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lecture-12

(biofuels) introduction

Biofuel, is a fuel (gas, liquid or solid) derived from biomass.

Generally, gases and liquids fuels obtained from biomass are considered as biofuels.

The biomass may be plant or algae material or animal waste.

Since such feedstock material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a

source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Biofuel is commonly advocated as a cost-effective and

environmentally benign alternative to petroleum and other fossil fuels, particularly within

the context of rising petroleum prices and increased concern over the contributions made

by fossil fuels to global warming.

Many critics express concerns about the scope of the expansion of certain biofuels

because of the economic and environmental costs associated with the refining process

and the potential removal of vast areas of arable land from food production.

Crops used to make biofuels are generally either high in sugar (such as sugarcane,

sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum), starch (such as maize and tapioca) or oils (such as

soybean, rapeseed, coconut, sunflower etc.).

The source and the biofuel have been depicted by the figures given below:

Figure-1: The source and biofuel.

Biofuel Types

The term biofuel refers to liquid or gaseous fuels for the transport sector that are

predominantly produced from biomass.

It is generally held that biofuels offer many benefits, including sustainability,

reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and security of supply.

A variety of fuels can be produced from biomass resources including liquid fuels, such

as ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, and Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels, such as

hydrogen and methane.

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Biofuels are primarily used in vehicles but can also be used in engines or fuel cells for

electricity generation.

Relevance of Biofuel Technology

There are several reasons why biofuels are considered relevant technologies by both

developing and industrialized countries.

They include energy security, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and

socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector.

Due to the widespread availability of biomass resources, biomass-based fuel

technology can potentially employ more people than fossil fuel-based technology.

Demand for energy is increasing every day due to the rapid growth of population and

urbanization.

As the major conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas are

gradually depleted, biomass is emerging as one of the promising environmentally

friendly renewable energy options.

Due to its environmental merits, the share of biofuel in the automotive fuel market

will grow fast in the coming future.

The advantages of biofuels are: (a) they are easily available from common biomass

sources, (b) caırbon dioxide cycle occurs in combustion, (c) they are very

environmentally friendly, and (d) they are biodegradable and contribute to

sustainability.

Various scenarios have led to the conclusion that biofuels will be in widespread use in

the future energy system.

The scenarios are to facilitate the transition from the hydrocarbon economy to the

carbohydrate economy by using biomass to produce bioethanol and biomethanol as

replacements for traditional oil-based fuels and feedstocks.

The biofuel scenario produces equivalent rates of growth in GDP and per-capita

affluence, reduces fossil energy intensities of GDP, and reduces oil imports.

Each scenario has advantages whether in terms of rates of growth in GDP, reductions

in carbon dioxide emissions, the energy ratio of the production process, the direct

creation of jobs, or the area of biomass plantation required to make the production

system feasible.

How Biofuels differ from Petroleum Feedstocks?

The biggest difference between biofuels and petroleum feedstocks is oxygen content.

Biofuels have oxygen levels of 10 to 45% while petroleum has essentially none,

making the chemical properties of biofuels very different from those of petroleum.

All have very low sulfur levels and many have low nitrogen levels.

Biomass can be converted into liquid and gaseous fuels through thermochemical and

biological methods.

Biofuel is a non-polluting, locally available, accessible, sustainable, and reliable fuel

obtained from renewable sources.

Biomass as a Feedstock for Biofuels

Biomass is an attractive feedstock for three main reasons.

First, it is a renewable resource that could be sustainably developed in the future.

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Second, it appears to have formidably positive environmental properties resulting in

no net releases of carbon dioxide and very low sulfur content.

Third, it appears to have significant economic potential provided that fossil fuel prices

increase in the future.

Lignocellulosic biomethanol has such low emissions because the carbon content of the

alcohol is primarily derived from carbon that was sequestered in the growing of the

biofeedstock and is only being rereleased into the atmosphere.

Carbohydrates (hemicelluloses and cellulose) in plant materials can be converted into

sugars by hydrolysis.

Fermentation is an anaerobic biological process in which sugars are converted into

alcohol by the action of microorganisms, usually yeast.

The resulting alcohol is bioethanol.

The value of any particular type of biomass as feedstock for fermentation depends on

the ease with which it can be converted into sugars.

Sources of Liquid Biofuels for Automobiles

The sources of liquid biofuels are summarized and depicted in the Figure-2, below:

Figure-2: Sources of liquid biofuels for automobiles

Brief Notes on the Biofuels

Bioethanol

o Bioethanol is ethyl alcohol obtained during fermentation with sugars, starches, or

cellulosic biomass.

o It is a petrol additive/substitute.

o It is possible that wood, straw, and even household wastes may be economically

converted into bioethanol.

o Ethanol demand is increasing day by day.

o For the supply to be available to meet this demand, new technologies must be moved

from the laboratories to commercial reality.

o World ethanol production is about 60% from sugar-crop feedstock. Ethanol is the

most widely used liquid biofuel.

o Most commercial production of ethanol is from sugar cane or sugar beet, as starches

and cellulosic biomass usually requires expensive pre-treatment.

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o Ethanol is used as a renewable energy fuel source as well as for the manufacture of

cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and also for the production of alcoholic beverages.

o Ethyl alcohol is not only the oldest synthetic organic chemical used by humans, but it

is also one of the most important.

Biogas

o Anaerobic digestion of biowastes occurs in the absence of air; the resulting gas, called

biogas, is a mixture consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide.

o Biogas is a valuable biofuel that is produced in digesters filled with feedstock like

dung or sewage.

o The digestion is allowed to continue for a period of ten days to a few weeks.

The Fischer–Tropsch (FT) Synthesis

o The Fischer–Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a

mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.

o These reactions occur in the presence of metal catalysts, typically at temperatures of

150–300 °C (302–572 °F) and pressures of one to several tens of atmospheres.

o The process was first developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in Germany, in

1925.

o The Fischere-Tropsch (FT) synthesis has been investigated over decades as an

alternative route to obtain synthetic fuels from synthesis gas.

o FT is a high-performance synthesis based on metallic catalysis, mainly using

ruthenium, cobalt and iron catalysts, which converts syngas in hydrocarbons and

chemical precursors.

o The syngas production from biomass gasification becomes the feedstock for

subsequent con-version into biofuels through the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

o The usage of biomass, includes the lignocellulosic residues, as a raw material in the

gasification process.

o Biosyngas is high-lighted as a synthetic fuel source to replace nonrenewable,

conventional fossil fuels.

o Lignocellulosic material must be considered a low-cost feedstock to the liquid biofuel

production on a large scale.

o Recent understanding of reaction kinetics and thermodynamics has contributed to

increasing the FT performance and economic viability.

o Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, is a crucial reaction for the transformation of non-

petroleum carbon resources such as coal, natural gas, shale gas, coal-bed gas

and biogas, as well as biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals.

o Temperature, pressure and catalyst behaviour can influence the FT synthesis activity.

o Catalyst factors, including the chemical state of active phases, the promoters, the size

and the microenvironment of active phase, determine the CO conversion activity and

the product selectivity, particularly the selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons.

o FT synthesis produces hydrocarbons of different lengths from a gas mixture of H2 and

CO (syngas) resulting from biomass gasification.

o The FTS process is capable of producing liquid hydrocarbon fuels from bio-syngas.

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o The process for producing liquid fuels from biomass, which integrates biomass

gasification with FTS, converts a renewable feedstock into a clean fuel.

o FTS has been explained by the following Figure-3 (a, b):

Figure-3: Fischer-Tropch synthesis for biofuels.

o The products of FTS are mainly aliphatic straight chain hydrocarbons (CxHy).

o Besides the CxHy, branched hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons, and primary

alcohols are also formed in minor quantities.

o The products obtained from FTS include the light hydrocarbons methane (CH4),

ethene (C2H4) and ethane (C2H6), LPG (C3–C4, propane and butane), gasoline (C5–

C12), diesel fuel (C13–C22), and waxes (C23–C33).

o The distribution of the products depends on the catalyst and the process parameters

such as temperature, pressure, and residence time.

o The FTS has been extensively investigated and reported in the literature by many

researchers .

