NOUNS

NOUNSNouns are the names of things. They are words for people, places, and things.

Children Food Flower

Countable Nouns:

● Things that you can count, e.g.: (one) apple, (one) book, (one) table, (one) friend.

● You can use numbers with count nouns, e.g.: one apple, two apples; one book, three books.

● Count nouns can be singular and plural, e.g. apple/apples, book/books, table/tables, friend/friends.

Noncount Nouns:Things that you cannot count, e.g.: milk, air, sugar, cheese, money, not: one milk, one air, one sugar, one cheese, one money.

Noncount nouns do not have a plural form.

Indefinite Article: A/ANA/AN = One (1)

Use the indefinite article (a/an) with count singular nouns:

Use “a” with count nouns that start with a consonant sound: a table, a city, a student, a vegetable.

Use “an” with count nouns that start with a vowel sound: an apple, an egg, an orange, an hour.

Count NounsUse how many to ask questions about the number of things (only with count nouns)How many students are there in the class? (1 student? 10 students? ) You can use numbers and plurals.How many cookies can you eat? (1 cookie? 5 cookies?) You can use numbers and plurals.Not:How many milk do you need?

Noncount NounsUse how much to ask about quantity of things (only with noncount nouns) How much milk do you have at home? (some milk? a lot of milk?) How much rice do you eat?(a lot of rice? a little rice?)

Comparative Adjectives

The boy is taller than the girl. The girl is shorter than the boy.

Great Value soup is more expensive than Campbell’s soup

Comparative AdjectivesUse comparative adjectives to describe differences between two people or two things:The boy is tall. (tall = describes one person) The boy is taller than the girl. (tall+er compares two people)

Comparative AdjectivesGreat Value soup is expensive.(expensive = describes one thing)

Great Value soup is more expensive than Campbell’s soup(more+expensive compares two things)

Comparative Adjectives with -erAdd -er to adjectives that have one syllable to create the comparative form:tall (tall + -er) = taller small (small + -er) = smaller nice (nice + -er) = nicer large (large + -er) = largerbig = (big + -er) = bigger hot (hot + -er) = hotter

cvc + er = cvccer cvc + er = cvccer

Comparative Adjectives with ‘more’Use more + adjective with adjectives that have two syllables or more to create the comparative form:

more + intelligent = more intelligentmore + beautiful = more beautiful

more + wonderful = more wonderful

Note: Do NOT use ‘more’ and -er together.

Adjectives ending in -yAdd -er to adjectives that end in -y to create the comparative form:happy: happy + -er = -y i + -er = happiereasy: easy + -er = -y i + -er = easier funny: funny + -er = -y i + -er = funnier

Present ProgressiveUse the Present Progressive to describe actions/events that are in progress now (at the moment of speaking):

She is having coffee. She is sleeping. He is looking at her. They are reading a book.

Present ProgressiveTo form the Present Progressive use:

She is writing on her notebook.

She is sitting; she is leaning

on the tree. She is not standing.

BE + Verb-ing (am/is/are)

What is happening in this house?

Simple Present vs. Present Progressive Simple Present: describe actions Present Progressive: describe that happen frequently actions that are in progress now

(habits/routines): (at the

moment of speaking): I have breakfast every morning I am not eating breakfast right now. at 8:00 a.m. I am listening to my instructor. I ride my bicycle to class every day. I’m not riding my bike now. I am

sitting at my desk. I always do my homework after I am not doing homework. The dinner. teacher is explaining new grammar.

Simple Present vs. Present ProgressiveLook at Sam in this picture:What does he do?Where does he work?Does he drink coffee?Is he drinking coffee now?Is he typing on his laptop?What is he doing?Tell us more about Sam...

Future: BE going to

Use BE going to + verb for plans and intentions:

I am going to do my homework on Saturday.Susan is not going to clean her house this weekend.Sam and Tom are going to play soccer tomorrow.

BE going to + verb(am/is/are) going to+ (base form)

Future: Present Progressive Use present progressive (BE + verb-ing) for activities you are sure you will do in the future:

I am having dinner with a friend at 7:00p.m. We have a reservation at Sitara.Sam is picking up his father at the airport tomorrow. He arrives at 5:00p.m.

Future: Will Use will + verb to make predictions or to talk about facts in the future: I think I will move to Florida in a few years. My son will be 5 years old next month. We won’t know our grades until next week.

will + verb will not = won’t

(base form)

Simple Past Use the simple past to talk about events/activities that happened before now:We visited my grandparents last weekend.Tom played soccer last Saturday.I studied for our quiz yesterday. They didn’t watch the movie last night.

Simple Past For the past tense, there are 2 groups of verbs: regular and irregular verbs. Regular Verbs: Add -ed to the verb:play + ed played watch + ed watchedstudy y i + ed studied live + ed

lived plan + ed planned