low cost literature review

8/16/2019 Low Cost Literature Review

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Implementing cost efective techniques and components

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT.................................................................................3

1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................4

2 PROBLEM DEFINITION............................................................2.1 INCONSISTENCY IN CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES...................................52.2 REASONS COSTS VARY...........................................................................52.3 PROBLEMS ARISING WITH LACK OF FISNANCIAL CONTROL..............................52.4 CASH FLOW: A MAJOR ISSUE.............................................................62.5 EFFECTS OF CONSTRUCTION ELAYS........................................................62.6 ELAY CAUSES.....................................................................................62.! COSTS OF ELAYS.................................................................................6

3 AIMS AND OB!ECTI"ES OF PRO!ECT........................................#3.1 OBJECTIVES:........................................................................................ !

3.1.1 Identiy and assess the impacts o the actors...........................7

3.1.2 Develop comprehensive guidelines............................................73.1.3 Assess how we can improve the proect development............7

3.2 T YPES OF COST SAVING MATERIALS.........................................................."

4 LITERATURE RE"IE$..............................................................%4.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COST AN #UALITY.............................................$

!.1.1 "ost............................................................................................#!.1.2 $uality........................................................................................#

4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATION%.............................1&4.3 COST EFFECTIVE APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES ARE%...................................1&

!.3.1 %oundation costs&.....................................................................11!.3.2 Arch oundation&.......................................................................12

!.3.3 'linth........................................................................................12!.3.! (alls.........................................................................................12!.3.) *ric+ ail....................................................................................13!.3., -oos........................................................................................1)!.3.7 -oos intermediate sla/s.........................................................1)!.3.0 %erro cement channelshell unit...............................................1)!.3.# ac+ arch roooor...................................................................1,!.3.1 %iller sla/&technique................................................................1,!.3.11 4he mechanism......................................................................17

4.4 BENEFITS%.........................................................................................1!!.!.1 5aving on cost..........................................................................17!.!.2 4hermal insulation&...................................................................17

!.!.3 'atterned ceilings&....................................................................10!.!.! 5panning elements or openings..............................................10

4.5 OOR CUM WINOW FRAMES................................................................1"4.6 OORS AN WINOWS ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..1$4.! LINTELS............................................................................................ 1$4." OPENING IN THE FORM OF ARCH WITH LOCAL MATERIAL%.............................1$4.$ OOR PANELS.................................................................................... 1$4.1& FINISHING WORK %.............................................................................2&

MET&ODOLO'(...................................................................2)

* DATA COLLECTION...............................................................22

# RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................23!.1 ARCH FOOTING(FOUNATION.................................................................23


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!.2 RAT TRAP BON..................................................................................247.2.1 AD6A4A895 :% ;5I8 -A4 4-A' *:D.................................2!

!.3 FILLER SLAB ROOFING.........................................................................24

+ CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................2

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Abstract


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4

1 Introduction

Cost effective housing is a relative concept and has more to do with budgeting and seeks to reduce

construction cost through better management, appropriate use of local materials, skills and

technology but without sacrificing the performance and structure life. It should be noted that low

cost housings are not houses which constructed by cheap building materials of substandard quality.

A low cost house is designed and constructed as any other house with regard to foundation,

structure and strength.

In this report several traditional cost of quality theories are applied, compared, and contrasted as

they relate to the construction industry; particularly conforming and nonconforming quality costs.

Failure to face quality cost issues is certainly not due to its lack of importance. he significance of

quality costs versus other costs incurred on a construction pro!ect is evident from various research

studies.

"ow cost housing is a relative concept and has more to do with budgeting and seeks to reduces

construction cost trough better management, appropriate use of local materials, skills and

technology without sacrificing strength and life of structure. Furthermore, low cost housing can be

considered affordable for low# and moderate#income earners if household can acquire a housing

unit...$conomy is also achieved by postponing finishing and implementing low cost housing

technologies in phases..

