lusitanian amphorae -...

2016

Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and

Distribution

Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean PotteryArchaeopress Series

EDITORIAL BOARD(in alphabetical order)

Series Editors

Michel BONIFAY, Centre Camille Jullian, (Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, MCC, CCJ, F-13000, Aix-en-Provence, France)Miguel Ángel CAU, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)/Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica, Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB) Paul REYNOLDS, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)/Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica, Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB)

Honorary editor

John HAYES, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford

Associate editors

Philip KENRICK, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford

John LUND, The National Museum of Denmark, Denmark

Scientific Committee for Pottery

Xavier AQUILUÉ, Paul ARTHUR, Cécile BATIGNE, Moncef BEN MOUSSA, Darío BERNAL, Raymond BRULET, Claudio CAPELLI, Armand DESBAT, Nalan FIRAT, Michael G. FULFORD, Ioannis ILIOPOULOS, Sabine LADSTÄTTER, Fanette LAUBENHEIMER, Mark LAWALL, Sévérine LEMAÎTRE, Hassan LIMANE, Daniele MALFITANA, Archer MARTIN, Thierry MARTIN, Simonetta MENCHELLI, Henryk MEYZA, Giuseppe MONTANA, Rui MORAIS, Gloria OLCESE, Carlo PAVOLINI, Theodore PEÑA, Verena PERKO, Platon PETRIDIS, Dominique PIERI, Jeroen POBLOME, Natalia POULOU, Albert RIBERA, Lucien RIVET, Lucia SAGUI, Sara SANTORO, Anne SCHMITT, Gerwulf SCHNEIDER, Kathleen SLANE, Roberta TOMBER, Inês VAZ PINTO, Caterina VIEGAS, Yona WAKSMAN

General advisors

Richard HODGES, Richard REECE, Gisela RIPOLL, Bryan WARD-PERKINS, Chris WICKHAM, Enrico ZANINI

Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and

Distribution

edited by

Inês Vaz Pinto,* Rui Roberto de Almeida** and Archer Martin***

* CEAACP – Centro de Estudos em Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património / TROIA RESORT

** UNIARQ – Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Letras. Universidade de Lisboa. / FCT Doctoral Grant

*** American Academy in Rome / Universität zu Köln

Published on the occasion of the30th Congress of the Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores

(Lisbon, 2016)

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© Archaeopress and the authors 2016

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Printed in England by Short Run Press, ExeterThis book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com

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Contents

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... v

I - The Production of Lusitanian Amphorae

Production during the Principate in Peniche (Portugal).Raw Materials, Kilns and Amphora Typology......................... 3Guilherme Cardoso, Severino Rodrigues, Eurico de Sepúlveda and Inês Ribeiro

Roman Pottery Workshop of Quinta do Rouxinol (Seixal): Quantification and Classification of Amphora Production ........................................................................................................................................... 19Jorge Raposo, Cézer Santos and Olga Antunes

The Roman Figlina at Garrocheira (Benavente, Portugal) in the Early Empire ........................................................... 47Clementino Amaro and Cristina Gonçalves

Roman Amphora Production in the Lower Sado Region ........................................................................................... 59Françoise Mayet and Carlos Tavares da Silva

The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal) ........................................................................... 73João Pimenta, Marisol Ferreira and Ana Catarina Cabrita

Roman Amphora Production in the Algarve (Southern Portugal) ............................................................................ 81João Pedro Bernardes and Catarina Viegas

II – Archaeometry, Contents and Quantification of Lusitanian Amphorae

Geochemical Fingerprints of Lusitanian Amphora Production Centres: Tagus, Sado, Algarve and Peniche ................ 95M. Isabel Dias and M. Isabel Prudêncio

Lusitanian Amphorae of the Augustan Era and their Contents: Organic Residue Analysis ....................................... 105Rui Morais, César Oliveira and Alfredo Araújo

Fish Bones and Amphorae: New Evidence for the Production and Trade of Fish Products in Setúbal (Portugal) ...... 111Sónia Gabriel and Carlos Tavares da Silva

The Myth of ‘Laccatum:’ a Study Starting from a New Titulus ....................................... 117David Djaoui

Do We Have the Capacity to Understand the Economy of Lusitanian Commodities? Volumetric Calculations of Lusitanian Amphora Types ..................................................................................................................................... 129Victor Martínez

III – The Distribution of Lusitanian Amphorae

Amphorae at the Origins of Lusitania: Transport Pottery from Western Hispania Ulterior in Alto Alentejo ............. 139Rui Mataloto, Joey Williams and Conceição Roque

