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Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction

• Class organization§ Outcomes§ Grading

• Chart of the nuclides§ Description and use of chart§ Data

• Radiochemistry introduction§ Atomic properties§ Nuclear nomenclature§ X-rays§ Types of decays§ Forces

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RDCH 702: Introduction• Outcomes for RDCH 702

§ Understand chemical properties in radiation and radiochemistry

§ Use and application of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics to evaluate radionuclide speciation

§ Understand the influence of radiolysis on the chemistry of radioisotopes

§ Understand and evaluate radioisotope production§ Evaluate and compare radiochemical separations§ Utilization of radioisotope nuclear properties in

evaluating chemical behavior§ Use and explain the application of radionuclides in

research§ Discuss and understand ongoing radiochemistry

research

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Grading• Homework (5 %)

§ In class quiz at completion of topic• Quizzes (12.5 % each)

§ Take home quiz§ Develop tools for research (spreadsheets)

• Presentation (20 %)§ Based on recent literature§ End of semester§ 20-25 minutes

• Classroom participation (12.5 %)§ Bring chart of the nuclides!

• Class developed to assist and compliment research activities

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Schedule# Date Topic1 Monday 23-Aug Introduction, Chart of the Nuclides2 Wednesday 25-Aug Chemical Speciation and Thermodynamics3 Monday 30-Aug Labor Day4 Wednesday 01-Sep Chemical Speciation and Thermodynamics5 Monday 06-Sep Quiz 1 (Chart of the Nuclides)6 Wednesday 08-Sep Literature search/Library7 Monday 13-Sep Chemical Speciation and Thermodynamics8 Wednesday 15-Sep Guest Lecturer/Paul Forster9 Monday 20-Sep Quiz 2 (Speciation and Thermodynamics)

10 Wednesday 22-Sep NO CLASS11 Monday 27-Sep Electron orbitals and energy12 Wednesday 29-Sep Electron orbitals and energy13 Monday 04-Oct Electron orbitals and energy/Decay Kinetics 14 Wednesday 06-Oct Decay Kinetics 15 Monday 11-Oct Decay Kinetics

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Schedule16 Wednesday 13-Oct Quiz 3 (Electron Orbitals and Decay Kinetics)17 Monday 18-Oct Dosimetry and Interaction of Radiation with Matter 18 Wednesday 20-Oct Dosimetry and Interaction of Radiation with Matter19 Monday 25-Oct Isotope production20 Wednesday 27-Oct Isotope production 21 Monday 01-Nov Quiz 4 (Dosimetry, Radiation Interaction, Isotope

Production)22 Wednesday 03-Nov Solvent Extraction23 Monday 08-Nov Solvent Extraction 24 Wednesday 10-Nov Ion Exchange 25 Monday 15-Nov Ion Exchange26 Wednesday 17-Nov Molten Salt 27 Monday 22-Nov Molten Salt 28 Wednesday 24-Nov Reactors and Fuel Cycle29 Monday 29-Nov Reactors and Fuel Cycle 30 Wednesday 01-Dec Quiz 5 (Separations, Fuel Cycle)31 Monday 06-Dec Presentations

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Chart of the Nuclides• Presentation of data on nuclides

§ Information on chemical element§ Nuclide information

à Spin and parity (0+ for even-even nuclides)à Fission yield

§ Stable isotopeà Isotopic abundanceà Reaction cross sectionsà Mass

• Radioactive isotope§ Half-life§ Modes of decay and energies§ Beta disintegration energies§ Isomeric states§ Natural decay series§ Reaction cross sections

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Chart of Nuclides

• Decay modes§ Alpha§ Beta§ Positron § Photon§ Electron capture§ Isomeric transition§ Internal conversion§ Spontaneous fission§ Cluster decay

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Chart of the Nuclides Questions• How many stable isotopes of Ni? • What is the mass and isotopic abundance of 84Sr?• Spin and parity of 201Hg?• Decay modes and decay energies of 212Bi• What are the isotopes in the 235U decay series?• What is the half-life of 176Lu?• What is the half-life of 176Yb• How is 238Pu produced?• How is 239Pu made from 238U• Which actinide isotopes are likely to undergo neutron

induced fission?• Which isotopes are likely to undergo alpha decay?

