CHAPTER 4

Living Environment and Shelter Provision

Th. pr"""" of .0c<I"md urbanization. when ,ombin.d with th. IndU!1ri.l­inti"" pr"""lS whioh I. tdtinl pl1<:< In ",me of lho OOUlltri.. of the thro.oontinon". tho rn.,.1 so>rolty of re",u,,"" .nd with tho u.ualiy highly un.""ninoome distribution. O.UII. IIrlow environm.nt>! probl.m. within urb.n 10111.­menu. "reci.slly tho 1''3'''1 ooo~

Tho 1""'01 inoom. i'OUP' ha"" 1><,n th_ most "u",ly .fftot,d by th. ohangein .nvl'onmmt>1 o""diti"". o.ultd by th. ut!>anintion pro""", and re""ntreohnol"ii<:.sl dovelopmenl. Such youp••uIT" mo" b.c.u" thoy ... not freo '0choos<: .Ith., lhe;t loc.tion within tho 'Wom."lion Or tho m>,.,ial. thoy u" fo'building th.ir dw.llings. By contr.st. "l1ti~o improv.menl in ut!>.n .nvironment>!,,,,,dltion....no,dly ",ul" in 1><n.ntto th. hither inoome Iroup'. Citi•• in mOstcountri•• of Lotln Am.rie., A,i. and Alri" yow in ",oordan« with th. n..d••nd"",,,adict;o,," of th••ystems thlt a"'o ri" 10 th.m. non. of th.m "'owini otherratlon.lity th.n tho pronl of th. various domil\llntl'ouP" Con"'lu.ntly. dti•••"hltr&rohio>!ly ao~em.d and sp.ti.lly I<gr<g.ted by ooci.1 doss,

The historic.1 conr.,urotion .nd th. arowth rhythm of tho .."lem.n"d"mn;n. th. w.y the I.nd i. uud and .ubdivid.d .nd Innuone< tho ell""",., ofth. r"ullin, on'lronmontal p,OOkm,. Th'" ore I<v<n principal prob"",,:

(1) Ex"'me den,i"• ., high as ",.11 as low. as • ""'It of ttlt unoontroll'dope"'I"" of thol.snd markot.

(2) Ov<ro'owding .nd in.doqu.,. dw,lling'.

(3) Sc1,c< supplY of infraSltUClU,al ..<Vic•• and ooU."I,-. faoiliti••.

(4) Pollu\l"" of su,f'e< "'''''' as '0'.11 o. of tho.. ;n th. uppe, ph"atic loy,,,.

(S) Air pollution

(6) in",ulna noho ond vib,.t;on,

(7) Incr<..;ng d",,;orotion of th, naturallond"'.pt,

Th, rapid g,owth of la,lI" dt;". contloU.d ""Iy by th. 0l"',.t;on of th. landmatl:<1. mo.n, that a """.idorabl. p,oporlion of th. popullo"" Ilv.. in .".. with".ry low d<n.ili.., Doo to tho.. low d.nsiti••, mOvtm.ntto .nd from job. 10k•••Ionl time. On tho oth" hand, tho oosl of con.truotion and .dministraoon of

S<fVlce,. o"",monity racillti nd Inf,...'ru"tu,,1 equipm.n, "",Ie" th, ."'nt 10

which th.y ,,,n be ""'d' il.ble to 'hi' c...gmy of ,h. utl>.n p<lp"lotion, In m",t,iii.. of utlo Am""", 'ho "",i.1 gtoUp' jjvinj: in ,hu, low d'n<ity or", .r< 'h""groups which c~n ~lfnrd 10 buy plot> of bnd onh' b"ao" of rh~ I<~mjnl~ 101\1p,le... 'nd of 'h, 'po<Oi.1 fioanoing oondilion,. '",h .. paying. lorg' nomb" ofmonthly 10,tll""'n" 'free of int"..!', '

lh. lond lh., off".d i' '''ry oft.n ..oily fiood.d bu' oan bo off."d for ..I.owing '0 lack of g<lv"nm,n ..1""n1l01 on u,b.o txpon~on. 1lt,1d.., th, d",.lIing,bu,I' on .U<h laod or. of"n badly,""on'tru't.d bo",u", of th. I.ok of fund, ofown,,·oc,up,.,.. Thu,. In th, .xpaltdi~ or.., of argo aWorn."lion •• di"'I<"with ,h"oct"i.ti" "try slmllor '0 tho<>< of 1hao'~ t"",·n,." form'". lh,y diffufrom the I,n., ""Iy by lh' fact 'h" 'hoi' o,,,opants are tn. I~.I ownm of th,land.

Due 10 th. limit«l public inv"tm'nl in .. rvic.. to 'u"h utl>an ore"', 'here t, •growin~ ohorlag< of most of tho .. rvice. n..dod by 'h, P"PUI01ioo. !'rub.bly th.ooly or.. where rul.ffur" hive be,n mad.tu p,ovid••n .d'qual...rvi« II In tb.,upply of drinking W"", .lthoogh '''.n here th' .ffor! "morn, In,d.q"'to. In moo,COUll,ri.. in th, throe oon,io,n.....a",ly half ,h. ,otll populotion I, """'d b~

piped w,to". much low" propor';oo i, ,uppli.d with S<""rlg< ..rvk,~Th' w,t.r w«l by tho.. "'ho do not hov. '0"'" '0 piped "''''' ..,,10" OOm"

from .... 111 ur ...urfae. wit., f,"'" cI".m' or from 'nch ,"ure<' .. bgoon.,I,ng"i"" oon.I, 0' Ii".". All ,h,.. "",r«, at. fr<qu<ntly pollut.d dn••I,h" to thounpl.on..:! Io<:"ioo of rodo"ri.1 pi",,". wh"" oft1uon" now dire<1ly in'o lh.m, 0'10 dir«l d"in'l!< of "w'l!<. Such .....al!<, ...,.11 .. oolld ...." .., m.y 01",o"""min", ground wit., ,upplio<',

G.tl>'¥ indlocrimln"'ly dumped on 'h' outlkim of lo'i" citl...i", poliu'".u,f.c< ..." .... In mooy c.,." th. ~orbag. i' thrown dirtctly into r,,-.r, .nd I.goon,0' d'r>01it«l "" th." b.nb. Th" gorb.g' m.~ .100 b' a oou'<o of aI, poliut;on, dooto ii' ."no~inl odours. Thl' fo,m of g,tl>lJ< d"poolll n"n"lIy ';'0 ,n,our>.g.. th,prom.,..loo of in",,, and ,od,nl',

Til< hi~ d.mi'i., char"tori"io of ,h. d"",n,own ore.. of 'itloo ,.n'Cl"".,cro...drng of low in""m. famili., in ,"bmnd..d dw.Uinp. Most of th.",d....lhn~ "'e<I". Intlo 0' no ,un light .nd ,ulf" tho polluti"" .ff«t. of f...quenlmm, j.m, 'hit n. c"",,"nlly .ggr.....tod by tho fa" growth in lh. numb" of.utomobil.. in most ,ountri.. of lh' lh",. ,,,,,,iO'01$. Thi. p,ohl,m of toxic g..fu""" p'odnc«l by mo'o' CO" in dOWllt"",n .".. i, "HI very "'«0' io m.nycounlri.. altd. ,hor.fo,•. may ..em I... import.nt th..,. fo' in",oc<. tho ,.al andg'owing ohonage of .d'qu11' dw,lling>.