Figure 1 - Existing house to proposed stratery

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2 Problem Definition

2.1 Inconsistency in Construction Cost Estimates

A cost estimate appro%imates a pro!ect&s probable cost. Cost estimates are prepared at concept stage,

refined throughout the pro!ect#preparation process, and updated during implementation . he cost

estimate should identify those principal cost components needed to support effective pro!ect

management.

2.2 Reasons Costs Vary

he availability and relative supply and demand of materials will affect their direct purchase price.'ver the years, shortages have occurred in structural steel, portland cement, precast concrete,

gypsum products, and glass and gla(ing. )ome trades may be in short supply as well. he issue is to

be careful and aware of potential material and labor shortages. Availability may also affect the lead

time required for delivery and shipping and handling costs, especially in remote areas, and can

affect the cost of materials. A variety of sales ta%es, import*e%port duties, and other special fees

indirectly affect the cost of material. Installation costs vary according to an even more comple%

series of relationships. +irect labor wages can vary from location to location by - to percent,and sometimes as much as - percent.. a%es and insurance affect labor costs. Certain trades, such

as demolition, carry very high insurance premiums because of the risks associated with the work


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and the relative safety record of the contractor. Conditions of the work, particularly with renovation,

affect productivity relative to access and egress, lay#down*staging areas, and dust, dirt, and general

!ob cleanup requirements, as well as the space available to conduct business. /oreover sometimes

the techniques used on site for construction may differ the costing of a pro!ect. For e%ample the

types of foundation used or materials used.

2.3 Problems arising with Lack of inancial Control

+uring the e%ecution of a pro!ect, procedures for pro!ect control and record keeping become

indispensable tools to managers and other participants in the construction process. hese tools serve

the dual purpose of recording the financial transactions that occur as well as giving managers an

indication of the progress and problems associated with a pro!ect. 0ro!ect management activities

and functional concerns are intimately linked, yet the techniques used in many instances do not

facilitate comprehensive or integrated consideration of pro!ect activities. For e%ample, schedule

information and cost accounts are usually kept separately. Failure is undesirable and avoidable and

it can be prevented by good cash flow management. Indeed, company failure has been widely

researched. 1nowledge about business failure can be useful in providing guidance to entrepreneurs

who want to start a business. It indicates the risk factors in their industry and provides the benefit of e%perience in risk management

2.! C"#$ L%&' " (")%R I##*E

+uring the recent years around 2-,--- new businesses have been created every year. /any are

destined to fail within the first two years. 'ne key reason is the lack of a viable business plan for their operation . Four main deficiencies that are characteristic of failed companies are cash flow

forecasts, costing system, budgetary control, and asset valuation. Cash flow problems and shortage

of working capital can, in e%treme circumstances, push efficient and profitable firms into

insolvency. It is also possible that a firm is pulled into insolvency by the failure of another firm.

here is a +omino heory that may apply if a client becomes insolvent owing large sums of money

to the contractor, or if a main contractor fails owing cash to one or more regular subcontractors.

2.+ Effects of Construction ,elays

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3 Acceleration

3 )chedule Change # Inefficiency

3 +elayed pro!ect completion

3 /issed intermediate completion dates

3 "iquidated +amages

3 Frustration 4 claims

3 Increased Costs

2.- ,elay Causes

3 "abor )trikes

3 5eather

3 hird 0arty

3 0lan $rrors

3 Change 'rders

3 Contractor $rrors

3 )uspension of 5ork

3 6tilities

3 +iffering )ite Conditions

2. Costs of ,elays

3 +elays in most cases always cause additional costs

3 +irect Costs

3 Indirect Costs

3 Impact Costs


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3 Aims and Objectives of Project

his research focuses only on activities carried out in the phases of the pro!ect development process

that precedes construction and is limited to qualitative assessment. The goal of this research is to

compare and contrast traditional cost theories as they relate to the construction industry

3.1 %b/ecti0es'

/ore specifically, the ob!ectives supporting these research goals are7

. Identify and assess the impacts of the factors that affect increases in costs of bid items and

the methods and strategies that can help reduce the cost.

