launching a new republic 1789 - 1800 u. s. history 8 th grade

Launching a New Launching a New RepublicRepublic

1789 - 18001789 - 1800

U. S. HistoryU. S. History

88thth Grade Grade

The revolution was a success, a constitution has been ratified but problems still remain!-The country’s finances are in ruins.-There are disputes with other countries.-Settlers are clashing with the Native Americans.

In addition, the big question is “Who will be

the first president?”

What kind of things should be What kind of things should be taken into account when choosing taken into account when choosing a president? Character? Morals? a president? Character? Morals? Abilities? Abilities?

Do you think the same standards Do you think the same standards apply today in choosing a apply today in choosing a president as applied in 1789? president as applied in 1789? Why or why not? Why or why not?

If it had been up to you to choose the If it had been up to you to choose the first president, how would you first president, how would you

answer the following: answer the following:

What kind of character?What kind of character? What kind of reputation?What kind of reputation? What kind of experience?What kind of experience?

Each member of the Electoral College Each member of the Electoral College wrote two nameswrote two names

The top vote-getter, The top vote-getter, George Washington, George Washington, became president.became president.The runner-up, John The runner-up, John Adams, became Adams, became Vice-President.Vice-President.

On April 30 at Federal Hall in New York City On April 30 at Federal Hall in New York City (at that time, it was the Nation’s capitol) (at that time, it was the Nation’s capitol) Washington was Washington was inauguratedinaugurated, (sworn in as , (sworn in as President) and John Adams as Vice President.President) and John Adams as Vice President.

As the As the firstfirst President of a new President of a new country, what should be the first country, what should be the first order of business?order of business?

Security? Finances? Unifying the Security? Finances? Unifying the country? country?

Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemProblem SolutionSolution

Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation

ProblemProblem SolutionSolution

Courts

CourtsCourts The writers of the The writers of the

Constitution had left Constitution had left many matters to be many matters to be decided by Congress.decided by Congress.

The Constitution The Constitution created a created a Supreme Court but left it to Congress to decide the number of justices and how much power the court was to have.


ProblemProblem SolutionSolutionNumber of justices and

how much power CourtsCourts

To create a court system, Congress passed the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789. This act gave the Supreme Court six members: a chief justice, or judge, and five associate justices. Over time, that number has grown to nine.

President Washington appointed John Jay, as the chief justice of the Supreme Court.


Problem SolutionNumber of justices and

how much power Courts Federal Judiciary

Acts


Problem SolutionNumber or justices and


Acts

Politics

Politics (Washington’s Cabinet)Politics (Washington’s Cabinet)

The Constitution also gave Congress the task of creating departments to help the president lead the nation.

During the first session Congress created three departments:

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

Department Responsibility Appointed



Secretary of War

Secretary of State

Secretary of Treasury

Washington’s Cabinet


Secretary of War Oversee the nation’s defenses

Henry Knox

Secretary of State


Attorney General




Henry Knox

Secretary of State Oversees relations between the U. S. and

other countries

Thomas Jefferson


Attorney General

Washington’s Cabinet


Secretary of War Oversee the nation’s Oversee the nation’s defensesdefenses

Henry Knox

Secretary of State Oversees relations Oversees relations between the U. S. between the U. S.

and other countriesand other countries

Thomas Jefferson


Manage the Manage the government’s government’s

moneymoney

Alexander Hamilton

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet And to advise the And to advise the

government on legal government on legal matters,matters,President Washington President Washington

appointed Edmund appointed Edmund Randolph as the Randolph as the Attorney General of the Justice Department:

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s CabinetDepartment Responsibility Appointed


Henry Knox

Secretary of State Oversees relations between the U. S.

and other countries

Thomas Jefferson


Manage the government’s

money

Alexander Hamilton

Attorney General

(Office)

advise the government on legal

matters

Edmund Randolph


Problem Solution

Number or justices and how much

power

Courts Federal Judiciary Acts

President’s need for

aid and advicePolitics Cabinet

Appointments


Problem SolutionNumber or justices

and how much power




Appointments

Economics

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

U. S. had borrowed millions of dollars from France, the Netherlands, and Spain.

Most government leaders agreed that the nation must repay its debts to win the respect of both foreign nations and its own citizens.

If the nation failed to do so, no individual or country would lend it money in the future.


In 1790, Hamilton presented his plan to Congress. He proposed three steps: pay off all war debts raise government revenues create a national bank


Hamilton wanted the federal government to pay off the war debts of the states.

However, sectional differences arose over repayment of state debts.

Virginia, Georgia, and many other Southern states had already repaid their debts and did not like being asked to help Northern states pay theirs.

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems Hamilton favored tariffs. Tariff is a tax on imported goods. It served two purposes:

raising money for the government and encouraging the growth of

American industry.

A compromise was reached; in exchange for Southern support of the plan, Northerners agreed to place the new nation’s capitol in the South.

The location chosen was on the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland. This location, later named Washington, D. C. they believed would give them more influence in the federal government..

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems To provide economic stability, Hamilton

asked Congress to create a national bank. The Bank of the United States would

consist of a central bank with branches in major U. S. cities.

