low energy building case study the solanova eu 5 fv project study building ee eng.pdfventilation...
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Low Energy Building Case study
The SOLANOVA EU 5 FV project
Yerevan State University of Architecture and Construction
INOGATE Programme New ITS Project, Ad Hoc Expert Facility (AHEF) Task AM-54-55-56
Slides prepared by: Albin Zsebik, PhD, CEM Based on the SOLANOVA project reports
The SOLANOVA Project
Solar-supported, integrated eco-efficient renovation of large residential buildings and heat-supply-systems
Content
1. The SOLANOVA project - objectives
2. Building before renovation
3. Base line and proposed data
4. Thermal and water insulation – green roof
5. Windows an ventilation system
6. Installation of the new heating system
7. Solar thermal system
8. Monitoring system
9. Results of the project
SOLANOVA - Objectives
• Making ongoing renovation sustainable – restructuring large panel buildings to passive-houses or ultra-low-
energy-houses (15 to 45 kWh/m2a)
– trigger: renovation of one selected building to this level
– to show large potential for solar energy for heating (cooling) and hot water by installing solar thermal panels
– investigation of change of inhabitants‘ social situation (comfort, health, financial situation)
– middle-term: renovation of whole residential quarter
– to serve as example for all similar quarters in Hungary
– strong focus on teaching and disseminating the results
SOLANOVA - Demo Building
The most probable
building:
• Located in
Dunaújváros
• Cooperation
with Intercisa
Housing
Association
Project idea: SOLANOVA
0
50
100
150
200
250
Ø Stock WSchVO 1982 WSchVO 1995 EnEV 2002 Passive House
• Retrofit from bad state to passive house standard
SOLANOVA - Dissemination of Results
• Dissemination actions: – Website with online monitoring
– possibility for companies to advertise on website
– demo- and education centre in the building
– development of training materials (software and written material)
– training courses for various interested groups
– concepts for „renovation contracting“
– international conference, press articles, public relations
– influence on Hungarian building laws
SOLANOVA - The Consortium
• Hungary – Budapest University of Technology and Economics
– Fiorentini (Solar)
– District Heating Company and Sziget Office, Dunaujvaros
– Energy Centre
• Austria – Internorm (Windows)
• Germany – University of Kassel
– Passive House Institute, Innovatec
What qualifies a passive house
• No conventional heating system
• Extremely reduced heat losses – Super insulation of walls, roofs ... (20 - 30 cm)
– Super glazing (u < 0.8 W/(m2K)
– Controlled ventilation
• Maximum heating power: 10 W/m2
• Transmission coefficients u < 0.15 W/(m2K)
• Annual heat consumption < 15 kWh/m2
SOLANOVA - Schedule
• January 2003: Project start
• Summer 2004: Start of renovation
• Spring 2005 – Finishing of renovation
– Start of education and training
• Summer 2005: International conference on Sustainable renovation of buildings
• December 2006: Project end
SOLANOVA - Budget and Financing
• Budget for SOLANOVA incl. demo: 2.24 Mio EUR – EU‘s share: ca. 71 %
– Hungarian government: ca. 13 %
– SOLANOVA consortium and flat owners: 16 %
SOLANOVA - Situation 1
– huge stock of old-style multi-flat buildings (100 Mio people in Eastern Europe only!) needs to be restored in a sustainable way to avoid a "lost-opportunity" for another 30-50 years
– current renovations only result in minimal savings
SOLANOVA - Situation 2
– very low energy prices do not reflect real market conditions
– therefore many occupants in energy wasting flats will suffer from real prices in the near future
– companies waiting for enormous potential of implementing renovation measures
The state before
Setting of the heat meters
Calculated heat demand before renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Calculated annual heat demand before renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Calculated heat demand after renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Calculated annual heat demand after renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Different works - wall insulation
The result =>
Different works - wall insulation
Insulation Quality
Before =>
After =>
Different works – walls, windows, solar collectors, ventilation system
Different works - green roof 1.
Green Roof components
Wall components
Different works - green roof 2.
