continuous level variables…

change over time…change over time… A composite score, pre and post interventionA composite score, pre and post intervention A mom’s composite score with her child’s A mom’s composite score with her child’s

composite scorecomposite score

You guessed it a Paired T-Test.You guessed it a Paired T-Test.

The The PairedPaired T Test T Test

So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a Question that should be analyzed with a Paired T-test?Paired T-test?

Among elderly patients, how do their scores of Among elderly patients, how do their scores of depressive symptoms change from pre-depressive symptoms change from pre-treatment to post-treatment?treatment to post-treatment?


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Purpose statement that should be Purpose statement that should be analyzed with a Paired T-test?analyzed with a Paired T-test?

The purpose of this research is to identify The purpose of this research is to identify among elderly patients the change in their among elderly patients the change in their scores of depressive symptoms from pre-scores of depressive symptoms from pre-treatment to post-treatment.treatment to post-treatment.


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Paired T-test?Paired T-test?

It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, the change in their scores of depressive the change in their scores of depressive symptoms from pre-treatment to post-symptoms from pre-treatment to post-treatment will decrease.treatment will decrease.


What Analysis would you run if your What Analysis would you run if your Research Hypotheses, Question or Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement was: Purpose Statement was: Comparing 3 or more continuous level Comparing 3 or more continuous level

variables…change over time…variables…change over time… A composite score, From Baseline to TIME 2A composite score, From Baseline to TIME 2

You are right again a Repeated You are right again a Repeated Measures ANOVAMeasures ANOVA

Repeated Measures ANOVARepeated Measures ANOVA

So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a Question that should be analyzed with a Repeated Measures ANOVA?Repeated Measures ANOVA?

Among elderly patients, how do their scores of Among elderly patients, how do their scores of depressive symptoms change from Admit to depressive symptoms change from Admit to Discharge to one month post-hospitalization? Discharge to one month post-hospitalization? (You see 3 time periods)(You see 3 time periods)


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Purpose statement that should be Purpose statement that should be analyzed with a Repeated Measures analyzed with a Repeated Measures ANOVA?ANOVA?

The purpose of this research is to identify The purpose of this research is to identify among elderly patients the change in their among elderly patients the change in their scores of depressive symptoms from Admit to scores of depressive symptoms from Admit to Discharge to one month post-hospitalization? Discharge to one month post-hospitalization?


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Repeated Measures ANOVA?Repeated Measures ANOVA?

It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, the change in their scores of depressive the change in their scores of depressive symptoms from from Admit to Discharge to symptoms from from Admit to Discharge to one month post-hospitalization will decrease one month post-hospitalization will decrease over time? over time?


What Analysis would you run if your Research What Analysis would you run if your Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement had the following: had the following: Categorical Independent Predictor VariableCategorical Independent Predictor Variable

2 or more Groups (preferably 3 or more)2 or more Groups (preferably 3 or more) IPV=MSN, DNP or PhD? (grouping variable)IPV=MSN, DNP or PhD? (grouping variable)

Continuous Dependent Outcome VariableContinuous Dependent Outcome Variable A composite scale scoreA composite scale score

DOV=Quality of life scale (0-100)DOV=Quality of life scale (0-100) Depression ScaleDepression Scale

You are correct a 1-Way ANOVAYou are correct a 1-Way ANOVA

1-Way ANOVA 1-Way ANOVA

So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a 1–Question that should be analyzed with a 1–Way ANOVA?Way ANOVA?

Which group of advanced-degreed nurses Which group of advanced-degreed nurses score highest on a Quality of Life measure?score highest on a Quality of Life measure?


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Purpose Statement that should be Purpose Statement that should be analyzed with a 1–Way ANOVA?analyzed with a 1–Way ANOVA?

The purpose of this research is to identify The purpose of this research is to identify which group of advanced-degreed nurses which group of advanced-degreed nurses score highest on a Quality of Life measure?score highest on a Quality of Life measure?


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a 1–Way ANOVA?1–Way ANOVA?