Anoth.r impo,,,", c'u" of", p<lllutioo I, th, euabliohm<nl of indu",;"l plontsin in.pproprl'to loc"i"'" b.",u", of a I,ok of prop" ~o•• mm.ot ,,,"trol. .I-Ionyindwnn.. h.ve beeo ..t up 01"" to ,.,id.ntial ,"'.. inh'blltd by low Inc",",f.mIli.. who di,«'iy ./f«t.d by tb• •up<lUution p,odU<<<l b~ lh, furno, of lh.plaltt~' Th ;ndu",i•• al10 "'u.. W,to, pollu'ion by "I...ing tholr .mu,n",oft.n with no p"viou, t""m'n'. lnlO tho do.." w'a .., b..in,

Th, p<lllu'ioo of su,f.c, w11m d"", not only ./f"l th.low inc<>m. pupulotlon",hloh dtpend. 00 ,h,m for. ",>t" ,upply. It affoots th, ",hoi. i><>l'ul'tioo ofth.olty, U.. of tM W'''''' fo, ,to,•• tion" pU'P"'" booom" h.zordous: in ''''''' ,iti..th, MIler intak. fo' 'h, piped "'''or n«work i' I"".,.d" pl'",,' ...h.,. poUu'ion I,

"hiJh. n«..'itl1inC ,he ,ddilion of 1,'1' q..ntitiet of chmticols wh;oh offooo the,.... of the '",.r.

In """" ooun'ri••, B'l.lil for .nmplt. Ill. ,it""ion in lb. tit;•• in "~lfd ,,,w>tor ond .i, pollution I. ltiih-Iy 'l>rminc. doe to ,h, combin<d eff." ofIndi""riminll' Indu","1 I",,,,,,,,,. tho high n"m'" of mol", C',,.•nd tho ,irlUoilib...", of any cov.mmenl,1 con""!. Tho 111l" Of 0101< 'p<ci>11Z~ th. I<"lement.the more annoying Of. tho noi.. IfId rib"';",,. produ<:<d by ind"',in and 1Il.automobil", snd in <om< c.... ,I.., by I~ lr""sport.,i"", J.Pln i. 'imnarly .ni"",ne< of .n Asi.n country "'hore .n indu",ialiu,ion p"""''' "'ilh no.oo"on_ntol ,,,,,"01 Iw bt<>Ulht ,1>0.' ..riou••ir and "eri>< pollution olT«tinC,h. h••lth of ,h. poP"!>';o,,-

Tt>< ''''if",..oo of lilt oocio-eeonomlo .~".m

Th... char....fi"k. of tho phy>k.1 .n,ironm.nt of cit;". in "",n of thod.",lopmil cou",rio. of Latin Amerie>. A,l. tnd Afric> ar•• m.nif.... 'ion of tho')'" of _io,y whkh 1><>th produce. Ind .uffe" .u,h condj,ion., Th, chl"c""i"ki ar< I fUflCtion or the depend en' "pi'aJi1t '''u''n" of th, e<onomi<. of ""'''of ,h... countrie•. Thi. dot. not imply thot .im,llr ploblem. coMOl e.i" inInoto" type of ""i<>«OIIOfJ1ic 'j,,,.m. It doe. mun 'hll OU' Inalysis connol b'..pa"tod f,om ,he type or "".. ty liVlI\g tod.y in th,,,, ,ountri,. II "em' c""thot 'he liz< IIId Jt_th ,m of ufban cont"o. "'hich in SOI\'I< oth" "udi.. of theproblem app"" .. d<t..mining variabl", m "thOT to he .ononle"d .. rn",if,,,·Ilion. of I socill p,oc....nd of the rnllefl.1 condilion. in ""hich thlo pH","" Ilk ..pia«.

Th. ufban .nvi'onmont " thu. " .."d by tho in"'lInen" or lack of them thlt"" aJl","tod by both ,h. public Ind the pri..t. s..tors. Th. inYfllJIl<n' capacity ofth..e t .." SOUtco' accounts not only fOI 'he 5<1'1<111 ch",,, ..n"k. of the ufb.n,n,i,onrnen' but llso for Itl in,.",.1 diff."n""•. In oth.. "'ord•• diff.,.o"". in 'heeeonomic .00 poli'k.1 clpacit;, of the '-";0'" ""ill l'OUP< ti"ing in the u<ban",,,t<m<n" influ.n"" the ph;"".1 .h""'leris,i•• of the space they ,",cuI')'. In ••"ua,ion ..tt..e pUblic in"..,,,,,o, i. no, ,u{f",i,nt to "",t th. ""do of thepopullli"" for basic .."icc. (.uch as pip.d Wat., .......tag<. 'ain "'l<r drain.g'.'Old ""..wk. <I«t"ci'y. IllbliO ..""'.... "'d educatIon), ,h. factor of""ill eI••become. of import"'... Sorn< public ..nice, It< proYid.d mlinly to flvout thehi " inc""'" ""'ton of tho populltion. ,. i. th. , ... with th, loa<! n"wor\;Th 1«'0" h.v< the «""omic cop.<:ity to " .." fOI,o.m..l'O••n 'nvi,on"",n,""ted to thei' n«<I•. To 'hi' 'nd. 'hey ch""" th, mt'" ,d..nt'i'QU1loc,~onfromtho poin, of view of th. na'u,1I eondi,i"". of 'he .ite.•uch "' .Ititud,. qUIIJ1y of"..to' 'nd I.nd".pe qu.lity.

F,om ,n envi'oom,n,,1 poin, of view. the mo.t ",iou. p,ool.m 'hot fac" the..hlp..inc""" =t01"1 i. Ilf I'Oltu,ion caused by th, combullion of ,uto""'bile f",,!.tho use of d""",stic indncrlt01"1lnd 1I,fr" OOf\1<.lIon.

Th. Jo...-cr·incorn. "",mhe" of th, population. 0fI th, other h"'d, live in 'h'po<>"" .nvi'on"",ntal conditiOfl'. d"" '0 th.i, lac\; of economic mUn' Ind th,limited publiC inv'''"",n, .1I"'at,d '0 th'i' ..... of the cit}" Th. I.nd to ,,'biehthe) h,"e ",ceu ~~y is 1",.,.d in the uro'" periphery (oflen \O"<l'~Yinllreas).

"'d I."k> piped w... , 'nd ....'<til' sef\'ic.~ PIIysicll I","ssib~ity i1 llso

,TAnE.,l bIen' of Slum•• n~ Uncontrolled Smlemenll in Voriou. 0".. ino...lopi". Coun"...

