lighting mae 406 091310
DESCRIPTION
ALUMBRADO LIGTHING LAMPARASTRANSCRIPT
Lighting TechnologiesApplications
Energy ConsumptionMAE 406 / 589
John Rees, PE, CEMEric Soderberg, PE, CEM
September 13, 2010
LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS
3
The 3 Pillars of The 3 Pillars of Energy Efficient LightingEnergy Efficient Lighting
Meet target lightMeet target lightlevelslevels
Meet target lightMeet target lightlevelslevels
Efficiently produceEfficiently produceand deliver lightand deliver light
Efficiently produceEfficiently produceand deliver lightand deliver light
AutomaticallyAutomaticallycontrol lightingcontrol lighting
operationoperation
AutomaticallyAutomaticallycontrol lightingcontrol lighting
operationoperation
Visual Task
F O O T C A N D L E SF O O T C A N D L E S
WATTSWATTS
LUMENSLUMENS
Visual Task
Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar!Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar!
Lighting Fundamentals - Illumination
• Light Output.– Measured at the lamp surface.– Measured in lumens.
• Illuminance or Light Level.– Measured at the working surface.– Measured in foot-candles.
• Luminance or Brightness.– Measured at an angle to the working surface.– Measured in footlamberts.
Targeted Illumination Levels
• Targeted illumination level is determined by:– Tasks being performed (detail, contrast, size).– Ages of the occupants.– Importance of speed and accuracy.
Recommended Illumination Levels
Activity
Illumination Foot-
candles
Offices: Average Reading and Writing 50-75
Offices: Hallways 10-20
Offices: Rooms with Computers 20-50
Auditoriums / Assembly Places 15-30
Hospitals: General Areas 10-15
Labs / Treatment areas 50-100
Libraries 30-100
Schools 30-150
Quality of Illumination
• Quality of illumination may affect worker productivity.
• Quality is affected by:– Glare. Too bright.– Uniformity of illumination.– Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly.
• Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best)– Color Temperature. Warm to Cool.
• Measured in degrees kelvin. 3000 is warm (yellowish); 5000 is cool or “daylight”.
Color Rendering Index(CRI)
A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the reference source.
85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition
75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition
65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition
55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition
0 – 55 CRI = Poor color rendition
Color Temperature (K˚)
A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source.
≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum
≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum
3500K = “neutral”
5000K = “Daylight”
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Color Color Temperature Temperature
ScaleScale
Cool White - 4100K Cool White - 4100K
Daylight Fluo - 6500K Daylight Fluo - 6500K
North Sky - 8500K North Sky - 8500K
Warm White - 3000K Warm White - 3000K
HPS - 2100K HPS - 2100K
Halogen – 3100KHalogen – 3100K
Incandescent – 2700KIncandescent – 2700K
Color Rendition
warm light source is used, enhancing reds and oranges
neutral light source is used
cool source is used enhancing blues and greens
Color rendering, expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index (CRI), from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color rendering ability.
Efficiency
• Lighting efficiency is expressed as lumens output/wattage input.– Ranges from 4 to 150 lumens/watt.
• Show overhead.
Lamp Lumen Depreciation
• As lamps age, they lose a certain amount of output.
• Old T12 fluoresecents can lose up to 30% of output over their life.
• New T8 fluorescents maintain up to 95% of original lumens.
• This depreciation must be accounted for when installing new lighting system.
LIGHTINGTYPES
Luminaires
• Luminaire = Lighting fixture– Lamps– Lamp sockets– Ballasts– Reflective material– Lenses, refractors, louvers– Housing
• Directs the light using reflecting and shielding surfaces.
Luminaires (cont’d)
• Luminaire Efficiency– Percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually
exits the fixture.– Types of luminaires
• Direct (general illumination).• Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall
washers”).• Spot/Accent lighting.• Task Lighting.• Outdoor/Flood Lights.