2. +evelop comprehensive guidelines on how to modify pro!ects to reduce initial construction

costs while maintaining equal or better performance.

'ne of the most fundamental factors determining the prices of any products or services including

construction is the relationship between demand and supply in which the market prices are

determined by the equilibrium conditions. In construction market, such equilibrium is determined

by the demand*supply of materials and services in sectors such as residential, commercial,

industrial, and heavy construction.

Costs of materials and oil#based fuels significantly impact the overall price of bid items. 5ith

demand for construction in both domestic and international markets increasing in past several years,

the prices of construction materials have also increased. his can be attributed to a number of

factors including limited capacity to produce materials, lack of competition, and price of energy.

As it can be noticed that the main aspect of this pro!ect is to determine whether the use of other

techniques and materials can save cost and also assure the quality of building pro!ects.

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! "iterature #evie$

!.1 Relationshi etween Cost "n 4uality

ime, cost and quality are the three factors that play a significant role in the planning and

controlling of construction pro!ects. he /ain barriers for their achievement are the changes

in the pro!ect environment necessitating cost, time and quality trades#offs.

!11 %ost

Clients have been increasingly concerned with the overall profitability of pro!ects and the

accountability of pro!ects generally. 8esearch to date has tended to focus on the technical

aspects of managing costs on construction pro!ects in the attainment of client ob!ectives.

!12 &uality

o the client, quality may be defined as one of the components that contributes to the term

value for money. he goal is customer satisfaction. Furthermore, in order to achieve

successful pro!ect quality management three separate drivers to quality management must be

managed, namely7

. Integration of the pro!ect team so as to have a single ob!ective and a common culture

2. A customer focus for the team thereby facilitating the provision of products and services

that will meet the clients needs


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9. A process of continuous improvement in the management of the construction pro!ect.

5hen these three components are successfully integrated, the pro!ect will begin to reali(e

significant, measurable and observable improvements in the attainment of the clients.

!.2 actors affecting construction cost estimation5

:uilding Cost#he building construction cost can be divided into two parts namely7

:uilding material cost 7 to "abor cost 7 to


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0ro!ect accessibility

"abor 8ates

/aterial Costs

?eneral $conomic 0ressures

ime of @ear

!.3 Cost effecti0e aroriate technologies are5

Foundation#

8andom rubble masonry in mud*cement mortar placed in e%cavation over thick sand bed.

8ubble pointing above ground level in stabili(ed cement mortar. 6se of lean cement concrete mi% 77 for base with brick masonry in 7 cement mortar

footings.

6se of lean cement concrete mi% as above for base and over burned bricks masonry in

cement lime mortar B7272 footings.

Figure 2 - Foundation

Arch foundations in place of spread foundations


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Figure 3 - arc foundation

!31 'oundation costs(

Dormally the foundation cost comes to about - to = of the total building .

It is recommended to adopt a foundation depth of 2 ft.B-.m for normal soil like gravely

soil, red soils etc.

It is suggested to adopt arch foundation in ordinary soils.

In case of black cotton and other soft soils, it is recommend to use under ream pile

foundation which saves about 2- to 2= in cost over the conventional method of

construction.

!32 Arch foundation(

his type of foundation was used in olden times where in spread foundation is replaced by

inverted arch .

It reduces the construction cost up to E-=

Advantage of this is#In soft soils that the depth of foundation can be greatly reduced;

disadvantage is that the end piers have to be specially strengthened by buttresses so as to

avoid the thrust to arch action tending to rapture the piers !unction.

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!33 Plinth

It is recommended to adopt ft. height above ground level for the plinth and may be

constructed with a cement mortar of 7.

he plinth slab of E to which is normally adopted can be avoided and in its place brick on

edge can be used for reducing the cost.

:y adopting this procedure the cost of plinth foundation can be reduced by about 9 to -=.

