Leeds Low Emission Vehicle

Exhibition and Conference

Graham Belgum (FirstGroup) and Ian Downie (Volvo Bus UK)7th October 2010

Reducing Emissions (Standards)

• Table shows the standards compared to the previous ones (in g/km).

• You can see clearly which emissions were the focus for each new standard

Tier Date CO NOx HC+NOx PM

Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 - 0.97 0.14 Euro 2 January 1996 1.0 - 0.7 0.08 Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 0.50 0.56 0.05 Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 0.25 0.30 0.025 Euro 5 September 2009 0.50 0.18 0.23 0.005 Euro 6 January 2014 0.50 0.08 0.17 0.005

Reducing Emissions (Actions)

• Purchased a large number of Euro 4 vehicles over the last 4 years.

• Currently purchasing Euro 5 and Euro 5 EEV vehicles.

• Scrapping pre-Euro, Euro 1 and Euro 2 vehicles.• Replacing some Euro 3 engines with Euro 4 engines

and are looking to do more.• Using after treatment technologies to bring Euro 3

emissions up to Euro 4 standards.• These actions are significantly reducing the amount

of NOX and particulates we emit.

Reducing Emissions (Producing less CO2)

• Bio-DieselWhole fleet runs on 7% bio-diesel.Have a 25% and 100% bio-diesel project.

• We have implemented a safe and efficient driving programme using:

A managed service provided by GreenRoad Technologies Ltd The Smith System defensive driver training program.

• Improved vehicle maintenance:Ensure correct tyre pressures and wheel alignmentAddressing any vehicle which has an excessive fuel usage compared to the average.

• Minimising the time vehicles spend idling:We are currently rolling out a capability to identify where, when and who is excessively idling their vehicles.This is backed up with a switch off when not required campaign.

Embracing new technology

• More Efficient Diesel VehiclesReducing vehicle weight.Using electric fans, steering and doors.

• Hybrids:Currently trialling 5 x Wrightbus series hybrids in London.Have just trialled 1 x Volvo/Wrightbus parallel hybrid in Leeds and have placed an order for 6. Looking to purchase a further 30 with the help of the Green Bus fund.Will shortly be operating 12 Optare Versa and 8 Optare Solo series hybrids in Manchester.

• Retrofit Hybrids:Are working with suppliers to trial kinetic and electrical energy recovery systems by storing energy wasted during braking and releasing it during acceleration.

Embracing new technology – A61, Leeds

• Green Bus Fund: Bid to implement parallel hybrid vehicles on Scott Hall Guideway

• Three phase implementation – Volvo/Wrightbus B5TL :

Single vehicle trial for 8 Weeks (Jul-Aug 10)Pilot 6 vehicles (Delivery early 2011)Additional 16 vehicles (Delivery early 2012) subject to successful early phases

• Corridor Package:Discussions ongoing with Leeds City Council and Metro to provide a complementary package of infrastructure, bus priority and marketing measures to maximise benefits from significant vehicle investment

Volvo Hybrid

Diesel electric parallel

Diesel electric parallel

Turbine electric series

Volvo Group hybrid developmentMany years’ experience

1985 1995 2005

Advanced engineering series production

2010

Dieselhydraulic

Cumulo System

Roll, brake

Roll, acc

Drag, brake

Drag, acc

Rolling lossesAerodynamic lossesBrake losses – converted to electric power to drive the vehicleBraking

Waste not, want not: recycling in action…..

To convert waste energy into useful power and therefore save fuel

Parallel Electric Hybrid

Drive to the rear axle comes from the engine and electric motor in combination0 – 100% from each power sourceEngine, Electric Motor and Generator can be downsizedVolvo Integrated Starter Alternator Motor is a combined electric motor and generator

Volvo Bus: January 2010 11

Diesel engine

Torque

rpm

Electric Motor and Diesel EngineCombined Torque diagramEnhanced performance

The parallel hybrid combines the output of the diesel engine and the electric motor for enhanced performance at the optimum point of operation

Key

Diesel Engine

Electric Motor

Combined

Two Fuel Saving Opportunities in the Hybrid

Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion Alternative drive of auxiliaries

Electric Motors to drive:

hydraulic pumps, air compressor and a/c drive

Easier to control

Only driven when needed

Driven at optimal working points independent of engine speed

Minimum idling losses

Provides power & torque assistance

Recover brake energy

Zero emission / silent mode

Non idling functionality (at bus stops for example)

Engine downsizing

Why “Hybrid”?

• 2 Main BenefitsEnvironment

• 30% reduction in Carbon Dioxide• Up to 50% reduction in Air Quality Pollutants

(NOx, PM)• Noise Reduction (silent takeoff)

Economy/Finance

• 30% Fuel Saving plus lower maintenance• Payback for Higher Initial Price in 6-7 years