Un<onlroJl.d ,UlIem,nll

City P<ro<n1O.eCon"nen'l I'Opula"on Tot.l of '''l'CoU"try a" v", (thou..n~.) (thousand.) populallO"

L,hn ,j In"".a"",1 Rio d. l."eiro 1961 J,J!6 - "R.,if. .. ro 1,046 ,ro '"8",11" 1961 ". W "ChUe \.>.n,~ ..~ :.184 '" "Co!<lmb., cali ..~ '" '" ro

8oJoti .... l,463 1,478 WBu,,,....'",, ..~ '" " '"Muiro Mexioo Ci'~ .... US1 1.~OO "p,," U_ 1969 2.800 ,,.,

'"E<uMlo' Gu.yaquil 1969 '" '" ..V,n«u<J.> Cu.".. ,,~ ),59Q '" "),1.,.<.;1><> 1966 '" !80 '"Ciud.d C""y."", 1969 '" " ro

8>"I"'''m''o 1969 293 ,ro "... ,",.

Rep"M, ofr.:,,,.. mw 1970 5.536 1.661 roT.;~..n Taipei 1966 ,.- m "1M", Calcutt. 1961 6.Joo 2,220 "0<1111 ..ro 3.5:• 1,01 J rolnd"n"Jo D).b,,. 1961 ,,906 7!S "/,,,q JUahdod 196\ I.1H '00 ".v.".1 Kothm.ndu 1961 ,ro " II"'."y,,,, KUlla lumpu, 1911 '" n. "Poki"•• Kar.<hi 1910 ),441 '" "5,"1'"'''' S,npport .... 1.810 ". ..

Total wbonpopul.tioo 1961 10,800 l,16l 2!

T",kq "'ob.,. 1970 1,250 ,," Wbmit 1970 ~ ... "I".no"l 1970 l,HI .W ro

AM«<

N'Z"'" Ib>d.n 1970 '" '" "!'h,cpU< Add" "'b'b> ,"U m ~, ~

S,ne,.1 D.k>, 1969 ". m wS6",.I", 1ol0Pdi.ou 1967 206 '" "T~",~"" Do< e' S>Tum 1967 271 .. "116.ce", Cuaola"CO 1971 1,445 1,01 1 rol.",b .. I.u..k. 1969 279 '" "/",,,, COIll/ Abidj.n '"~ m 262 WC......""'" Do...la 1970 ,~ '00 W

SOuRCE D<-o.k>po<I r_ til< "0<" B...·' 0C<10' ..0<.,.... "",e< """ 00 ·t',b••i"", ...'(I9'l) ..... It. ,,,'"' .,,'~'.. "'Pt' NQ. Il 0' ·110......· (19'1)

Inad.qu"", .inco tho pa'ed road network ..klom .,,,nd. 50 far. To th... protllom.muO! oft.n be added thOl. c,uoed by periodic floodlnj: which mak•• lh. uranrfoced,,_to imp bl. durinl corUin ..asons of the yeor. Tho lock of proper "in "al"d,.ln,go mo the Iiluotioll ..·.n WOI...

The I"", oconomic c'pacity of weh J>«>pl. i. &.d.nt in Ih.iT Wpe of d,.eUlnl:tho construction ch,rac"r;<tic. or" lik.ly 10 be d<lmnined by Iii" ,.,Il,bilrty ofdiscard.d m.",ri,ls. Or lhos< p,O"ided by locol natura! "",nr"". ","" h.,.. nomor'« price (mud. stro....tc.) Oltlco th"y are not in d.mand in the 00""""",,01mar"1. U;inl "ovi'on""n" io Iitn"lon••uch IS thoot found ;n lh. nu""""u.'p<>nl1noon..."I""",n" th>! h,v" I'own up 1Iound mO<I of th" 1"1< m".,opolit,o",n".. in d<,.lopinj: oounlri.. 'T< mo" d.v,dlnl to human dilnily. Tabl. 4.1 forio".nc". indre...., Ih" ul<nt or.lu,", and uocontroll"d .. ,,1"""'0" in various el,;".in , numl>cr of dov<!"l'inl countn... It show> 'hat Iho number of poopl< in .uch"ltle""n" >ari.., f,om OS low OS 52,000 in K.thmandu. S"pol 10 .. many •• Umill;"" in the ca.. of Mui,o Crty, In ,."'" of pe'e<nt&io., th.,. , .. citi.. ,,·h...tho populatiooliving;n weh uncontrolled d"v"lop""nl i. no more than lS to 30I"'r con' of ,h. tou!. ..hi!>t tMr< .r< oth"" wh",,, tho proportion ;" .. hip. ..60-90 per ",nl.

,,"otM, IndicotOf of th" sam" p,abl"m i. th" Ip"" ,v,il,ble in d""lIlng.compllod 10 nnmb'" of ocenpan ... In somo ofth. cos<, In.ly..d in thi, Itud~'. th"I".. numbers of J>«>plo willi low In,om.. dom;nat. the n"iono! st,ti"l" andoff""i,·"ly d"n"" tho ."rag. numb.. of 1"'''''''' pe, room in both utban e"nl<..and nation.lto..l..

Tbe 1'0"1< numb" of peroo'" I"'r 'oom in P,J","n ;" .. high •• 3.1. ;nlndoo",i, 3,0, 'nd In India and 11'", Mo!ly.ia 2.6. Th" ,,'u",;on ;n Afrk,ncounlries doeo not diff.r mudl: in )<,.;I0rio Iho I..r.." numbe' ofperson. per room i.3.0. in Tun"I' .nd All<,la 2.8, 'nd In EllIiopia .nd the Demooutic R,poblic of thoC""lIo (Z.;",j, 2.7. In lolin Am"ricl. th" ''''''"g< fo' ~1<x1<0" :'.9. fo,Goal"malo2.8, ,nd for Pa'IJu,y 2.6. Such filu,". howe"",. do no' indica" 'he d,ffmnc.......,ng diff" ..nl youI>' of ,h. popul.tion whkh oro • .,y ImporlO1ll1o ,he 'hr'"conti""n",

"p"t f,om oociol diff", , oth", fact"" ,ff,e' 'h" m.nn.. in ..·hkh ,h.Irowth proc<.. "k". pi",,,. Th indud" Ih••1" ..h" .. tli" nmln «nt.. i.local"d.,he way 'h. l.nd h.. been lubdi';d<d, Ihe plOt.;... ,nd sh,pe., th" ,oad nerwork,p'"""'oo of "rvico•. Ih" Ioc.ti"" of indu"ri"., .nd 'h" d"'''''"..nd eon","";o.pl".m, odopled fo' th" ""id"n'lo! ''''''

All of Ihose a", IolJ<ly i"o""niblo, On. of 'ho ma.. facton i. Ih" number of' .."n, plo". whkh tend '0 p"",,nl the fo",,",ion of an urban d<V"lopm<n' plon'hat i. in accord.nor willi th< lO<:iat n"d. of tho .. hole urb.n popul.tion. Thi.happen' in """t of 'h" cit in Latin ""''''ica. I. G....'" B",noo Air... fo.-,"".ne". Ih. proportion of nt 01'" i. ,boUI 72 p<' ",n' of oIloxi"inI plot•. Th;,filU'" ron"CIS lhe ox,.n, '0 "'hreh tho on_iron""n, i. 'l"ady an um," Ono bUI ..y,t",l. of tho publIC "",u"". w,,,,,d 10 aceommodat' 'nd ptan .""und such unu"dlind.