It is hypothesized that nurses with a PhD It is hypothesized that nurses with a PhD score highest on a Quality of Life measure score highest on a Quality of Life measure as compared to nurses with an MSN or a as compared to nurses with an MSN or a DNP?DNP?


What Analysis would you run if your What Analysis would you run if your Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement had the following: Statement had the following: Two continuous variables and you wanted to Two continuous variables and you wanted to

test the relationship between the two test the relationship between the two variables.variables.

Depressive SymptomsDepressive Symptoms Quality of LifeQuality of Life

Correct a CorrelationCorrect a Correlation

CorrelationCorrelation

So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a Question that should be analyzed with a Pearson r correlation?Pearson r correlation?

Among elderly patients, what is the Among elderly patients, what is the relationship between depression scores and relationship between depression scores and quality of life scores?quality of life scores?

Each variable is continuous.Each variable is continuous.


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a Question that should be analyzed with a Pearson r correlation?Pearson r correlation?

The purpose of the research is to identify The purpose of the research is to identify the relationship between depression scores the relationship between depression scores and a quality of life scores within a sample and a quality of life scores within a sample of elderly patients?of elderly patients?


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Pearson r correlation?Pearson r correlation?

It is hypothesized that among elderly It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, those with higher depression patients, those with higher depression scores will have lower quality of life scores.scores will have lower quality of life scores.


What Analysis would you run if your Research What Analysis would you run if your Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement had Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement had the following: the following: Continuous Independent Predictor VariableContinuous Independent Predictor Variable

Depression ScaleDepression Scale Continuous Dependent Outcome VariableContinuous Dependent Outcome Variable

Quality of LifeQuality of Life Casual order (IPV/DOV) often needs to be determined Casual order (IPV/DOV) often needs to be determined

chronologically. chronologically. Which happens firstWhich happens first?? Use terms like: predicts, impacts, affects, causes, contribute toUse terms like: predicts, impacts, affects, causes, contribute to

Right again a RegressionRight again a Regression

RegressionRegression

So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a Question that should be analyzed with a Regression?Regression?

Among elderly patients, do depression Among elderly patients, do depression scores impact quality of life scores?scores impact quality of life scores?

IPV and DOV variables are continuous.IPV and DOV variables are continuous.


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with a Question that should be analyzed with a regression?regression?

The purpose of the research is to identify if The purpose of the research is to identify if depression scores impact quality of life depression scores impact quality of life scores within a sample of elderly patients?scores within a sample of elderly patients?


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a Hypotheses that should be analyzed with a regression?regression?

It is hypothesized that among elderly It is hypothesized that among elderly patients, higher depression scores will patients, higher depression scores will contribute to lower quality of life scores.contribute to lower quality of life scores.


What Analysis would you run if your What Analysis would you run if your Research Hypotheses, Question or Research Hypotheses, Question or Purpose Statement was: Purpose Statement was: Describing a variable Describing a variable

Continuous (e.g., A1C levels) Continuous (e.g., A1C levels) Categorical (e.g., Political Affiliation) Categorical (e.g., Political Affiliation)

You guessed it univariate descriptive statistics You guessed it univariate descriptive statistics for continuous (e.g., Means, SD, & range) and for continuous (e.g., Means, SD, & range) and Categorical (Frequencies and Percentages) Categorical (Frequencies and Percentages)

Univariate Descriptive Univariate Descriptive StatisticsStatistics

So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Question that should be analyzed with Question that should be analyzed with univariate descriptive statistics?univariate descriptive statistics?

Among diabetic patients, what is their mean Among diabetic patients, what is their mean A1C level?A1C level?


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Purpose statement that should be Purpose statement that should be analyzed with univariate descriptive analyzed with univariate descriptive statistics?statistics?

The purpose of the research is to identify The purpose of the research is to identify the mean A1C level among diabetic the mean A1C level among diabetic patients.patients.


So what would be a GOOD Research So what would be a GOOD Research Hypothesis that should be analyzed with Hypothesis that should be analyzed with univariate descriptive statistics?univariate descriptive statistics?