Vegetable Oils

o Vegetable oils from renewable oil seeds can be used when mixed with diesel fuels.

o Pure vegetable oil, however, cannot be used in direct-injection diesel engines, such as

those regularly used in standard tractors, since engine cooking occurs after several

hours of use.

o Conversion of vegetable oils and animal fats into biodiesel has been undergoing

further development over the past several years.

o Biodiesel represents an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel.

o Chemically speaking, biodiesel is a mixture of monoalkyl esters of fatty acids, most

often obtained from extracted plant oils and/or collected animal fats.

o Commonly accepted biodiesel raw materials include the oils from soy, canola, corn,

rapeseed, and palm.

o New plant oils that are under consideration include mustard seed, peanut, sunflower,

and cotton seed.

o The most commonly considered animal fats include those derived from poultry, beef,

and pork.

(a) (b)

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global Scenario w.r.t. Biofuels

In recent years, bioenergy has drawn attention as a sustainable energy source that may

cope up with rising energy prices, but also may provide income to poor farmers and rural

communities around the globe.

Rising fuel prices, growing energy demand, concerns over global warming and increased

openness to renewable energy resources, domestic energy security and the push for

expansion into new markets for crops in the face of world trade outlooks are all factors

driving interest in expanding the use of bioenergy.

Despite keen interest in this sector, there are currently few players in this field.

Biofuels are fuels that are usually processed from organic matter obtained from living

organisms or their products (Biomass).

They can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels.

Increasing fuel prices, rising energy demand and global warming issues are the major

reasons that drive an enormous interest in exploring natural as well as renewable sources

to meet the demand for fuels and energy.

Over the past 5 years, Biofuels are considered as an alternative to oils on worldwide

basis.

Their reduced carbon emissions in comparison to conventional fuels and their positive

impacts on rural development, together with the current high oil prices, are key elements

behind their market development.

Researchers are trying to explore a wide variety of feedstocks, mainly non-edible crops

and wastes for generation of cost-effective, high yield and environmental friendly

bioenergy that have minimum emissions.

Worldwide status of bioethanol production in 2017 (country wise) has been shown in

Figure-4.

Figure-4: Global status of bioethanol production in 2017.

United States and Brazil are world leader in the field of bioethanol production.

However, India being one of the largest importer of energy, has very poor ranking.

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The worldwide projection of biodiesel production in 2017 (countrywise) has been

depicted by the Figure-5.

Figure-5: Global status of biodiesel production in 2017.

Due to the large amount of diesel fuel demands worldwide and the negative

environmental and health impacts of its direct combustion, biodiesel production and

consumption have been globally increasing as the best short-term substitute for mineral

diesel.

However, using edible and non-edible oil feedstocks for biodiesel production has led to

several controversial issues including feedstock availability and cost, greenhouse

gas (GHG) emission, land use changes (LUC), and fuel vs. food/feed competition.

Fortunately, these problems can be effectively overcome using non-crop feedstocks.

Since 2000, the global biofuels supply has increased by many folds up to the year 2010

as evident from the Figure-6. This significant rise is attributed to policies such as

blending mandates, which foster greater utilization.

Figure-6: Global biofuel production by fuel type (thousand barrels per day).

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Looking at the broad numbers and types, the global biofuel supply equaled

approximately 3:1 breakdown of ethanol to bio‐diesel for the year 2013-2015 as clear

from the Figure-7.

Conventional biofuels produced from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fat reflected

the majority of the supply.

Figure-7: Shares of global ethanol (a) and biodiesel (b) production by feedstock type.

In recent years, vegetable-based biodiesel nearly matched the ethanol supply produced

from sugarcane.

Key Feedstocks for Biofuel Production Today about 60% of ethanol is produced from maize, 25% from sugar cane, 7% from

molasses, 4% from wheat, and the remainder from other grains, cassava or sugar beets.

About 77% of biodiesel is based on vegetable oils (30% soybean oil, 25% pal oil, 18%

rapeseed oil) or waste cooking oils (22%). More advanced technologies based on cellulosic

feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, wood, or dedicated energy crops) do not account for large

shares of total biofuel production. Nevertheless, they are often seen as relevant technologies

for the future as they are supposed to cause less competition with food products and emit

safer levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The international biofuel sectors are strongly

influenced by national policies with three major goals: farmer support, reduced greenhouse

gas emissions, and/or reduced energy independency. Table-1 show biofuel production

ranking and key feedstocks associated.

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Table-1:Biofuel Production Ranking and Key Feedstocks

The diversity of feedstock options for biofuels is fairly significant with local conditions

typically framing the choice. The following section and Table-2 expand on this.

Lignocellulose

Lignocellulosic material is derived from non-edible crops that have the advantage of

limiting cropland expansion and related emissions, with appropriate practices.

This plentiful feedstock can be obtained from many different sources, including

switchgrass, trees, and agricultural crop residues, such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn

stover, and sugarcane bagasse.

Depending on the source, there is a large amount of available land.

Looking at straw for example, 2.3 billion tons of straw were available in 2011, which

has the theoretical potential of making 560 million tons of ethanol.

Climate and water needs for lignocellulose vary depending on the source of

lignocellulose that is used .

There is an incentive to utilize this non-food crop in lieu of traditional corn.

The challenge is to produce the fuel economically as the process involves breaking

down fibrous plant walls into sugars, which is an expensive step.

Once sugars are formed, they can be fermented to produce cellulosic ethanol.

Algae

Algae refers to a group of photosynthetic organisms, which has promising potential

for biofuels in terms of high oil content, limited waste streams and minimal land

requirements (compared to biomass), depending on the production pathway.

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Water is essential for algae cultivation, and can include fresh water, brackish, saline,

and wastewater types.

Methods of cultivation and recovery vary with implications for energy and

environmental effects.

Data have been limited to date, so there is a fair amount of uncertainty associated with

environmental impacts of this feedstock.

As of 2011, current environmental impacts were deemed negligible, as scaled

production had not been demonstrated.

Corn

Corn (maize) is a fundamental food staple that can be grown in a range of climates

from tropical to temperate, and may be sensitive to frost.

Fertilizer and pesticide needs are high for this crop.

For feedstock and ethanol production, water needs are relatively low on the unit basis

of ethanol produced.

The United States leads the world in using corn to produce ethanol for fuel.

Jatropha

Jatropha is a non-food, perennial crop that can be grown on marginal land with a

range of climates, soil and water conditions.

It is versatile in a variety of climates, highly resistant to drought, and is able to shed its

leaves to conserve water.

There are many countries worldwide that are beginning to invest more in Jatropha.

The largest production is currently in Guatemala which has designated 25,000 acres of

land for Jatropha growth.

Additional countries that are investing in this crop include Mexico, the Sudan,

Ethiopia, and India.

Table-2: The Feedstocks based on Growth Attributes and Producers

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Palm

Palm is a prime feedstock for biodiesel, and is produced for biofuels in Indonesia,

Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia.

Its oil is a fundamental food staple.

It is the largest source of vegetable oil consumed worldwide.

Palm trees require deep soil, a relatively stable high temperature, and continuous

moisture throughout the year.

This feedstock grows in rainy and tropical land.

Soybeans

Soybeans are a prime fuel and food crop, accounting for 25% and 65% of the global

consumption of oil/fats as well as meal/cakes, respectively.

The largest producers are the USA and Brazil.

This crop can be grown in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates

Sugarcane

Globally, sugarcane is the second largest feedstock for ethanol production, and is a

basic food crop that is grown in tropical climates.

It can have multiyear harvests tied to a single planting.

Sugarcane is grown in deep soil using fertilizers that are high in nitrogen and

potassium, and low in phosphorous.

Sugarcane requires a constant supply of water throughout the growing season, with

varying amounts depending on the climate conditions.

Brazil is traditionally the most notable producer of sugarcane-derived ethanol.

o Sweet Sorghum

Sweet sorghum is a multi-purpose and annual grass crop that is produced mostly by

the USA, Nigeria, and India.

It is a variety of sorghum that has a high sugar content.

It can grow in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate regions.

Relative to sugarcane, sweet sorghum is more versatile, capable of growing with

limited water and in poor/shallow soil.

Compared to sugarcane and sugar beet alternatives, sweet sorghum is drought-

resistant and has a much shorter growing cycle of four months.

Given its 70% water content, sorghum must be processed quickly post-harvest.

o Notable Comparisons

Table-2 summarizes the major types of feedstock, based on growth attributes and

producers.

Looking across the feedstock options, Jatropha, rapeseed, soybeans, and wheat have

some of the shortest growth periods at 85–130 days.

Rapeseed and rye may be consistently cultivated in lower temperatures, whereas

sugarcane must be cultivated in a higher temperature environment.

