Introduction www.myChemE.comStandard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For LiquidsIntroductionThis spreadsheet can be used to calculate pressure drops in liquid lines, taking account fittings (such as bends,valves and other equipment items).The spreadsheet is split into the following sections-A "How to Use This Calculation" Worksheet-The Pressure Drop Calculation Worksheet itself - marked "Calculation"-A Theory Worksheet which presents the equations used in the calculation.It is recommended that the user first reads the 'How to Use These Calculation' worksheet before starting acalculation.RevisionRev. 1Initial issue12-Oct-09Rev. 1ACosmetic changes only (spell checking & revised disclaimer)15-Dec-09Disclaimer: This calculation provides an estimate for estimating pressure drops in liquid pipelines. We cannot be held responsiblefor its use. As with all areas of process engineering, calculations should be checked by a competent engineer.

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How to Use This Calculationwww.myChemE.comStandard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For LiquidsRevision 1AHOW TO USE THIS CALCULATION1.0IntroductionThis spreadsheet can be used to calculate pressure drops in pipelines, taking account of inline fittings (such asbends, valves and other equipment items.The spreadsheet has four columns which link from one to the next. This can be used to break a piping systemdown into a number of component sections, if needed.2.0How to use this spreadsheet2.1Colour CodingThe following colour coding is used:Boxes shaded light green require a user input.Boxes shaded light blue give a calculated output.2.2Calculation DescriptionThe spreadsheet leaves space to add a Calculation Title at the top, and a Notes Section at the bottomof the sheet. At the top of the calculation column are two boxes ('To' and 'From') to indicate the piperoute.Although these items are not strictly necessary, they help describe the calculation - this can beinvaluable it is to be checked by another engineer. The 'To' and 'From' Sections are particularly usefulif the calculation is split over several columns.2.3Pressure DataThe user enters the upstream pressure in the first column. The spreadsheet then calculates the downstreampressure - based on the flow, physical property and pipeline data entered (see below). The downstreampressure from the first column is transferred across to the upstream pressure of the second column, thusallowing a pipework network to be built up.2.4Physical Property DataThe user inputs physical property data on the liquid.2.4.1ViscosityThe user inputs the liquid viscosity in Centipoise (Cp). It should be noted that viscositychanges with temperature - thus the user must ensure that the viscosity value enteredmust be at the correct temperature.2.4.2DensityThe user inputs the liquid density in kg/m3. As with viscosity, the density changes withtemperature - thus the user must ensure that the density value entered must be at thecorrect temperature.2.5Pipe Data2.5.1Nominal Pipe DiameterThe spreadsheet allows the user to choose from a range of nominal pipe diameters. Availablenominal pipe sizes are: ", ", 1", 1", 2", 3", 4", 5", 6", 8", 10", 12", 14", 16", 18", 20"and 22".2.5.2Pipe ScheduleThe spreadsheet allows the user to choose from a range of available pipe schedules(thicknesses) - these are: 5S, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, XS and XXS.By entering the nominal diameter and schedule, the spreadsheet automatically retrieves thecorrect internal diameter of the pipe. It should be noted that not all combinations of nominaldiameter and schedule are permissible; if the wrong combination is selected the spreadsheetdisplays an error. A list of standard pipe sizes can be found by clicking on the link below:List of Standard PipesizesOn occasions, the user may wish to calculate a pressure drop for a non-standard pipe. In thiscase, the user can simply over write the internal diameter cell on the spreadsheet (either ininches or mm).2.5.3Pipe ScheduleThe pressure drop per unit length is affected by the pipe surface roughness - which dependson the materials of construction. The spreadsheet is provided with a range of possible pipematerial types: glass/tubing, steel (new), steel (corroded), concrete and riveted steel. Byselecting the piping material type, the spreadsheet automatically sets the surface roughness.2.6FlowratesThe user enters the required liquid flowrate in kg per hour. The spreadsheet then calculates thevolumetric flowrate (in m3/s), the line velocity (m/s) and the pressure drop per unit length.