Types of Lighting
• Incandescents/Halogens.• Fluorescents.• High Intensity Discharge (HID).• Inductive.• Light Emitting Diode.
Incandescent Lamps
• One of the oldest electric lighting technologies.
• Light is produced by passing a current through a tungsten filament.
• Least efficient – (4 to 24 lumens/watt).
• Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.
Incandescent Lamps (cont’d)• High CRI (100) – Warm Color (2700K)• Halogen 2900K to 3200K)
• Inexpensive
• Excellent beam control
• Easily dimmed – no ballast needed
• Immediate off and on
• No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors
• 100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going away per 2007 law beginning 2012
Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps• A type of incandescent
lamp.• Encloses the tungsten
filament in a quartz capsule filled with halogen gas.
• Halogen gas combines with the vaporized tungsten and redeposits it on the filament.
• More efficient.• Lasts longer (up to 6,000
hrs.)
Fluorescent Lamps
• Most common commercial lighting technology.
• High Efficicacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.• Improvements made in the last 15 years.
– T12: 1.5 inch in diameter.– T8: 1 inch in diameter.
• ~30% more efficient than T12.– T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.
• ~40% more efficient than T12.
Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
• Configurations– Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft.)– Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft.
fixture).– Circular (rare, obsolete).– Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or 1
lamp per fixture.
• Output Categories– Standard Output (430 mA).– High Output (800 mA).– Very High Output (1,500 mA).
Schematic of Fluorescent Lamp
Phosphor crystals Mercury atom Electron Electrode
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
• Fluorescent lamp that is small in size (~2 in. diameter, 3 to 5 in. in length).
• Developed as replacement for incandescent lamps.
• Two Main Types– Ballast-integrated.– Ballast non-integrated (allows
only lamp to be replaced).
Compact Fluorescent
•Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent
•Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)
•Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures
•Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)
•Long Life (generally 10,000 hours – lasts 12 times longer than standard 750 hour incandescent lamps)
•Less expensive dimming now available (0-10v dimming to 5%)
•Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
• Use ¼ the power of an incandescent for an equivalent amount of light. (an 18-watt CFL is equivalent to a 75-watt incandescent.)
• 10,000 hour life. (10x an incandescent).
• Saves about $30 over the life of the CFL.
Ballasts
• Auxiliary component that performs 3 functions:– Provides higher starting
voltage.– Provides operating voltage.– Limits operating current.
• Old type ballasts were electromagnetic.
• New ballasts are electronic.– Lighter, less noisy, no lamp
flicker, dimming capability).
Ballast Factor•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination
•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output (1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output(0.47-0.83) AND energy consumption
•For optimal efficiency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched.
•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.
Ballast Circuit Types
• Instant Start Ballast – starts lamp instantly with higher starting voltage. Efficient but may shorten lamp life.
• Rapid Start – delay of about 0.5 seconds to start; supplies starting current to heat the filament prior to starting and continues during operation. Uses 2 to 4 watts more than an instant start ballast.
• Programmed Rapid Start - delay of about 0.5 seconds to start; starting current heats the filament prior to starting, then cuts off during operation.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
High Intensity Discharge Fixtures
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
• produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina (ceramic) arc tube filled with special gases.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont’d)
• Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases and metal salts.
• HID lamps are used in industrial high bay applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting, parking decks, street lights.
• Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).• Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).• Drawback – take up to 15 minutes to come up
to full light after power outage.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont’d)
• Types of HIDs– Mercury Vapor
(obsolete)– Sodium Vapor
• High pressure• Low pressure
– Metal Halide• Arc tube contains argon,
mercury, and metal halides.
• Gives better color temperature and CRI.
Metal Halide Lamps• Most common HID in use today.• Recent Improvements.
– Allow higher pressure & temperature.– Better efficiency, better CRI and better lumen
maintenance.– Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start – Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
• Latest Lighting Technology.• Invented in 1962.• In the past, used as indicator lights,
automotive lights, and traffic lights; now being introduced for indoor and outdoor lighting.
