Literary Elements

Note Card

Student Project

Note Card Order1. Diction

2. Details

3. Style

4. Imagery

5. Figurative Language

6. Syntax

7. Connotation

8. Metaphor

9. Denotation

10.Tone

11.Extended Metaphor

12. Implied Metaphor

13.Metonymy

Note Card Order Cont.14.Paradox

15.Apostrophe

16.Oxymoron

17.Personification

18.Pun

19.Synedoche

20.Assonance

21.Simile

22.Sound Devices

23.Consonance

24.Alliteration

25.Meter

26.Onomatopoeia

Note Card Order Cont.27.Rhyme

28.Rhyme Scheme

29. Iambic Rhythm

30.Archetype

31.Archetypal Setting

32.Archetypal Character

33.Heroic Journey (an Archetype)

34.Characters

35.Protagonist

36.Antagonist

37.Flat Character

38.Round Character

39.Static Character

40.Dynamic Character

Note Cards Cont.41.Plot

42.Freytag’s Pyramid

43.Exposition

44. Inciting Incident

45.Rising Action

46.Climax

47.Falling Action

48.Denouement

49.Conflict

50.Man vs. Man

51.Man vs. Self

52.Man vs. Nature

53.Man vs. Society

54.Man vs. Machine

Note Cards Cont.55.Man vs. Supernatural

56.Epiphany

57.Foil

58.Stock

59.Dialect

60.Euphemism

61. Idiom

62.Mood

63.Flashback

64.Foreshadow

65.Suspense

66.Point of View

67.Omniscient Point of View

68.Limited Point of View

Note Cards cont.69.Rhetorical Shift

70.Setting

71.Theme

72.Allusion

73.Antithesis

74.Argumentation/Persuasive

75.Narrative Writing

76.Expository Writing

77.Descriptive Writing

78.Analysis (Analytical) Writing

79. Induction

80.Deduction

81.Emotional

82.Ethical

Note Cards Cont.83.Logical

84.Classification

85.Comparison

86.Contrast

87.Characterization

88.Direct Characterization

89. Indirect Characterization

90.Hyperbole

91. Irony

92.Dramatic Irony

93.Situational Irony

94.Verbal Irony

95.Sarcasm

96.Motif

Note Cards Cont.97.Satire

98.Symbolism

99.Understatement

100.Literary Forms

101.Catharsis

102.Hamartia

103.Hubris

104.Recognition

105.Reversal

106.Parts of Speech

107.Noun

108.Pronoun

109.Verb

110.Adjective

Note Cards Cont.111.Adverb

112.Preposition

113.Interjection

114.Conjunction

115.Grammar Terms

116.Declarative Sentence

117.Imperative Sentence

118.Interrogative Sentence

119.Exclamatory Sentence

120.Antithetical Sentence

121.Balanced Sentence

122.Simple Sentence

123.Compound Sentence

124.Complex Sentence

125.Compound-Complex Sentence

Note Cards Cont.126.Loose/Cumulative Sentence

127.Periodic Sentence

128.Syntax Techniques

129.Juxtaposition

130.Natural Sentence Order

131.Asyndeton

132.Ellipsis

133.Parallel Structure

134.Polysyndeton

135.Repetition

136.Anadiplosis

137.Anaphora

138.Epanalepsis

139.Epistrophe

Note Cards Cont.140.Antimetabole

141.Inverted Sentence Order

142.Rhetorical Question

143.Rhetorical Fragment

144.Synesthesia

Style

• The way a person writes. (The way they arrange their words, sentences, and etc.)

• EXAMPLES: Prelutsky always rhymes every 2nd and 4th line.

Diction

• Effective and Unique Word Choice

• EXAMPLES:– “about the rims”– “garments black as pitch”– “hurtles by”

Imagery

• Words used to create images by appealing to our five senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, smell– Examples:

• “twisted toes” sight• “piercing screech” sound• “queen of doom” touch• “bitter sweet” taste• “unbathed bodies” smell

Details

• Specific and descriptive information

– Examples:• “The grass is green.” This describes what specific

color the grass is.• “ten twisted toes” This describes how many toes

and what they specifically look like.