(in bar/100m).The calculated line velocity and pressure drop per unit length can be used to assess whether the pipediameter is reasonable for the required flowrate.2.7Line LossesThe spreadsheet can now be used to determine the line losses (pressure drop) through the system. Theuser enters the total pipe length, as well as the number of inline fittings (bends, valves and Tee-junctions).The spreadsheet then calculates the line losses - see Summary Section below.2.8Other Pressure DropsAs well as line losses, the spreadsheet accounts for two other pressure drops.2.8.1Elevation ChangesFor liquid systems, variation in height can have a major impact onto the total pressure drop. Toaccount for this, the spreadsheet allows the user to enter changes in elevation.-For increases in elevation - i.e. the end of the pipe is higher than the inlet, thechange in elevation should be entered as a positive number (this will result in alarger total pressure drop than if the pipe had been level.-For decreases in elevation - i.e. the end of the pipe is lower than the inlet, thechange in elevation should be entered as a negative number (this will result in asmaller total pressure drop than if the pipe had been level.2.8.2Other Pressure DropsThe user has the opportunity to enter other pressure drops not accounted for in the line lossesand changes in elevation sections. These could be:-Pressure drops due to orifice plates.-Pressure drops due to inline instrumentation.-Pressure drops due to control valves-Pressure drops due to equipment items2.9SummaryThe summary section provides a summary of the calculation results, namely:-Calculated line losses-Calculated static head gain-Other pressure drops.These three values are used to calculate the total pressure drop in the line and the downstream pressure.3.0Building a Piping NetworkFor pressure drop calculations down a single pipe, only the first column of the pressure drop calculation needs tobe used. The other three calculation columns can be ignored.However, for more complex piping systems, the other calculation columns can be used to build up a piping networkThis can be very useful if, for example, the user needs to determine pressure drop in distribution systems.To make this easier, the downstream pressure of the first column is used as the upstream pressure of the secondcolumn and so on. The physical property and flowrate data entered in the first column is copied across to theother three columns to make it easier to set up a network - these values can be overwritten, if required.Disclaimer: This calculation provides an estimate for estimating pressure drops in liquid pipelines. We cannot be held responsible for its use. As with all areas of process engineering, calculations should be checked by a competent engineer.

&LDisclaimer: This calculation provides an estimate for estimating pressure drops in liquid pipelines. We cannot be held responsible for its use. As with all areas of process engineering, calculations should be checked by a competent engineer.www.myChemE.com

Calculationwww.myChemE.comStandard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For LiquidsRevision 1ASee 'How to use these Calculation' worksheet for notes on its use.Calculation Title:From:To:Pressure DataUpstream Pressurebar (g)1.020.850.850.85Physical Property DataViscosityCp1.01.01.01.0Liquid Densitykg/m31000100010001000Pipe DataNominal Line Diameterinches1.500.503.003.00Pipe Schedule10S404040Pipe Material TypeSteel (New)Steel (New)Steel (New)Steel (New)Internal Diameterinches1.680.623.073.07Internal Diametermm42.715.877.977.9FlowratesMass Flowkg/h2,1602,1602,1602,160Volumetric Flowm3/h2.162.162.162.16Line Velocitym/s0.423.060.130.13Pres drop per 100mbar/100m0.0608.6960.0030.003Line LossesPipe Lengthm280000Number of 90o bends0000Number of valves0000Check Valves0000T-Piece straight run0000T-Piece as elbow0000Other Pressure DropsElevation Increasem0.00.00.00.0Other Pressure