Liu CongDivision of Psychology, HSS; Institute for Media Innovation

Supervisor: Associate Prof. Rebecca, Ang Pei-Hui, HSS

Co-Supervisor: Associate Prof. May O. Lwin, WKWSCI

MotivationLiterature ReviewCurrent ResearchResearch DesignFuture Studies

MotivationLiterature ReviewCurrent ResearchResearch DesignFuture Studies

Why Select this Research Topic?

Communication via New Media

Privacy Disclosure on the Internet

Current Research

Adolescents Psychology

• ParentalMediation

• Personality

Adolescents’ Information Disclosure on Facebook: Roles Played by Parental Mediation, Narcissism and Social Anxiety

New Media

Psychology

MotivationLiterature ReviewCurrent ResearchResearch DesignFuture Studies

Why Facebook? Dominator of Social Networking Sites (SNSs)

Over 350 million registered users by 2009(Zukerberg, 2009)

Over 1 million users in Singapore among the 5 million population (Labels, 2009)

Potential Risk for Young Teens 11% are 13-17 year-old teenagers in U.S.

(Smith, 2009) Young teens with low awareness of privacy

control may be putting themselves at riskboth offline (e.g.,stalking) and online (e.g., identity theft)(Gross and Acquisti, 2005)

References1. Labels, A. K. (2009). Facebook.com sees 1.038 million users from Singapore in Q1 2009. Small Steps for Social PR. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from

http://socialpr.blogspot.com/2009/04/facebookcom-sees-1038-million-users.html#tb

2. Gross, R. & Acquisti, A. (2005). Information revelation and privacy in online social networks (The Facebook case). Paper presented at the WPES’05, Alexandria, Virginia.3. Smith, J. (2009). Facebook crosses 60 million monthly US users, but fewer people over 55 coming back. Inside Facebook. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from

http://www.insidefacebook.com/2009/05/26/facebook-crosses-60-million-monthly-us-users-but-fewer-people-over-55-coming-back/4. Zukerberg, M. (2009). An open letter from Facebook founder Mark Zukerberg. Facebook. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=19042392

Studies about Facebook

Personality & Information Disclosure

Personal and often sensitive information is freely and publicly provided, such as birthday, address and phone number. (Gross and Acquisti, 2005)

Individuals higher in narcissism were related to greater online activity as well as disclosure of self-promotional content on Facebook. (Mehdizadeh, 2010)

Narcissism predicted higher levels of social activity in the online community and more self-promoting content. (Buffardi and Campbell ,2008)

Information disclosure on Facebook are predicted by the need of popularity. (Christofides, Muise, and Desmarais, 2009)

Facebook usage provides greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.(Ellison, Steinfield, and Lampe, 2007)

References:1. Buffardi, L. E., Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303-1314.2. Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2009). Information disclosure and control on Facebook: Are they two sides of the same coin or two different processes? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12, 341-345.3. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168.4. Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 1-8.5. Gross, R. & Acquisti, A. (2005). Information revelation and privacy in online social networks (The Facebook case). Paper presented at the WPES’05, Alexandria, Virginia.

Studies about Parental Mediation Parental Mediation (PM) Strategies

Regulated Mediation

ActiveMediation

Parental Mediation and Information Disclosure in New Media Active mediation strategy works better than Regulated mediation in reducing online disclosure among young teens (13-14 year

olds); only active mediation reduces online disclosure among older teens (15-17 year olds). (Lwin M. O., Stanaland A. J. S., and Miyazaki A. D., 2008 )

Active parental mediation affects children’s online behaviors, while restrictive mediation indirectly reduces the likelihood to disclose personal information on the Web. (Shin W., 2009)

Active parental mediation (recommendations and co-using) helps to improve children’s educational online activities; while regulated mediation (restrictions on time and Web sites) does not alter children’s internet change. (Lee S., Chae Y., 2007)

References:1. Lwin, M. O., Stanaland, A. J. S., and Miyazaki, A. D. (2008). Protecting children’s privacy online: How parental mediation strategies affect website safeguard effectiveness. Journal of

Retailing, 84, 205-217.2. Lee, S., Chae, Y. (2007). Children’s internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10, 640-644.3. Shin, W., Schriner, M., Cho, S. (2009). Teen online privacy and POS (Parent Over Shoulder): Effects of parental mediation on online teen disclose of personal information. Competitive

student paper submitted for the 2009 ICA Conference Communication & Technology Division.

high low

high Selective Promotive

low Restrictive Laissez-Faire

rules limiting time and websites children are allowed to view

parents discussing media experiences, encouraging positive & rejecting negative content/requests

Research Gaps and Novelty of Current Research

Aspects Previous Studies Current Study

1Media that PM

involves inOld Media

(e.g. television)New Media(e.g. SNW)

2 Participants Undergraduates ( >18 ) Teenagers ( 13-17 )

3 ProblemOnline Activities (e.g., meeting online friends; viewing restricted websites)

Information Disclosure

4 Personality Factor Predictors Moderators

5 Implications Phenomenon Prominent Provides empirical evidence to parents

MotivationLiterature ReviewCurrent ResearchResearch DesignFuture Studies

Research Questions1. Will Active and Regulated PM lower the levels of adolescents’ information disclosure on Facebook?2. Which type of PM works best in reducing the disclosure?3. How narcissism and social anxiety moderates the effect of PM?