Algae, sugarcane and palm have higher requirements for water.

classification of biofuels (Figure-8) o Classification According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), USA

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According to this classification, the biofuels are classified into three groups: wood fuels

agro fuels and municipal by-products. This claasification is according to biofuel sources

based on different characteristics, reflected by Table-3.

Table-3: Classification of Biofuels by different Characteristics

o Broad Classification of Biofuels

Figure-8: Broad classification of biofuels.

Biofuels are broadly classified as primary and secondary bio-fuels. The primary biofuels

are used in an unprocessed form,primarily for heating, cooking or electricity production

such as fuel wood, wood chips and pellets, etc.

The secondary biofuels are produced by processing of biomass e.g. ethanol, biodiesel,

DME, etc.that can be used in vehicles and various industrial processes.

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Primary Biofuels are natural and unprocessed biomass such as firewood, wood chips

and pellets, and are mainly those where the organic material is utilised essentially in

its natural and non-modified chemical form. Primary fuels are directly combusted,

usually to supply cooking fuel, heating or electricity production needs in small and

large-scale industrial applications.

Secondary Biofuels are modified primary fuels, which have been processed and

produced in the form of solids (e.g. charcoal), or liquids (e.g. ethanol, biodiesel and

bio-oil), or gases.

The secondary biofuels are further devided into first, second and third-generation

biofuels on the basis of raw material and technology used for their production.

o Classification based on Generation (Suc-classification of the secondary biofuels)

According to this classification, the biofuels have been kept in four groups based on the

source materials. They are: first generation, second generation, third generation and

fourth biofuels.

First-generation (Figure-9)

The first generation biodiesel is derived from food bio-feedstocks such as

soybeans, palm, canola and rapeseed.

Promotion of the first generation biodiesel caused interaction problems with human

foodchains, including supply and demand balancing, land use, water management.

Feedstocks such as sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional

technology are used.

These are generally produced from grains high in sugar or starch fermented into

bioethanol; or seeds that which are pressed into vegetable oil used in biodiesel.

Common first-generation biofuels include vegetable oils, biodiesel, bioalcohols,

biogas, solid biofuels, syngas.

Figure-9: The first generation biofuel.

Second-generation (Figure-10)

The second generation biofuels are produced from non-food crops, such as

cellulosic biofuels and waste biomass (stalks of wheat and corn, and wood).

Second generation biofuels are also known as advanced biofuels.

What separates them from first generation biofuels the fact that feedstock used in

producing second generation biofuels are generally not food crops.

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The only time the food crops can act as second generation biofuels is if they have

already fulfilled their food purpose.

For instance, waste vegetable oil is a second generation biofuels because it has

already been used and is no longer fit for human consumption.

Virgin vegetable oil, however, would be a first generation biofuel.

Because second generation biofuels are derived from different feed stock, different

technology is often used to extract energy from them.

This does not mean that second generation biofuels cannot be burned directly as the

biomass.

In fact, several second generation biofuels, like switchgrass, are cultivated

specifically to act as direct biomass.

Figure-10: Second generation biofuel.

Third-generation (Figures-11,12,13)

The term third generation biofuel has only recently entered the mainstream it

refers to biofuel derived from algae.

Previously, algae were lumped in with second generation biofuels.

However, when it became apparent that algae are capable of much higher yields

with lower resource inputs than other feedstock, many suggested that they be

moved to their own category, as result the third category of bioduels was created.

Algae provide a number of advantages.

The third generation biofuels are – sometimes referred to as “oilgae”.

Its production is supposed to be low cost and high-yielding – giving up to nearly 30

times the energy per unit area as can be realized from current, conventional ‘first-

generation’ biofuel feedstocks.

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Figure-11: Third generation biofuel.

Figure-12: Algae biofuel production.

Figure-13: Algae raceways and photoreactors.

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Fourth Generation Biofuel

The ecological footprint and economic performance of the current suite of biofuel

production methods make them insufficient to displace fossil fuels and reduce their

impact on the inventory of Green House Gas (GHG) in the global atmosphere.

Engineered algae form the basis for 4th generation biofuel production which can

meet this need.

The first generation biofuels are known to be made from agricultural products such

as corn or sugarcane.

The second generation biofuels use all forms of (lingo)cellulosic biomass.

The third and fourth generation of biofuel production involves “algae-to-biofuels”

technology: the former is basically processing of algae biomass for biofuel

production, while the latter is about metabolic engineering of algae for producing

biofuels from oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms.

Figures-14, 15 describe the production of fourth generation biofuel.

Figure-15: 4

th Generation break through from solar to biofuel via advanced algae.

Figure-16: 4

th Generation biofuel from enginered algae.

Advantages and Challenges of Biofuels Biofuels offer the promise of numerous benefits related to energy security, economics,

and the environment.

At the same time, several challenges must be overcome to realize these benefits.

The main advantages and challenges in the production and consumption of biofuels are

highlighted in the Table- 4.

The key advantage of the utilisation of renewable sources for the production of biofuels

is the utilization of natural bioresources (that are geographically more evenly distributed

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than fossil fuels) and produced bioenergy provides independence and security of energy

supply.

Table-4: Potential Benefits and Challenges of Biofuels

Utilising agricultural residual and waste substrates as raw materials will minimize the

potential conflict between food and fuel and also produce the bioferlizer and

biopesticides.

Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic materials generate low net GHG emissions, hence

reducing environmental impacts.

In a report by the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) the benefits of

biodiesel use as fuel included are: it is renewable, suitable replacement for petroleum

derived diesel, suitable to use in most diesel engines with no or very little modification,

has the potential to reduce GHG emissions, biodegradable with little or no toxicity and

can be made from agricultural or other recycled sources.

Through experiments involving biodiesel produced from different oil types it was

found that biodiesel had lower carbon dioxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs) emissions. Biodiesel is considered a “carbon neutral” fuel, as any carbon dioxide

released from its burning was previously captured from the atmosphere during the

growth of the vegetative crop that was used for the production of biodiesel.

Biodiesel is said to have a lower flash point than petroleum derived diesel so its transport

is safer and easier.

Besides having several benefits, the production and utilization ZAFRCDx of biofuels

also have several challenges.

An improved biomass waste collection network and their storage is the main challenge

for establishment of commercial biofuel plant.

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A strong policy is needed for organic waste collection and blending of biofuels at higher

rate.

The subsidy for establishment of biofuel plants will accelerate the production of biofuels

and tax credits for utilization will create the market for the biofuel.

The technological improvement could help to improve the system efficiency and provide

value added co-products, which will reduce the production cost.

Key Issues and Performance Considerations with Biofuel

Sustainability The following highlights a number of issues and performance considerations for biofuels in

the context of sustainability. Implications for ecological systems, society, and the economy

are explored.

o The Food-Fuel Debate

The competition for cropland between biofuels and food came to the forefront of

public agendas in connection with the volatility of global agriculture prices in 2006–

2008, and 2010–2011 [56–60] (Figure-17).

From 2006 to 2008, for instance, cereal and oilseed prices doubled in close alignment

with overall food index prices.

Peak prices for cereal and oilseed increased further in 2011–2012, with corn prices

attaining even greater spikes in 2012–2013.

Sugar prices tracked more erratically, increasing by more than a factor of 2.5 between

2007 and 2011.

It bears noting that price fluctuations are not uncommon, as food price crises occurred

in the 1950s and 1970s.

However, the degree of volatility and number of affected countries was quite high

with the recent surge.

For the period between 2006 and 2011, there is broad agreement that the surge was

higher than the previous two decades, but lower than what occurred in the 1970s.

Figure-17: Food price index and key constituents. Data adapted from FAO . The

Food Price Index reflects the average of five commodity group price indices.

During the period of food price escalation, there were also increases in biofuel

production, leading to a concern about the links between food and fuel.

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In both 2008 and 2011, G20 agendas focused on basic food commodity prices.

Concern centered largely on: (1) biofuels impacting food prices, which would

disproportionately affect the poor; and (2) land conversion by fuel-based crops that

could displace food-based crops or lead to new land appropriation in other areas.

No single cause was identified.

Analysis indicates that a number of factors were at work, including higher oil prices,

weather conditions, investor speculation, and biofuel production.

Some estimate that 20%–40% of the rise in food prices was attributable to global

biofuel growth.

Others point to the complicated mix of factors impacting land use, end-use, and

markets for flexible crops.