• LED is a semiconductor technology.• Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine
with holes in the semiconductor, releasing photons.
Light Emitting Diodes (cont’d)
• Lower energy consumption.
• Longer lifetime (50,000 to 100,000 hrs).
• Smaller size.• Faster switching.• Greater durability and
reliability.• Cycling.• Dimming.
LED Replacement Lamps for a 4-ft. Fluorescent Fxture
Comparison of LED with a Fluorescent Lamp
EverLED-TRPopular T8 Brand
Fluorescent
Watt Rating, typical B.F. = 0.8 22W 34W
Lumens, initial Equivalent 2850
CRI 85 85
Color Temperature 5000K 5000K
Life Expectancy 12 hrs per start / 3 hrs per start
10 years 10 years
20000 hours 16000 hours
Light output at 0° C 20% increase 50% decrease
LED ApplicationsSuccessfully used today for many markets
• Signs & Traffic signals (most common)• Displays (change colors for attention)• Exit Signs (most common)• Indicators and Flashlights• Under Counter & Coves• Accent• Parking Garage & Outdoor• Downlights• Food Freezers
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LED vs. HPSLED vs. HPS
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Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal HalideComparison: LED to Ceramic Metal Halide
Cree LED Lighting LRP38 – Total Wattage = 36W
Ceramic Metal Halide – Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W
Induction Lights• Light source in which the power required to generate light is transferred
from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of electromagnetic fields.
• Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow
• Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000 and 100,000 hours depending on the lamp model;
• High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90 Lumens/Watt [higher wattage lamps are more energy efficient];
• High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequency electronic ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98% efficient;
• Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age) compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent;
• “Instant-on” and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps used in commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as Mercury-Vapor lamp, Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal Halide Lamp);
• Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy, and use less mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting due to their long lifespan.
Induction Lighting
Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow
Advantages:• QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours – if used 12 hours each day will last 20 years!• Good for hard to maintain locations
Disadvantages:• Large light source – difficult to control beam of light making it inefficient for delivered and task lumens• Expensive - $200+ adder to HID• No industry standards for Induction
Induction Applications
• Applications where maintenance is expensive and/or difficult
• 24 hour a day.7 days a week applications
• Bridges
• Low Bay Industrial
• Select Outdoor Lighting Applications
• Long burning hour applications
Exit Signs• Old incandescent exit signs used
(2) 20-watt incandescent lamps.– At $0.08/kWh, energy cost
for 1 sign = $28/yr.• CFL exit signs use 10 to 12 watts
– Energy cost for 1 sign = $7 to $8.50/yr.
• LED exit signs use 3 to 4 watts– energy cost for 1 sign = $3 to
$4/yr.• Photoluminescent sign uses 0
watts, but may have (slightly) radioactive material.– New technology claims
completely non-toxic and recyclable.
Outdoor Lighting
• Older technology for outdoor lighting– High pressure sodium– Metal Halide
• Newer technology– Compact fluorescents– LEDs
• Solar street lights (economical when electric lines don’t need to be run in a new installation).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Hazardous Waste DisposalHazardous Waste Lamps will now be regulated under the Federal Universal Waste Rule which was first developed to regulate the disposal of other widely generated wastes that contain toxic materials, such as batteries and pesticides
State Rule supersedes Federal Rule
Under current federal law, mercury-containing lamps (fluorescent, HID) may be hazardous waste
The rule applies only to lamps that fail the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test which is used to determine if a waste is hazardous.
Mercury Content of LampsTYPICAL MERCURY CONTENT OF VARIOUS LAMPS
250 watt Metal Halide lamp 38 mg250 watt High Pressure Sodium lamp 15 mgPre 1988 T12 Fluorescent 45 mgPost 1988 T12 Fluorescent 12 mgTypical T8 Fluorescent Tube 4-5 mgTypical Compact Fluorescent (CFL) 4-5 mg
4-5 mg is less mercury than a coal fired power plant will emit while producing the additional energy to power an equivalent incandescent lamp.