Tho roIo of t..,h""IOllY

~"",,I r..our«••nd ciUllO" II'" ",nuon"" 'ho Iype of "n,ironmon' found inthe citi.. of lolin Americ•. A... 'nd Africa. 80th th... faClon ar<. ho,o·.,."

th......I... K",.,ly .««tod by the tochno!ot:y u..d in th. cfution of ,h. built,n..,."""",.1. nUl, in 'Ufn. i, «latod t. the in.."m.nt copocity of the public andpri"a" sect..... of 0 p"nicular ...,;"t~. Thi. technoloJy d".m"II<' the form of tb,~ggIOllll":ltion. With tn~ um~ amount of in\'eltmtnl. of c""rI<. diff",nt,.vifon"",n,,1 re.ul" om be "'bi....od through diff'"nt l<,nnolop,1I 'pprolCh..but Ih. ,hoi" of "'hnoIOS.' t,nd. to be regullt<d b~ oul",,,1 form .... hich h'"be,,,,", world·"'id.,

Fo< .x.mpl., th. gr",,·th of.n urb.n c<nll' in Lorin Am.ric. Iak•• pllc< bothby th, ind;scrimi"",. ..'pmsion of ito oxt<mal bOllnd."" .nd by ino,...inz Ih.d,nslly of ito ""n"al 're" throuJh the cons"""llOn of uU 'p.,1rn<n1 budding>. InAsia and AlriCl. suoh urban vowlh OCCUTS lhr""z)1 ••imi"r "",w.rd '-'pm""" ofth..."I"""nt bllt .1", '0 • lall' .."nt throuy, increasinK d.n~'i •• in al,,>d~

COIl.oIidll.d ."•• "ith ""...torey buildinp. Th, ,nvi",""",n,,1 ult i. diff".nt:in Lo"n AJn<rico lI,ban Fow'h brins:s abou' oit pollution, ...h in As,.n andAfriean cit ... ,h. pollution of ,h......... i' in....sod, .in« no ,""nlion. of ,h •......1' SYS""" are _d.

T.cJmolOJical d,..I"I''''''nt ,huuff.." 'ho orban .n>ir""""n' in 'wo wayo:

(0) throulh con"fUcli"" md indu",;,,1 activiti."

(b) th,ough th. popul.tion'. pr"l"n~'y to oon.u"", ,oodu"d ..",ic...

Th, firs, of 'ho« fac,,,,, i. dOl<ly roll'od 10 the l<aIe ofprodue'ion and '0 ,h•....y ,h. iodll$lti.liuti"" proc... ,Ik.. ploc< in th... «""omioall~ d<peod.n,cou",ri... Imponod teohnoloiY. "'Y of'.n in the form of indullrial p""","''' thllor< .lrudy _<t. in the ""''''l"'h'on o.1pruli" oOlln,rie.. froq n,ly 1...1> '0hiah 1ev.11 of pollu'ion, bo'h of ,h. Mr.n<I .urfac. """r<. A' ,he ,iJ1'l•• "oi..ond vib"'i"" flOm Ih... plants of"" exc«d "coplOb\< t~'el1.

Th. pll'''"' of con.Umplion of 'h, populalio" .•n<I the normot lack of ad.quIl'c",,"oI., c""tribute to inm... th, i".1 of pollution. Th. n.. of .utomobil..'"cre.... air polluh"" ....hich in ""'" c.... (',1" Sio P.ulo. Brl-<ii) re.ch••d."..,ou. le"I•. N""-<levad,ble do"rll<nt> product ..riou, ....ler pollulion, in ab'oodly dtr«:' ,..io '0 th. size of ,h. populo'i"" and its .conomi, ,op"';'~,

Tho "'illiornlup li<t.....n the 1<ehnoloJy u!od and ,h. sU. of ,h. all!lom<1'I~onis on importan' on. SIn<:< differen' l<ehn<>lop•• prodn-c< .nnrely dlff.ron'",\i'oo""n" fo' popul.liOfl, of ,h. ,.m. si". T«bnololical 'd... lop"",nl', forin",nc,. is ""pomible fo' 'h, ,,,,,t,n,, of hrih-ril< apartm.nt b"~dinl" and fo,the u.. of bon>e inoi","o" fo, Il'fb'll< di,!""lI, which .... COul< of .ir poUulion.Th. si.. of ,b. ,"I"",.ra'ion d"e""ln.. Ib, ".ed for tran.portl'iOfl '''''.m. 'hatin mo" ci'i.. '" b.oed on i""m.kombu"ron v,hicl... In A'1"nu"a, for exlmpl•...i,h...i, poIJn,ion 110' "oi .. p'odur:«l by COl1 i. noticub;" in ,h. G"a'"Re,i"."", .glome'alion (148,200 inh.bilants in 1010), ... h..... in GrOll.,T",umin (362.200) "'''''' alf poIluling .I.men" em Ii< fonod. I" Gre"" liu.nosAi". (8,433,000) lif polluli"" rud.., mudl hiah« i...I. whil. i" • cit~' lib SioPaulo (Ii'"il), it re"h.. noxious 1",.1•.

Thi. int.,,,tron bet"....n ..clmoiosy .nd 'h, ,,,,,i,,,,,m,,t of oitie. in d,,·.lopi,,!coun,ri.. i.. how"." no' lin,ar Ind th... i' • o,,"tinuon. f.edb",k. Teclmology i,both • principal cau.. of .nvironmen,al d."rio",,,on and. main re""'rOO in .ffo,,"

", imp'o,.. ,~••nvn""mtnl. Th. ,ul p,obl<m i, II... lh...':blab" 10ch.O~l· fo'Imp,O'..mtnl i, u,u.lly ..I.,.d '0 ,h. 'conomi, 101,.1 of Ih' d.."lop«l ,ounl".....d c""k<l"'n,ly m.y II< unsur<.d 1o Ih' .o:onomio c.p""ty of d'''lopingeoon"in. Tho ",oblom i. not Iik,l) '0 I>< 'ohod in ,~. next fow y..... •lnce th'"Is no "'jd,"," of t~o .m'rg'"<o of • new, indis<nou, Ind .pp,opriate «chn<>lOllY ....d the ll00d of ,ural popul.""" in'o 'h' cities ""OWS no 'igo of.botinl' I' i. fo,lhi, ...."" ,~" t~. Uni1<d ~oti"". Eeonomi, Commission (Ot Loti" Amtnc.([CLA) ch".,..riud the u,b.nization p'''''''' in Iho Thitd Wotld ., 'urlto'ni:a<.r6nJneopitali=lJd." .., ., '0 di"inguioh it c1o"ly from th' u,b.ni"'ion which tookpi". in the &,·.IOp<d ,0000,m, in tho p." whon c.pltal .nd "'hnoJosy I"w inp,op<>lli"" '0 the <op""it)' of th.", _i<ties-

