lecture-literatures of the world

8/6/2019 Lecture-literatures of the World

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The word literature was derived from the

Latin word Litera which means letter

It is both written and oral traditioncomposed in a certain artistic style.

It is mans love, grief, thoughts, dreams,

and aspirations coached in beautifullanguage (Bascara et al. 2003)


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CULTURAL MODEL- for understanding

and appreciating cultures and

ideologies LANGUAGE MODEL- to promote

language development, teaching ofvocabulary and language structure

PERSONAL MODEL- to develop a lasting

pleasure and continuing growth ofunderstanding


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Literature empowers the leader to

overcome the limitations of sex, race

and culture. (Rosenblatt) Literature enables the reader to

experience even vicariously theworthwhile experiences of others.


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Hippolyte Taines concepts of:

1. Race- a particular race has a distinctcultural trait. Example: JapansChrysanthemum ( love for beauty) andSword (tendency for violence)

2. Moment- period in the history of a nationthat has shaped the thinking; thecondition of the times.


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Example: Renaissance late 1400s to 1500s,

renewal of the classic arts

3. Milieu- individual forces other than the

setting that contribute to the artisticproduction

Example: Geographical environment ,

ambience


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POETRY

ETYMOLOGY: From the Greek word poiesiswhich means making or creating

Aform of art in which language is used for itsaesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to its

ostensible meaning.

A branch of humanities that renders artistically andimaginatively the best of mans thoughts and

feeling Metaphorical

communication/metaphoric use oflanguage


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It is an art form that predates literacy

Ancient literature are in poetic form to

aid memorization and oral transmission The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest

surviving poem (3rd Millennium B.C.)

In 350 B.C., Aristotle wrote Poetics, a

study of the aesthetics of poetry which isstill applicable today


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FORMAL STRUCTURE:

Rhythm- actual sound from a line of

poetry Timing- accents, syllable and moras

Metrical Rhythm- precise arrangement ofstresses or syllables into repeated

patterns ( feet) Parallelism- successive lines reflect each

other in grammatical structure, soundstructure and notional content


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In Chinese poetry, tones and stresses

create rhythm (4 tones: level, rising,falling and entering)

RHYME- IDENTICAL ( hard-rhyme) orSIMILAR (soft-rhyme) sounds place at the

ends of lines or at predictable locationswith in lines (internal rhyme)

Entered European poetry in High MiddleAges (AD 400-1300)

Alliteration- repetition of initial consonantsounds

Assonance- repetition of internal vowelsounds


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Uses every resource of language fromsimplicity to eloquence

Compression, expansion, omission andrepetition

Connotative, employs words for their flavor

or feel Tone-atmosphere, feeling attitude, stance,

or the poets way of looking at his subject orat the world.

Ex: serious, ironic, bitter, joyful, resigned Imagery- a total sensory suggestion of

poetry and should be a part of the plannedsymbolic significance or an organizedsystem. Ex. May suggest symbol myth or

archetype


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POETIC DICTION- rhetorical devices,

manner in which a language is used,underlying meaning and its interaction withsound and form

Allegory and symbolic allusions- using a

character to represent a complex messageor idea

Vivid imagery and symbolism, juxtaposition

of unexpected or impossible images (insurrealistic poetry and in haiku)

Figures of Speech- using other words tomean something.


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SIMILE- direct comparison between twounlike objects using the words like or as.Ex. Like a gull swimming in the air.

And like the thunderbolt he falls.

METAPHOR- implied/ unexpressedcomparison between two unlike objects.

Ex. Good books are food and drink to anavid reader.

ONOMATOPOEIA- Imitation of in words ofnatural sounds. Ex. Hiss, buzz, meow

PERSONIFICATION- giving human

qualities to inanimate objects.


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Ex. At last the wind sighed itself to sleep. A

POSTR

OPH

E-A

nd address to an absent or dead personor to an inanimate object. Ex. Mountains and hills comeand fall on me.

METONYMY- the name of one thing is used in place ofanother which is associated to it. Ex. The pen is mightierthan the sword.

ANTITH

ESIS- contrast or opposition of thoughts, words orideas.

Ex. His body is active, but his mind sluggish.Easy writing makes hard reading.

HYPERBOLE- exaggeration for effect and not to deceive orto be taken literally.

Ex. She cried a river, I climbed mountain just to be here. IRONY- method of humorous or subtly sarcastic

expressions in which the intended meaning is the directopposite of what is meant.

Ex. It was very kind of you to remind me of my humiliation.

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