Figurative Language

• Also called Figures of Speech– Describes one thing in terms of something else– Stating a comparison of two unlike things and

the meaning is still understood• Examples:

– It’s raining cats and dogs. Metaphor

– It’s raining like cats and dogs. Simile

– The chair tripped the boy.Personification

Syntax

• Sentence Structure– The way sentences are arranged and formed.– The way they are put together grammatically.

• Examples:» The clean clothes are in the box.» In the box are the clean clothes.» The clothes, in the box, are clean.

(Each sentence above has the same meaning, but each sentence is arranged different, and the focus of the sentence shifts with each variation.)

Denotation

• The dictionary definition of a word

• What the word means

– Example:• Chair- something made to sit in.

Connotation

• The feelings/emotions associated with a word.

• The feelings and attitude of a word.– Examples:

• She is mad. (not as severe as angry)• She is angry. (not as severe as infuriated)• She is infuriated. (really, really, mad)

• All 3 words mean “upset”, but each are at a different level of upset.

Tone

• The author’s attitude toward what he has written

• The way the author feels about the subject

– Example:• In the poem “The Witch”, Jack Prelutsky despises

the witch.

Metaphor

• A comparison of 2 unlike things not using like or as

• Stating/implying that a thing is something it is not, but the meaning is understood– Examples:

• He touched her liquid hair.• She is a bookworm.• He is a beast.

Extended Metaphor

• It is a comparison of two unlike things that continues for several lines or sentences.

• A metaphor that continues more than one line.– Example: Bronte describes Bertha by

comparing her to parts of animals for many sentences. He does this by drawing out the animal comparison to make sure that the reader understands that he really thinks that she behaves as an animal.

Implied Metaphor

• A comparison that is not directly stated, but the two things being compared are understood.– Example:

• It’s raining cats and dogs.– It does not directly state that rain drops are cats and

dogs, but we know that raindrops are being compared to cats and dogs.

Apostrophe

• Form of personification in which the absent, dead, or inanimate are spoke to as if alive and present.– Examples:

• “Where for art thou Romeo?”• “You stupid book!”

Metonymy

• a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. (Meaning is clearly understood.)– Examples:

• The White House has called a press conference. (White House=president)

• We’re not letting a skirt into our all-boys club. (skirt= girl)

Oxymoron

• Form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression.– Example:

• After fighting with my boyfriend, our good-bye was bittersweet.

• When it gets to that last mile, your muscles hurt so good.

Paradox

• Occurs when the elements of a statement contradict each other; it appears illogical, but it actually makes sense even if it may sound or seem absurd.– Examples:

• “I see,” said the blind man.• All progress depends on the unreasonable man.• What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.

Personification

• Type of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics

• Giving human qualities to things not human– Example:

• The trees speak to me.• The dog told a story with its sad eyes.• The waves were reaching for our boat’s sail.

Pun

• A play on words that are similar in sound but have sharply different meaning.– Example:

• JANE EYRE: Eyre is pronounced err, air, or heir…which plays on who her character really is…in the novel she makes mistakes, has her head in the clouds, and inherits a fortune.

• Is that beetle bugging you?

Simile

• Comparison of 2 different things or ideas using the words like or as

– Example:• Life is like a box of chocolates.• She is as graceful as a swan.

Synedoche

• Form of metaphor where a part is used to signify the whole thing (the special for the general or the general for the special, as in ten sail for ten ships.)– Examples

• All hands on deck. (hands= members of the crew)• Canada played U.S. in the Olympic Hockey Finals.

(Canada=Canadian team; US=American team)

Sound Devices

• Stylistic techniques that show meaning through sound

– Examples: rhyme, assonance, consonance, and alliteration

Assonance

• Repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words– Example:

• “The Witch”: doom and broom

Consonance

• Repetition of consonant sound in the middle or at the end of words

– Example:• Rain descends I lay my head on the cold drenched

ground

Alliteration

• Repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words close to each other

– Example:– Carl climbed the cart carefully.