The natu.. of dloU.. p""'ni<>n

10 ",m, <of individu.1 fomH.... tho ,n.i,onm.ntol condition' of '<ttltm,n"oxp.... ,h.""'ol.....",n"oIl}· in th, t)'1'" of ""'I", 'uch fomili.. man"i' 10 ..cureTire co''''.pt of ''''''11.. ' i, u..d in 'h" repor' '0 .mb~ mo" 'han i. usuollycoo«)'.d by coo••n,ion.1 'OTTO' lik' h<ousinl 0' dw,Lli",. Sholt" "fo.. '0 tho 10"1.nvrronl'll<nt withio "'hich i"d,,'idu.l hum.n f.mili" h,,'o'o Ii,·•. It includ.. boththo d".-.Ihol unit .nd its ",'·ironm.nt. "",claUy th, f>ellit;', and .."'''''', pr.",dodon a ,ornmunity b..i, ('.J. .....1<, ......" d"po>->l. Irr pun'y.loning 000"<>1, aod"m"ioo.1 bcillti")

On. of ,h. diffreul,io. 'hot h.. inhibilod • be"" app",iatioo of 'h,,0",,,,,,",,n,,1 "P«" of human ",,,I.mtn" h.. I><.n th. 1<nd.n<)" '0 confu.. th,,oncep' of ""It" with th.. of d"',lIinl' E..o in "~lard to d"ollrnp, h""·...,. 'ho"h" ....n no adoqu'1< <on"ptual .pp,oaoh '0 'h, .<tuol and .Ortml< obj«'Il",]f:the dw,llml unit. Tlu. lock of.n adoqu... lh«l'Y h•• led in It"""1 '0 un"tli<,icqu.ntifi ..""". of ,he dwtlling stock, aod '0 'unilarly u"".Ii"ic "tim"" of ,ho"01 n••d, of ..<h <ommunity. Quantif"otion i' mad. on the b••i, of • "nsu.d.nni"Ort of • dw.lIin~ 'hat :oeco,d. ",i'h ,h. <ul'n..1 p"f...n", of 'h,gO".m""'n'o! as<nc," m.krnl ,h. d.frni,ion, TIli. <ultu,o! bil••!fee" ,h. ",,,,I,, ofall ,he .naly... ba..d "" "',h <eo'u' io(o,m>lio•. It II", di"o," rellily "'h'n. fo,th. purpo«'< of pl...ninl. qU... 'itoti..."im.,..." mod. of th' mllfli'ud' of theoo<.lled 'dwellinl den,i,',

TIl, t"m ·d.ncit" it..lfh ... in thi' <"""",, <onnolOlion'lh" ..od 10 concealIh. "alily il is wpp<rs«l to d..cMI><. In ,he nlSt ptace. th. tonll i. commonly lak.nto imply an In;>1tq!4><Y in proJ~crwn wh", in f.ot ,h. main problem in Ih..... ofd"oll\ol ,on"",,,i= 1.lnod«l~I1CYi~ «>n"'mprwn Cd{>QCirv. TIl. larg" p.n of thepopulation in ,h. <oun"i.. nnd" "I';'W d"". nol h"" tho """""'ic ""an, '0 ron,or buy. d....lhnl unit 'hat mt,,, the <"'"" d.nnition, In other "'oro" thod".UirlJ p,oblem i. jn" .no,h" m.nif."ation of the poverty of I.rg, pollion, oftho "",!<inl cia.. in ,h... coun,M... In ,h...c""d pla«. in ,h... «>Un";', 'h..."majo'ilY of ,~. popul"i"" do<. no' Ii>< .nd deep 00' in the 09'n. TIlo l<nIl'd.ficif. th".fo1'<. <I1lail. 'ho u.. of "'I'll< "and.ro" h""·..·.. implidt. 'h" d.nn.d..·.lltop "hioh a.. in.doqUit. in that th,y h" .. chl..".M"k. qual""i,·.I)'con,id<,od '0 Ii< lower th.., o,h.. d..,.llinp 'htl me" ,h... "..,dlni,. In a hou<inlpolicy. th.... inadoqnat< d~·.llings ..'oukl b. the ..I to Ii< r<pb,od by mo,.ad<qua" uni,~ Th••M,kal iuuo i' no, the .ompari"'n procodure It..lf", much ..

"the buia of 'he .I>"d..d u",d 10 deli"" • 'd.r",,,". S..ndord....'hng ''''''y' ;n.ol.~""'i,1 .al,.., .nd. 'lI<"'fo1O, nflt" di",,;minm. btt"·.." haYsi"lI on social ",h"than I<it.tifie Of , ..hnic.J ,,,,,ri•. TO. off.., i. 10 bri0ll.boul mo.. dillon;,," ofluhly in ,"Sud to lh. hoo,jog 'iln"ion in <:oun"i~ \lib... ""'i,1 group•• '"cul,urally "I)' <1,(f<,.o"...<1, .. 'hey or. in the>« countri". included ;n lhe p",,,,n,"udy. FinaUy. it i1. ""'''er of oIl..",.,ion 'hat 10 .,,'o>lly.n 'h"", counui" tbe.." majority of ;odi,';do.l. in ,h. 1"",'« income b"c~'" <>btl"' 'bOll d....llmg>lh''''''1,h the p,oc<s. of ..Ik""suuelion, Th' 1>"0' lh. k"II-;noomo p<>puLa""n of.pV<n coun'ry. 'b, Larg<r io 'h, Sl<",k of d..,.Uinp connru<'td by tho« m<mod.(Toble'.I) Th.....If-c;ool1rueti,,,, p'oc....., uliliz< low"""", mmri.ls. put",,<'h<r accordmg ,,, til< cul'u,a1 p<rc<ption of lb, inll>b", ....