!3! )alls

:rick work in 7 cement mortar using bricks from black cotton and inferior soil stabili(ed

with fly#ash.

8at#trap bond brick work in 7272 cement lime mortar*7.79 cement sand mortar.

Gollow concrete block masonry in cement mortar.

Compressed mud blocks masonry in mud mortar.


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)tabili(ed mud blocks masonry BE= cement or lime in stabili(ed mud mortar.

)and lime brick walls in 7 cement mortar.

FA"#? sand block with 7 cement mortar.

5hile laying bricks, the manner in which they overlap is called the bond. he rat#trap bond is laid

by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of -- mm, with alternate course of stretchers

and headers . he headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to

the walls.

his technology has about 2= overall#saving on cost of a building of traditional H

construction. he structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support

of brick columns. 5ith this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 2= as with

conventional $nglish bond BH&&thk wall 9- bricks are required per cu. m whereas in 8at#

trap bond only 2- bricks are required and also the reduced number of !oints reduces the

mortar consumption.

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!3* +ric, jail

he common burnt brick is one of man&s great inventions. all over the world, with only a few

e%ceptions, nearly all bricks are roughly the same shape and si(e # that is about H % E. % 9 inches.

In many of these situations listed above a JKA"IL is !ust as effective. Far from being a lot more

costly than the basic wall, if made of brick it can be less costly than the house wall.

Instead of using regular walling system of lintel and window system ,!ali work can help cost

estimation. Climate consideration and use of local materials helps maintaining economy than the

general rcc practice.

/ore methods#

#oil cement block technology

this method of construction of wall is by soil cement blocks in place of burnt bricks


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masonry. It is an energy efficient method of construction where soil mi%ed with = and

above cement and pressed in hand operated machine and cured well and then used in the

masonry. he overall economy that could be achieved with the soil cement technology is

about to 2-= compared to conventional method of construction.

Concrete block walling

In view of high energy consumption by burnt brick it is suggested to use concrete block

Bblock hollow and solid which consumes about only *9 of the energy of the burnt bricks in

its production. Concrete block masonry saves mortar consumption, speedy construction of

wall resulting in higher output of labor, plastering can be avoided thereby an overall saving

of - to 2= can be achieved.

!3- #oofs

+omes and vaults in brick or stabili(ed mud block with appropriate mortar.

6pgraded thatch roof on appropriate frame work.

0re#cast 8CC J"L panel

0recast 8CC cored units in / concrete.

0recast 8CC channel units in / concrete

0recast 5affle units in / concrete

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:urnt clay tube roofing in vault form.

!3. #oofs/ intermediate slabs

Filler slabs

0artly precast 8CC planks and !oist in / concrete.

0artly precast 8CC !oist and brick panels

0artly precast 8CC in hollow concrete blocks

hin 8CC ribbed slabs

Ferrocement channels

:rick funicular shell on edge beam :amboo reinforced concrete

:rick funicular shells with 8CC edge beams

:rick !ack arched over 8CC !oist

0recast 8CC cored units in / concrete.

0recast 8CC channel units in / concrete

!30 'erro cement channel/shell unit

0rovide an economic solution to 8CC slab by providing 9- to E-= cost reduction on floor*roof unit

over 8CC slabs without compromising the strength. hese being precast, construction is speedy,

economical due to avoidance of shuttering and facilitate quality control.


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!3 ac, arch roof/floor

hey are easy to construct, save on cement and steel, are more appropriate in hot climates.

hese can be constructed using compressed earth blocks also as alternative to bricks for

further economy.