Meter

• The patterned arrangement of syllables by the stress and length of each syllable

• Example: …

Onomatopoeia

• Words that mimic the sounds they describe

– Example: hiss, buzz, bang, moo

Rhyme

• Repetition of sounds in 2 or more words or phrases that are located close to each other

– Example: “The Witch”• Line 2 “pitch”• Line 4 “witch”

Rhyme Scheme

• The pattern of end rhymes in a poem

– Example:• a flight• b pitch• c broom• b witch

Iambic Rhythm

• The natural rhythm of the English Language– Creates a smooth flowing feel– Stress-unstress alternating pattern similar to a

heartbeat

Archetype

• A character, action or situation that is a pattern of human life occurring over and over again in literature– Example:

• On a quest• Good versus evil• Damsel in distress

Archetypal Setting

• A repetitive setting repeated throughout literature – Example:

• The desert: symbolizes spiritual sterility and barrenness because it lacks personal comforts and the necessities of life

Archetypal Character

• Repetition of a type of character in literature that contains a universal human experience.– Example:

• “the hag”• “the naïve young man”

Heroic Journey

• Beginning as an underdog, but still able to overcome all odds and become victorious

– Example: Cinderella, Odysseus

Characters

• People or animals who are part of a literary work

– Example:• The Wolf in Little Red Riding Hood• Little Red Riding Hood• The Witch in the poem “The Witch”

Protagonist

• The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem

– Example: Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood

Antagonist

• The opponent of the protagonist

– Example:• Evil Step Mother, The Wolf

Flat Character

• Emphasizing a single important trait of a character

• Not a well-developed character. (In film, similar to a movie extra.)

– Example:

Round Character

• Well developed character.

• Focus is on several aspects of the character, not just one thing– Example:

Static Character

• A character that does not change over the story, poem, short story or passage.– Things will happen to them, but they won’t

learn their lesson or adapt to their environment

– Example: Pinnochio…until the end of the story, this puppet won’t stop lying…not matter the consequences

Dynamic Character

• A character that changes and adapts because of what happens to him/her and changes to fit the environment – Example:

• In Out of the Dust, the main character loses her mother, despises her father, and is surrounded by dust. Instead of staying a victim, she becomes responsible and recovers from losing her mother. She learns to respect her father and her environment.

PLOT

• Sequence of events in a story

• The order of events in a story

Freytag’s Pyramid

• Diagram that describes a typical pattern of a literary work

• Has:– Exposition– Inciting Incident– Rising Action– Climax– Falling Action– Denouement

Exposition

• Groundwork for novel set

• Setting Introduced

• Relationship between characters introduced

• Situation prior to the conflict is introduced

Inciting Incident

• This is the event that interrupts the harmony/peace of the situation or characters

• A Conflict is introduced

Rising Action

• When the plot begins to escalate…the tension or events keep rising…it is building everything up to the climax of the conflict

Climax

• Pivotal point of the novel

• Conflict erupts…problem explodes

Falling Action

• Events that occur immediately after the climax

• These events give hints toward the revealing of the solution

Denouement

• Problem set up by the inciting incident is finally resolved…unraveled and a conclusion of some sort is reached

Conflict

• The problem of the story: thematic problem– Man vs. Man– Man vs. Self– Man vs. Nature– Man vs. Society– Man vs. Machine– Man vs. Supernatural

Man vs. Man

• Conflict where man is against man or woman against woman or woman against man and etc.

• Person against another person

Man vs. Self

• Conflict where man is against himself…battling doubt or his own failures and etc.

• An internal battle within a character

Man vs. Nature

• Conflict where is against nature: animals, weather, environmental conflicts

• Conflict against the forces of nature

Man vs. Society

• Conflict where man is against the norms of society

– Example: Martin Luther King and equality (society felt that blacks and whites should be separated, but he fought against those beliefs to help achieve equality for all)

Man vs. Machine

• Conflict where man is battling against machines…such as robots and etc.

Man vs. Supernatural

• Conflict where man is against God (or gods) and higher powers

Epiphany

• A sudden awakening where the character moves from ignorance and innocence to knowledge and experience…the light comes on and they finally know the truth…– Example:

Foil

• A character that is used to show the qualities of a major character…this character is limited in appearance of the story.

• For Example: A rude student busts into a classroom where Caitlyn is quietly doing her work…she doesn’t even look up to see him. The rude student leaves just as quickly, but we know as the audience what a determined and dedicated student Caitlyn is.

Stock

• A flat character in a standard role with standard traits.

– Example:• In Cinderella…you have the stock character of the

step mother, and the stock characters of the step sisters.