While social, environmental, and economic issues remain to be assessed, debates

continue over how to even define and appropriately measure price volatility.

o Emissions

Emissions from biofuels became a point of contention in recent years.

This is largely explained by the complex and highly sensitive methods, assumptions,

value choices, and localized data differences that were involved, as well as temporal

and regional scoping that can affect results.

Not surprisingly, the literature on biofuels reflects a spectrum of competing claims

about sustainability.

There are, for instance, claims that the net GHG emissions from biofuels can be worse

than those attributed to gasoline in terms of climate effects in the lifecycle assessment

scenario.

Alternatively, biofuels are also reported to reduce GHG emissions by 60%–94%

relative to fossil fuels.

Looking at regional distinctions, biofuel development in less technologically

advantaged countries is also singled out as producing higher GHGs than in more

technologically advanced nations.

Here, one can see environmental nuances to biofuel adoption, as well as societal

asymmetries, which can in turn produce mixed outcomes in sustainability terms.

Biodiesel, for instance, can favorably reduce particulate matter by nearly 88% relative

to petroleum-based diesel.

Yet, this same fuel can also produce mixed results by releasing greater amounts of

nitrogen oxides, thereby negatively impacting the environment.

o Land

Land use is another primary focus of biofuel sustainability.

As the global population continues to grow, the expansion of land usage can be

expected from food, societal expansion, and biofuels.

The United Nations’ Food Agriculture Organization estimates that cultivated areas of

global land increased by a net 159 million hectares (Mha) or 12% since 1961, during

which time irrigated land doubled and agricultural production grew by a factor of

2.5–3.

In this period, concerns over food shortages were met partly by the intensification of

fertilizers and pesticides, in addition to new uses of digital information and genetics.

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A recent estimate indicates that less than 3% of global agricultural land is currently

dedicated to cultivating biofuel crops; nonetheless, concerns over land grabbing and

indirect land use change for biofuels do exist.

Looking ahead, a number of studies on the biomass potential of land shed light on the

potential for biofuel production.

One calculation found that, of the 13.4 billion hectares (Gha) of the global total land

surface, 0.7 Gha is gross available land, with 0.44 Gha reflecting the technical upper

limit of what could be utilized for the production of biofuels and other bioenergy by

2050.

Here Gha refers to the average productivity of all biologically productive areas (in

hectares) on earth in a given year.

Of the potential regions for expanding cultivable land, roughly 80% is expected in

Africa and South and Central America—primarily in Angola, the Democratic

Republic of Congo, Sudan, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Columbia.

In the absence of breakthroughs, such as with agricultural yields, these countries will

be pivotal in terms of the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of biofuels,

and larger agricultural needs.

o Water

Similar to land, water raises questions about the limits associated with biofuels.

To put this into context, roughly 70% of the total world’s freshwater is used for

agriculture and countries are already experiencing water scarcity issues.

Among the nations affected are 30 developing countries.

By mid-century this number is projected to increase to 55 countries.

Biofuel development could overtax not only the available supply of water, but also the

quality of the water, if produced alongside rising food production.

Assuming that agriculture intensifies with more fertilizers to produce fuel crops (to

feed a rising population of over 9 billion by 2050), the practice of farming for biofuel

feedstock could exacerbate problems in regions that are already challenged by runoff

into water aquifers and rivers that create dead zones.

Importantly, there are some approaches to biofuel production that are seen as having a

benign effect on water utilization.

Planting switchgrass strategically, for instance, alongside cropland and waterways

could minimize nitrate contamination of groundwater.

At this point in time, rising energy demands combined with water resource limitations

and hydrologic variability leave a fair amount to be understood in terms of spatial and

temporal patterns for water requirements.

It is clear that this remains a key area to monitor for environmental and societal

implications.

o Biodiversity

Land conversion and its use for biofuels can affect biodiversity, an environmental

dimension of sustainability.

Clearing land and forests for cropland may eliminate or disrupt natural habitats for a

wide range of species.

However, methods for evaluating biodiversity impacts are still nascent.

21

For lifecycle assessments, the ‘biodiversity damage potential’ and the ‘potentially lost

endemic species’ metric are rough gauges.

This area has clear relevance for biofuel sustainability determination and related

assessments, as with ecosystems services.

To date, biodiversity has perhaps been best integrated into biofuel planning with

respect to agricultural zoning.

o Fuel Performance

If biofuels and fossil fuel counterparts are contrasted, a range of differences is evident.

Favorable octane gains can be observed, for instance, with biofuels, along with less

favorable energy fuel economies relative to fossil fuel substitutes.

Higher octane ratings refer to the capacity to withstand compression before igniting.

Specific to ethanol, the fuel economy translates into a reduction of 25%–30% in fuel

miles per volumetric unit versus gasoline, whereas for biodiesel, the difference is less

(relative to diesel).

If mid-level blends of biofuels are used at 20%–40%, octane benefits can be derived

without much energy penalty of the higher blends, though engine and vehicle design

changes are required with investment in infrastructure.

Assessing specifically the average emissions impact of biodiesel for heavy-duty

highway engines, tests indicate that biodiesel minimizes emissions; however, the

decrease depends on the biodiesel source and mixture. If 100% biodiesel is used,

combustion produces on average nearly 70% less hydrocarbons, nearly 50% less

particulates as well as carbon monoxide emissions, and 10% more NOx.

Furthermore, the potential for ozone formation by biodiesel is roughly half that of

conventional diesel.

Sulfur oxide emissions, an enabler of acid rain, are negligible relative to those from

conventional diesel.

With increased biofuel use, one must also factor for a growth in acetaldehyde

emissions, which can increase smog and ozone in the atmosphere.

Looking somewhat differently at supply chain emissions for ethanol and biodiesel

(excluding land use), ethanol has been estimated at 2–69 kg CO2-eq/GJ versus 20–49

kg CO2-eq/GJ for biodiesel, indicating a wider range of environmental impact of

ethanol.

Focusing narrowly on a specific fuel type such as ethanol, additional distinctions

emerge depending on the feedstock generation type used.

For example, ethanol produced from second-generation cellulosic feedstock requires

more energy to break down lignin in cellulose.

However, emissions from the combustion of conventional biofuels can still be greater

than in second-generation fuels due to higher overall fuel and fertilizer inputs during

production.

Process advances through enzyme efficiency may offer opportunities to reduce the

total system-level emissions from second-generation ethanol.

22

Tradeoffs of Fuel Sustainability

With advanced biofuels, greater technical potential exists by drawing upon natural and

anthropogenic waste, which could circumvent food-fuel concerns, reduce carbon

emissions, and likely reduce pressure on land and water.

However, substantial investment will be required, and cost reductions are still needed

at the commercial scale.

Specific to algae production, the feedstock utilizes less land than other biofuel inputs

on a land per volumetric unit of fuel basis.

In conjunction with this, fewer impacts can be expected in terms of land, fertilizer, and

pest control.

In terms of water, currently algae growth has relatively high needs, so algae-based

biofuel may not be suitable for water-challenged regions.

Technological advances are also needed both to reduce the costs associated with the

dewatering step as well as for identifying algal species that produce high yield.

If one considers land use with residue-based feedstock for advanced biofuels versus

that required for grain and dedicated crops in conventional biofuels, the former is

more favorable since no additional land is required.

Such a scenario avoids competition for land, and, in turn, has minimal impacts on food

prices as well as GHG impacts and likely water.

Crop residue removal for advanced biofuels could also have positive impacts on pest

and disease control.

Yet residue utilization can also be disadvantageous, since crop residues also conserve

soil properties, enhance soil productivity, sequester carbon in soil, and conserve water.

Such tradeoffs merit further investigation.

Table-5 presents data on a number of biofuels’ attributes, including water and energy.

As with life cycle assessments, one must factor for variations in scoping and

accounting.

Looking across feedstock options, water needs are highest for algae, rapeseed, and

sugarcane.

The energy balance is highest for rapeseed-based fuel and cellulosic ethanol.

Somewhat differently, the energy intensity reflects biodiesel at much higher values

than ethanol per volumetric unit.

If yields as well as fertilizer requirements are factored in, some estimates indicate that

the energy return on investment for sugarcane ethanol relative to corn-based ethanol is

4–6 times larger.

System disturbances represent another area of consideration.

Broadly speaking, accidents with biofuels may be less dangerous to the environment

relative to fossil fuel substitutes, since biofuels will more readily biodegrade.

If indirect impacts are considered, such as those associated with the use of tallow and

cooking oil in biofuels, there are benign effects in the removal of such waste products

from the system that could contaminate ground water.

