linguapuncture 37 pet grammar

7/27/2019 Linguapuncture 37 PET Grammar

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Lesson 37:PET Grammar

LINGUAPUNCTURE www.pet-certificate.com

PET Grammar

You are reading this lesson because you are almost ready to take the grammar part of the Preliminary EnglishTest of Cambridge exam. Well done! In the exercise that follows you will be tested on everything which you

have studied so far. When you pass this lesson it means that you are ready to take the exam - Good luck!

LESSON REVIEW

UNIT 1

LESSON 1: PREPOSITIONS

FOR – TO – IN - ON – BY – WITH – AT – FROM – OF are among the most used prepositions

Examples:

I’ve worked here for two years

He is at the traffic lights

The book was written by Shakespeare

LESSON 2: PRESENT SIMPLE - PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Grammar Structure:

PRESENT SIMPLE: Subject + Infinitive Verb (without to)

Example: I drink coffee

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: To be + -ing form of main verb

Example: I am drink ing coffee

LESSON 3: QUESTION WORDS

They answer Open Questions. They can never answer Yes or No.

Where do you live and What do you do?

When do you rise and where do you work?

Who do you like and why do you sing?

How will I pay and how much will it be?





LESSON 4: COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES ADJECTIVES

Comparative of Adjectives:

A mountain is biggER THAN a hill

The Pacific Ocean is widER THAN the Atlantic Ocean

The Nile is longER THAN the Mississippi

Superlatives of Adjectives:

Everest is THE tallEST mountain

The Pacific Ocean is widEST Ocean

The Nile is longEST river

UNIT 2

LESSON 5: ZERO CONDITIONAL

The Zero Conditional happens when a certain action will always produces a definite result. If the condition istrue, the result is true.

If you heat water to 100º, it boils

When you tell him he’s fat, he gets angry

So, your computer is not working again, John? What do you expect? If you pay little you get little

LESSON 6: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES ADVERBS

Comparatives of Adverbs:

Mary drives carefully, Anne drives more carefully

The majority of adverbs finish in ly because they are formed directly from the adjective:

Frequent(ly), slow(ly), sad(ly), usual(ly) and happ(ily).

This is the base form. We make the comparison by putting MORE in front of the base form:

more frequently, more slowly, more sadly, more usually and more happily.

But there are also a few irregular forms like best and worst





Superlatives of Adverbs:

We make the Superlative by putting (THE) MOST in front of the base form:

Mary drives carefully, Anne drives more carefully but Theresa drives (the) most carefully of the three difficult John plays tennis well, Pete plays better but Tony plays (the) best of the three

LESSON 7: PAST SIMPLE - PAST CONTINUOUS

We use the Past Simple to refer to a single action which occurred in the past. We use the Past Continuous toexpress what was happening over a complete period or during a certain of time:

Example: We went to the cinema last night

We were going to the cinema when we saw a car accident

LESSON 8: PHRASAL VERBS

You make a Phrasal Verb when you join an ordinary verb with a particle (usually an adverb or a preposition)and the combined meaning is different from the meaning of the words when they are separate:

GET is to receive or achieve something but GET UP is to leave, to rise from, your bed in the morning.

MAKE is to fabricate, to invent or to manufacture something, e.g.

MAKE electric lights – MAKE new toys – Ford MAKE cars

But to MAKE FOR is to go to a place directly and without hesitation.

After the class I’m making for train station

And TAKE is to accept, to get or receive something

But to TAKE UP is to begin a new hobby, e.g.

Mary has taken up tennis

UNIT 3

LESSON 9: STATIVE VERBS

I want a beer, she prefers a cup of tea

A stative verb is not a verb of action like eat, drink, play or swim.

A stative verb is a verb like know , understand , believe , want or like.

Stative verbs are non-continuous, they cannot (usually) be used in continuous tenses like the present, past orfuture continuous:

Very often they express feelings like remember , think , realize , agree or disagree.

Or verbs of the senses like see , smell , and hear .





LESSON 10: FIRST CONDITIONAL

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE clause + FUTURE SIMPLE clause

Example: If I have money I will buy a car

LESSON 11: SECOND CONDITIONAL

IF + PAST SIMPLE – WOULD + INFINITIVE (without to)

EXAMPLE: If I had money I would buy a car

LESSON 12: TIME EXPESSIONS

Present: today, everyday, on Mondays, now, at the moment, always, seldom, sometimes, usually

Past: yesterday, last week, last year, the day before yesterday, a couple of weeks ago, a year ago, when Iwas..., etc.