Green Roof components
Wall components
Roof components
Roof components
Different works - green roof 3.
Green Roof components
2+1 Window For Summer Comfort
Ventilation concepts (InnovaTec)
Variation I.
• Central ventilation appliance beside / above the elevator
• Vertical aerating pipes in the room for the garbage (next to the
elevator)
Ventilation concepts (InnovaTec)
Variation II.
• Central ventilation appliance beside / above the elevator
• Vertical aerating pipes in each apartment
Ventilation concepts (InnovaTec)
Variation III.
• Local ventilation appliances in each floor
• One ventilation appliance for 3 partmens
• Ventillation tube for fresh air, outside of the building
Ventilation concepts (InnovaTec)
Configuration in all flats
Ventilation concepts (InnovaTec)
Ventilation concepts (InnovaTec)
Super-Efficient Ventilation
Super-Efficient Ventilation
Ventilation unit over a suspended ceiling with heat recovery
Heating System - Present fase
VII. floor
VI. floor
V. floor
Heating System - Present data
• Heated area: 7258 air m3 and 2739 m2
• Heating energy ( average ): 2141 GJ/y
• Calculated values: 19 W/m3 and 50,3 W/m2 ( usualy: 25
W/m3 and 70 W/m2 )
• Walls: 0,5 W/m2K
• Windows: 3,0 W/m2K
Heating System - Future data
Only the wall
Heating System - Future data
• If the windows are changed: 3 W/m2K are decreasing to 1
W/m2K
• If the 200 mm insulation set on the walls: 0,5 W/m2K are
decreasing to 0,1 W/m2K
• Therefore the actual ( average ) 3278 W heatloss per flat are
decreasing to 721 W heatloss per flat. (Calculation based on
15% window and 85% wall surface.)
Air - Heating System
1,4 kW and 100 m3/h per flat
Heating System
Heating System
Heating System
Present
Designed
values
One pipe
system
Paralell
system
Pipe heatloss: 60(36) W/m (3/4’, 70(50)°C water, 20°C enviroment)
Heating and Ventillation System
Cost
divider
system
Central
ventilator
system
Radiator connection before and after
Decrease of the uncontrolled heat transport
Scheme of the heating connection
Shops Flats
Serial / parallel
DHW circulation
DHW to flats
Substation for district heating
1. option Realized =>
Thermal solar system
Connection scheme of the thermal solar system
The thermal solar system
The connection scheme of the thermal solar system, with monitored data
Scheme of the DHW connection
Solar circuit District heating system
DHW
MONITORING
MAIN FEATURES
• IBM-PC data collection
• Isolated RS-485 physical layer primary BUS
• Intelligent multiplexers
• Central site powering
• DALLAS 1-line TEMPERATURE meas. BUS
• Intelligent device connections (RS-232)
• Extendable, reliable, maintainable
MONITORING - 1st phase - GOALS
• Measure 300 temp., 20 humidity, 10..20 meteorological variables
• Acceptable (Industrial) precision
• Store measured values every 1/2 hour
• Minimum 2 year maintainable, reliable operation
• Easy installation & change
• Extendible -> connect to (future) control
• Low cost
• Minimum wiring, minimal disturbance
Main parts
• Central station
– Central IBM-PC (UPS, Raid, LAN, RS232)
– Wiring cabinet (RS485, power, connections)
• Intelligent multiplexers
• Measurement devices
– TEMPERATURE measurement devices
– Intelligent serial devices (Aux.. 24Vdc power)
– Analog (0-5V) & binary output devices (option)
• Multiplexer wiring
• Measurement device wiring
CENTRAL IBM-PC
• Standard configuration (cost, replace)
• 4 * RS-232 connection (easy to change)
– UPS
– RS-485 line 1 & 2
– Local line (off line read-in, local device checking)
• WinNT (or WIN2000) system
• SQL database
• VisualBASIC custom SW.