Southern farmers feared wealthy northeastern merchants would control it.

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson

believed it was unconstitutional. Both Jefferson and Hamilton pointed

to the clause in the Constitution that grants Congress the power

“to make all laws … necessary and proper” for carrying out its delegated powers.

They disagreed on the interpretation.

Jefferson believed in the strict construction – narrow or strict interpretation – of the Constitution.

Hamilton favored a loose construction – broad or flexible interpretation – of the Constitution pointing to the “elastic clause” that the bank was “necessary and proper”.

Jefferson and Hamilton argued their positions to Washington. Hamilton won, and the Bank of the United States was established in 1791.


Problem SolutionNumber or justices

and how much power




AppointmentsSource of income, war debts, manage

money

Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National

Bank

The president, meanwhile, was dealing with other challenges at home and abroad.




ActsPresident’s need for


AppointmentsSource of income, war debts, manage money


Bank

Relations with

Native Americans

Relations with Native AmericansRelations with Native Americans

The source of the trouble was competing claims for the Trans-Appalachian West,

the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

Spain, Britain, Native Americans, and Americans claimed parts of this area.








BankAs settlers move west,

they clash

With Native Americans

Relations with

Native Americans

Relations with Native AmericansRelations with Native Americans At the Battle of Fallen

Timbers the Native Americans were defeated

and the twelve tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 which ceded, or surrendered, much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the U. S. government.








BankAs settlers move west,

they clash


Relations with

Native Americans

Treaty of Greenville

Relations with Americans In addition to these problems at home,

a conflict arose between the government and farmers over a tax put on whiskey.

With little cash to buy goods, let alone pay the tax, farmers often traded whiskey for salt, sugar, and other goods. The farmers used whiskey as money to get whatever supplies they needed.

In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania staged the Whiskey Rebellion against the tax. An army of 13,000 soldiers put down the uprising. As news of the army’s approach spread, the rebels fed.




Acts



Appointments

Source of income, war debts, manage money

Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank

As settlers move west,

they clash


Relations with

Native AmericansTreaty of Greenville

Domestic (farmers) rebellion against tax

Domestic affairs




Acts



Appointments




they clash


Relations with



Domestic affairs Armed troops sent to crush the rebellion

Meanwhile, events in Europe gave

Washington a different kind of challenge.

Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation Problem Solution

Number or justices and how much power



aid and advicePolitics Cabinet Appointments




they clash


Relations with




Foreign affairs

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs Inspired by the American Revolution, the French

people rebelled against their government. At first, Americans supported the French

Revolution. By 1792, however, the revolution had become

very violent. Thousands of French citizens were massacred and Louis XVI, the king of France, was executed (guillotine).

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

Other European monarchs believed the revolution threatened their own thrones.

France soon declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain.

The war between France and Britain put the United States in an awkward position.

France had been America’s ally in the Revolution against the British.









they clash


Relations with




Entanglement in other countries affairs

Foreign affairs

Who to side with? President Who to side with? President Washington makes a decision: Washington makes a decision:

The U. S. declared it would remain neutral. It would not help, aid, or get involved with other countries or other countries’ problems.









they clash


Relations with




Entanglement in other countries affairs

Foreign affairs Doctrine of Neutrality

These are just some of the challenges that the first President of the first nation of it’s kind faced.

In your opinion, how did he do?

Over 200 years later, our country must still make tough decisions.

In your opinion, would President Washington, and the other founding fathers, be proud of what this country has become?

What changes, if any, do you believe they would make?

Notable Events during Notable Events during Washington’s Adminstration: Washington’s Adminstration:

1789 1789 TThe Judiciary Act specified the he Judiciary Act specified the number of Federal courts and number of Federal courts and judges. judges.

1790 1790 Supreme Court met for the first Supreme Court met for the first time time with John Jay as the Chief with John Jay as the Chief Justice. Justice.

1791 1791 Federal capital established in Federal capital established in swamplands on the Potomac. swamplands on the Potomac.

A national banking system A national banking system established by the Bank Act. established by the Bank Act.

The The Bill of RightsBill of Rights take effect. take effect.

1792 1792 Post Office established by Post Office established by Congress Congress as a separate entity. as a separate entity.

New York Stock Exchange organized. New York Stock Exchange organized. Coins are minted by the government as Coins are minted by the government as

enacted by the enacted by the Coinage ActCoinage Act. . 1793 W1793 War breaks out between Britain and ar breaks out between Britain and

France. France. On April 22, On April 22, U.S. declares neutralityU.S. declares neutrality. .

1794 1794 Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion over excise over excise tax in tax in western Pennsylvania. western Pennsylvania. Federal troops called to suppress the Federal troops called to suppress the armed rebellion.armed rebellion.

1795 1795 The The Jay TreatyJay Treaty ratified. British troops ratified. British troops required to withdraw from the U.S. required to withdraw from the U.S.

1796 1796 Washington delivered his Washington delivered his Farewell AddressFarewell Address. .

launching a new republic 1789 - 1800 u. s. history 8 th grade

Documents

president washington

new country

vice president

new republic1789

new york city

associate justices

supreme court

power courtsto