language.ppt bradshaw -english speaking course lucknow (cdi) –

8/8/2019 Language.ppt Bradshaw -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com

1/33

LANGUAGE &INTERCULTURAL AWARENESS

All speech, written or spoken, is a

dead language, until it finds awilling and prepared hearer

R.L. Stevenson, Lay Morals


2/33

Big Ideas about Communication

Communication is a Process

Meanings are in People

Communications involves Perceptions Perceptions are not always accurate

Communication is Symbolic

Communication requires Context

We communicate to satisfy needs.

Communication involves ethical choices


3/33

Communication competence

No one, ideal way.

Situational

Relational

Can be learned


4/33

This Chapters Focus on Becoming a

Competent Communicator

To understand the influence of culture

and context on communication


5/33

Competent communicators

A wide range of behaviors rather than a

few

The ability to choose the most

appropriate behaviors

Mindfulness

Empathy/perspective taking

Cognitive complexity

Self-monitoring

C

ommitment to others


6/33

Competent Communicators

Skills at performing behaviors

Listening

Reframing

Argumentation

Persuading


7/33

The Nature of Language

Language is Symbolic

Meanings are in People, not Words

Language is Rule-Governed


8/33

Rule governed

Phonological rules

Semantic rules

Syntactic rules

Pragmatic rules

Relationship

Setting

Nonverbal behavior


9/33

The Power of Language

Language shapes perception

Meanings are negotiated between

communicators


10/33

Roles of Communication

as interpersonal influence

as information processing

as artful public address

a process of sharing meanings through

signs

as the creation and enactment of social

reality as reflective challenge of unjust discourse

as an experience of self and others

through dialogue


11/33

Triangle of MeaningC.K. Ogden & I.A. Richards

USER

WORD

(SYMBOL)

THING

(REFERENT)


12/33

BALANCE THEORYFritz Heider (1958)PERSON

OTHER

PERSON

ATTITUDE OBJECT

(THING, EVENT,

ACTION)


13/33

Languageshapes attitudes

Naming

Credibility

Status

Sexism and racism


14/33

Language reflects attitudes

Power

Affiliation

Convergence

Responsibility

it versus I

You versus I

but versus and

questions versus statements


15/33

Implications .

Meanings are in People

Perceptions are in People

Attitudes are shaped and reflected in

language

Conversational style choices are made

by People

Motives for communications are in

People


16/33

Activity

Write the name of a vegetable that youdont like on a piece of paper

Write the name of an animal (bug, pest,or otherwise) that scares you or youdislike

Write the name of a loved one, familymember, close friend on a piece ofpaper


17/33

Communication problems

Equivocal

Relative

Emotive

Disruptive

Overly Abstract


18/33

Troublesome Language

Language of Misunderstanding

Stereotypes

Confusion

Disruptive Language

Evasive Language


19/33

Overly abstract language

Abstraction ladder

low level abstractions are specific

high level abstractions

useful as short-cut

useful to avoid confrontations

problematic as stereotyping problematic when confusing others


20/33

Avoid overly abstract language

Use behavioral descriptions

Person(s) who?

Circumstances - when and where? Observable behavior - what?

Reasoning

Argument by example, argument byanalogy

Fallacies in reasoning

Sign reasoning


21/33

Powerless Language

Hedges:

I think we should

I guess Id like to

Hesitations:

Uh, can I have a minute

I wish you would - er -- try to be on time.

Intensifiers:

So thats how I feel

Im not very hungry


22/33

Disruptive language

Fact-opinion confusion

Facts can be verified

Opinions are beliefs

Fact-inference confusion

Facts

Inference conclusions from interpretationsof evidence


23/33

Evasive language

Euphemism

Equivocation


24/33

Language & Culture

Verbal Communication Styles

Face and Facework

Proxemics

Individual Differences


25/33

What seemslogical, sensible,

and important in

one culture, may

seem illogical,

irrational,unimportant in

anotherculture.


26/33

INSIGHTS

Perception checking

Perceptual tendencies

Describe, interpret, clarify ..


27/33

Verbal communication styles

Directness

low-context cultures

high-context cultures

Elaborate or succinct

Arab elaborated style

succinctness and silence valued

Formal and informality


28/33

Language & Sex

Content

Reasons forCommunicating

Conversational Style

NongenderVariables

Sex Roles


29/33

If women speak and hear a

language ofconnection, while menspeak and hear a language of status

and independence, then

communication between men and

women can be like cross-cultural

communication, prey to a clash of

conversational styles. Instead of

different dialects, it has been saidthey speak different genderlects.

Deborah Tannen, You Just Dont Understand: Women and

Men in Conversation


30/33

Men are from Mars, Women are

from Venus, or are they? 30,445 students last spring, 61% or

18,500 female and 39% male

Students from 86 countries (one planet)

Deborah Tannen


31/33

Powerless Language

Polite forms:

Excuse me, sir

Tag questions:

Its about time we got started, isnt it?

Dont you think we should give it another

try?

Disclaimers: I probably shouldnt say this, but

Im not really sure, but


32/33

INSIGHTS

Say what is missing in their storythat would help it make sense to you.

Be persistent about listening.

Ask for advice.

Ask what, if anything, wouldpersuade them.

Invent new options.

Professor Stone, Patton, Heen -

Harvard Project book entitled Difficult

Conversations


33/33

Language Effectiveness

Mindfulness

Dignity of others

Cognitive complexity

Self-monitoring

Develop skills to create a wide range ofbehaviors

language.ppt bradshaw -english speaking course lucknow (cdi) –

Documents