Julio-Claudian Lusitanian Amphorae: a Perspective on Selected Contexts from Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal) .............. 153Rodrigo Banha da Silva, Victor Filipe and Rui Roberto de Almeida

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Julio-Claudian Lusitanian Amphorae: a Perspective on Selected Contexts from Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal) .............. 153Rodrigo Banha da Silva, Victor Filipe and Rui Roberto de Almeida

Lusitanian Amphorae and Transport Coarse Ware from the Roman Anchorage of Praça D. Luís I (Portugal) ........... 167Jorge Parreira and Marta Macedo

Lusitanian Amphorae at a Fish-Salting Production Centre: Tróia (Portugal) ............................................................ 173Inês Vaz Pinto, Rui Roberto de Almeida, Ana Patrícia Magalhães and Patrícia Brum

On the Way to Augusta Emerita. Historiographical Overview, Old and New Data on Fish-Product Amphorae and Commerce within the Trade to the Capital of Lusitania .......................................................................................... 195Rui Roberto de Almeida

Lusitanian and Imported Amphorae from the Roman Town of Ammaia (Portugal). A Short Overview .................... 219Caterina P. Venditti

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Roman City of Conimbriga ......................................................................................... 231Ida Buraca

A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Maritime Economy and Palaeo-Environment of Southern Roman Lusitania.......................................................................................... 241Felix Teichner

The Lusitanian Amphorae from the Roman Villa of Vale da Arrancada (Portimão, Algarve, Portugal) ..................... 257Carlos Fabião, Catarina Viegas and Vera de Freitas

2 – Lusitanian Amphorae in Gallaecia, Baetica and Tarraconensis

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula............................................................................ 273Adolfo Fernández Fernández

Amphora Circulation in the Lower Guadalquivir Valley in the Mid Imperial Period: the Lusitana 3 Type ................. 285Enrique García Vargas

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Strait of Gibraltar: Interprovincial Food Supply .......................................................... 299Darío Bernal-Casasola

Lusitanian Amphorae in Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain): Distribution and Research Questions ......................... 311Alejandro Quevedo and Sónia Bombico

................................ 323Felipe Cerezo Andreo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Tarraco (3rd-5th Century AD) ........................................................................................... 333Josep-Anton Remolà Vallverdú

Early Imperial Lusitanian Amphorae from the Eastern Iberian Coast ...................................................................... 343Ramón Járrega Domínguez and Horacio González Cesteros

3 – Lusitanian Amphorae Beyond Hispania

Lusitanian Amphorae from the Dump Layer above the Arles-Rhône 3 Shipwreck ................................................... 357David Djaoui and José Carlos Quaresma

Lusitanian Amphorae in Germania Superior, Germania Inferior and Gallia Belgica. Scarcity, Identification Problems, Contexts and Interpretations ................................................................................................................................. 369Patrick Monsieur

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Lusitanian Amphorae found on the Punta Sardegna A Shipwreck (Palau, Sardinia). A Preliminary Report on Typologies and Fabrics ........................................................................................................................................... 381Alessandro Porqueddu, Claudia Giarrusso and Pier Giorgio Spanu

Lusitanian Amphorae at Ostia and in the Vesuvian Region ..................................................................................... 389Archer Martin

Lusitanian Amphorae in Naples between the 3rd and the 5th Century AD ............................................................. 399Luana Toniolo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Rome ............................................................................................................................... 409Giorgio Rizzo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Adriatic Italy: Commercial Routes and Distribution .......................................................... 419Rita Auriemma and Stefania Pesavento Mattioli (with an Appendix by Manuela Mongardi)

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Northern Adriatic Region: the Western Part of the Decima Regio ............................... 429Silvia Cipriano and Stefania Mazzocchin

Lusitanian Amphorae in Northern Adriatic Italy: the Eastern Part of Decima Regio ................................................ 437Dario Gaddi and Valentina Degrassi

Lusitanian Amphorae on Western Mediterranean Shipwrecks: Fragments of Economic History ............................. 445Sónia Bombico

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Roman Amphora Production in the Lower Sado Region

Françoise Mayet* and Carlos Tavares da Silva*** Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques

[email protected]

** Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia do Distrito de Setúbal UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Letras. Universidade de Lisboa

[email protected]

The archaeological fieldwork carried out in the lower Sado region allows us to identify three phases in Lusitanian amphora production:

i. Initial phase. From the mid/third quarter of the 1st century BC up to the Tiberian period (types inspired by Italian/Baetican models);

ii. Early large-scale production phase. From the Tiberian-Claudian period to the end of the 2nd century AD (Dressel 14);iii. Late large-scale production phase. From the early 3rd century to the 5th century AD (broad morphological diversity: Almagro

50, Almagro 51c, Sado 1, Sado 2, Almagro 51a-b and Sado 3 types).

