• Louisiana Purchase / Territory• War of 1812• Era of Good Feelings

Louisiana territory

• (1763: the French gave territory west of Mississippi River to Spain at the end of the French & Indian War)

• Napoléon (emperor of France) wanted to re-start a French empire in North America, got territory back from Spain w/ secret treaty (1800)

Louisiana territory

• U.S. wanted access to Mississippi River & New Orleans for transportation & trade

• Jefferson didn’t want war w/ France, offered to buy New Orleans– U.S. ambassador offered to buy all French

North American territory– Napoléon took the money

(to fund war w/ Britain)

2003 commemorative U.S. nickel

Louisiana Purchase (1803)British Canada

Spanish territory

British

SpanishFlorida

Spanish, but claimed by U.S.

(disputed by U.S.)

Louisiana Purchase

• less European colonial space in North America– French gone (again)– Spanish territory reduced– but… British still lurking in the north

• U.S. territory doubled(2/3rds of the way to Pacific)

reaction to Louisiana Purchase

CONFisher Ames letter to Thomas Dwight (1803) complained about the mixed group of people living in the Territory:

“otters [are just as likely] to obey the U.S. government as the Gallo-Hispano-Indian omnium gatherum of savages and adventurers, whose pure morals are expected to sustain and glorify our Republick.”

[Greenberg, document 7, pp. 54–55]

reaction to Louisiana Purchase

PROThomas Jefferson, second inaugural address (1805):“I know that the acquisition of Louisiana has been disapproved by some, from a candid apprehension that the enlargement of our territory would endanger its union. But who can limit the extent to which the federative principle may operate effectively? . . . is it not better that the opposite bank of the Mississippi should be settled by our own brethren and children, than by strangers of another family?”

[Greenberg, document 8, pp. 55–56]

JOURNAL ENTRY 10a

• What was the “Gallo-Hispano-Indian omnium gatherum” to which Ames referred? The word Indian should be obvious. The word Hispano is a variation on the word Hispanic. What is Gallo? (hint: it’s a variation on Gallic)

• What did Ames think of the “Gallo-Hispano-Indian omnium gatherum”?

exploring the territory

Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark + Zebulon Pike to the west:

•explore, map (& claim)the land•explore relations with Native Americans

2004

2005

commemorativeU.S. nickels

exploring the territoryexplorations of M

eriwether Lew

is, William

Clark, &

Zebulon Pike (1804–1807)

War of 1812• “second war of independence”• first-ever declaration of war by U.S.• U.S. declared war on Britain because:

– Britain interfered w/ U.S.-France trade off east cost of U.S.– Britain interfered w/ U.S. navy

• blockaded U.S. ports• searched U.S. ships, impressed sailors

– Britain still in Ohio Valley; encouraged Indians to attack Americans

– Tecumseh was a part of this– U.S. wanted to annex Canada

“To have shrunk under such circumstances . . . would have acknowledged that on the element which forms three-fourths of the globe we inhabit, and where all independent nations have equal and common rights, the American people were not an independent people, but colonists and vassals.”

—James MadisonState of the Union Address,

November 1812

JOURNAL ENTRY 10b

• Which of the following reasons for the War of 1812 was Madison thinking about when he referred to “the element which forms three-fourths of the globe we inhabit”?:– interference with trade– interference with navy– attacks from Indians– U.S. desire to annex Canada

War of 1812 scorecardUS = United States; GB = Great Britain, NA = Native Americans

US NA: Battle of Tippecanoe (Nov. 1811)US GB: U.S. couldn’t capture Canadian capital (1812)US NA: Siege of Fort Harrison (Sept. 1812)US NA: Tecumseh killed (Oct. 1813)US NA: Andrew Jackson forced Creek Indians out of

Alabama (March 1814)US GB: Washington D.C. captured & burned

(Aug.1814)

US GB: Fort McHenry @ Baltimore defended (Sept.1814)

US GB: Jackson won Battle of New Orleans (Jan.1815)

military campaignsof the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814)• War of 1812 a stalemate• back to status quo• Canada remained British• British stayed out of

U.S. land & waterways

“Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled—nothing in substance

but an indefinite suspension of hostilities was agreed to.”

—John Quincy Adams,US negotiator at Ghent

(in September 1815 letter to Joseph Hall, colonel in the war)

founding myths from War of 1812

O Canada“…we stand on guard for thee.”

Star-Spangled Banner(@ Fort McHenry, 1814)

(now hanging in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC)

“Era of Good Feelings” (1815–1819)

• War of 1812 over; British out of U.S. territory• Tecumseh dead, no Indian alliance,

Indians pushed west of the Mississippi River• Florida became U.S. territory (1819)

– Seminole Indians were attacking whites– U.S. (Andrew Jackson) threatened to take it by force– J.Q. Adams negotiated Adams-Onís Treaty to:

• buy Florida from Spain• set boundary between U.S. & Spain in the west

U.S. territory after acquiring Florida in 1819