An.ly... of ,be sholler "'Uat;,., in ,!'It tllfte oon,ineo,,1 "pon' a" p"..n"dbelow. It will be not<d ,hOl. in <'.oh ""'. th, <;<>ndltion"r< d~'o".d by pr<Y1ihn&oultu..1 norm<. Thi. ""ph.oile, ,h. n<<d fOf &"" cilcum,pection .nd caution inthe use of '''''h indicator< of ,n"ronmtntal condition'., tl>< 1...1of oV<"'fowding,bnildin~ d<n"w ,nd occup'ncy t"",

L>.TIN A.I1ERICA

Sinc. the 19501. the urb.ni"'t;"" proc<.. in Loun Am<fi" h.. "ken the formof "pid e.pan,;oo of r<l>"~~ "illas m/stfw. ",,,,,Mrfo. ,nd '" on, Eveo 'h""Jhthe" ore import.n' qu.nu""" diffe",cu bot"'een ,h... ~ums 1M tho.. in otheroontinenr< ""h .. Afno>. th... unoontroll.d .pontoneou, ..nle""n".,. "",ife'l·"""" of ,h. sa"" problem: 'h, inabili'y of "","'y '0 inoOlpolat••11 ill peopleinto tho pr""linl production .y...",.nd to e""ble th"" to inote'I<,hej, inoome,'" " to h.... ..,.,.,. '0 'd~n.t,. dweUmp 'ho' me" prescribed ...nd"d', Thelimited in<ome of the.. v<>ups proven" th'm [tom h.ving ,c"".. to d"'.Uinp audIVtd throulh tho r<aI .."t< marht. In conseq",n«. they squ.. on pnVate 0' publiciVtd, on whioh th.y put up ..If-<on,,,,,,,,d dweUlng> m,d. with d'scord'd 0'io...qualny mal<ri.oiL Other "'orkm, "'ith hIgher inromtL pu' up ..If-<onstm,,''ddwtllinJo on t....ir own Iond, u,n.tlIy on 'he pe"ph.ry of th, urb ""nU...

In til< rural ..ctor. ,he d"'.lling> in rh. more highly-<l ioped "u, h,,'.ch.,.c,e,ini" 'imil" '0 Ih"" in 'he urban .ren Thi' is nOl the c... m the.p.....l~··l'Ol'ul.,<d ",d poorly-<levelOl"d "g,on, "h." most d"'eUinp like lh.form of hUlL TII<.. .,. usu.lly <o'''truo''d with looal m."ri.l. 'nd they h." onlym. or 'WO roorm ",h.« all ,h. f:unily activit"" tal« pl.,,", Most of,h... dwelling.hove no <:OIlnection '0 I"ped ",,,,, "'""., and th. only sanilary faciilty i. ,Iolnn,.

The ooon,r.to in Groups III and IV ofT.blt 3.4 a" th"" with ,II< mo" .. rioUIdwollinR defioiencies, Thti' hilh proport;oos of ,ural population "'i'h limil<d«onom" oap,d'y ". d.arly rtlloot<d in.1l ,h. ",diOll'"'' of dw.1h"l ohor","ri"i"and .... With ,h••"".p'i"" of CO". Rk•• the proportion of dw.llinp "'ilh piped"~te, in lhi. group of coun,n•• i. \leV" high" lhan 10 pel """. In ""Iy ,hre.countri., do the ficu,,, fo' sanitation exe.<d 50 pe, cent. A' ,egard. o.... "rowdinl.th... countriel. with tll< excepti"" of Costa Rk., gene,ally h...., • h'ch inde'" ofper""" per room.

ne siln.ttion of ,ural dwoUinp in ooun,n.. in Group II i' fairly 'imllor '0 'hotin Groups JIl .nd IV .. "p,d. the exi"'nc< of. b.throom and piped "'Oler"'pply. It i,. how.ver. diffo"nl in Vo".'utl, and T"nid.d, wh." the proportion'

of d...,lhnp with bllhroom< Or< the mike" in L1tUl Am.ric.. U ..I. of"".,«<>"'dinll in lIoIivio. M.xico lIld Peru 'r< similor to those pr<v1i!lnS in G,oup>V

Th. qU'lity of d....llinp In the u,h,n m" of countri•• in Group II iI. on ,h.,,'or>&<. hianor thlll those in Group. IlIllld IV. thouan no, mllrk.dly to. On ,h.other IIIn,!. COUtl,,;,, in Group 1l h,.. tile Jtisbe.t proport;ons of popul'tion 1ivinllIn oIu"" (see T,bl. 4.1 J.

Countri.. io Group 1 'Pl'<" '0 h... the mos' ftvourook condition... "prd.mbon d....Umll' 'hoflllh thi. i. no' 'rue of rurtl ''''' her. condition••" simil"to those of countrieo in Group 11 Illd 111, Tile IIr r put of ,h. populotion inGtOUP 1 I. u,b'n 000 ,n d....llinl polioies '''. therefore. f""uw<! on the prohlems ofurb,n 11.... In Ar~.."n•. fOt In".nce. 'h' d ....Uln' d.fici, in 1972 ""'... 'im.ted" 2.690.000 units. ""'" of "'hI'h I. ltCounte<l for by the d,ficits in the fi•• I.ti'"dti.. of the country; Bu."", Aire•. Rourio, C6rdobt, M.ndozoalld Tueuman,

I'rosp"'t<

Most of ,he ,overnm.n" in L1,in AmeriCIll countri.. hI'" d.....loped publicd",.llUl' pl... for the m.dium ,nd low income sroup<. Th... ". "'Pon.... 'o lon,"'''&al'' on the p.>rt of the ...orking d..... hut 'h,y h.v. hetn Implerntnted with81'" difficulty. ,nd the ".ults ". In mOS' co," ....n below 'M n<.d, of thepopul"ion, Th.... the d",.Uinll d.f>cit i. "",,,antly I",re..inll.nd the p<:IS>ibility of,",'.rcomitli It "'fOf' the .nd of the eemury ...m, remote.•inee th, ""'nomicpros]l«ts of the.. countri.. are unlik.ly to .n""" ,h.m '0 devote much fin""ce to,he d""lIinll>e<:'''',

Accordin,'o. United K.tron. report for 1%0,' ,h. dW'lIina d.fltit for L1unAmerit' ..... 20,3 mUlion ""h In o,de, to <Xlmet 'hi> >ituarion within ,h. nex' 30y,," I' "'Quid be n.ee...'1 '0 build ...n onnuo! ,," high" thlll 10 units per1.000 inhabit..,t.. Th. pru..' "" ror mo" co""tr;.. li.. b.,..... n I 'nd 3. 'nd i.mahe' ,han 'h, I.uer flllure only In Yen<z""lo .nd l"J.ntntJ.. Th. sit..';on I. mOS!..';ou. io' the count';.. in Group IV ...hich ...iU h..-, '0 foc. in the nu, fulU,. ,nunpre"d.n..d TO" of u,h.nlzolion,

ASIA

Be"uo< rhe popul.lion d""ibu,ioo in ""'" Awn 'ountro" i. predominon'lyru,tI. the rurolare" hOI"~ the """lseriou. prallkms In T<11Id to bolh t!lequolilyand quantity ofd""llinp.

In Indio. for .umpl•• the third Fi..·y." l'Ion cootid." the runl dw.Uinlpralll"" '0 b. >e<:ond only to food p,ovision.