Dropsbar0.000.000.000.00SummaryLine Lossesbar0.170.000.000.00Static Pressure Gainbar0.000.000.000.00Other Pressure Dropsbar0.000.000.000.00Total Pressure Dropbar0.170.000.000.00Downstream Pressurebar (g)0.850.850.850.85NotesDisclaimer: This calculation provides an estimate for estimating pressure drops in liquid pipelines. We cannot be held responsiblefor its use. As with all areas of process engineering, calculations should be checked by a competent engineer.PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONPipe X-Sectional Areasq.m0.00143353830.0001960370.0047694470.004769447Reynolds Number, Re17,88148,3559,8039,803Pipe roughness, emm0.05000.05000.05000.0500e/d0.00117033530.00316479730.00064162450.0006416245Churchill CorrelationA32562352666966700000306040248079014000001429141196761750000014291411967617500000B141785.0548816570.01734046532128630480.632442128630480.63244Fanning friction factor, f0.00727680140.00733343890.00806576570.0080657657Number of velocity heads190.770.000.000.00Lookup Table Reference3666LOOK UP TABLE FOR PIPE DIMENSIONSPipe Nominal Diameter (Inches)0.50.7511.523456810121416182022Schedule5S0.710.921.1851.772.2453.3344.3345.3456.4078.40710.48212.43813.68815.6717.6719.62421.62410S0.6740.8841.0971.6822.1573.264.265.2956.3578.32910.4212.3913.62415.62417.62419.56421.56420ERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERROR8.12510.2512.2513.37615.37617.37619.2521.2530ERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERROR8.07110.13612.0913.2515.2517.1241921400.6220.8241.0491.612.0673.0684.0265.0476.0657.98110.0211.93813.1241516.87618.81260ERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERROR7.8139.7611.62612.81214.68816.518.37620.25800.5460.7420.9571.51.9392.93.8264.8135.7617.6259.56211.37412.514.31216.12417.93819.75100ERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERROR7.4379.31211.06212.12413.93815.68817.43819.25120ERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERROR3.6244.5635.5017.1879.06210.7511.81213.56215.251718.75140ERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORERROR7.0018.7510.511.513.12414.87616.518.251600.4660.6120.8151.3381.6872.6243.4384.3135.1876.8138.510.12611.18812.81214.43816.06217.75XS0.5460.7420.9571.51.9392.93.8264.8135.7617.6259.7611.751315171921XXS0.2520.4340.5991.11.5032.33.1524.0634.8976.8758.7510.75ERRORERRORERRORERRORERRORPIPE TYPES LISTTubing/Glass0.002mmSteel (New)0.050mmSteel (Corroded)1.000mmCast Iron0.260mmConcrete0.300mmRiveted Steel5.000mm

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TheoryRevision: 1Awww.myChemE.comStandard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For LiquidsCALCULATION THEORY1.0IntroductionThis spreadsheet can be used to calculate pressure drops in pipelines, taking account of inline fittings (such asbends, valves and other equipment items. To use the spreadsheet, follow the instructions given in the "How toUse this Spreadsheet" Worksheet.This worksheet presents the equations and algorithms used in the calculation and discusses elements of fluid flowtheory.2.0Calculation of Pressure Drop2.1Determining Pipe DimensionsCommercial pipes come in standard sizes, specified in terms of the nominal pipe diameter, and the pipeschedule. The spreadsheet has this information already stored within the calculation worksheet, linkedto the internal diameter (in inches). The spreadsheet retrieves the correct internal diameter using a Lookupcommand.The internal diameter, d, (in metres) is used to calculate the cross-sectional flow area, A, (in square metres)using Equation 1:2.2Determining the Line VelocityThe line velocity, u, (in m/s) is calculated using Equation 2.Where:m -Mass flowrate (in kg/s)r -Liquid density (in kg/m3)A -Cross-sectional flow area (in m2)2.3Calculation of the Reynolds NumberThe Reynolds number is a dimensionless group giving a measure of whether to flow is laminar or turbulent.It is used to estimate the friction factor (see below). A discussion on Reynolds Number and its importancecan be found via the following link:Reynolds NumberThe Reynolds number, Re, is calculated using Equation 3:Wherem -Viscosity (in Pa.s)2.4Calculation of the Pipe Relative RoughnessThe pressure drop from flow down a pipe - at least in turbulent flow - is affected by the roughness of thepipe