It is hypothesized that among diabetic It is hypothesized that among diabetic patients the mean A1C level is above 7%.patients the mean A1C level is above 7%.

Now that you have your Now that you have your research question, purpose research question, purpose statement or hypotheses, statement or hypotheses,

you have to decide on your you have to decide on your research design.research design.

Are you looking for an Are you looking for an experimental or a non-experimental or a non-experimental design?experimental design?

Experimental – researchers give Experimental – researchers give treatment and observe changes in treatment and observe changes in behaviors.behaviors. Could be with a control vs. treatment Could be with a control vs. treatment

group designgroup designR O X OR O X O

R O OR O O Could be just with a treatment groupCould be just with a treatment group

O X OO X O

Are you looking for an Are you looking for an experimental or a non-experimental or a non-experimental design?experimental design?

Non-Experimental – researchers do not Non-Experimental – researchers do not give treatments and describe subjects as give treatments and describe subjects as they naturally exist without experimental they naturally exist without experimental treatments.treatments. Causal Comparative Study – target group Causal Comparative Study – target group

( e.g., with an illness) vs. control group (e.g., ( e.g., with an illness) vs. control group (e.g., absent of illness) and match by characteristicsabsent of illness) and match by characteristics

Other examples: surveys, case studies, Other examples: surveys, case studies, longitudinal, correlational, qualitative, chart longitudinal, correlational, qualitative, chart reviewsreviews

Hey Chris,Hey Chris,Can you touch base on Can you touch base on

SamplingSampling

You Betcha, I CanYou Betcha, I Can

Types of SamplingTypes of Sampling

Simple random sampling – every Simple random sampling – every member of population has equal member of population has equal chance of being included in sample.chance of being included in sample.

Samples of convenience – Used with Samples of convenience – Used with hard to get samples, identifying hard to get samples, identifying support for new theory. Often used support for new theory. Often used for pilot workfor pilot work


Stratified random sampling – divide Stratified random sampling – divide sample into strata. Match % of sample into strata. Match % of sample with % in population. sample with % in population. Reduces sampling biasReduces sampling bias

Cluster Sampling – Draws groups Cluster Sampling – Draws groups instead of individuals (e.g., Churches, instead of individuals (e.g., Churches, schools)schools)


Purposive sampling – select from Purposive sampling – select from individuals whom will be a good individuals whom will be a good sources of information (e.g., sources of information (e.g., caregivers)caregivers)

Snowball Sampling – locate Snowball Sampling – locate participants who are hard to find participants who are hard to find from other like subjects.from other like subjects.

NowNow you are on the right you are on the right track!track!

You have your You have your (at least rough)(at least rough) Research Question, Research Research Question, Research purpose statement, or Research purpose statement, or Research Hypotheses!Hypotheses!



You have operationalized your You have operationalized your variables of interest!variables of interest!



You have operationalized your You have operationalized your variables of interest!variables of interest!

You have chosen your statistics to You have chosen your statistics to answer them…answer them…


You have your You have your (at least rough)(at least rough) Research Research Question, Research purpose statement, or Question, Research purpose statement, or Research Hypotheses!Research Hypotheses!

You have operationalized your variables of You have operationalized your variables of interest!interest!

You have chosen your statistics to answer You have chosen your statistics to answer them…them…

You have learned a little on design and You have learned a little on design and sampling.sampling.

Now, you have enough Now, you have enough information to be information to be

dangerous.dangerous.

Resources Worth OwningResources Worth Owning

Patten: Patten: Proposing Empirical Research: A guide to Proposing Empirical Research: A guide to the Fundamentals.the Fundamentals. A REALLY nice primerA REALLY nice primer

Patten: Patten: Understanding Research MethodsUnderstanding Research Methods.. Great overview of Research MethodsGreat overview of Research Methods

Pyrczak and Bruce: Pyrczak and Bruce: Writing Empirical Research Writing Empirical Research ReportsReports Very nice companion pieceVery nice companion piece

laissez les bon temps roulez!!. the logistics of constructing a research purpose statement,...

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