23

Table-5: Comparison of Biofuel Sustainability Characteristics

Note: (1) Energy intensity gauges the amount of energy released from combustion of a fuel, in

this case, measured in MJ released per liter of biofuel; (2) Water intensity is the amount of

water required to produce a fuel, here measured in liters of water needed per liter of fuel

produced—this includes the water needed in the production of the biofuels and the water

needed to grow the feedstock; (3) Energy balance is the net energy in the product after

deducting the total required energy to produce the fuel. * Calculated.

Policy Considerations Policy has played a pivotal role for biofuels and will likely continue for the foreseeable

future by encouraging or impeding sustainable approaches, reducing barriers, and

highlighting information or funding needs. This section outlines policy approaches for key

biofuel-producing regions. A critical review follows, outlining unsustainable system issues

with policy-related trade activity.

Brazil

In Brazil, the blending requirement for ethanol recently has been 18%–27.5%,

currently 27%.

Rules for the biodiesel mix designate a stepped timetable to increase the mix from 7%

to 10% by 2019.

A regional producer subsidy for ethanol is in place to more evenly balance costs of

production between less and more developed growth regions.

In conjunction with the economic downturn, no support was provided in 2015.

Tax incentives exist for ethanol-conducive vehicles, which translate as a reduced tax

burden for flex fuel vehicles versus that for strictly gasoline-only fueled vehicles.

Specific to biodiesel, the National Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB) was

launched in 2004, compelling suppliers to procure vegetable oil from small producers

and family farms.

Tax exemptions and incentives are in place for biodiesel, based on feedstock, producer

size, and region, in order to encourage production and social inclusion.

An intricate tax policy system also exists for fuels, spanning local to federal

jurisdictions that are currently set to be favorable for ethanol versus gasoline.

24

However, the setting of artificially low gasoline prices to counteract inflation in recent

years had a deleterious effect on biofuels.

Support for project financing in the form of investment credit lines is also indicated,

yet it is unclear how readily these funds will be available given the current economic

conditions.

China

Bioenergy is a dimension of China’s strategic energy planning.

Biofuel programs have been implemented since the early 2000s, with direct subsidies

for conventional grain-based biofuels now discontinued.

The 12th Five Year Plan that ended in 2015 included a goal of producing 4 million tons

of fuel ethanol and 1 million tons of biodiesel.

Broadly, the country has a 15% biofuels target by 2020 and aims to move toward a

10% mandate.

In addition, a number of the provinces have mandates in place to blend 10% biofuels.

With China taking an active role in curbing CO2 emissions, more policies to

encourage renewables including biofuels are anticipated.

European Union (EU)

Regulations for the use of transport-based biofuels are outlined in the 2009 EU Energy

and Climate Change Package (CCP).

The CCP includes requirements which stipulate that 20% of the overall EU energy

mix should be renewable energy in 2020.

Within the CCP, the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) defines sustainability

requirements for liquid biofuels, encompassing GHG reductions, land management, as

well as additional environmental, social and economic criteria.

In 2015, the European Commission established a 7% cap (energy basis) on

conventional, food-based biofuels in transportation by 2020, which limits future

production of Generation 1 biofuels.

It resides within a larger 10% target in the RED that is obligatory for all member

states.

Advanced (non-food) biofuels are noted with a non-binding five percent national

target.

Member states have until 2017 to implement the revised rules.

India

In 2009, a national biofuels policy was instituted, encouraging the use of renewable

energy in transport, with an aim to replace 20% of petroleum-based fuel with biofuels

by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan in 2017.

In 2014, diesel prices were deregulated, enabling more favorable conditions for

biodiesel production.

The government announced a blending requirement of 10% ethanol in gasoline,

beginning with the October 2015/2016 sugarcane season, alongside existing rules that

set minimum sugarcane pricing.

Discussions are now focused on amending the 2009 biofuels law, including coverage

of a mandatory blend for biodiesel.

25

A recent push by India to become a “Methanol Economy” and a net zero petroleum

import country is an endeavor to watch in the coming years with respect to the impact

on biofuels and national policy associated with alternate fuels .

United States

The USA requires the use of a minimum volume of biofuel in transportation, but does

not mandate its production.

This policy is enshrined in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) that was established

with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and later enlarged with the Energy Independence

and Security Act of 2007.

The Environmental Protection Agency oversees the RFS mandate, which essentially is

designed to increase consumption volumes from 9 billion gallons of renewable fuel in

2008 to 36 billion in 2022.

The RFS outlines four categories of fuels that meet the statutory requirements, with

sub-mandates existing for various advanced fuels.

The EPA regulates compliance with a tradeable credit system, and waiver capabilities.

The agency is required to announce volumetric requirements each November for the

upcoming year, with the exception of biomass-based diesel, which must be announced

14 months in advance.

Tax credits for blending provide $1.00 per gallon of biodiesel, agri-biodiesel, or

renewable diesel that is blended with petroleum diesel to produce a mixture that

includes at least 0.1% diesel fuel.

Related tax credits exist for delivery of 100% biodiesel as an on-road fuel.

Feedstock incentives provide financial support to establish biomass feedstock crops

for advanced biofuels facilities and produce advanced biofuels.

Investment in Biofuels Looking beyond the technical aspects, sustainability/performance, and policy aspects of

biofuels, another critical dimension of the biofuel outlook can be found in investment

trends.

Global investment in biofuels was estimated to equal $3.1 billion in 2015, reflecting a

decline of 35% relative to 2014 and more than 80% in nominal terms since 2008.

At the beginning of the 21st century, billions of dollars were invested in advanced biofuel

projects by international oil companies, with many of the projects later being abandoned.

Commercialization of advanced biofuels is more costly and protracted than originally

anticipated.

The decline in per barrel oil prices from $115 in June 2014 to $27 in 2015 recovered

somewhat to roughly $50 in most of 2016, yet the absence of a coherent biofuel policy in

the United States for much of 2015, plus necessary time and financing, have combined to

deter all but a small set of investors.

Key players that are crucial for enabling investment and other development at scale for

biofuels will continue to include airlines and other, large corporations.

Among airlines, United Airlines signed a $30 million deal in 2015 with Fulcrum

Bioenergy to provide alternative jet fuel at prices that are competitive with conventional

jet fuel.

26

JetBlue also signed a 10-year power purchase agreement with S.G. Preston for renewable

jet fuel that is produced from non-food, hydro-processed esters and fatty-acid-based

feedstock.

Outside of aviation, large companies like Dupont (known for its historical strength in

chemicals and ammunition) are driving the development of cellulosic plants.

Global production capacity for advanced biofuels at the end of 2015 was estimated to be

225 million gallons per year.

Planned capacity would add another 390 million gallons per year, with initiatives

underway in Brazil, China, Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden,

France, and the USA.

Notably, the majority of the existing capacity is in ethanol as shown in Figure-18.

Figure-18: Advanced biofuels by fuel products—operational, 225.43 million gallons/year. (Note-Advanced Biofuel: Also called second generation biofuels, any biofuel produced from a sustainable feedstock that does not threaten the food supply).

When viewed from the standpoint of development stages for advanced biofuels, more than 80% of existing capacity is commercialized as evident from Figure-19, the majority

of which started in 2014 or later.

In 2015 and early 2016, two commercial‐scale, advanced biofuel plants were commissioned (Finland and the United States), plus three pilot‐scale demonstration plant.

The performance of these plants could be pivotal for future development.

Figure-19: Advanced biofuels capacity per year—operational, 225.43 million allons/year.

27

Important, continuing challenges remain for advanced biofuels in ensuring sustainability

and reducing production costs.

The most challenging aspect of algae-derived fuels, for example, is the dewatering step.

Specific to production costs for advanced biofuels, recent estimates are significantly

higher than $3 per gallon, which substantially exceeds the untaxed price of petroleum

alternatives.

One can look, for instance, at the Abengoa SA, owner of a cellulosic biofuel plant in

Kansas, which suspended operation in late 2015 and filed for bankruptcy.

The plant was built with loan guarantees of $132.4 million and a $97 million grant from

the U.S. Department of Energy.

This example underscores not only the challenges of developing economically

competitive, advanced biofuels, but of managing technological progress in an emerging

market.

