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PETE 665: Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering- Module 1, Lecture 2

Components of NaturallyOccurring Petroleum Fluids

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Professor

Components of Naturally Occurring Petroleum Fluids

Paraffin Hydrocarbons

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polynuclear Hydrocarbons

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Other Organic Components

Sulphur/Sulfur compounds relatively

Nitrogen pyridine most othersunstable

Oxygen aromatic alcohols, aldehydes,carboxylic acids

Organo metallic trace amounts

Sulfur Compunds

Hydrogen Sulfide

2

Colorless gas

Extremely bad odor

Poisonousfatal

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Mercaptans

General formula: RSH

More disagreeable odor

Sour crude

Known also as thiols

Mercaptans, continued

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Alkyl Sulfides

thio ethers or monosulfides

Disulfides

allylsulfide

ethylmethyldisulfide

Sulfur Compounds

methanethiol(methylmercaptan)

thiophenyl

thiocyclohexane thiobenzene

dibenzothiophene methylbenzothiophene

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Oxygen Compounds

phenolcyclopentanecarboxylic acid

cyclohexanone

coumarone

benzaldehyde

Nitrogen Compounds

carbazoleethylpyridine

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Organometallic Compounds

vanadium porphyrin complex

Resins and Asphaltenes

Large molecules, primarily hydrogenand carbon with 1 to 3 sulfur ox enor nitrogen atoms per molecule

Basic structure: rings, primarilyaromatic, with 3 to 10 or more rings ineach molecule

Nonhydrocarbon atoms can be part ofring structure or can be located in linksconnecting the rings

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Resins and Asphaltenes, continued

The basic structures of resins and

Both can be reduced to hydrocarbons byhydrogenation, which yields moderateto large hydrocarbon molecules,hydrogen sulfide, and water

Resins and Asphaltenes, continued

Important differences

but are dispersed as colloids

Pure asphaltenes are solid, dry, blackpowders and are nonvolatile

Resins readily dissolve in petroleum

solids

Pure resins are as volatile as hydrocarbonsof the same size

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Resins and Asphaltenes, continued

Important differences, continued

Lighter resins are less colored

Color of petroleum determined largely byquantity of resins and asphaltenes present

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Origin of Petroleum

Origin of petroleum is organic material

Plant and animal remains

Oxygen deficient environment

Subject to temperature and burialhistory

Pressure and (geological) time have little

effect Oil window: 5000 to 20000 ft.

Origin 1

At relatively modest depths andtemperatures, (less than 5,000 feet)anaerobic bacterial action formskerogen from remains of plant andanimal matter

It is the subsequent effect oftemperature on the kerogen which

determines the properties of thepetroleum system which will ultimatelyresult

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Origin 2

At temperatures about 120 F, the

hydrocarbons, and hence lighter oil

At around 350 F, the amount ofremaining C7+ molecules in the systemwill be small, and it will have theproper es o a gas con ensa e

Origin 3

A further increase in temperature willfurther break down the intermediateparaffins to methane, which will be allthat remains above 400 F

Any organic material descending below21,000 feet is likely to produce only

me ane, an coa - e res ues

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Origin 4

The properties of any petroleum

(1) the nature of the organic sourcematerial and

(2) the degree of cooking to which it hasbeen subjected

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Identifying Components in a Complex

Hydrocarbon Mixture

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List of Hydrocarbon Peaks

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continued

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PETE 665: Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering

Dr. William McCain, Jr.

Professor