• LAN (archivation, presentation)
WIRING CABINET
• RS-232 <-> RS-485 conversion
• OPTOISOLATION (noise, lighting protection, error separation)
• MULTIPLEXER & DEVICE powering (12Vdc, 24Vdc)
• Power fusing
• Cable connection (clear, documented)
INTELLIGENT MULTIPLEXER
• Connects to RS-485 bus
– Optoisolation, termination, addressing
– power conversion (DC/DC converters)
• READS - IN devices
– 2 * RS-232 Intelligent device
– 4 * 8 DALLAS TEMP. chips (error separation)
– 8 analog / binary signals (option)
• READS - BACK BUS / device power status (fused outgoing bus lines)
• IP65 connection BOX housing
Measurement devices
• Intelligent devices (humidity meas.)
– RS-232 connected
– 24 Vdc powered
– Special protocol
• TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
– DALLAS DS18S20
• ANALOG output devices
– 8 channels, 12 bit, 0..5V signals
TEMPERATURE MEAS
• DALLAS DS18S20 <-> analog
• Same +/- 0,5 oC precision (can be extended with calibration)
• Digital – No calibration,
– exchangeable
• Bussed – 3 lines,
– 64-bit identification code
• Same measurement principle
• Same (low) cost
• Minimum hardware, small (TO-92)
WIRING - RS-485 BUS
• 2 TYPE RS-485 multiplexers
– without 24Vdc power
• 2 twisted pair + GND
• 2 power lines (12Vdc) standard installation cable
– with 24Vdc power
• + 2 power lines (12Vdc) standard installation cable
• MAX. LENGTH more than 300 m / line
• 8 multiplexers / 1 bus line (extendable)
WIRING - DALLAS BUS
• Only 3 lines (data, power, GND)
• Minimum power consumption, -> low cost cables
• Theoretically 255 devices / bus line (8)
• > 50 m / bus line
• Faulty power, faulty device can be identified from PC
• Automatic device identification (changes)
• CRC protected protocol
MONITORING - 1st phase - Conclutions
• 2048 Temp. + 128 Intelligent device capacity -> MORE than enough, can handle any future need, any topology, flexible
• Fulfills design goals (deadline !!!)
• Continuous measurement of :
– Temperatures (outside / inside)
– Humidity
– Meteorology / SOLAR variables
• Offline measurements downloadable
• Connects to RS-485 bus
– Optoisolation, termination, addressing
– power conversion (DC/DC converters)
• READS - IN devices
– 2 * RS-232 Intelligent device
– 4 * 8 DALLAS TEMP. chips (error separation)
– 8 analog / binary signals (option)
• READS - BACK BUS / device power status (fused outgoing bus lines)
• IP65 connection BOX housing
MONITORING - 1st phase - CONCLUSION
Cumulated space heat consumption (2005/6)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
25. O
kt.
1. N
ov.
8. N
ov.
15. N
ov.
22. N
ov.
29. N
ov.
6. D
ez.
13. D
ez.
20. D
ez.
27. D
ez.
3. Jan
.
10. J
an.
17. J
an.
24. J
an.
31. J
an.
7. F
eb.
14. F
eb.
21. F
eb.
28. F
eb.
7. M
rz.
14. M
rz.
21. M
rz.
28. M
rz.
4. A
pr.
11. A
pr.
18. A
pr.
25. A
pr.
2. M
ai.
kWh/m²a
Shops
Flats
Total
39 kWh/m²a( Shops incl. ! )
35 kWh/m²a( Flats )
Measured Space Heat Consumption
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2004/05 (ca. 60,000 m3 gas/litre oil) 2005/06 (ca. 11,000 m3 gas/litre oil) 2006/07
Indoor Air Temperature Level
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Three-months-average-temperature in flats(Jan-Mar); ascending
Indoor air temperature average
(outdoor: +0.3°C)
24.9 °C
[°C]
Calculated heat demand before renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Calculated annual heat demand before renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Calculated heat demand after renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Comparison of heat consumption before and after renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Calculated heat demand before renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Monthly heat consumptions for DHW preparation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Calculated heat demand after renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Rebound effect oft the renovation
Rebound effect oft the renovation
Evaluation of the heat consumption
Symbiosis
Solar
Energy (Building, Quarter, Town)
Efficiency (buildings & dwellers,
supply systems)
Green Enough
GREEN GREEN
ENOUGH
Sufficient Insufficient
SOLANOVA - Much More Solar …
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Before SOLANOVA
kW
h/m
2a
Renewable Energy
Fossile Energy
26%Share of
Renewables
SOLANOVA – … Much Less Fossile
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Before SOLANOVA
kW
h/m
2a
Renewable Energy
Fossile Energy
-84%
From European Worst Practice ….