Dialect

• The speech of a particular region or group that differs from the standard speech.

– Example:• “If she ben’t one o’ the’ handsomest, she’s noan

faal and varry good-natured; an I’ his een she’s fair beautiful, onybody may see that’

Euphemism

• Using words that are less expressive or direct so as to not be distasteful or offensive– Example:

• Instead of saying bum…you say unemployed.

Idiom

• An accepted phrase or expression having a meaning different from the literal meaning (varies from culture to culture)– Example:

• I was beside myself.– You can’t be beside yourself, but you know that it means

that I was really upset.

Mood

• The emotional atmosphere in a literary work

– Example: atmosphere in “The Witch” is spooky.

Flashback

• A scene that interrupts the action of a work so that the reader can see a previous event

• Going from the present (mentally) to the past

Foreshadow

• Use of hints and clues in a narrative to suggest a future action

Suspense

• Quality of a literary work that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events

Point of View

• Perspective from which a narrative is told• Can also mean the bias of the person or

thing through whose eyes the reader experiences the action

• 1st I,we• 2nd you• 3rd he,she,it,they,them• Omniscient• Limited

Omniscient Point of View

• Where all characters and audience are fully aware of all of the events

• Often referred to as the “God” POV

Limited Point of View

• Where a character or the audience has a limited understanding of the situation

• Position of an observer

Rhetorical Shift

• A change or movement results from an epiphany, realization/insight gained by a character, or the reader.

Setting

• Time, place, environment where the work takes place

Theme

• The universal truth (love, anger, dealing with loss and etc.) that is apparent and focused on throughout the entire work…not just one paragraph…that is called the main idea.

Allusion

• A reference to a mythological, literary or historical person, place or thing.– For example if you are reading a book and it

refers or hints at one of the “gods” such as Zeus, Poseidon and etc. then that is one example allusion.

Antithesis

• Is a contrast or opposition.– For Example:

• Two characters in a novel have complete opposite personalities. One aggressive and outgoing while the other is shy and timid…this type of character development is antithesis.

Argumentation/Persuasive

• Purpose of the writing is to convince or persuade an audience.

• The process used to persuade is by proving or refuting a point of view or issue.

Induction

• Type of persuasion where the author moves from particular things (specific ones: (that one chicken) to general things (things grouped together: farm animals)

Deduction

• Type of method to persuade where the author moves from the general discussion to specific details. This is the opposite form from Induction.

Emotional

• Type of persuasion where the author tries to convince the audience to agree by appealing to their “heart”

Ethical

• Type of persuasive technique where the author tries to convince the audience by showing that what he has to say is believable because the author is credible.

Logical

• Type of persuasion where the author convinces the author through intellectual “brain…thinking” means….seeing the reasoning behind his/her position

Classification

• Type of writing style that is traditional in thinking: – It identifies the subject as part of a larger

group with shared features• Example: Ask a student about teachers…one will

classify them as good…while the others will classify them as bad…collectively they are classified the same…(categorized the same as if teachers were one uniformed person)

Comparison

• Process of pointing out how something is similar (like) something else to show the subject/topic more clearly

Contrast

• Process of pointing out how something is different than something else to show the subject/topic more clearly

Characterization

• Act of creating or developing a character throughout a literary work

Direct Characterization

• Developing a character by stating directly the character’s traits– Example: John is mean.

Indirect Characterization

• A character’s traits are revealed through his/her actions, words, feelings, thoughts

• Traits are not directly stated by the author– Example: John kicked the dog, through his

toy over the fence, and tormented the dog daily.

• Basically…John is bad…but it doesn’t say it directly, but the reader fully understands his character.

Hyperbole

• A deliberate over exaggeration– I feel 100 years old.

Irony

• Irony is an implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.Three kinds of irony:

• 1. verbal irony is when an author says one thing and means something else.2. dramatic irony is when an audience perceives something that a character in the literature does not know.3. irony of situation is a discrepency between the expected result and actual results.

Dramatic Irony

• dramatic irony is when an audience perceives something that a character in the literature does not know.

Situational Irony

• irony of situation is a discrepency between the expected result and actual results.

Verbal Irony

• verbal irony is when an author says one thing and means something else.

– the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning

Sarcasm

• Verbal irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it. The remark may also be taunting.