Lamps containing mercury that fail the TCLP test must be recycled!
EPA encourages responsible disposal practices to limit the release of mercury into the environment.
EPA encourages lamp recycling
• Simple Payback
• Return on Investment (ROI)
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
• Net Present Value (NPV)
LIGHTINGECONOMICS
$$
LIGHTINGECONOMICS
$$Simple Payback
Return on Investment (ROI)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Net Present Value (NPV)
Simple Payback Examples
Simple Payback
Simple Payback is the number of years it takes an energy saving measure to repay the initial investment for the new system. It does not account for the time value of money and it also does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point.
Most private companies require a simple payback of 2 years or less.For energy saving measures, they will sometimes accept a 3 to 5 year payback.
Government agencies can accept longer paybacks than private companies.
SIMPLE PAYBACK = TOTAL PROJECT COST / ANNUAL SAVINGS
Return on Investment - ROI
ROI is the inverse of Simple Payback and has all of the qualifiers of a simple payback. It does not account for the time value of money and also it does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point. It is sometimes called Rate of Return.
ROI is expressed as a percentage. It is often compared to other investment yields.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR %)
IRR is a hurdle rate. The IRR is the discount rate of return at which a project’s NPV=0. IRR accounts for life-cycle cash flows and time-value of money, but the percentages alone should not be compared for ranking (choosing one alternative over another) still use the NPV results as well.
IRR is the discount rate that delivers a net present value of zero for a series of future cash flows. IRR is expressed as an interest yield. Any interest yield equal to or less than the IRR for a project is a “yes” decision (i.e. the IRR is greater than the cost of capital).
Net Present Value ($)•NPV adjusts for the time value of money by discounting incremental future cash flows to the present time using a discount rate appropriate to those cash flows. NPV ($) is a profitability measure and can be used to rank one lighting alternative over another. The higher the $ profit NPV, the better the alternative. The NPV, to be appropriately used, should be calculated by applying the after tax cost of capital to the after tax cash flows.
Example: Simple Payback & ROIA lighting upgrade is estimated to save $5,000 a year and cost $25,000. What are the simple payback and return on investment (ROI)?
Simple payback = Cost / Annual Savings= $25,000 / $5,000= 5 years
ROI = 1 / Simple Payback= 1/5= 20%
Example: Energy & Cost SavingsExisting lighting in the Method Road Greenhouse consists of 10 fixtures containing ten 4’, 4 lamp T12 fixtures that consume 154 watts of electrical power. At $0.09/kWh, what is the annual cost of operating these fixtures 2,000 hours a year?
10 x 154 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 3,080 kWh3,080 x $0.09 = $2,772 per year
These fixtures are replaced by fixtures containing 25 watt T8 lamps with low BF ballasts which only consume 89 watts per fixture. What is the annual cost of operation?
10 x 89 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 1,780 kWh1,780 x $0.09 = $1,602 per year
Cost savings = $1,170 per year
Other Benefits from Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit
• Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space
• Longer Lamp Life
•Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)
• Adjust to target light levels (IES)
• Improved Controls
• HVAC Savings – Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooled spaces
• Tax Incentives – Generally tax deductions
• Incentive from Utility Rebates – Both Progress & Duke have programs
HVAC Savings from a Lighting Retrofit
•1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
•Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:• A savings when cooling (A/C is on)• A cost when heating is on
•Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings• Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2• Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
•Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC
Change from Old to New and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY =>
• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems
• Magnetic Ballasts
• Incandescent
• Halogen
• Probe Start Metal Halide and Mercury Vapor
• Neon
• Manual Controls
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
• Electronic Ballasts
• Halogen IR, MH & LED
• Metal Halide and LED
• Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
•LED
•Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
Ballast Factor
•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination
•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output (1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output(0.47-0.83) AND energy consumption
•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.