!31 'iller slab(techni4ue

he filler slab is based on the principle that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper

part of the slab is sub!ected to compressive forces and the lower part of the slab e%perience

tensile forces. Concrete is very good in withstanding compressive forces and steel bears the

load due to tensile forces. hus the lower tensile region of the slab does not need any

concrete e%cept for holding the steel reinforcements together.

herefore in a conventional 8CC slab lot of concrete is wasted and it needs e%tra

reinforcement due to added load of the concrete which can otherwise be replaced by low#

cost and light weight filler materials, which will reduce the dead weight as well as the cost

of the slab to 2= Bas E-= less steel is used and 9-= less concrete

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!311 The mechanism

he filler slab is a mechanism to replace the concrete in the tension (one. he filler material, thus, is

not a structural part of the slab. :y reducing the quantity and weight of material, the roof become

less e%pensive, yet retains the strength of the conventional slab. he most popular filler material is

the roofing tile. /angalore tiles are placed between steel ribs and concrete is poured into the gap to

make a filler slab. he structure requires less steel and cement and it is also a good heat insulator.

Conventional tests by different institutions and laboratories has proved the load bearing capacity of

filler slab and found it no less in performance from the conventional 8.C.C. slab. )ince filler roof

tiles are firmly bonded to and covered by concrete, it does not collapse under the impact of say, a

coconut falling on the roof.

!.! enefits5

!!1 5aving on cost

he savings on cost can be from per cent to 2 per cent. :ut designing a filler slab requires a

structural engineer to determine the spacing between the reinforcement bars.


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!!2 Thermal insulation(

he air pocket formed by the contours of the tiles makes an e%cellent thermal insulation layer. hedesign integrity of a filler slab involves careful planning taking into account the negative (ones and

reinforcement areas

!!3 Patterned ceilings(

Filler slabs provide aesthetically pleasing patterned ceilings. In most houses, the filler material is

left open without plastering to form aesthetic design symmetry but some residents prefer to cover

the space with 0laster of 0aris coating.

!!! 5panning elements for openings

:rick arches 7 Flat, semi circular and segmented

0recast thin lintel and lintel cum cha!!a

:rick arch with sand stone cha!!a

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!.6 %ening in the form of arch with local material5

Arches are an economical and aesthetic means of spanning openings. Arches can be a cost

effective alternative to the lintels.

he traditional 8CC lintels which are costly can be replaced by brick arches for small spans

and save construction cost up to 9-4E-= over the traditional method of construction.

!.7 ,oor anels

0lantation timber styles with particle board inserts.

/edium density fiber board doors.

Cement bonded particle board

0lantation timber style with rice husk board inserts

8ed mud polymer panel doors.

Ferrocement doors

0olyvinyl chloride doors panels.

Gigh density fiberboard doors

!.18 inishing &ork5

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he cost of finishing items like sanitary, electricity, painting etc., varies depending upon the type

and quality of products used in the building and its cost reduction is left to the individual choice and

liking.


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* 6ethodology

+.1 Conuct a face to face inter0iew with a consultant in (auritius

+.2 Comarison between traitional an cost effecti0e construction methos

+.3 Ientify ifferent tyes of cost sa0ing materials

+.! ,e0elo comrehensi0e guielines on how to moify ro/ects

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- Data %ollection

-.1 Information collecte from inter0iew

-.2 Re9uest of cost effecti0e materials rices from contractors

-.3 "ssessing costs an construction methos of walling an roofing structures

he construction methods of walling and roofing are selected for the detail cost analysis based on

available resources from previous thesis.

able and able 2 summari(e the cost analysis of the traditional construction methods and the low

cost housing technologies in the case studies for walling and roofing respectively. It is found that

about 2.= and 22.= of the construction cost, including material and labour cost, can be saved

by using the low cost housing technologies in comparison with the traditional construction methods

for walling and roofing respectively.

able 7 Cost Analysis of traditional Construction /ethods and the low cost housing technologies

used in case studies for m9 of walling B 5orks +epartment, 2--2, when the 6)M in changed in

8upees it will give the same change


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able 27 Cost Analysis of traditional Construction /ethods and the low cost housing technologies

used in case studies for m9 of roofing B 5orks +epartment, 2--2, when the 6)M in changed in

8upees it will give the same change

. DI5%755IO8

.1 inings from inter0iew

.2 :raitional construction methos

. Foundation7 Foundation is the lowest part of the structure which is provided to distribute loads to

the soil thus providing base for the super#structure. $%cavation work is first carried out, then earth#

work is filled with available earth and ends with watering and compaction in a L thick layer.