Motif

• A pattern or strand of imagery or symbolism in a work of literature– Example: fire is the motif for Fahrenheit 451

_Example: you pick one

Satire

• Use of devices like irony, understatement, and exaggeration to highlight a human folly (flaw) or a societal problem. The purpose of satire is to bring the flaw to the attention of the reader in order that it may be addressed, remedied, or eradicated.

Symbolism

• The use of an object, person, place, or action that not only has a meaning in itself but also stands for something larger than itself, such as: a quality, attitude, belief or value

Understatement

• The opposite of hyperbole: it is a kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is

LITERARY FORMS

CATHARSIS

• Release of emotion (pity and fear) from the audience’s view point (perspective)

• Example: In Antigone, the audience will feel pity for the tragic deaths and at the same time fear for themselves because if it could happen to that character then it might could happen to you

HAMARTIA

• It is the tragic flaw that leads to the tragic hero’s downfall

• Example: In Odyssey, Odysseus holds himself equal to gods and it is this belief that makes him not be able to return home for years

HUBRIS

• Is arrogance before the gods

• It is when someone feels that they are so great and are even better than gods that this pride and arrogance causes their downfall

RECOGNITION

• This occurs right at the moment that the tragic hero (typically from Mythology) realizes what his tragic flaw is and realizes why he must die

REVERSAL

• Is when the opposite of what the “hero” intends to happen occurs.

• The hero intends to defeat the enemy, but instead is defeated by the enemy.

PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUN

• PERSON, PLACE, THING, OR IDEA/CONCEPT

• EXAMPLES: GIVE ONE OF EACH

PRONOUN

• TAKES THE PLACE OF A NOUN

EXAMPLE:

FIRST PERSON: LIST

SECOND PERSON: LIST

THIRD PERSON: LIST

VERB

• CREATES THE ACTION OF THE SENTENCE…CAN SOMETIMES BE LINKING TO THE ACTION

• EXAMPLES: LIST 2 ACTION, 1 ‘BE’ VERB AND 1 LINKING VERB

ADJECTIVE

• DESCRIBES A NOUN OR PRONOUN

• EXAMPLES: LIST 3 AND ADD THE NOUN IT MODIFIES…UNDERLINE THE ADJECTIVE– THE GIANT CAT JUMPED.

ADVERB

• DESCRIBES/MODIFIES A VERB, ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB

• EXAMPLES: ONE MODIFYING EACH OF THE ABOVE AND UNDERLINE THE ADVERB

• She quickly ran.

• The great big cow jumped.

• She real quickly ran.

PREPOSITION

• ADDING CLARITY TO LOCATION; IT MUST MAKE SENSE BY FILLING IN THIS PHRASE:

• ______________ THE BOX

• AND…IT ALWAYS IS FOLLOWED BY A NOUN WHICH IS CALLED THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION.

INTERJECTION

• A STATEMENT OF EXCITEMENT

• EXAMPLE: WOW! OUCH!

• GIVE 2 MORE EXAMPLES:

CONJUNCTION

• JOINS THINGS IN GRAMMAR TOGETHER

• THE CAT AND DOG FOUGHT.

• LIST 5 CONJUNCTIONS:

GRAMMAR TERMS

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

• THIS TYPE OF SENTENCE DECLARES INFORMATION.

• IT GIVES INFORMATION AND IS INFORMING THE READER

• WRITE ONE DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

• IT IS A COMMAND SENTENCE. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT YOU DO IT NOW.

• STOP RUNNING IN THE HALL.

• GIVE ONE MORE IMPERATIVE SENTENCE EXAMPLE

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

• IT IS A QUESTION AND MUST BE ASKING SOMETHING AND HAVE A QUESTION MARK AT THE END FOR PUNCTUATION.

• WRITE ONE INTERROGATIVE

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

• A SENTENCE THAT EXCLAIMS SOMETHING AND MUST HAVE AN EXPLANATION POINT!

• WRITE ONE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

ANTITHETICAL SENTENCE

• CONTAINS TWO STATEMENTS THAT ARE OPPOSITE BUT BALANCED

WILL PROVIDE EXAMPLES LATER. JUST WRITE THE ABOVE DEFINITION FOR NOW

BALANCED SENTENCE

• THE PHRASES OR CLAUSES BALANCE EACH OTHER BY FOLLOWING THE SAME STRUCTURE

• I CAME; I SAW; I CONQUERED.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

• CONTAINS ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: IT HAS ONE COMPLETE THOUGHT.