Energy Savings Potential With Occupancy Sensors
Application Energy Savings
Offices (Private) 25-50%
Offices (Open Spaces) 20-25%
Rest Rooms 30-75%
Corridors 30-40%
Storage Areas 45-65%
Meeting Rooms 45-65%
Conference Rooms 45-65%
Warehouses 50-75%
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
Savings can be determined with datalogger installed in room or area for 1 to 2 weeks
Types of Lighting Controls
– Occupancy Sensors
– Bi-level Switching
– Time Clock
– Photo Sensors
– Lighting Control Systems
Occupancy Sensors
•Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied
•Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay
•Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable operation
•Ask manufacturer about load limits and compatibility with electronic ballasts
•Some are low voltage sensors and use a power pack that acts as 1) a switch and 2) a transformer (120V to 240V)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
•Detect movement of heat-radiating sources between radial detection zones
•Line-of-sight is required (30’ max)
•Larger motion is required to trigger sensor at greater distance
•Most sensitive to motion lateral to sensor
•Coverage pattern can be modified to minimize false triggers
Ultrasonic Sensors
•Detect movement by sensing disturbance in reflected ultrasonic frequency pattern
•Line-of-sight is not required if hard surfaces exist in enclosed space
•Most sensitive to motion toward/away from sensor
•Sensitive to air movement vibration
Ultrasonic Wall Sensor• Automatic Control
• Use in areas where there are • large periods of unoccupied time
• Excellent for bi-level control to• maximize energy savings
• Does not require direct line of sight
• Adjust sensitivity and time delay• for best results
Dual-Technology Sensors
•Greater reliability from using both infrared (IR) and ultrasonic (US) sensing technologies
•Typical operation settings:
•IR and US signals for lights to turn on
•IR or US signals for lights to stay on
•Absence of IR and US signals for lights to turn off
Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings
• Lighting electrical savings are possible while improving lighting comfort!
Benefits from Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit
• Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space
• Less Maintenance
• Adjust to target light levels (IES)
• Longer Lamp Life
• Improved Controls
• HVAC Savings
• Tax Incentives
• Incentive from Utility Rebate Programs
HID Upgrade to Fluorescent Lamps
• 400-Watt Metal Halide = 455 watts input
• 6-Lamp T8 Fixture = 234 watts
Older Lighting Technology Subject to be Changed Out
•T-12 Fluorescent-4’ and 8’ Systems
•Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
•Incandescent
•Standard Metal Halide
•Mercury Vapor
•Neon
•Manual Controls
New Energy Efficient Lighting Replacements
•T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
•Electronic Ballasts
•Halogen
•Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
•LED
•Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
•New Fixtures
Change from Old to New and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY =>
• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems
• Magnetic Ballasts
• Incandescent
• Halogen
• Probe Start Metal Halide and Mercury Vapor
• Neon
• Manual Controls
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
• Electronic Ballasts
• Halogen IR, MH & LED
• Metal Halide and LED
• Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
•LED
•Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
Fluorescent Change-out
•Existing: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F34T12CWES lamps and EE magnetic ballasts – lowest efficiency allowed by code today.
•Replacement: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F32T8/835 lamps and electronic ballasts BF=0.88 (standard BF)
•What is wrong with this energy efficient change-out?
We did not use correct new technology to Maximize Energy Savings and meet target light levels!
•Best options for replacing 34-watt T12 fluorescent systems:•Low Power electronic ballasts (BF=0.78)•Energy saving 4’ lamps (30,28, or 25w)•Less lamps per fixture (3 instead of 4)
•Minimal additional cost and can Lock-in maximum energy savings with low power ballasts and fewer lamps per fixture
•Use with Extra Performance or Energy Savings lamps ad correct ballast factor to meet target light levels and maximize energy savings!