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Table of the Isotopes• Detailed information about each isotope

§ Mass chain decay scheme§ mass excess (M-A)§ particle separation energy§ Populating reactions and decay modes§ Gamma data

à Transitions, % intensities§ Decay levels

à Energy, spin, parity, half-life§ Structure drawing

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Introduction• Radiochemistry

§ Chemistry of the radioactive isotopes and elements§ Utilization of nuclear properties in evaluating and understanding chemistry§ Intersection of chart of the nuclides and periodic table

• Atom§ Z and N in nucleus (10-14 m)§ Electron interaction with nucleus basis of chemical properties (10-10 m)

à Electrons can be excited* Higher energy orbitals* Ionization

Ø Binding energy of electron effects ionization§ Isotopes

à Same Z different N§ Isobar

à Same A (sum of Z and N)§ Isotone

à Same N, different Z§ Isomer

à Nuclide in excited state à 99mTc

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Terms and decay modes: Utilization of chart of the nuclides

• Identify the isomer, isobars, isotones, and isotopes§ 60mCo, 57Co, 97Nb, 58Co, 57Ni, 57Fe, 59Ni, 99mTc

• Identify the daughter from the decay of the following isotopes§ 210Po§ 196Pb§ 204Bi§ 209Pb§ 222At§ 212Bi§ 208Pb

• How is 14C naturally produced• Identify 5 naturally occurring radionuclides with Z<84

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X-rays

• Electron from a lower level is removed§ electrons of the higher levels can come to occupy

resulting vacancy§ energy is returned to the external medium as

electromagnetic radiation• radiation called an X-ray

§ discovered by Roentgen in 1895§ In studying x-rays radiation emitted by uranium

ores Becquerel et. al. (P. and M. Curie) discovered radioactivity in 1896

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X-rays• Removal of K shell electrons

§ Electrons coming from the higher levels will emit photons while falling to this K shellà series of rays (frequency n

or wavelength l) are noted as Ka, Kb, Kg

à If the removed electrons are from the L shell, noted as La, Lb, Lg

• In 1913 Moseley studied these frequencies n, showing that:

• where Z is the atomic number and, A and Z0 are constants depending on the observed transition.

• K series, Z0 = 1, L series, Z0 = 7.4.

Lg Lb

Kb La

Ka

(a)

l

2 2 1 1 0

2 2 1 1 0

1 1 0

0

j

5/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 1/2

5/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 1/2

3/2 1/2 1/2

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E(keV)

0,077 0,079 0,151 0,164 0,231

0,728 0,741 0,990 1,056 1,215

5,014 5,360 5,706

35,974

(b)

valeurs de l(A;°)

valeurs de l(A;°)

valeurs de l( A;°)

Lg1 2,34723 La2 2,90145 Kb1 0,35434 Lb4 2,66587 La1 2,89193 Ka2 0,40482 Lb3 2,63521 L 2,98932 Ka1 0,40026 Lb2 2,51146 Ll 3,26618 Lb1 2,68321 Kb2 0,34608

O

N

M

L

K

)ZZ(A on

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Absorption Spectra• Edge keV A • K 115.6061 0.1072 • L-I 21.7574 0.5698 • L-II 20.9476 0.5919 • L-III 17.1663 0.7223 • M1 5.5480 2.2348 • M2 5.1822 2.3925 • M3 4.3034 2.8811 • M4 3.7276 3.3261 • M5 3.5517 3.4908 • N1 1.4408 8.6052 • N2 1.2726 9.7426 • N3 1.0449 11.8657 U absorption edges and scattering coefficients

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Fundamentals of x-rays

• X-rays§ X-ray wavelengths from 1E-5 angstrom to

100 angstromà De-acceleration of high energy electronsà Electron transitions from inner orbitals

* Bombardment of metal with high energy electrons

* Secondary x-ray fluorescence by primary x-rays

* Radioactive sources* Synchrotron sources

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1. a decay (occurs among the heavier elements)

2. b decay

3. Positron emission

4. Electron capture

5. Spontaneous fission

Types of Decay

EnergyRnRa a42

22286

22688

EnergyXeI nb13154

13153

EnergyNeNa nb2210

2211

EnergyMgAl nb 2612

2613

EnergynRuXeCf 10

10844

14054

25298 4

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Half Lives

for the condition: N/No=1/2=e-lt

N=Noe- lt

l=(ln 2)/t1/2

Rate of decay of 131I as a function of time.http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/FunChem.htm

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Topic review

• Types of radioactive decay• Understand and utilize the data presented in the chart of

the nuclides§ Units for data§ Relationships between isotopes§ Fission yields

• Identify common fission products• Define X-rays

• Read introduction to chart of the nuclides

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Study Questions• What are the course outcomes?• What are 3 isotones of 137Cs• What are the different types of radioactive

decay?• Provide 5 radioelements• Why is Tc naturally radioactive• What are the stable isotopes of Sn?• What is the beta decay energy of 90Sr?• Which has more stable isotopes, Cr or Fe?

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Pop Quiz

• Provide 10 facts about 129I using the chart of the nuclides