Samples Four hundred secondary school students in Singapore. Eligibility: Between 13-17 years old;

Active Facebook users ( i.e., be on Facebook at least once a week; with at least 50 Facebook friends ).

Questionnaires1. Parental Mediation Questionnaire

28 items, 5-point Likert scale. (Revised from Lwin, Stanaland, and Miyazaki, 2008)2. Narcissistic Personality Questionnaire for Children-Revised (NPQC-R)

12 items, 5-point Likert scale. (Ang, and Raine, 2009)3. Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A)

18 items, 5-point Likert scale. (Greca, and Lopez, 1998)4. Scale of Attitudinal Information Disclosure

14 items, 5-point Likert scale. (Revised from Lwin, Stanaland, and Miyazaki, 2008)5. Scale of Behavioral Information Disclosure

Scenario based survey. (Self-Developed)References:1. Ang, R. P., Raine, A. (2009). Reliability, validity and invariance of the narcissistic personality questionnaire for children-revised (NPQC-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 143-151. 2. Greca, A. M. L., Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83-94.3. Lwin, M. O., Stanaland, A. J. S., and Miyazaki, A. D. (2008). Protecting children’s privacy online: How parental mediation strategies affect website safeguard effectiveness. Journal of Retailing, 84, 205-217.

MotivationLiterature ReviewCurrent ResearchResearch DesignFuture Studies

Outcomes – Sensitive Information Disclosure

Behavioral -- Verbal Behavioral -- Visual

Attitudinal -- Verbal Attitudinal -- Visual

Examples:• How willing are you to disclose your address/ phone number/ email on Facebook?• How much are you concerned about protecting your information you post on Facebook?

Examples:• How willing are you to disclose your photo with your family members/ that you are partying with friends on Facebook?• How much are you concerned about protecting your photos you post on Facebook?

Parental Mediation• Regulated• Active

Predictor

Moderator I

Narcissism• Superiority• Exploitativeness

Social Anxiety• Fear of Negative Evaluation• Social Avoidance and Distress - New• Social Avoidance and Distress - General

Moderator II

Step 1.

All verbal and visual items

Step 2.

Pretest

Step 3.

Sensitive verbal and visual items

Verbal items -- Facebook Profile lists: Basic information (e.g., sex, birthday, hometown, relationshipstatus); Personal information (e.g., interests, favorite music and movies); Contact information(e.g., emails, mobile phone number); Education (e.g., university, concentration).

Visual items -- selected pictures: all kinds of personal photos containing the participant him/herself.

Pretest Participants: secondary school students; 13-17 years old. Rate “how sensitive” ; 5 point Likert-scale. Average the scores.

Supposed sensitive verbal items: real name, family members’ names, address, mobile phone number, school, etc.

Supposed sensitive visual items: photos of drinking, smoking and partying, sexy photos, intimate photos, and photos with family members, etc.

Pretest for Sensitive Information Disclosure

MotivationLiterature ReviewCurrent ResearchResearch DesignFuture Studies

Gender differences

Effect of PM in different age groups:13-14 versus 15-17

Expand to young adults:Poly students / Undergraduates

Cross Cultural study:Singaporean sample v.s. Chinese samples

Thanks for your time !

Questions

Two General Parental Mediation H1a. Increasing levels of Active parental mediation will lead to lower levels of adolescents’ sensitive

information disclosure on Facebook.

H1b. Increasing levels of Regulated parental mediation will lead to lower levels of adolescents’ sensitiveinformation disclosure on Facebook.

Four Specific Parental Mediation H2. The type and level of parental mediation will influence children’s online disclosure of sensitive information

in the following order from least disclosure to most disclosure: Selective mediation, Promotive mediation,Restrictive mediation and finally Laissez-Faire mediation.

Personality H3a. The effect of parental mediation on sensitive information disclosure are stronger for adolescents with

higher narcissism level.

H3b. The effect of parental mediation on sensitive information disclosure are stronger for adolescents withlower social anxiety level.

High LowMarginal

Mean

High µ1.1 µ1.2 µ1.

Low µ2.1 µ2.2 µ2.

Marginal mean

µ.1 µ.2

High LowMarginal

Mean

High µ1.1 µ1.2 µ1.

Low µ2.1 µ2.2 µ2.

Marginal mean

µ.1 µ.2

H1. Effect of Active/Regulated PM on Disclosure levelOne-way ANOVA Test

Regulated Mediation Regulated Mediation

H2. Effect of four PM strategiesOne-way ANOVA Test

H3. Moderation of Narcissism and Social AnxietyMultiple Regression

PM x NarcissismPM x Social Anxiety

Active Mediation

ActiveMediation

High Low

High µ1.1 µ1.2

Low µ2.1 µ2.2

Regulated Mediation

Active Mediation