Future: tomorrow, next Thursday, next week, next month, in two years’ time, etc.

UNIT 4

LESSON 13: PRESENT PERFECT

Grammar structure: HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

It is usually used to express one of three situations:

1) An action which has recently finished, e.g.

I have seen John

2) A past action for which we don’t use a fixed time reference, e.g.

All my brothers have been to Italy

3) An action that is still happening:

I have lived here for a long time





LESSON 14: PRESENT PERFECT - PAST SIMPLE

Present Perfect: HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE and is usually used to express an action which has recentlyfinished:

Mary has been to the hairdresser’s

Or is still happening:

I have worked here for more than 10 years

Was done in the past without saying exactly when it happened:

John and I have been to Rome

Past Simple: WENT – PLAYED – SANG – RAN – WORKED - ATE etc.

We use it to refer to a past action and usually mention a past time:

They came yesterday - we left the day before

LESSON 15: ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

1. Opinion (nice, lovely, ugly, terrible)2. Size (big, small, enormous, tiny)3. Age (old, new, 12-year-old, ancient)4. Shape (square, oval, round)5. Colour (blue, red, golden)6. Origin (Italian, European, American)7. Material (wooden, gold, silk)

Examples:

She is a lovely old American lady

It is a two-hundred year-old, golden wooden chair

It's an ugly deep red Persian carpet

LESSON 16: RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining and non-defining relative clauses give information about a person, thing, place or moment.

A Defining Relative Clause gives essential information in the sentence, it cannot be omitted. If you omit it

the sentence will be incorrect, it will be incomplete and make no sense. There can be no commas in a definingrelative clause.

Example:

This story is about a man who kills a snake in the desert





A Non-Defining Relative Clause gives us extra information which is NOT grammatically necessary for thesentence. And this extra information is also unnecessary. We must put this extra information between commasin order to distinguish it from defining relative clauses.

Example:

Olive oil, which I love, is better than sunflower oil

UNIT 5

LESSON 17: ADVERBS

An adverb describes or modifies:

1) a verb:

He walked quickly

2) an adjective:

They are very unhappy

3) another adverb:

John dances very well

4) clause:

Perhaps you are correct, but I don’t think so

5) sentence:

Suddenly, she left

LESSON 18: QUESTION TAGS

The question tag is composed of an auxiliary verb (are, have, do, can, etc.) and a subject pronoun. Theauxiliary verb must agree with the tense of the sentence.

Structure: Positive statement + negative tag

Negative statement + positive tag





Examples:

He lives in Dublin, doesn’t he?

You have lived in Dublin, haven't you?

You must leave now, mustn’t you?

We haven't finished, have we?

LESSON 19: FUTURE TENSES

There are actually at least eight verbal forms you can use to refer to the future in English:

I leave tomorrow - I will leave tomorrow – I shall leave tomorrow – I am leaving tomorrow - I shall beleaving tomorrow – I am going to be leaving tomorrow - I will be leaving tomorrow - I will haveleft tomorrow

And that’s not counting the modal verbs which can also express the future, e.g.

I can/must come tomorrow

LESSON 20: CONJUNCTIONS

Co-ordinating conjunctions: and - but - so - or – nor

These conjunctions join individual words :

Men and women are equal under the law / Neither Madrid nor Barcelona is in France

or clauses

I drink coffee but my husband drinks tea / I earn little money so I don’t go out much

Subordinating conjunctions: before, after, since, because, although, though, as, if, than, that, until,till and when.

They introduce a subordinate clause:

I haven’t seen John since he came back from France I know because Mary told me





UNIT 6

LESSON 21: CONTABLES/UNCOUNTABLES

A Countable noun is any unit of anything that we can count, people, places and objects, concrete or abstract.They also have a plural form.

Two books, three oranges, four pens

On the other hand, Uncountable nouns refer to materials and concepts which we do not perceive as individualitems which we are able to count. The words:

milk, music and metal

LESSON 22: SOME/ANY

We use any for a question and negative answer and we use some for affirmative answers or sentences:

Question: Are there any books on the table?

