1. LIBRO GRAMATICA2nd SemesterCamila Davis

2. TABLA DE CONTENTOS Imperfect Conditional Preterito Superlative -Car , -Gar , -Zar Formal Commands Spock Prepositions Cucaracha Snake/Snakey Demonstratives Modal Adverbios Progressivo Present Past Futuro Irregular 3. IMPERFECTPreterito Regulares ARER/IRYoAba IaTuAbasIasEl/ella/usted Aba IaNosotrosAbamosIamosVosotrosAbais IaisUstedes AbanIanPreterito IR SERVERIrregularesYoibaeraveiaTuibas eras veiasEl/ella/usted ibaeraveiaNosotrosibamos eramos veiamosVosotrosibaiseraisveiasUstedes iban eran veian 4. EL PRETERITO (-CAR,-GAR,-ZAR) 5. EL PRETERITO (SPOCK) Hice Hiciste Hizo Hicimos Hicieron FUII FUISTE ISTE FUEIO FUIMOIMOS SIERO FUERON N 6. EL PRETERITO (CUCARACHA) Andar Anduv- EstarEstuv- Decir Dij- Poder Pud-Traer Traj-e Poner Pus- iste QuererQuis- Conducir Conduj- o Saber Sup-ProducirProduj- imos Tener Tuv-Traducir Traduj- isteis VenirVin- *ieron* the j verbs do not have an i in the ustedesform 7. EL PRETERITO (SNAKE/SNAKEY) Stem-changers in the preterite Only changes in 3rd person Accent over the preterite ending on appropriate letter Stems that end in a vowel: Changethe I to y (same rules apply when using as progressivepreterite stem change) 8. SNAKE / SNAKEY CONT. Dormir Leer Dorm Le Dormimos Leimos Dormiste Leiste Durmi Ley Dumerieron Leyeron 9. MODAL VERBS 10. LOS ADVERBIOS Change to feminine Only 2nd uses mente Example: Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente 11. PROGRESSIVE TENSE Ando/iendo/yendo Useto say you are currently in the act of doing something Esta comiendo fruta (she is eating fruit) 12. PAST PROGRESSIVE To say someone was doing something Estaba hablando siempre Why imperfect rather than the preterite? Becausean action that is progressive is alsocontinuous, and continuous actions require the imperfect. 13. FUTURE To say you will do something Infinitive + s emosisn Example:Esta noche etudiar I will study tonight 14. FUTURE (IRREGULAR) DecirDir HacerHar Poner Pondr Salir Saldr Tener Tendr Valer Vendr Poder PodrQuerer Querr Saber Sabr 15. CONDITIONAL Used when something is wondered or that isprobably true (Describes a PAST action) Would, could, could have been, etc Note: when "would" is used in the sense of a repeatedaction in the past, the imperfect is used. EXAMPLES: Elalumno dijo que estudiara una hora ms. The student said that he would study one more hour. Qu hora sera? What time could it have been? Estara en su casa. He must have been at home. Estaramos ocupados cuando llamaste. We were probably busy when you called. 16. CONDITIONALS CONT. Uses: To express speculation about the past To express the future from the perspective of the past To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may not occur To indicate what would happen were it not for some certain specific circumstance For polite use to soften requests To ask for advice For reported speech To express what would be done in a particular situation To express an action which is contrary to fact Note: This last example uses a verb tense called the imperfect subjunctive (tuviera). 17. SUPERLATIVE The extremes; the most or least of a certainquality (smallest , tallest, smartest) ElmasEl menos Los masLos menos La mas La menos Las masLas menos Example Maya es la chica mas intellegente en su clase. 18. FORMAL COMMANDS The imperative form of a verb Formal commands are in Usd./Ustedes form Put in Yo form Change to opp. VowelIrr:TVDISHE EXAMPLE: SComprCompr Comprar o e 19. PREPOSITIONSCerca (de)EntreOnly use de when aDelante (de)A la izquierda specific location follows(de) the expressionA la derecha (de) Al lado (de)Detras (de) Lejos *Abajo Debajo (de) Encima (de) *ArribaDentro (de) Fuera (de) Prepositions are used to describe where things are located in comparison to anotherobject *these are never followed by de 20. DEMONSTRATIVES Used in place of the adjective and the noun Adjectives = no accent Pronouns = accent Neuter Demonstratives Do not refer to a noun of a specific gender Esto Eso - AquelloAquiAlli AllaEsteEse AquelEstaEsaAquellaEstos Esos AquellosEstas Esas Aquellas