“Super T8” Fluorescent System
•Older T8s called “700 series”•Newer Super T8s called “800 series”•3000K, 3500K, or 4100K versions•30,000 hour lamp life @ 3 hours per start•3100-3150 initial lumens•Universal Voltage (120-277V)•4-foot lamp: 30, 28 or 25 watts; Low input wattage (4-lamp: 93/89 watts)•95% lumen maintenance @ 8000 hours•Low Temperature Starting (0˚F)•Lamp/Ballast System Warranty 5 Years•85 CRI•Program Start Ballasts•TCLP-compliant
Instant Start Super T8 vs. Standard T8
• 800-series Super T8s have 96% of system lumens of 700-series lamps with standard ballasts
•19% reduction in power
•Double lamp life (3 hrs. per start)
•Maximum life on occupancy sensors
25 Watt T8 Advantage Long Life Lamp from Philips Lighting
•Long lamp life (40,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on Optanium™ Instant Start ballasts and 46,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on Optanium™ Programmed Start Ballasts)
•2400 lumens with 95 percent lumen maintenance
•Superior color rendering (a CRI of 85)
•Low mercury (Philips ALTO® lamps average 70% less mercury than the 2001 industry average for fluorescent lamps up to 60 inches, which are not TCLP compliant) 1.7 mg Mercury per 4’ lamp
Fluorescent Lamp/Ballast Change-out vs. New Fixture “Rules of Thumb”
•Install new fixtures when:•Existing fixtures are over 20 years old•Lamp holders are worn out•Multiple components are failing•Design requires change in fixture type
•Retrofit existing fixtures with lamps & ballasts when:•Existing fixtures are less than 20 years old•Lamp holders and other components are still good•Budget is very tight•Expensive/Difficult/Environmental Conditions Present (i.e. asbestos or excessive piping and ducts in ceiling, etc.)
T5 and T5HO Systems•One T5HO lamp provides similar maintained lumen output to two T8 lamps (4750 vs. 4669 maintained lumens)
•Maintained lumens are higher – fixtures are smaller
•Peak light output at 95˚F ambient air temperature instead of 77˚F with T8 and T12
•Amalgam technology has been added to provide a more constant lumen output across a broad range of ambient temperatures!
T5 and T5HO Systems
•Disadvantages
• T5 and T5HO lamp life is less than T8s• The bulb wall surface of the T5 is very bright. Care must be exercised in
using T5 lamp in direct lighting applications.• Costs higher than T8 – cost can be balanced by a reduction in the
number of luminaries used.• Lead times may be longer – T5s require compete fixture replacement.• In cooler temperatures or high CFM air distribution the T5 or T5HO may
not perform well (peak light output at 95 °F).• May not work well with occupancy sensors due to slow lumen run-up
with cold start.
T5HO vs. T8 Application Rules of Thumb
•≤ 20’ – use T8
•≥ 20’ – use T5HO
•18’ to 25’ – either T8 or T5HO can be used successfully
•Over 50 types of 4’ T8 lamps available
•Two T5 lamps: 28w T5 and 54w T5HO
•To get T5HO performance out of T8 lamps, use high-lumen/high performance T8 lamps
•Typical T8 electronic ballast factors range from 0.72 to 1.2.
T5HO vs. T8 for Warehouse Aisles Rule of Thumb
•In general for warehouse aisles, T5HO will perform better in non-air-conditioned spaces and T8 performs better in air-conditioned spaces.
•Reason: Ambient temperature of T5HO rating for peak performance is 35 degrees C (95F) and T8 is rated at 25C (77F).
Source: Warehouse aisle lighting – p. 16 – LD&A Feb 2009- article by Siva K. Haran, PE, LEED, AP, IES
HVAC Savings from Lighting Retrofit
•1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
•Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:•A savings when cooling (A/C is on)•A cost when heating is on
•Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings•Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2•Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
•Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC
An Increase in Quality Can Improve Worker Productivity
• 1% increase in productivity is about equal to one sick day
• Improve employee satisfaction and reduce turnover/replacement expenses for new employees.
• Improves Company bottom line
• Indirect Lighting is preferred by many today!
