Lesson 7 HIS 2100 Rome

Review: When Rome finished unifying Italy, there were 5 great powers in the Mediterranean. Who were they?1. Selucid Monarchy in the Near East2. Ptolemaic Monarchy in Egypt3. The Kingdom of Macedonia (Northern Greece4. Carthage in the Western Mediterranean (Africa)Question. How long did it take for Rome to conquer all of these powers?Answer. 120 years. Rome ruled the Mediterranean in 146 BCE.

Selucid Monarchy

Punic WarsFirst Punic War (264-241 BCE) Carthage was founded in 800 BCE by Phoenicians in

the North of Africa, which became a prosperous commercial centre.

The Carthaginian empire covered North Africa and the coastal regions of southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica and western Sicily.

Question. What did Rome have to fear from Carthage?

Selucid Monarchy

Answer. Rome feared that Carthage wanted to conquer the northern Sicilian city of Messana.

Rome’s reasons: Rome was allies with Sicily and feared that if they did not defend Sicily, Carthage would attack them or interfere with their trade routes.

Rome attacked Carthage in North Africa and lost an entire army as well as hundreds of ships in battle to a storm on the Mediterranean.

Rome continued to fight, benefitting from allied support throughout Italy. Carthage eventually surrendering Sicily.

Unintentional Acquisition of an Overseas Empire Three years later, Rome seized the islands of Corsica and

Sardinia from a weakened Carthage. The islands were made into provinces.

Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) Carthage had colonies and an army in Spain,

commanded by the military genius Hannibal (247-183). Hannibal's army was professional and well seasoned and

included war elephants for charging enemy lines. 26,000 men crossed the mountains into Italy with

15,000 more recruited along the way. Hannibal’s army circled and destroyed Rome’s largest

army, which had 60,000 men (Battle of Cannae 216 BCE).

Hannibal Allied with Philip V of Macedon after defeating the Romans at Cannae

Rome learned its lesson and did not engage Hannibal’s army face to face.

Hannibal did not have the power to conquer the city of Rome, but remained nearby.

Question. Was Rome at risk of any sort of risk? If yes, and you were a Roman General, what would you have done?

Rome attacked Carthage while Hannibal was still in Italy, forcing Hannibal to retreat to return home to protect his homeland of Carthage.

Until Hannibal had faced Rome, in North Africa, he had won every battle he had ever fought.

In 202 BCE Hannibal was defeated in ZAMA and had no choice but to surrender Spain, including the elephants and navy, to Rome.

What area of the Mediterranean did Rome not yet control?

Selucid Monarchy

The Macedonian Wars Rome feared that Macedon, having allied with

Hannibal, may attack Rome. Rome attacked Macedonia and won it in 205 BCE. Macedonia still had influence in Greece, which was

a protectorate of Rome. Rome fought two more wars with Macedonia and in 148 BCE Rome created the province of Macedonia.

The Hellenistic Kingdoms lay ahead, in the Near East and Asia Minor.

Question. What countries / states remained?Answer. Seleucia, Egypt and Pergamum.

REVIEW: Mediterranean Cities that came underRoman Political and Economic Governance

Selucia – Hellenistic city on Tigris River, 30 km from current city of Baghdad. Leading trade centre in Mesopotamia. Populated by 600,000 Macedonians, Greeks, Jews and Syrians.Pergamum – The Attalids came to power in 281 BC and were among the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world. In 241-197 BC, they allied with Rome against Philip V of Macedon, during the first and second Macedonian Wars, and again (197-158 BC), against Perseus of Macedon, during the Third Macedonian War. For support against the Seleucids, the Attalids were rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor.The Attalids ruled with intelligence and generosity. They would support the growth of towns by sending skilled artisans and remitting taxes. They allowed the Greek cities in their domains to maintain some independence. They sent gifts to Greek cultural sites. When Attalus III (138-133 BC) died without an heir in 133 BC, he gave the whole of Pergamon to Rome, in order to prevent a civil war.Egypt – Located on the border of the Middle East and Africa and still a strong economic centre.

Selucid Monarchy

Rome’s intervention was akin to being a protector of Greece and led to their involvement in Hellenistic kingdoms of the near East and Asia Minor.

The Hellenistic World became client kingdoms of Rome and lost their freedom to deal with foreign affairs as they chose.

ROME was now Master of Mediterranean.Third Punic War (146 BCE) Although Carthage was no longer a threat, Rome

started an unnecessary / irrational war of total destruction on Carthage in 149 BCE.

Warning Signs of Future Roman Values The total destruction of the North African city of

Carthage and sale, into slavery of all survivors, was a sign of the deterioration / loss of Senatorial / Political leadership and control that was to become more obvious in the future.

Question. Can anyone predict what might happen in the years to come?

History 2100 Historical Events and Issues Teacher: Mr. SilverName______________________Student number___________________ Email address____________________Directions: 1. With the time remaining in class, work on this exercise.

a. Read the passage thoroughly.b. Ask Mr. Silver for clarification on word definitions and the intent of the message.

2. After class, in your Group, complete this exercise as homework and submit it at the same period class next week.

Format: All papers must be typed, double spaced (APA format). All papers must include a cover page with Name, Student Number and email address of each group member. Papers should be approximately 2 pages long. This assignment is worth 5% of your final grade.All rough work (from each student) must be attached to the final version.

Read: Page 97 beginning with The Decline of Rome, to page 99. Stop just before Tribal Migrations.

The questions below are intended to provoke your thinking. You are not required to answer these questions. Your rough work answers must be submitted with the final version.

a) What was the political situation in the Roman Empire at this time.b) How did different Romans viewed their actions.c) Give your opinion on their actions.d) Compare and contrast this discussion point to other periods of history and to the current day.e) Offer your moral and value judgments on what happened.

Use both sides of the paper to do your rough work.