Disadvantge99

2. Cement concrete7 0lain cement concrete is used to form a leveled surface on the e%cavated soil.

he volumetric concrete mi% proportion of 7E7 Bcement7 sand7 aggregate, with a L thick layer for

masonry foundation and column footings is used. 0lain cement concrete is finished on the

e%cavated soil strata and mi%ed by manual process.

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9. 5all construction7 )i(e stone masonry for foundation is constructed for outer walls and burnt

brick masonry of a HL thick layer for main walls and a E NL thick layer for all internal walls. ?ood

quality table#moulded bricks are used for the construction.

E. 8einforced cement concrete slab and beam7 he normal procedure to cast reinforced cement

concrete slab is to make shuttering and provide reinforcement and concreting. ?ood steel or

plywood formwork is used, with proper cover blocks between bars. :oth aggregate and sand used

are clean, with aggregate being OL graded. After the concrete is poured, it is properly consolidated.

. 0lastering7 0lastering is used for the ceiling, inside and outside walls. Koints are raked before

plastering and proper curing is ensured.

. Flooring7 For the flooring purpose, the earth is properly filled and consolidated in the ratio of

7E7 Bcement7 sand7 aggregate concrete.


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2. 5alling

8at trap bond technology is used in the case study. It is an alternative brick bonding system for

$nglish and Flemish :ond. he reduced number of !oints can reduce mortar consumption. 8o

plastering of the outside face is re4uired and the wall usually is quite aesthetically pleasing and

air gaps created within the wall help making the house thermally comfortable. In summer, the

temperature inside the house is usually at least degrees lower that the outside ambient temperature

and vice versa in winter

9. 8oofing7 A filler slab roofing system is used which based on the principle that for roofs which are

simply supported, the upper part of the slab is sub!ected to compressive forces and the lower part of

the slab e%perience tensile forces %oncrete is very good in $ithstanding compressive forces and

steel bears the load due to tensile forces Thus the lo$ tensile region of the slab does not need

any concrete e:cept for holding steel reinforcements together

E. Flooring7 Flooring is generally made of terracotta tiles or color o%ides. :edding is made out of

broken brick bats. Parious patterns and designs are used, depending on shape, si(e of tiles, span of

flooring, and client&s personal preference.

. 0lastering7 Plastering can be avoided on the $alls, frequent e%penditure on finishes and itsmaintenance is avoided. 0roperly protected brick wall will never loose its color or finish.

. +oors and windows7 As door and window frames are responsible for almost half the cost of

timber used, avoiding frames can considerably reduce timber cost. +oor planks are screwed

together with strap iron hinges to form doors, and this can be carried by Qholdfast& carried into the

wall. he simplest and cost effective door can be made of vertical planks held together with

hori(ontal or diagonal battens. A simplest frameless window consists of a vertical plank of about HLwide set into two holes, one at the top and one at the bottom. his forms a simple pivotal window.

5ide span windows can be easily framed and fi:ed to $alls or can have ro$s of pivotal plan,s

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.! :yes of Cost #a0ing (aterials

)tabili(ed compressed earth blocks are made of mud stabili(ed with = cement*lime etc. and

compacted in block making machine with no burning. A good walling material as burnt bricks

and is economical, stronger, energy saving and simple to manufacture.

Fly ash gypsum stabili(ed mud blocks are much stronger with less water absorption and cheaper

than cement stabili(ed blocks. 5ith to -= fly ash# ?, 9-= saving in cement could be

achieved in addition to utili(ation of the waste product like flyash.

Fly ash# lime gypsum products manufactured by blending fly ash lime and calcined gypsum for

making a useful product named Fal#? , and can be used a cementations material for

mortar*plaster and for masonry blocks of any desired strength. It can also be used for road pavements and plain concrete in the form of Fal#? concrete.