What’s the Most Efficient Light Source?
Daylighting Advantages
Excellent light source for almost all interior spaces – offices, homes, retail, schools and more; People prefer it!
Field research indicates that with daylighting:
• Learning is enhanced• Retail sales increase (Wal-Mart study)• Employee satisfaction increases
Energy Savings is realized when controls are used
Conducting a Lighting Survey
Why Conduct a Lighting Survey? – to identify improvement opportunities. It is a systematic exam and appraisal of building lighting systems.
Step 1 – Establish a base line of performanceStep 2 – Identify opportunities for improvementStep 3 – Calculate savings and potential payback
The quality of the information collected in the survey has a direct impact on steps 2 and 3
Suggestions for a Lighting Survey•Ask the right questions to meet the client’s goals
•Gather ALL the right information
•Don’t assume – check the existing equipment to obtain accurate information
•Determine Economic Calculations Required
•Is a test installation needed?•Lighting Fixtures•Controls
•Consider all drivers to reduce the payback
•Use a pre-printed form or spreadsheet template
Information and Data to Collect in a Lighting Survey
• Floor plan of the building/space with dimensions if available
• Electric bills for 1 year to determine average cost per kWh over the year
• Tasks being performed in each area – Talk to occupants in the area • Type (fixture input wattage and lamps/ballasts type), quantity, mounting height, and control of fixtures in each space
• Lighting operating hours per year and footcandle levels for each space
•Circuit Voltage
• Exit signs (light source)
• Talk with building occupants about operating practices and satisfaction with the level and quality of lighting
• Talk with maintenance staff about equipment condition and any recurring problems.
LEGISLATIONAFFECTING THE USE OF
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
Energy Legislation and Incentive Programs for Renewable Energyand Energy Efficiency
• Energy Policy Act of 2005 – EPAct 2005• North Carolina Tax Credits• North Carolina Senate Bill 3 – Renewable Energy
Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007• Utility Incentives – Progress Energy, Duke Energy• American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009,
ARRA or Stimulus Package• NC Greenpower
Highlights of the FederalEnergy Policy Act of 2005
30% tax credit for residential solar thermal or photovoltaic energy systems up to a credit of $2,000
Does not apply to pool heating systems 30% tax credit up to $500 for energy efficient
windows, doors, heating & cooling equipment, and insulation
Tax deductions up to $1.80 per square foot for energy efficiency improvements in commercial buildings.
EPAct 2005 Tax DeductionsThe Energy Policy Act of 2005, section 1331, provides a
tax deduction of up to $1.80/ft2 for energy efficiency in
commercial buildings. These tax deductions can be
claimed in a single year. Systems covered include:
Interior lighting systems Max.
$0.60/ft2
Heating, cooling, ventilation, and hot water systems Max. $0.60/ft2
Building envelope Max. $0.60/ft2
EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions
To qualify for an EPAct 2005 tax deduction for lighting, the following must be met:
• Surpass the ASHRAE 90.1-2001 LPD Standard
• Bi-level switching must be installed for most buildings (exceptions identified) and all controls provisions (new buildings) in the Standard must be met.
• Must meet the minimum requirements for calculated light levels as set forth in the 9th Edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook.
• Consult a tax expert to see if you qualify
EPAct 2005 Critical Dates and Proposed Increase in Tax Deduction
For commercial (for profit) enterprise
Any new system that exceeds ASHRAE standards by the required amount must be placed into service between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2013 for tax deduction.
Proposed 2009 Senate Bill 1637 would increase tax credit for $1.80 to $3.00 per square foot for whole building or from $0.60 to $1.00 per square foot for partial allowance (such as lighting measures only).