In IMon..i> only 0.61 per cen' of the runl d....llin...... ,. I'<""an<o,cor,,'ruc!ion.. The rut (9939 pe' ""I) ..... _-penn..,.nt ..,d tempo'''l'd....I!inlI'. In th, Philippin.. the propotllon of pe""on.nt d....Uinll' omouoted to26 per unt hu, in ?Ilol1ytls only 8 per <eM of'he ,uul d..·.llin.....ert Indud.d inthi. "'tlory. Mcordina 1o the 19H_S4 o.lionoJ .urvey in the ru,oJ a,... of Indi>.85 pe' cent of lit. d....lIings lad earth noon. 83 1'<1 t'n' htd au. nude of mud,bomboo 0' rll'''' "kl:< olld 10 pe' cen, II.Id roofs m.d. of "' , ....eds, .t<.' Over

95 pt, """ of ,h. d",.n,"l' had no .."iration "'h>tIO<'<r ar>d ""'" SS pt, «nt nf,he familO,. had no piped ....ter.

Th, importan« of th, rural d""lhn, ,i'u"ion i, "t1w,d in 'h. overaU national

figu....l. In p.Ici,,"n. for lnSlln~ •• the 1960 census ;ndicu" '''a' out of the 17minion h""..hold. in exi".nc, It thlt d.... only 1.7 m;ll"", hved in ad'qual.d""llrnp. Th. mt li.ed in hUll. t.mporary ..oommodl1ion 0' had no d""Uinl"toIJ. In IndOlle<i:l only I pe' «nt of ,I>< d Urnrt If< mad' of 10001·luting ma"riat••whil. in the Philippin.. tlriIpe'ctn",. ' hiah "' 12 per «"t. In 'h. R,puhlicof Ko<u. in 1960 only 13,7 per «nr of th. d"...llinp "'.,. oonfl<cltd to pipedwalt' ..m.... whil, only I pe, ctn' had a watt, c10..t. In th. ,ural a",u of lndi.<.34 pe, ..n' of ,I>< f.mili,. I~',d in a lingl, ,oom 0' "'a..d it with .nother family.

A1th""sh the Impo'lIno< of ,h. rural d.....lli"l probl.m h•• b••u .mplwii..d.,I>< Ii,,,,,,;on in the urb"" , i, <qwrlly ..';:ou.. In Indio. 4-1 pe, ""nt or thef.rnili<lli>inJ in urb"" cro..'<ltd in'o ••inll< tOOm or ""f< i' "'ith InotherfanUly. Thi. ri... to 79 per «n, in 'h, , ofC.ku'u. In Hong Kong. 'h, a.."g'"umbe, of pe,son, ptt houo<hold i, 4.6, hil. 'h, '''''g' numb., <>f p.""n. pe,d""lIini i, 13. In OJlhrta. lndon••io. a d..,.Uil\i i. freq.... ntly "'a..d hy ''''0 0',h... hou1<hold' to"1lin.I 10 to 15 ptroon •. An ",''Iq' d,nu,y. "'b, n.tionil1",.1. of 3.0 1"'''''''' pt, ,oom "nKII ,h• .. '.n' '0 ,,'hio:;h 'hi> li'ultIOn "widt.p,ud.

~~"

TI>< United l<o"ion...tun".d thlt in 1960 th. 0,·...11 d.....111rtC d.Hcit fo, Mi.<...., 147 miUion unit>. of""'"h 22 miUi""." in u,ban and lH million art in lUlIla" In order to o,·tr«>m' ,hi. d,r..i' ~ithin the n,~' 30 y"". it ",ould be_ I)' '0 "hit"" m, of ""nua! ",",uuction bigh.. 'h"" 11 nni" 1"" 1.000;nhal>itanll. A..",ding to ,vai1.lblt d..., the pre..nt lnnu.1 fit.. of d""llin&<""'''u"i"" in ,ouo,n.. ",itb bip'! d,ncill ... not mort 'han 4 d.....lIina. pt, 1.000inh.bi"n'.. Th. lit...", h.ish" in counlri.. " i'O I,...."ou. d.."lIrnl p,obl,m,. InJapan. ,I>< fl10 i. 14.3 dw,tIinp.r>d in 1",.. 1. 10.7 d",.llinp 1"" 1.OOOinh.lb"""",

Du, to ,h. Btn'flily I.,.... d'l"" of urb1Jliutio" in ,"" Asi:uJ COU"tri.. of GroupIV. 111 ""d 11, the p'0I!,"<1I f'" d".rioration of th, dw.II;", .Hu";on .... Common'0 lb.m all. Th. diff,ltnt ",.. 11 woi<;h 'h, urb.niuti"" p,oce.. tu"pla« in th•....tiou. countri.. will, ho",·...."'•• ff«, 'h, ,ban,.. of an .ff«'i.... ,,"""'.. on ,h.part of "",.rnment. TIIi. g.n"ail"'i"" i. v,lid only for th"", coun'".. ""h". ,h.d..,.lli"i i., "",rk,"bl. lnod, obt.in.b., by thOlt "'ilb .n0uaJ1lncomt to 'ffor<!"",k" p,ktI, It i' not ....hd fo, countri•• with' OO<i,liz,d «""omy.

AfRICA

Th,•• facto" clI.I,....ri"" of 'h" con'lnen' play 'n impw,nt ,ol. in thedtt."nlnation of th, dw.llinl .i1u.ti"". Th,.. "'

(I) tl>< ..ry I.,.... .....,.. tnCOlll< per pt,son and 'h. marked diff,rt""", in

incom. di"rihut;on:

(hI th, multiplicity of cwtu,ai I'oupo:

(c) ,II< ,op",;mpooi';"" of cultu,al mod.l...",Ihni f'"", fo";go coloni,,'ioo.nd the d""'ln.nrly ru",l ,h."""" of the popolahon.

Th, fi"t of th... f.oro" h.. "".,,, that. 1.'S. pm of the .x"ti'. d"".lIins"ock" ><if-roo",uct.d by ' .... 10...-11100l'Il< "OIlp>. u,;n~ p.,;.I..bl••nd I",,-quality_«rial., In 'trm. of rho ",",all.d d"".Uin. d.r",;t. , I,rg, p.rt of the d....llinisrock ohOllld, th.... foro ... "pilON"''' '0 impro'" t" Ii"iog condition. of t"popul";",,.

Tho cul'u,al ,har""t<,i"ic. of ",rioUl SfOUP> "1011" the form'"'''' of rhofamily ,nd 'h, elloic. of m.mi.l. fo' 'he buildinl of d""Uinp, Thc pn.'ri« ofpoIYlomy " .lio ...idup,ud ",d Ii'" ,i.. 10 ,0Itu,,1 ."" ..m.m. lh .. ,ont""",;rh ,It< <:<>Ionia!i" ,an"phon of the hou..holol. which <omc '0" 'op<rimp""'don ,h. d",·.II"'a ..'uotion ""i'h o,her ,01,,,ral oorm•. A. "lIard. dw.ll"" quality

moot of the Arn,,,,. Ii'ing in ",,,I a,." Inh.bi, hoto of 'h, ".dittooal 'yp<..-hi,h diff" ""I)' li"l. f,"'" th"'" "",,,,,,,,.,1 by rho" '0""010. Th. 11'1001hoquood)' used «,,,,,,,.o';on 11'1...".10 .... mud.nd w,,,lo .nd palm 10"'" fo' lh',oof.: uoUlUy ,ho hurs h,,·. nei,h.. door. nOl ..'ind"",'.·.'