3242 GI/2018 (1)

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izkf/dkj ls izdkf'kr PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

la- 202] ubZ fnYyh] 'kqØokj] twu 8] 2018@ T;s’ 18] 1940 No. 202] NEW DELHI, FRIDAY, JUNE 8, 2018/ JYAISTHA 18, 1940 प�ेोिलयम और �ाकृितक गसै मं�ालयप�ेोिलयम और �ाकृितक गसै मं�ालयप�ेोिलयम और �ाकृितक गसै मं�ालयप�ेोिलयम और �ाकृितक गसै मं�ालय अिधसचूनाअिधसचूनाअिधसचूनाअिधसचूना नई �द�ली, 4 जून, 2018 िमिसल संिमिसल संिमिसल संिमिसल सं....----पीपीपीपी----13032(16)/18/201713032(16)/18/201713032(16)/18/201713032(16)/18/2017----सीसीसीसीसीसीसीसी....————�दनांक 4 अग�त, 2017 क� सां. आ. सं.2492 (ई) �ारा भारत के राजप� म! "कािशत भारत सरकार (कारोबार का आबंटन) तीन सौ प)तीसव! संशोधन िनयम, 2017 के तहत "द. शि/य0 का "योग करते 1ए के34 सरकार वष6 2009 म! नवीन और नवीकरणीय ऊजा6 मं�ालय के ज;रए लागू क� गई रा=ीय जैव ?धन नीित के अिध@मण म! एक संशोिधत जैव ?धन नीित एतAारा बनाती ह,ै नामत:- 1. (1) इस नीित को रा=ीय जैव ?धन नीित-2018 कहा जाएगा। (2) यह नीित मंि�मंडल �ारा अनुमोदन क� तारीख अथा6त 16.5.2018 से "भावी होगी। 2. इस नीित का पाठ संलM ह।ै रा� �ीरा� �ीरा� �ीरा� �ीय जवै �धन नीितय जवै �धन नीितय जवै �धन नीितय जवै �धन नीित----2018 2018 2018 2018 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 �� ता�� ता�� ता�� तावनावनावनावना संNया पी-13032)16)18/2017-सीसी -- 1.1 भारत दिुनया क� सबसे तेजी से बढ़ती अथ6Oव�थाP म! से एक ह ै और आगामी कुछ दशक0 तक जनसािंNयक�य लाभ भी इसे िमलता रहगेा। िवकास का उRेSय समावेश पर क! �4त ह,ै समावेश अथा6त रा=ीय िवकास, "ौTोिगक� उUयन एवं Vमता िनमा6ण, आWथक िवकास, इ�Xटी और मानव क�याण का साझा िवजन। नाग;रक0 के जीवन �तर के �तर को बढ़ाने के िलए ऊजा6 एक महYवपूण6 इनपुट ह।ै दशे क� ऊजा6 नीित का उRेSय ऊजा6 Vे� म! सरकार क� हािलया महYवाकांVी घोषणाP को पूरा करना है, जैस े 2019 तक सभी से3सस (जनगणना) गांव0 का िवTुतीकरण, 2022 तक 24x7 िबजली और 175 जीड[�यू क� नवीकरणीय ऊजा6 Vमता, 2030 तक 33% -35% तक ऊजा6

2 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART I—SEC. 1] उYसज6न क� ती\ता म! कमी और वष6 2030 तक िबजली िम]ण म! गैर-जीवाSम ?धन आधा;रत Vमता क� 40% से अिधक साझेदारी का उRेS य ह।ै भले ही आने वाल ेदशक म! तेल, गैस, कोयला, नवीकरणीय ससंाधन0, परमाणु और हाइ^ो ऊजा6 के योगदान म! संभािवत िव�तार हो, ऊजा6 भंडार म! जीवाSम ?धन क� एक ख़ासी िह�सेदारी जारी रहगेी। हालां�क, परंपरागत या जीवाSम ?धन संसाधन सीिमत, गैर- नवीकरणीय और "दषूणकारी ह), इसिलए इनका समझदारी से उपयोग �कए जाने क� आवSयकता ह ै। जब�क दसूरी ओर, नवीकरणीय ऊजा6 ससंाधन �वदेशी, गैर "दषूणकारी और वा� तव म! अVय ह)। भारत "चुर नवीकरणीय ऊजा6 ससंाधन0 से संपU है। इसिलए, हर संभव तरीके से इनका उपयोग "ोYसािहत �कया जाना चािहए। रा=ीय जैव ?धन नीित – 2018, जैव ?धन पर पहले क� रा=ीय नीित क� उपलि[धय0 पर आधा;रत ह ैऔर नवीकरणीय Vे� म! उभरती 1ई िवकास क� पुन: प;रभािषत भूिमका के अनु`प नए एज!ड ेका िनमा6ण करती ह।ै 1.2 िवa बाजार म! कb ेतेल क� क�मत म! उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहा ह।ै इस तरह के उतार-चढ़ाव दिुनया भर क� िविभU अथ6Oव�थाP म!, िवशेष `प से, िवकासशील दशे0 पर दबाव डाल रह ेह)। सड़क प;रवहन Vे� भारत के सकल घरेलू उYपाद (जीडीपी) का 6.7% ह।ै वत6मान म!, प;रवहन ?धन क� 72% अनुमािनत मांग केवल डीजल और इसके बाद पेcोल 23% मागं और शषे अ3य ?धन जैस ेसीएनजी, एलपीजी इY या�द पूरी करते ह) िजसक� मांग लगातार बढ़ रही ह।ै अ�थायी अनुमान0 ने संकेत �दया ह ै�क िव. वष6 2017-18 म! पेcोिलयम उYपाद0 के �वदेशी उपभोग के िलए 210 एमएमटी कbा तेल आवSयक ह।ै घरेल ूकb ेतेल का उYपादन केवल 17.9% मांग को पूरा करने म! सVम ह,ै जब�क शेष आयाितत कb ेतेल से पूरा होता ह।ै जब तक �वदेशी तौर पर उYपा�दत नवीकरणीय फ�ड�टॉक के आधार पर पेcो आधा;रत ?धन का िवक�प/पूरक वैकि�पक ?धन का िवकास नहf होता तब तक भारत क� ऊजा6 सुरVा कमजोर रहगेी। इन gचताP को दरू करने के िलए, सरकार ने 2022 तक आयात िनभ6रता को 10 "ितशत तक कम करने का लhय रखा है।" 1.3 सरकार ने पांच आयामी नीित अपनाकर, िजसम! घरेलू उYपादन बढ़ाना, जैव ?धन और नवीकरण, ऊजा6 दVता मानदंड अपनाना, ;रफाइनरी "�@याP म! सुधार और मांग "ित�थापन शािमल करके तेल और गैस Vे� म! आयात िनभ6रता को कम करने के िलए एक रोड मैप तैयार �कया ह।ै इसम! भारतीय ऊजा6 बा� केट म! जैव ?धन के िलए एक रणनीितक भूिमका क� प;रक�पना क� गई ह।ै 1.4 जैव ?धन नवीकरणीय बायोमास संसाधन0 और अपिशi पदाथj जैसे kलाि�टक, नगरपािलका ठोस अपिशi (एमएसड[लू), अपिशi गैस0 आ�द से "ाl �कया जाता ह ैऔर इसिलए पारंप;रक ऊजा6 संसाधन0 क� आपूWत �ारा पया6वरण के अनुकूल संपोषणीय तरीके से, आयाितत जीवाSम ?धन पर िनभ6रता कम करने और भारत क� शहरी और िवशाल mामीण आबादी क� ऊजा6 आवSयकताP को पूरा करने के िलए उb �तर क� रा=ीय ऊजा6 सुरVा "दान करने क� आवS यकता ह।ै 1.5 ऊजा6 सुरVा और पया6वरण सबंंधी मुदद0 के कारण वैिaक �तर पर जैव ?धन को महYवपूण6 माना गया ह।ै जैव ?धन के उपयोग को "ोYसािहत करने के िलए कई दशे0 ने अपनी घरेलू आवSयकताP को पूरा करने हतुे िविभU काय6"णािलय0, "ोYसाहन और सि[सडी के माn यम को अपनाया ह।ै mामीण िवकास और रोजगार सृजन के िलए एक "भावी उपकरण के `प म!, एक "थम उपाय के `प म! भारत म! जैव ?धन म! �वदेशी फ�ड�टॉक के उYपादन को बढ़ावा दनेा होगा। 1.6 िपछले दशक म!, सरकार ने एथेनॉल िमि]त पेcोल काय6@म, रा=ीय बायो डीजल िमशन, बायोडीजल अपिम]ण काय6@म जैसे सुOवि�थत काय6@म0 के माnयम से दशे म! जैव ?धन को बढ़ावा दनेे के िलए कई "यास �कए ह)। िपछले अनुभव0 और मांग आपूWत क� ि�थित के आधार पर, सरकार ने मू�य िनधा6रण, "ोYसाहन, इथेनॉल उYपादन के िलए वैकि�पक माग6 खोलकर, थोक और खुदरा mाहक0 को बायोडीजल क� िब@�, अनुसंधान एवं िवकास आ�द पर nयान क! �4त करके इन काय6@म0 म! सुधार �कया ह।ै इन उपाय0 से दशे म! जैव ?धन काय6@म म! सकाराYमक "भाव पड़ा ह।ै 1.7 भारत म! जैव ?धन का काय6नीितक महYव ह,ै oय0�क इससे सरकार �ारा चलाए जा रह ेमके इन इंिडया और �वpछ भारत अिभयान जैसे "यास0 म! अp छे प;रणाम "ाk त हो रह ेह) और यह �कसान0 क� आय को दगुुना करने, आयात म! कमी करने, रोजगार सृजन करने, अपिशi से सr पदा का िनमा6ण करने के महY वाकाVंी लh य0 के साथ एक�कृत करने के िलए शानदार अवसर "दान करता ह।ै इसके साथ ही, दशे क� मौजूदा जैव िविवधता को �थानीय आबादी के िलए सr पदा सृजन

