life diversity

The Five-Kingdom SystemThe Five-Kingdom System

An OverviewAn Overview

How many organisms are How many organisms are there in the world?there in the world?

– 250,000 plants250,000 plants– 750,000 insects750,000 insects– 43,000 vertebrates43,000 vertebrates

4200 mammals4200 mammals9000 birds9000 birds6300 reptiles6300 reptiles4200 amphibians4200 amphibians18,000 bony fishes18,000 bony fishes900 cartilaginous 900 cartilaginous fishes and jawless fishes and jawless fishesfishes

1.5 million known species1.5 million known species on earth on earth

Classification SystemClassification System

Why classify organisms?Why classify organisms?

– Method of organizing creatures into Method of organizing creatures into some meaningful patternsome meaningful pattern

Current method uses similar shared Current method uses similar shared observable characteristics that are observable characteristics that are unique to that group of organisms unique to that group of organisms ((phenetic schemephenetic scheme))

What do these animals have in common?

Why classify bats and hummingbirds together but not include dragonflies?

KingdomsKingdoms

Shared characteristics among Shared characteristics among KingdomsKingdoms–All are made up of cellsAll are made up of cells

–All have DNA with the same All have DNA with the same genetic codegenetic code

KPCOFGSKPCOFGSKingdomKingdom

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

What are species?What are species?

What are genera?What are genera?

What are kingdoms?What are kingdoms?

What are Species?What are Species?

Interbreeding Interbreeding organisms that do organisms that do not ordinarily breed not ordinarily breed with members of with members of other groupsother groups

Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei

What are Genera?What are Genera?

An inclusive group of similar An inclusive group of similar species, usually with anatomical species, usually with anatomical similaritiessimilarities

Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus

Pinyon mouse,

Peromyscus truei

Genus = Peromyscus

What are Kingdoms?What are Kingdoms?

Major unit of biological classificationMajor unit of biological classification

KPCOFGSKPCOFGSKingdomKingdom

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

KPCOFGSKPCOFGSKingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Class: AvesClass: Aves

Order: PasseriformesOrder: Passeriformes

Family: CorvidaeFamily: Corvidae

Genus: Genus: CorvusCorvus

Species: Species: brachyrhynchosbrachyrhynchos

American crowAmerican crow

Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata (with backbones)Phylum: Chordata (with backbones)

Class: Aves (birds)Class: Aves (birds)

Order: Passeriformes (songbirds)Order: Passeriformes (songbirds)

Family: Corvidae (crows, jays)Family: Corvidae (crows, jays)

Genus: Genus: CorvusCorvus

Species: Species: brachyrhynchosbrachyrhynchos

Corvus brachyrhynchusCorvus brachyrhynchus

Why Latin?Why Latin?

““Dead” language – no changes being Dead” language – no changes being made; it is not in use todaymade; it is not in use today

Common names are often shared among Common names are often shared among several species; may differ from region to several species; may differ from region to region; may not be understood in different region; may not be understood in different culturescultures

Assures a unique name for each speciesAssures a unique name for each species

Lasionycteris noctivagans

Nocti = nocturnal

Vagans = wanderer

Nyct = night, nocturnal

Lasio = shaggy

“night wandering shaggy bat”

Silver-haired bat


5 Kingdom System5 Kingdom System–MoneraMonera

–ProtistaProtista

–FungiFungi

–PlantaePlantae

–AnimaliaAnimalia

Differences among Kingdoms1. Monera: Prokaryotic cell structure2. Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular3. Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell

wall, no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic

4. Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophic

5. Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellular


5 Kingdoms5 KingdomsMoneraMonera

ProtistaProtista

FungiFungi

PlantaePlantae

AnimaliaAnimalia

6 KingdomsArchaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

ProkaryotesProkaryotesDomain ArchaeaDomain Archaea

Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria

BacteriaBacteriaAmong the first forms of life over 3.5 Among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago billion years ago

Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of our oxygen atmosphere by our oxygen atmosphere by photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html

fossil cyanobacteria

ProkaryotaProkaryotaInclude eubacteria and archaebacteriaInclude eubacteria and archaebacteria

Most abundant/diverseMost abundant/diverse

Prokaryotic organismsProkaryotic organisms

Lacks an organized nucleus or membrane-Lacks an organized nucleus or membrane-bound organellesbound organelles

Nostoc (cyanobacterium)

1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells

This characteristic separates which kingdoms?