Positive answer: Yes, there are some books on the table

Negative answer: No, there aren’t any books on the table

LESSON 23: -ING OR TO

Some verbs will always take the TO form like:

WANT TO – HOPE TO – EXPECT TO

Some verbs will always take the –ING form like:

MISS goING - GIVE UP smokING – enjoy swimmING

And a few verbs can take both the TO form and the –ING form:

CONTINUE TO do/doING – START TO do/doING - LIKE TO do/doING





LESSON 24: OPPOSITES

We use the word opposite to mean the direct contrary or reverse of something, especially adjectives (tall – short, wide – narrow) and adverbs (quickly – slowly, carefully –carelessly).

Verbs and prepositions also have opposites (to dry - to wet, to go - to come, in - out, above - below).

Opposites are often formed by prefixes for ex. Disinterested, immoral-, inactive-, irrelevant, – unsafe (=dangerous).

Strictly speaking, nouns don’t have opposites, only nouns that are related to adjectives can have an opposite,goodness (derived from good ) - badness (derived from bad ), happiness(derived from happy ) - sadness (derivedfrom sad ).

UNIT 7

LESSON 25: SO/NEITHER

We use SO + Auxiliary verb + Subject to indicate a similarity of somebody, something or some action thathas previously been mentioned:

I live in Birmingham

So does Marie (or she)

We use NEITHER + Auxiliary verb + Subject to indicate the negate a similarity of somebody, something orsome action that has previously been mentioned:

I don’t live in Birmingham

Neither does Marie (or she)

LESSON 26: MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs are different from normal verbs for a number of reasons:

- they cannot take TO in the Infinitive: TO MUST, TO CAN

- they do not take “s" in the third person singular, e.g. He can speak five languages

- some modals do not have all the verb forms, e.g. MUST has no past, CAN has no future tense.

The most common Modal Verbs are:

Can - Could - May - Must -Might - Should - Will - Would





LESSON 27: THERE TO BE

It refers to the existence (or non-existence) of something.

Using it in the three main principal tenses is very easy:

THERE IS a boat on the river today – THERE WAS a boat on the river yesterday – THERE WILL BE a boat onthe river tomorrow

LESSON 28: CAUSATIVES

We use this term to refer to when we hire or “oblige” another person to do something for us because that wecannot or do not want to do it ourselves. Usually, these people are professionals like hairdressers, mechanics

and dentists:

The construction is Have/Get/etc. + something + done (past participle)

We HAD our hair DONE - We will HAVE our car REPAIRED - We GET our teeth CLEANED

UNIT 8

LESSON 29: TOO/ENOUGH

When we use too + adjective / adverb + Infinitive, the implication is usually negative:

That room is too full , no more people can enter

( too goes before the adjective or adverb)

When we use adjective / adverb + enough, the implication is usually positive:

She is smart enough to go to university

( enough goes after the adjective or adverb)

But enough can also precede a noun (we have enough money to go on holiday).





UNIT 9

LESSON 33: SENTECE TRANSFORMATION

Sentence transformation measures your ability to change the words and grammar in a sentence but at thesame time maintaining the exact meaning.

The car isn’t big enough to take 6 people

Can be transformed into:

The car is too small to take 6 people

I went to London and Mary went to London too


Both Mary and I went to London

It’s already 2011 and I’ve been gone from Glasgow for three years


I left Glasgow three years ago

LESSON 34: INTERPRETATIONS

INTERPRETATIONS OF SIGNS, NOTICES and ANNOUNCEMENTS

One of the goals in the Preliminary English Test (PET) is to be able to interpret street signs andannouncements.

These can refer to prohibitions, orders, instructions, warnings, messages or advice.

Examples:

NO SMOKING (Prohibition)KEEP DOOR CLOSED (Order )BEWARE OF THE DOG (Warning)OPEN 8 TO 6 MONDAYS TO FRIDAYS (Informative)STORE IN A COOL PLACE ( Advisory )





LESSON 35: BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

Grammatically, American English and British English are one and the same language. However, they are not100% identical. Some words are spelt differently in American English and there are many different words and

expressions. Both versions of the language are correct and one is not necessarily better than the other.

Some of the differences are:

Words that in British English end in -ised, in American English end in –ized Words that end in –our in British English end in –or.

In British English the Present Perfect is used more much more than in American English.

LESSON 36: REPORTED SPEECH

It refers to a sentence which reports what somebody has said, e.g.

Spoken sentence: “I ’m English”, John said. Reported sentence: John said that he was English.

AS you can see the verb changes from present to past, from I am to he was.

linguapuncture 37 pet grammar

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