¹Hkkx Iµ[k.M 1º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 3 करने के िलए सुदरू इलाक0 का उपयोग करके और �थायी िवकास के िलए योगदान करके इसका अिधकतम उपयोग �कया जा सकता ह।ै 1.8 िवa �तर पर, जैव ?धन ने िपछले दशक म! nयान आकWषत �कया ह ैऔर जैव ?धन के Vे� म! 1ए िवकास क� गित के साथ तालमेल बनाए रखना ज`री ह।ै अंतररा=ीय प;र"ेhय और रा=ीय प;रदSृय के संदभ6 म! इस नीित का उRेSय जैव ?धन के उYपादन के िलए �वदेशी फ�ड�टॉoस के "योग से नए िसरे स ेn यान देना ह।ै यह नीित नई फ�ड�टॉoस पर आधा;रत अगली पीढ़ी के जैव?धन क� `पांतरण तकनीक के िवकास और दशे क� जैव िविवधता का उपयोग करके घरेल ू �तर पर उपल[ध फ�ड�टॉक को बढ़ावा दनेे पर भी िनभ6र है। भारत म! जैव ?धन के िवकास के िलए दिृi, लhय, रणनीित और अवधारणा का िनधा6रण तकनीक� `परेखा, िव.ीय, सं�थागत ह�तVेप और सVम तं� के माnयम स े�कया गया ह।ै 2.02.02.02.0 िवजनिवजनिवजनिवजन औरऔरऔरऔर ल�यल�यल�यल�य 2.1 इस नीित का उRेSय आने वाले दशक के दौरान दशे के ऊजा6 और प;रवहन Vे�0 म! जैव ?धन के उपयोग को बढावा दनेा ह।ै नीित का उRेSय घरेलू फ�ड�टॉक को बढ़ावा दनेा और जैव ?धन के उYपादन के िलए इसक� उपयोिगता के साथ-साथ एक �थायी तरीके स ेनए रोजगार के अवसर पैदा करने के अलावा राt cीय ऊजा6 सुरVा, जलवायु प;रवत6न के अ� पीकरण म! योगदान करते 1ए जीवाSम ?धन का तेजी स ेिवक�प बनाना ह।ै साथ ही, यह नीित जैव ?धन बनाने के िलए अिmम तकनीक0 के आवेदन को "ोYसािहत करेगी। 2.2 पॉिलसी का लhय बाजार म! जैव ?धन क� उपल[धता को सुगम बनाना ह ैिजसस ेउसके िम]ण "ितशत म! वृिu होगी। वत6मान म! पेcोल म! इथनेॉल का सिrम]ण "ितशत लगभग 2.0% ह ैऔर डीजल म! बायोडीजल िम]ण "ितशत 0.1% से कम ह।ै 2030 तक पेcोल म! इथेनॉल के 20% िम]ण और डीजल म! बायोडीजेल का 5% िम]ण का "�ताव ह।ै यह लhय िनr निलिखत के माn यम से हािसल �कए जाएंगे: क) घरेलू उYपादन म! वृिu के �ारा क� जा रही इथेनॉल / बायोडीजल आपूWत को बढ़ाना ख) ि�तीय पीढ़ी (2 जी) बायो ;रफाइनरीज क� �थापना सी) जैव ?धन के िलए नए फ�ड�टॉक का िवकास घ) जैव ?धन म! प;रवWतत करने वाली नई "ौTोिग�कय0 का िवकास ई) जैव ?धन के िलए उपयु/ वातावरण बनाना और मुNय ?धन इसे एक�कृत करना 3.03.03.03.0 परभाषाएंपरभाषाएंपरभाषाएंपरभाषाएं औरऔरऔरऔर काय��े�काय��े�काय��े�काय��े� 3.1 इस नीित के उRेSय के िलए जैव ?धन क� िनvिलिखत प;रभाषाएं लागू ह0गी: i 'जैव ?धन' नवीकरणीय संसाधन0 से उY पा�दत ?धन ह) और प;रवहन, �टेशनरी, पोटwबल और अ3य अनु"योग0 के िलए डीजल, पेcोल या अ3य जीवाSम ?धन के � थान पर अथवा उसके साथ िम]ण म! इसका "योग �कया जाता ह;ै ii नवीकरणीय संसाधन कृिष, वािनक�, वृV आधा;रत तेल, अ3य गैर-खाT तेल0 और संबंिधत उTोग0 के साथ-साथ औTोिगक और नगरपािलका अपिशi0 के बायोिडmेडबेल अंश0 के उYपाद0, अपिशi0 और अवशेष0 के बायोिडmेडबेल अंश ह)। 3.2 नीित के अंतग6त "जैव ?धन" के `प म! ?धन क� िनvिलिखत ]ेिणयां शािमल ह ैिजसे प;रवहन ?धन के `प म! या �टेशनरी अनु"योग0 म! इ�तेमाल �कया जा सकता ह:ै -