EubacteriaEubacteria

Eubacteria (“True bacteria”) have 3 methods of energy acquisition

– Chemosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (ammonia, sulfur)

– Photosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from sunlight and convert to carbohydrate energy

– Heterotrophic bacteria: saprophytes and symbionts

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

– Oldest and most primitive organisms known– Life’s extremists, occupying environments that

“normal” organisms find too harsh– 3 types

methanogens, halophiles, thermacidophiles– thermacidophile example: lives in heated acid

springs, mud pots, soil and can take temps of 60 to 95 C and pH of 1 to 5.

Roles in EcosystemCan cause disease– Lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis

Photosynthesis and oxygen production

Food source

Nutrient transfer – (convert inert N to organic forms useable by

plants)

Decomposition– Saprophytic (decompose dead tissue)– Symbiotic (live within a host multicellular organism)

Some oil deposits attributed to cyanobacteria

Spirulina

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

ProtistaProtistaProtozoans and mostly unicellular algae

Heterotrophic and autotrophic

Occur in freshwater, saltwater, soil

Because of tremendous diversity, classification of the Protista is difficult. paramecium

ProtistaProtistaProtozoa– Single-celled, motile, heterotrophic – Digest food by engulfing, breaking down, and absorbing

it

Algae– Single-celled to colonial– Diatoms, golden brown algae, dinoflagellates, red algae,

brown algae, green algae– Subdivided by type of photosynthetic pigment

Slime molds

Eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants!

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_3.htmlhttp://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/para-lab3/vivax_gameto100x.jpg

Protista – Roles in EcosystemProtista – Roles in EcosystemPhotosynthesis and oxygen productionFood source (brown, red, green algae)– Animal feed, fertilizers– Algae sheets used in some

Japanese dishes– Additive to puddings, ice cream,

salad dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate)

Can cause disease– Avian malaria, human malaria,

amoebic dysentery

Protista and Red TidesProtista and Red TidesPopulation explosion of dinoflagellatesNeurotoxin releasedShellfish concentrate toxinHumans can be killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin

http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/noctiluca.jpg

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

FungiFungi

Mushrooms, blights, rusts, molds

>60,000 species

Heterotrophic

Chitinous cell wall

Symbiotic– 2 or more organisms

live together in close association

Mostly multicellular– Yeasts are unicellular

FungiFungiHyphae = filaments make up the body of a fungus

Collectively, hyphae are called mycelium

Can produce sporocarps

Absorptive heterotrophs– Hyphae have small volume, large surface

area so enhance absorptive capacity– Break down food by secreting digestive

enzymes onto substrate then absorbing food molecules

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus

FungiFungi~6 taxonomic divisions:

Zygomycota – bread moldsGlomeromycota – arbuscular mycorrihizal fungiAscomycota – yeasts, sac fungi, PenicilliumBasidiomycota – mushrooms, toadstools, rustsLichens – fungus-algae relationshipDeuteromycota – everything else

www.tolweb.org/Fungi

Fungi – Roles in EcosystemFungi – Roles in Ecosystem

Food source– Mushrooms, truffles,

morels– Mycorrhizae– Fungal colonies in

cheeses give them their flavor

– Beer and wine produced with yeasts

Antibiotics – Penicillin

www.treepics.co.uk/education/animals/index.php?n=squirrel

www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_03/

yeast_screen.shtml

helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/penicill.htm

Caribou feeding on lichens

Benefit wildlife– Food, nest sites, hiding cover


Crop parasites - cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious diseaseClaviceps purpurea causes a crop disease called wild ergot Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight

American chestnut, late 1800s

Claviceps purpureaClaviceps purpurea


Symbiosis - mutualism– Lichens (fungus+alga)

– Mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizal fungi

Lichen

Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

PlantsPlants

>300,000 known species

Multicellular phototrophs

Cell wall with cellulose

2 groups– Nonvascular (liverworts, hornworts, and

mosses)– Vascular (common plants like pines, ferns,

corn, and oaks)

PlantsPlantsNonvascular plants– Small (lack of conducting cells

keeps them <5” high)– First evolved approximately 500

million years ago, likely were the earliest land plants

Vascular plants – Have specialized transporting cells

Xylem (for transporting water and mineral nutrients)

Phloem (for transporting sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant)