Clay red mud burnt bricks produced from alumina red mud or bau%ite, an industrial waste of

aluminium producing plants in combination with clay. 0osses all the physical properties of

normal clay bricks and solves the problem of disposal of the waste product and environmental

pollution. In addition, they have good architectural value as facing bricks due to their pleasing

hues of color.

.+ Precast #tone blocks

0recast stone blocks of larger si(e than normal bricks are manufactured by using waste stone

pieces of various si(es with lean cement concrete and enable a rationali(ed use of natural locally

available materials. )haping stones in this manner, enables speedy construction saves on

cement, reduces thickness of stone walls and effects overall saving by eliminating plasters on

internal*e%ternal wall surfaces.

.- Precast Concrete

0recast concrete blocks made to similar dimension of stone blocks without large si(e stone

pieces, but using coarse and fine graded cement. hey have e%cellent properties comparable to

other masonry blocks, are cheaper and facilitate speedy construction and especially suitable

where quality clay for bricks making is not available.


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0 #ecommendations

6.1 "rch ooting


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• Cavity induced in wall provides better thermal insulation, resulting in cooler interiors during

summer and warmer interiors during winter.

• All vertical and hori(ontal reinforced bands, lintels Bfor standard si(e openings, electrical

conduits are hidden inside wall, resulting in better aesthetic appearance without plastering

Be%posed brickwork.

6.3 iller #lab Roofing

here is a lot of difference between cheap construction practices and cost effective ones. 5hile

taking up construction, most fail to appreciate the difference and end up spending quite a bit of their

money. his against a possibility of cost # effective options that while ensuring good and efficient

construction also leaves you with a substantial saving. Filler slabs are one such cost # effective

roofing system which is based on the concrete portions and instead placing filler material there. he

material used as a replacement includes bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks. he filler slab is

based on the principle that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is

sub!ected to compressive forces and the lower part of the slab e%perience tensile forces. Concrete is

very good in withstanding compressive forces and steel bears the load due to tensile forces. hus

the lower tensile region of the slab does not need any concrete e%cept for holding the steel

reinforcements together.


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%onclusions

he dream of owning a house particularly for low#income and middle#income families is becoming

a difficult reality. It is necessary to adopt cost effective, innovative and environment#friendly

housing technologies for the construction. he goal of this paper was too compare and contrast

traditional cost theories as they relate to the construction industry. I did a lot of research for the

literature review from previous reports. After doing the interview and research on the cost effective

technologies, I selected one tye of cost effecti0e technology among the three )hy %ost

implications> time easy construction methods

his proves the benefits and the trends for implementing low cost housing technologies in the

industry.

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#eferences

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http?//$$$cp$rcom/sites/default/files/publications/broc,mancostofconflictpdf

http?//digitalcommonscalpolyedu/cgi/vie$contentcgi@article1Bconte:tcmgtCfac

http?//$$$adborg/sites/default/files/institutional(document/3!1!2/files/fmtgn(preparing(

presenting(cost(estimatespdf

http?//$$$aiaorg/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab0220pdf

http?//pmboo,cecmuedu/12C%ostC%ontrol>C6onitoring>CandCAccountinghtml
http://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/publications/brockmancostofconflict.pdfhttp://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=cmgt_fachttp://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/34142/files/fmtgn-preparing-presenting-cost-estimates.pdfhttp://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/34142/files/fmtgn-preparing-presenting-cost-estimates.pdfhttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab089228.pdfhttp://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/12_Cost_Control,_Monitoring,_and_Accounting.htmlhttp://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/publications/brockmancostofconflict.pdfhttp://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=cmgt_fachttp://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/34142/files/fmtgn-preparing-presenting-cost-estimates.pdfhttp://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/34142/files/fmtgn-preparing-presenting-cost-estimates.pdfhttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab089228.pdfhttp://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/12_Cost_Control,_Monitoring,_and_Accounting.html

low cost literature review

Documents