4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART I—SEC. 1] i. 'बायोएथेनॉल': बायोमास स ेउYपU इथेनॉल जैसे �क चीनी यु/ सामmी, जैस ेगUा, चुकंदर, मीठे चारा आ�द; �टाच6 यु/ मकई, कसावा, पके आलू, शैवाल आ�द; और, से�यूलोिजक सामिmय0 जैसे �क बगैस, लकड़ी का कचरा, कृिष और वन अवशेष या औTोिगक अपिशi जैसे अ3य नवीकरणीय संसाधन; ii. 'बायोडीजल': गैर-खाT वन�पित तेल0, एिसड तेल, खाना पकाने के तेल या पश ुवसा और जैव-तेल से बने फैटी एिसड के िमथाइल या एिथल ए�टर; iii. 'उUत जैव ?धन': (1) िलगोनोoलुलोिजक फ�ड�टॉoस (जैस ेकृिष और वन0 के अवशेष, जैस ेचावल और गेx ंके भसू े / मकई सीओएस और �टेवर / बैगेस, वुडी बायोमास), गैर-खाT फसल0 (यानी घास, शैवाल) से उYपU ?धन या औTोिगक कचरे और अवशेष "वाह, (2) कम सीओ2 उYसज6न या उb जीएचजी म! कमी और भिूम उपयोग के िलए खाT फसल0 के साथ "ित�पधा6 नहf करते। ि�तीय पीढ़ी (2 जी) एथेनॉल, ^ॉप-इन ?धन, शैवाल आधा;रत 3 जी जैव ?धन, जैव-सीएनजी, जैव-मेथनॉल, जैव-मेथनॉल स ेउYसृिजत �द िमथाइल ईथर (डीएमई) जैव-हाइ^ोजन, एमएसड[�यू के साथ ?धन म! िगरावट जैसे ?धन yोत/ फ�ड�टॉक सामmी "उUत जैव ?धन" के `प म! मा3य ह0गे। iv. '^ॉप-इन ?धन': बायोमास, कृिष अपिशi0, िनगम ठोस अपिशt ट (एमएसड[लू), kलाि�टक अपिशi, औTोिगक अपिशi आ�द स े उYपा�दत तरल ?धन, जो �क एमएस, एचएसडी और जेट ?धन के िलए भारतीय मानक0 पर खरा उतरता ह ैऔर जो यथावत या िमि]त `प म! बाद म!, इंजन िस�टम म! �कसी भी संशोधन के िबना वाहन0 म! उपयोग �कया जाता ह ैऔर वत6मान पेcोिलयम िवतरण "णाली का उपयोग कर सकता ह)। v. 'जैव-सीएनजी': जैव-गैस का शuु `प िजसक� संरचना और ऊजा6 Vमता जीवाSम आधा;रत "ाकृितक गैस के समान ह ैऔर इस े कृिष अवशेष0, पशुP के गोबर, खाT अपिशi, एमएसड[लू और सीवेज पानी से उYपU �कया जाता है। 4.0 रणनीितरणनीितरणनीितरणनीित औरऔरऔरऔर दिृ�कोणदिृ�कोणदिृ�कोणदिृ�कोण 4.1 सरकार जैव ?धन के उपयोग को बढ़ावा दनेे एवं "ोYसाहन हतुे ब1-आयामी दिृiकोण को इस "कार अपना रही ह:ै o एथेनॉल िमि]त पेcोल (ईबीपी) "ोmाम के माnयम स ेकई फ�ड�टॉoस स े"ाl एथनेॉल का उपयोग करके पेcोिलयम म! एथेनॉल का सिrम]ण । o सेकंड जनरेशन (2जी) एथेनॉल "ौTोिग�कय0 का िवकास और इसका Oावसायीकरण। o �टेशनरी, कम आरपीएम इंजन0 म! सीधे वन�पित तेल के इ�तेमाल सिहत कई फ�ड�टॉक क� खोज करके बायोडीजल [ल!gडग काय6@म के माnयम से डीजल म! बायोडीजल को सिrमि]त करना । o एमएसड[लू, औTोिगक अपिशi, बायोमास आ�द से बन े^ॉप-इन ?धन पर िवशेष nयान। o जैव-सीएनजी, जैव-मेथनॉल, डीएमई, जैव-हाइ^ोजन, जैव-जेट इंधन आ�द सिहत उUत जैव ?धन0 पर िवशेष nयान । 4.2 इस नीित का मुNय बल �वदेशी फ�ड�टॉक से जैव ?धन क� उपल[धता सुिनिzत करना ह।ै इस �दशा म! कदम बढ़ाते 1ए, , , , दशे भर म! बायोमास के मू�यांकन के िलए रा=ीय बायोमास भंडार तैयार �कया जाएगा।

¹Hkkx Iµ[k.M 1º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 5 4.3 जैव ?धन क� मांग और आपूWत के दरrयान पुनः संतुलन बनाने के "यास तहत, सरकार का उRेSय जैव ?धन के घरेलू उYपादन, भंडारण और िवतरण के संबंध म! जब भी आवSयकता पड़ ेसभी िहतधारक0 को शािमल करते 1ए परामश{ अवधारणा अपनाकर ज`री अतंर- ह�तVपे करना ह।ै 4.4 इस काय6नीित के अंतग6त समय-समय पर ऐसे उपयु/ िव.ीय एवं राजकोषीय उपाय �कए जाएंगे िजससे जैव ?धन के िवकास और संवध6न को समथ6न िमले ता�क िविभU Vे�0 म! इनका उपयोग बढ़े। 4.5 िविभU अंितम-उपयोग अनु"योग0 के िलए फ�ड�टॉक उYपादन और जैव ?धन "सं�करण के सभी पहलुP तक प1चँ के िलए अनुसंधान, िवकास और "ितपादन का समथ6न �कया जाएगा। उUत जैव ?धन और अ3य नए फ�ड�टॉक के िवकास के िलए जोर �दया जाएगा। 5.05.05.05.0 अंतरअंतरअंतरअंतर---- ह�त�ेपह�त�ेपह�त�ेपह�त�ेप एवंएवंएवंएवं समिुचतसमिुचतसमिुचतसमिुचत ���याएँ���याएँ���याएँ���याएँ कककक.... फ ड�टॉकफ ड�टॉकफ ड�टॉकफ ड�टॉक क क क क उपल%धताउपल%धताउपल%धताउपल%धता एवंएवंएवंएवं इसकाइसकाइसकाइसका िवकासिवकासिवकासिवकास 5.1 भारत म!, बायोएथेनॉल कई yोत0 से उYपU �कया जा सकता ह ैजैसे �क शक6 रा यु/ सामmी, �टाच6 यु/ सामmी, से�यूलोज और पेcोरसायिनक माग6 सिहत िलगोनोसेलुलोज सामmी। ले�कन, इथनॉल िमि]त पेcोिलयम (ईबीपी) काय6@म क� मौजूदा नीित गैर-खाT फ�ड�टॉक जैसे शीरा, सेललूोज़ और पेcोकेिमकल `ट सिहत िलगोनोले�ज सामmी से बायोएथेनॉल क� खरीद क� अनुमित दतेी ह ै l इसी तरह, �कसी भी खाT / गैर खाT तेल से बायोडीजल का उYपादन �कया जा सकता ह।ै हालां�क, सिrम]ण काय6@म के िलए उपयोग oये जाने वाला बायोडीजल वत6मान म! आयाितत yोत0 जैसे पाम �टीय;रन से िनWमत �कया जा रहा ह।ै 5.2 दशे म! जैव ?धन के उYपादन के िलए संभािवत घरेलू कb ेमाल के `प िनv पदाथ6 उपल[ध ह), एथेनॉल उYपादन के िलए : बी-शीरा, ग3 ने का रस, घास के `प म! बायोमास, कृिष अवशेष (चावल का पुआल, कपास क� डठंल, मकई के कोष, लकड़ी का बुरादा, खोई इYया�द), श}र यु/ सामmी, जैसे चुकंदर, चारा इYया�द और �टाच6 यु/ सामmी जैसे मकई, कसावा, सड़ा 1आ आलू आ�द, अनाज जैसे गेx,ं चावल इYया�द के खराब दाने जो �क खाने यो~य नहf ह0, आिधoय के समय अनाज के कण l शैवाल यु/ फ�ड�टॉक और समु4ी शैवाल क� खेती भी एथेनॉल उYपादन के िलए एक संभािवत फ�ड�टॉक हो सकती ह।ै बायोडीजल उYपादन के िलए: अखाT ितलहन, इ�तेमाल �कया 1आ खाना पकाने का तेल (UCO), पशुP क� चब{, एिसड आयल, शैवाल फ�ड�टॉक इYया�दl उUत जैव ?धन के िलए : बायोमास, एमएसड[लू, औTोिगक अपिशi, kलाि�टक अपिशi आ�द l 5.3 ईबीपी काय6@म के तहत एथेनॉल क� खरीद के िलए कb ेमाल का दायरा बढ़ाया जाएगा। इस नीित म! बी-शीरे और सीधे ग3 ने के रस से एथेनॉल के उY पादन क� अनुमित होगी। इस नीित म! मानव उपभोग हतुे अयो~य खराब खाTानो जैसे गेx,ं टूटे चावल आ�द से एथेनॉल का उYपादन करने क� भी अनुमित होगी। एक कृिष फसल वष6 के दौरान जब कृिष और �कसान क�याण मं�ालय �ारा यह अनुमान लगाया जाए �क खाTाU क� पैदावार आपूWत से काफ� अिधक होगी तो इस नीित के तहत "�तािवत रा=ीय जैव ?धन सम3वय सिमित के अनुमोदन के आधार पर, इस अित;र/ खाTाU क� मा�ा को एथेनॉल म! प;रवWतत करने क� अनुमित होगी। एथनेॉल उYपादन के िलए इस माग6 के खुलने से न केवल खाTाU आधा;रत िडि�टलरीज क� �थािपत Vमता का उपयोग करने म! मदद िमलेगी, अिपतु 3यूनतम िनवेश के साथ पूरी तरह स ेिवकिसत 1जी तकनीक का इ�तेमाल करके इसम! उन सभी कb ेसामिmय0 को भी शािमल �कया जा सकेगा, िजनसे एथेनॉल का उYपादन �कया जा सकता ह।ै

6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART I—SEC. 1] 5.4 औTोिगक �थापना को बढ़ावा दनेे के िलए अित;र/ उपल[ध बायोमास वाले �थान0 क� पहचान और ऊजा6 घास और ब