In ,h. u,ban " ... 'h, ""'<1".. of 'h, falTUly 'nd of 'h, ho"sehold i' ,.pidlyc/I.n,inl. ,00 ,radltion.l ho"..hokh or, iot<rminaled "'l,h n'w form•. Thi.,,,,ol,,'ion m family '"""Uf< ,ake. pi..,. rath« quickly in ,h••,o"p. miarollog '0,h, u,b.n " ... arnl i' "nd. '0 0.... Ih. trw,lIonal.,}"p< household' app'"obsol<s«nt. Th< Olh" p..uinl f.cto, i. the o'w <ultu.. mod,1 ,,'hich imp~o"

t<chnoiOlY rhal i. In.d<q,,a,,ly ,uI"'rimposed 00 ,h. trJditional d....lhn' modcl.'U"""in...·.n furth« ,h••""",modali,," .000d"ion. fOf f.mily lif<. Mo..o..,.'h. rapid "" of u,baniu'i"" and the inability of 'h, "rban «onomy '0 ,boorbmil'>O" Iud '0 c""""o"oti"" of an incr..oin, popuJ.hon li.ine in prt<a'ioh'<canOll'li, .od legal ,onditi"" •. Th. qhality of rho ..If",onot"""d dw,Uinp ofth... Iroupi. "'P"ci.lly tit< locI; of publio ..m"",. m.k.. i' n......1)' '0 ...pll""'hom. Th....production of "'ral-ryI'" dw.llinp in an urban ..rr;ni also <ontribut<.to til< prc..ri""...... of the oi'"allon. A 1,'1' p.n of rho inh.bit"''' of 'hc nuinhrban ,gg1om<rotion. of 'he Arri,,,, """',,,cn' Ii..... in ,It<.. <ondi,ion..

For •.,mplc. in 'hc thr.. maio cirr.. of AIS",.. _ Allim, Oron and An""ba(116••) _ abou, 30 1"" c... l of ,h. popula"". iN< in slum,. 'nd ,huoe ;nh.bi'm,Eu,opean·,>'P" d...elli... (60 pe, "n') .... crowded into ,h.m 11 • "" of 3 0' 4pe,,,,,,, 1"" 'oom.' In 1955. abou' 45 p<r ""nt of rho population of D'hr(Sc"""I) oc,upi.d dw,lIinp wl'h • d.n';'y of 3 0' m"" p<roon. p<r '0011'1. 6S p<r""0' of 'hc dw'llrnp laded ,l«trici'y "'d pip<d water. By 1%9 'he ."u"ioo haddo..ri",o,ed furth.,. wi'h 'h, I,,,,,'h of m>oy mort uncon'roIlcd .."10"",.,, (...T.bl.4.1),

In a SUI\'<)' cond",,'ed in on,·fifrh of tho ho"..hold, io 51<". leon< in 1%0, i'""" fouod lIu' 30 pe' o<n' of rho f.mih.. liv<d in ''''0 'oom' and 4(} 1"" «ot in •sinelo ,oom; ,h. over,.. numbor "f pe""n' per ,oom ..... J. In ,h. o."""'r""R.public "f ,h. C""iO (Z.i«), 87 per "n, of rh, 815.000 urb'o d,,'olllnflS ',.qui«Import"" repai" 0' ohOlild be ..placed fo' hyeitnit .....n... ' In Madl&"".... half,h. population of T",an.li.. Ii,'«! ;n OII.·room dw.UinflS. Saniury condi'lon< ",.•,.luahly l".d<q",," ,;n"" OIIly Of"....... 'h of lh. '0..1 d..'oll;ng ""'k had pip<d\Of"", and W1ttr clostlS. Ind only on•.third hid electricity.'

In ,.... ,u,l! or,.., fo, ,I\< fcw coun',," for wluch thc,. io infomlllion. ,h.p,oportion ofd....Uin&> 'oith piped ..'It'r 'nd ....iUlion i. "Iativ.ly low.

"~"

The pru"n' d....llil1& litnatlon on the Arne•• oontinrn. mult b. ,.~r<I.d oslerio... In mOlt of the ~ounuin, tilt urbllliLltion pr~u .....tIk;h Il,md "lInin, lhtlas' dtcad. 'P1'<"''' I ph,n"",.noo tnl' will lonutnot th" Iivini condi,l,,,,, of 'h,m.ajofily for tit< ,." of the ",otury. Th. impliCltion. of 'hi' goo,,.1 ".'em.ntdiffer for th, '-11;011' CULUllri••. Coun"w, in Group IV ""ill hovo to .blOfh theIuJhnt p'"",,'h of urb.. populo'i"". sin"" they ho,.. the mOS' ",,".ble Ipl1iildi.,ributlon of thei, pOI'u!.l'ion. The propo<1k>n of lh,;, UrblUl population ;" "pt'''''' amonl ,I>< 10_ .., in the world. Th... coontrit. hOY' n,;'h.. 'h" «"""",i.nor the technolopcll! cap.city '0 Itl<fl the fu'ur< dwellin, demand' of th,i,

l"'pul"I"".In the C<lUotr;.. of Groop IV. and ,Iso 'hos< ;n G,oup' III ..,d II. ,h. m'jority

of d""lIinJl '" be buil' in tho comi"i decode. will b. J,rst1y 5tlf"on"'u01td hy"'.;, workin,,!... ,,",,'n.,-occupioea. The p<>li'''. of Arrioc." gO'lornmon" will !hu.ho•• '0 be revi><d '0 yield ".Ii"k ....ution. in acoordollCe with ,h. «onomk.rw!"chnolopc.ll""wili'i« of their coontn...

NOTES

,. Tn. In, , "m,lud.d in ,h. in".'n"",,. bu' th' purch.." i' no' tokl in ord<r'0 inm th' ..Ie.,

l. For • .,mple, in t~e ,tty or Tu,um,", AI1.n"n,. Ih' ,ul" min. product .">mount of "",ponded ..d,m.n''<lu'' ,,~i,h " ,hitt 'im.. hifh" 'han theintern.tlon.lly,""",pt<d mUIlnum ot.ndard•. T~ ",k...· d....tlinp .re'dJ,cen' '0 the .up' .. ill~

J Unlt.d N.1Iom. o.putm.nt of Econorn;c and Social Aff1irJ (1%5) 'World~ cu..... <<><><I i';on. an d .Ilim.ted ~0tI"'" r<qu if<m.nu· •(STISOA/S I)

4. Ibid.I. Ibid.6. Ibid.7. Ibid.8. Th. d....lIin' n""k of Tan.nul., >mount.d 10 49.500 unils in 19M••nd ,h.

popuJIlinn, in 197Q_7 '. '0 J18,00Cl inh.bi'an'~