KEYWORDS: AMPHORA KILNS; LOWER SADO BASIN; LUSITANIAN AMPHORAE; PORTUGAL; ROMAN AMPHORAE; SALT-FISH PRODUCTION; SETÚBAL.

F. Mayet and C. Tavares da Silva

Introduction

From 1988 to 1998, the authors directed an archaeological research program in the lower Sado basin, The Sado Project, under the partnership of the Mission Archéologique Française au Portugal and the Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia do Distrito of Setúbal (MAEDS). This research began with a field survey of the right bank of the Sado River, between the amphora kiln of Barrosinha (Alcácer do Sal) and the city of Setúbal (Mayet, Schmitt and Tavares da Silva 1996). The program developed with archaeological excavations in the fish-processing establishment of Tróia (Étienne, Makaroun and Mayet 1994), and also in the Roman amphora kilns of Abul and Pinheiro (Mayet and Tavares da Silva 1998; Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002; Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2005; Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2009). These kiln sites revealed the evolution of regional amphorae, produced between the mid 1st century AD and the mid 5th century AD.

This paper intends to present the main results of that research project as far as amphora production is concerned, supplemented by information obtained in the excavation of Largo da Misericórdia, Setúbal (Tavares da Silva 1996) and by the study of two other sets of amphorae that have not been published yet, comprising early Lusitanian amphorae from Pedrão (a consumption site of the mid/third quarter of the 1st century BC) and from Rua António Joaquim Granjo (Setúbal), dated to the Augustan period (Figure 1).

Amphora Kilns

Largo da Misericórdia (Setúbal)

In 1988, one of the authors (C.T.S.) directed an archaeological excavation in Largo da Misericórdia,

in the historic centre of Setúbal, which revealed the existence of the combustion chambers of two kilns, part of a larger amphora kiln establishment from the Tiberian-Claudian period, built on a sandy substrate of an ancient beach without any previous occupation. Connected to the external surface of the combustion chambers, there was another sandy layer rich in Italian Sigillata (Consp. 4, 20, 21 and 22). The most recent vessels are from the Tiberian-Claudian period, representing the terminus post quem for the kilns’ construction. Besides, the layer with the remains of the kilns’ collapse seems to have been formed in the Claudian period. This layer contained several fragments of Italian Sigillata (Goudineau types 27, 32 and 40 with the stamp XANTHVS in planta pedis (OCK 2535 or 2536)) and rare South Gaulish Sigillata (undetermined types). So, most of the kilns of Largo da Misericórdia were probably used during the Tiberian-Claudian period.

As we indicated previously, on the Largo da Misericórdia site, only the lower sections of the combustion chambers of two round kilns were preserved, with a 3m interior diameter, and tiled floors. They were connected with two construction phases; the earliest was covered with a layer of ashes, charcoal and burned adobe, containing several amphora fragments of Dressel 14, Variant A. On top of this layer, the second floor was also built with tiles. The pillars of the suspensurae surrounded a 2m-wide central channel, and perpendicular channels to the central one, at the same level.

Both kilns from Largo da Misericórdia belong to subtype a of the round kilns of the P. Duhamel (1974) classification; this subtype is the most ancient in Gaul, from the beginning of the 1st century until the middle of the same century.

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Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

Figure 1. Archaeological sites in the Sado estuary referred to in this paper.

Figure 2. Abul A. Plan of the kilns.

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F. Mayet and C. Tavares da Silva: Roman Amphora Production in the Lower Sado Region

Abul A (Alcácer do Sal)

The Roman amphora kilns of Abul A were located on the right bank of the Sado palaeo-estuary, occupying a small peninsula that dominates the mouth of the river, providing very good conditions for harbour activity.

The eight campaigns of archaeological excavations, between 1990 and 1997, led to the discovery of a Phoenician establishment from the 7th to the 6th centuries BC and remains of an amphora production centre that operated from the Claudian period to the mid 3rd century AD (Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002; Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2005).