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/bryoph1.htm

www.ventephoto.com/image10.htm

Plants – Roles in EcosystemPlants – Roles in Ecosystem

Food source

Generate oxygen

Provide habitat

List 3 functional roles that plants play in your life.

my.opera.com/Mathilda/albums/show.dml?id=45047

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

AnimalsAnimals

Multicellular heterotrophsMulticellular heterotrophs

No cell wallNo cell wall

External or internal External or internal skeletons for supportskeletons for support

Skin to reduce water lossSkin to reduce water loss

Muscles for moving to find foodMuscles for moving to find food

Brains, nervous system for integration of Brains, nervous system for integration of signalssignals

Internal digestive systemsInternal digestive systems

Big-brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus

Animals - Feeding StrategiesAnimals - Feeding Strategies

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs– Herbivores – eat plantsHerbivores – eat plants

– Granivores – eat seedsGranivores – eat seeds

– Frugivores – eat fruitsFrugivores – eat fruits

– Foliovores – eat leavesFoliovores – eat leaves

– Carnivores – eat other animalsCarnivores – eat other animals

– Piscivores – eat fishPiscivores – eat fish

Animals - Animals - 2 main groups2 main groups

Invertebrate PhylaInvertebrate Phyla–PoriferaPorifera – Cnidaria – Cnidaria –PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes – Nematoda– Nematoda–AnnelidaAnnelida – Mollusca– Mollusca–ArthropodaArthropoda – Echinodermata– Echinodermata

Vertebrate PhylumVertebrate Phylum–Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata–Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata

Animals - InvertebratesAnimals - InvertebratesPhylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera– Sponges, primitive filter feedersSponges, primitive filter feeders

Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria– Jellyfish, corals, sea anemonesJellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca – Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clamsBivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams– Gastropods – snails, slugsGastropods – snails, slugs– Cephalopods – squids, octopiCephalopods – squids, octopi

Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata– Sea urchins and sea starsSea urchins and sea stars

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda– Spiders, scorpions, crabs, Spiders, scorpions, crabs,

shrimp, insects, millipedes, and moreshrimp, insects, millipedes, and more

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7004909622962894202&q=shark&hl=en



Animals - VertebratesAnimals - VertebratesPhylum Chordata: 50,000 Phylum Chordata: 50,000 vertebratesvertebrates2 groups2 groups– Jawless forms (Class Agnatha) Jawless forms (Class Agnatha)

hagfish, lampreyhagfish, lamprey– Jawed forms – most of the Jawed forms – most of the

animals we knowanimals we know

Animals – Vertebrate ClassesAnimals – Vertebrate Classes

CondrichthyesCondrichthyes

www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm


OsteichthyesOsteichthyes

www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm


AmphibiaAmphibia

www.natureserve.org


ReptiliaReptilia

www.natureserve.org


AvesAves

www.natureserve.org


MammaliaMammalia

www.natureserve.org

A Short ReviewA Short Review

1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells


2. Chloroplasts2. Chloroplasts


3. Cell Wall3. Cell Wall


4. Chitin v. Cellulose4. Chitin v. Cellulose

Inflexible, Inflexible, tough, tough, insoluble in insoluble in waterwater

chitin

cellulose

5. Heterotropic v Autotrophic5. Heterotropic v Autotrophic

Autotrophic = “self-feeding”Autotrophic = “self-feeding”– Create food through photosynthesisCreate food through photosynthesis

Heterotrophic = “other feeding”Heterotrophic = “other feeding”– Must absorb foodMust absorb food– Can grow through or on a substrate, break Can grow through or on a substrate, break

down the substrate, absorb nutrientsdown the substrate, absorb nutrients


6. Unicellular v Multicellular6. Unicellular v Multicellular


multicellular animal cellunicellular bacteria cell

Differences among KingdomsDifferences among Kingdoms

1.1. Archaeabacteria: Prokaryotic cell structureArchaeabacteria: Prokaryotic cell structure2.2. Eubacteria: Prokaryotic cell structureEubacteria: Prokaryotic cell structure3.3. Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellularProtista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular4.4. Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall, Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall,

no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophicno chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic5.5. Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall,

cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophicautotrophic

6.6. Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellularmulticellular

life diversity

Technology

kingdom protista

corvus species

known species

protista roles

protista protozoans

classification system

red algae

animalia phylum