NC Tax Credit SummaryRenewable Technology Residential Non-residential
Biomass 35%$10,500 Per Installation
35%$250,000 Per Installation
Hydroelectric 35%$10,500 Per Installation
35%$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipmentfor Domestic WaterHeating
35%$1,400 Per Dwelling Unit
35%$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipmentfor Active Space Heating
35%$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
35%$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipmentfor Combined ActiveSpace and Domestic HotWater Systems
35%$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
35%$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipmentfor Passive Space Heating
35%$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit
Solar Energy Equipmentfor Daylighting
35%$250,000 Per Installation
Solar Energy Equipmentfor Solar Electric or OtherSolar Thermal Applications
35%$10,500 Per Installation
35%$250,000 Per Installation
Wind 35%$10,500 Per Installation
35%$250,000 Per Installation
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)
President Bush signed into law on 12/19/07
Lighting Sections include:
Sec. 321 – Efficient Light Bulbs
Sec. 322 – Incandescent Reflector LampEfficiency Standards
Sec. 324 – Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures
Sec. 65 – Bright Tomorrow Light Prizes
Maximum Wattages and Efficiency Requirements
There are new efficacies for general service incandescent lamps expressed as a new maximum wattage.
Generally, the lamps must be 30% more efficient by 2012-2014, with larger lamps covered first.
Compliance: Today’s typical incandescent and halogen general service screw-base lamps do not comply with the new efficiency requirements.
Examples of General Service Lamps that will become obsolete:
January 1, 2012 – 100W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2013 – 75W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2014 – 40W A19 and 60W A19 incandescent lamps
Dates and Replacement LampsJanuary 1, 2012 70W Halogen rated at 1600 lumens, or 23 lumens/W
January 1, 2013 50W Halogen rated at 1100 lumens, or 22 lumens/W
January 1, 2014 40W Halogen rated at 800 lumens, or 20 lumens/W
DOE 2009 RulingEffective 7/14/2012 (in 2 years)
These lamps will be obsolete:
Majority of F40T12 and F34T12 ES 4-ft. lamps
Majority of FB40T12 and FB34T12 ES 2-ft. U-lamps
All 75W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 60W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. ES lamps
All 110W F96T12HO 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 95W F96T12HO 8-ft. ES lamps
All T8 basic 700 series 4-ft. lamps with 2800 lumens (requires 2850 to pass)
Majority of T8 basic 700 series 2-ft. U-lamps
Older Lighting Technology Subject to be Changed Out
T-12 Fluorescent - 4’ and 8’ Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls
New Energy Efficient Lighting Replacements
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen IR
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
New Fixtures
North Carolina Senate Bill 3 (SB3)Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
SB3 requires a Percentage of Electrical Generation from Renewable Sources.
Of these amounts, 25% can be achieved by Energy Efficiency.
• Solar PV
• Solar Thermal
• Wind
• Hydroelectric
• Wave Energy
• Biomass
• Landfill Gas (LFG)
• Waste Heat from
Renewables
• Hydrogen from
Renewables
YearPercent of
Total
2012 3%
2015 6%
2016 10%
2021 & thereafter 12.5%
Renewable Portfolio Standards
State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
www.dsireusa.org / November 2009
Solar water heating eligible *† Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
WA: 15% by 2020*
CA: 33% by 2020
☼ NV: 25% by 2025*
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
HI: 40% by 2030
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
UT: 20% by 2025*
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
MT: 15% by 2015
ND: 10% by 2015
SD: 10% by 2015
IA: 105 MW
MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
☼ MO: 15% by 2021
WI: Varies by utility;
10% by 2015 goal
MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*
☼ OH: 25% by 2025†
ME: 30% by 2000New RE: 10% by 2017
☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025☼ MA: 15% by
2020+ 1% annual increase(Class I Renewables)RI: 16% by 2020
CT: 23% by 2020
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
☼ PA: 18% by 2020†
☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
☼ DC: 20% by 2020
VA: 15% by 2025*
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by
2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
29 states &
DC have an RPS
6 states have goals
KS: 20% by 2020
☼ OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)*
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
☼ IL: 25% by 2025
WV: 25% by 2025*†