… to European Best Practice!
Satisfaction with Temperature
Satisfaction with (Relative) Humidity
Before
Dec. 2006
very dissatisfied
dissatisfied
neutral
satisfied
very satisfied
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
Satisfaction with Space Heat Cost
[%]
Satisfaction with Flat
Before
Dec. 2006
[%]
very dissatisfied
dissatisfied
neutral
satisfied
very satisfied
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
Measures for European Best Practice
• Decentral ventilation units with 82% real heat
recovery, one ventilation unit per flat
• Ca. 75 m² solar thermal area as canopy
• Easy heating system solution with radiators
• 10 cm insulation of cellar ceiling
• Roof insulation: 30 cm with green roof
• Wall insulation: 16 cm polystyrene (additional)
• Flats’ windows: S and W: 2+1 glazing,
shading, UW = 1.1; N: 2-glazing, UW = 1.4
• Groundfloor windows: U-value: 1.4
• TOTAL Cost: 240 EUR/m² + VAT
Estimated Sales-price of Flats
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
before refurbishment after refurbishment
[EUR]
What is your estimation
about the sales-price of your
flat?
Retrofit or Rebuild?
55000
1890016800
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Investment per flat (incl. 25%
VAT)
Estimated sales-price
INCREASE
Re-Build (same size!)
[EUR]
The Marvel Panel, Frontpage
Marvel in a panel building? 3900 HUF (15.60 EUR) invoice for heating; page 5 …
The Super Panel, Page 5
Marvel Panel vs. Neighbour Panel
SOLANOVA
3900 HUF
(15.60 EUR)
Monthly heat pre-payment
Neighbors
23-25000 HUF (96 EUR)
Distribution of Monthly Household Income
13
36
51
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
160-400 EUR 400-800 EUR 800-1600 EUR
frequency [%
]
Energy Share in Low-Income Household
4%
24%
10%
60%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
160 EUR Income,
Standard building
160 EUR Income,
SOLANOVA building
400 EUR Income,
Standard building
400 EUR Income,
SOLANOVA building
[EUR]Household Income
Energy Costs
Annual Energy Cost Savings
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Cost in Neighbour Building SOLANOVA Heating Cost only benefit
Now 60% Plus[EUR/a]
Additional Thoughts and Benefits 1
• Considering ONLY energy cost savings:
•Amortisation at current price: 17 years
•Amortisation at +60% price: 11 years
• ATTENTION: Thinking only in terms of this
kind of amortisation does not solve the
problems it created (e.g. energy scarcity;
greenhouse effect)!
• Near future: Costs for CO2 certificates
Additional Thoughts and Benefits 2
• Very effective filtering of air (industrial area!)
• Noise protection due to high quality windows
• Very high thermal comfort (winter & summer)
• Steady, low indoor CO2 concentration
• No mould growth
• Increased well-being of people:
•Less costs for diseases
•Less absence from work place
•Higher productivity
• More useful space (wardrobe in front of
external wall possible, less/smaller radiators)
Replication Potential for SOLANOVA
Replication Potential for SOLANOVA
Replication Potential for SOLANOVA
Replication Potential for SOLANOVA
100 Mio people in Eastern Europe only!
We have the obligation to master a triple challenge which is far beyond the usual marginal improvements: Let’s
satisfy occupants’ needs within environmental limits at reasonable cost! SOLANOVA proves: It is possible!
Conclusion
Rebuild or Retrofit?
Dynamite (building & social)
Retrofit (building & social)