• WRITE ONE SIMPLE SENTENCE

COMPOUND SENTENCE

• TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES JOINED BY A SEMICOLON (;) OR BY A CONJUNCTION

(REMEMBER 2 COMPLETE THOUGHTS…CAR WRECK DISCUSSION)

COMPLEX SENTENCE

• CONTAINS ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE AND ONE OR MORE SUBORDINATE DEPENDANT CLAUSES. THIS IS WHERE SEVERAL THOUGHTS ARE JOINED TOGETHER AND AT LEAST ONE CAN STAND BY ITSELF, WHILE AT LEAST ONE CAN’T STAND ALONE.

• WRITE A COMPLEX SENTENCE.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

• CONTAINS 2 OR MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (LIKE THE COMPOUND SENTENCE) AND AT LEAST ONE DEPENDENT CLAUSE. IT HAS 2 COMPLETE THOUGHTS AND ONE PARTIAL THOUGHT ALL IN ONE SENTENCE.

• WRITE ONE COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

LOOSE/CUMULATIVE SENTENCE

• MAIN CLAUSE IS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE

• EXAMPLE: A RUDE NOISE ERUPTED IN THE CAR FROM GARRET.

PERIODIC SENTENCE

• THE MAIN CLAUSE IS AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE– IN THE CAR, GARRET RELEASED A RUDE

NOISE.

Syntax Techniques

Juxtaposition

• Where normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are place next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit.

• Example will be given later in the year from a source we read in class

Natural Sentence Order

• Basically, the natural order of language/speech: The subject comes before the predicate (verb).

• No Example: This is just F.Y.I.

Asyndeton

• A deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses…its purpose is to speed the pace of the sentence.

• Example: “Her relatives encouraged me; competitors piqued me; she allured me; a marriage was achieved almost before I knew where I was.” (from novel: Jane Eyre)

• This use of asyndeton represents the whirlwind that this character felt.

Ellipsis

• The deliberate omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context; it creates an elegant or daring economy of words

Parallel Structure

• Similarities in structure of a sentence, phrases, words, or clauses

• Example: the burden carried, the want provided, the will granted

• Grammatical structure is the same: article, subject, verb

Polysyndeton

• The deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis– Purpose is to highlight quantity or mass of

detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern…it SLOWS the pace of the sentence

– Example: I had school rules, and school duties, and school habits, and school notions, and school faces, and school preferences.

Repetition

• Words, sounds and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis

• Example: all his sisters’ proudness, all his mother’s aversion, all his servants

Anadiplosis

• The repetition of the last word in one clause at the beginning of the following clause (it ties sentence to its surrounding)

• Example: She had great passion. This passion professed to return.

Anaphora

• Is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses; it helps to establish a strong rhythm and produces a powerful emotional effect.

• Example: What a great nose! What a great mouth! What great eyes!

Epanalepsis

• The repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause– It tends to make the sentence or clause in

which it occurs stand apart from its surroundings

• Example: Breakfast was over, and none had breakfasted

Epistrophe

• Is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the word in the final position

• Example: Genius is self-conscience; I cannot tell whether she was a genius, but she was self-conscience-remarkable self-conscious indeed.

Antimetabole

• Reversal sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first; it adds power through its inversion repetition

• Example: And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you

Inverted Order of a Sentence

• Involves constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject– Long did the hours seem while I waited the

departure of the company.• Attention is on LONG before stating what actually

seemed Long…the hours.

Rhetorical Question

• Is a question that requires no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point

• Do you REALLY want me to Answer that?

Rhetorical Fragment

• A sentence fragment used deliberately for a persuasive purpose or to create a desired effect.– Example: How dare I? Because it is the

truth.

Synesthesia

• A condition in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another, as when the hearing of a sound produces the visualization of a color. (noun)

• The description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another. (adjective)

• Example: smell --> taste a sour smell; vision --> touch humid green; hearing --> taste the bitter chuckles; hearing --> touch a sharp crack; hearing --> touch a heavy explosion