surface. Obviously, the pipe roughness is determined by the pipe materials of construction. Thespreadsheet provides typical pipe roughness values for a range of materials i.e.MaterialsPipe RoughnessTubing/Glass2.0E-06mSteel (New)5.0E-05mSteel (Corroded)1.0E-03mCast Iron2.6E-04mConcrete3.0E-04mRiveted Steel5.0E-03mTable 1: Roughness values for different pipe materialsThe effect of pipe roughness becomes less important as the pipe diameter increases, thus the spreadsheetcalculates the pipe roughness relative to the pipe diameter using Equation 4.Where:e -Pipe roughness (in m)d -Pipe internal diameter (in m)2.5Calculation of the Fanning Friction FactorThe Fanning Friction Factor is a dimensionless number which, along with the pipe velocity, can be used toestimate the pressure drop of flow down a pipe. It is a function of the Reynolds number and, for turbulentflow, the pipe relative roughness. A introduction to the Fanning Friction Factor can be found via thefollowing link:Fanning Friction FactorThe Fanning Friction Factor can be determined from Charts (Moody Diagram) or by using an empiricalequation. A number of Friction Factor Correlations are available in the literature, the one used in thisspreadsheet is the Churchill Correlation see Equations 5, 6 and 7.WhereandThe Churchill Correlation is used as it is applicable to both laminar and turbulent flow - this is not the caseall correlations.It should be noted that the Fanning Friction Factor is NOT the same as other Friction Factors: i.e. Darcy andMoody2.6Calculation of the Pressure Drop per Unit Length of Straight PipeThe pressure loss as a liquid flows down a straight length of pipe is given by the Darcy Equation. Thisis expressed in Equation 8 below.WhereDPPipe -Pipe line pressure drop (in Pa)LPipe -Pipe length (in m)An introduction to the Darcy Equation is given via the attached link:Introduction to the Darcy EquationIt should be noted that the form of the equation presented via this link uses the Darcy Friction Factor, whichis four times larger than the Fanning Friction Factor. Equation 8 can be adapted to calculate the Pressureper 100 metres by setting LPipe to 100 and converting from Pa to Bar - see Equation 9.2.7Calculation of the Pressure Drop Through Pipe FittingsThe Pressure Drop through pipe fittings (e.g. Pipe bends, Valves, T-Pieces) can be expressed in terms ofa Resistance Coefficient, K, where:N.B. It can be seen from Equations 8 and 10 that the Resistance Coefficient equates to (4fFanningL)/d fora straight length of pipe. The spreadsheet uses the following Resistance Coefficients for different pipefittingsFittingResistance Coeff, K90o Bends0.8Valve1.2Check Valve1.5Straight Tee piece0.1Thru' Tee Piece0.7Table 2: Resistance Coefficient for different pipe fittingsObviously, these values are approximate as K is affected by factors such as radius of the bend and thevalve design. A detailed list of Resistance Coefficients for different pipe fittings is given in Cranes' Flowof Fluids book - see link below.Flow of Fluids Technical GuideThe Line Losses value given in the spreadsheet is the sum of the DPPipe and DPFittings.2.8Calculation of the Static Head GainThe pressure in a liquid system is greatly affected by changes in elevation - the system pressure increaseswith a drop in height. The relationship between pressure and height (converted to bar) is given byEquation 11Where, Dh is the increase in heightThe total pressure drop is the sum of the line losses, DPElevation and other pressure drop (added manuallyby the user).

&LDisclaimer: This calculation provides an estimate for estimating pressure drops in liquid pipelines. We cannot be held responsible for its use. As with all areas of process engineering, calculations should be checked by a competent engineer.KPipeDP=4 fFanning LPipe dr.u22u =mr AEquation (2)fFanning = 2 x128Re1(A + B)1.5+1/12B =37530Re16A = 2.457 x ln0.97Re116+ 0.27 xedEquation (5)Equation (6)Equation (7)No of Velocity HeadsEquation (8)r x 9.81 x Dh

105Equation (11)A =p d4Equation (1)2Re =r u d mEquation (3)Pipe Relative Roughness =edEquation (4)Bar per 100m=4 fFanning x 100 d x 105r.u22Equation (9)metresPa / barFittingsDP=r.u22Equation (10)ElevationDP=Pa / barEquation (2)Equation (5)Equation (7)Equation (8)Equation (10)Equation (11)www.myChemE.com