The Roman structures occupied an area of about 2000m2, organized around an open-air courtyard that was used to dry the clay vessels. The northern side of this site, corresponding to the ditch of the Phoenician wall, was reused by the Romans to build a battery of five kilns in the 1st century AD (Figures 2 and 3). The eastern side of the courtyard is delimited by a wall; the western limit was the river shore. A large warehouse that was used to keep the amphorae until they were transported by boat to the Roman fish-processing establishments like Caetobriga (Setúbal and Tróia), Comenda and Creiro, was located close to the southern river shore, where a natural harbour probably existed.

The Abul kilns had a circular plan of about 3m in diameter, facing the estuary to the south. Four of them preserve their raised oven floor supported by arched pillars (suspensurae). The façades of the kilns (Figure 3) were well built and reinforced by buttresses. There were entrances to the praefurnia.

From the middle of the 1st century AD to the late 2nd century AD the amphora kilns of Abul A produced only

one type of amphora: Dressel 14. In the first half of the 3rd century AD, other types were produced: late Dressel 14, Almagro 50, Sado 1 and Almagro 51c (Variants A and B).

Pinheiro (Alcácer do Sal)

The archaeological site of Pinheiro was partially destroyed by the construction of irrigation channels since the 1950s. We found little information about the internal organization of the Roman amphora kiln establishment that existed from the reign of Claudius to the mid 5th century AD (Mayet and Tavares da Silva 1998; Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2009). Nevertheless, besides registering seven kilns, a building from the early imperial period was also discovered, to which the function of ‘communal kitchen’ was attributed. It has a rectangular plan of 6.5m by 6m. In the interior of this room, a bread-baking oven was recognized, as well as a fireplace and a row of amphorae (Dressel 14) fixed in the floor, probably used to contain foodstuffs, which seems to make sense with the hypothesis of a communal kitchen.

At Pinheiro, we identified three main architectural types of kilns: 1) with a circular plan, which produced amphorae and domestic pottery; 2) a small square kiln specialized in the production of amphora opercula used as stoppers; 3) a large rectangular kiln used to make bricks and tiles.

Our first type, the most common in Pinheiro, corresponds to type Ib of Duhamel (1974), in which the combustion chamber contains a main channel and some perpendicular secondary channels, with the floor at a higher level. At Pinheiro, this architectural model of kiln underwent the following evolution:

i) During the early imperial period (kilns 1 and 2), the kiln construction was careful, and the kilns were double, having a common front wall in stone with strong buttresses beside the entrance of each praefurnium (Figure 4). The

Figure 3. Abul A. Front elevation of the kilns.

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praefurnia are relatively short (the length is about 1.75m, a value that corresponds to half the diameter of the combustion chamber).

ii) During the late imperial period (kilns 3, 4, 5 and 6), when the construction was of poorer quality, the kilns appeared isolated instead of in pairs. The front made of stone did not exist. The praefurnium was longer; its length was the same or even more than the diameter of the combustion chamber, which became progressively smaller (from a diameter of 2.3m to 2.4m in the 4th century to 1.6m in the 5th century AD).

The small square kiln specialized in the production of lids (opercula) was dated to the Flavian-Trajanic period. Its combustion chamber was almost square (0.87 x 0.9m), with a firing tunnel (0.5m long) open to the north (Figure 4). The walls were made of bricks, and two perforated tegulae covered the combustion chamber.

The rectangular kiln type of Pinheiro was used from the middle of the 1st century AD to the end of the 2nd century AD, to produce tiles and bricks. So it was not connected with amphora production. The remains of the praefurnium and part of the combustion chamber was still extant (minimum size: 3.6 x 3.16m). The walls were made of stone and the floor paved with tiles. The praefurnium had an oval shape (1.5 x 1.06m). In the interior of the combustion chamber there was a central channel coming out of the praefurnium. At the same level, side channels were separated by pillars of bricks that supported the suspensurae.

Amphora Production

In our current knowledge, Roman amphora production in the lower Sado region can be divided into three main phases:

Figure 4. Pinheiro. Plan of kilns 1, 2 and 7.

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i. Initial phase. From the mid/third quarter of the 1st century BC up to the Tiberian period (types inspired by Italian/Baetican models);

ii. Early large-scale production phase. From the Tiberian-Claudian period to the end of the 2nd century AD (Dressel 14);

iii. Late large-scale production phase. From early 3rd century AD to the 5th century AD (broad morphological diversity: Almagro 50, Almagro 51c, Sado 1, Sado 2, Almagro 51a-b and Sado 3).

Initial phase

The earliest Roman amphorae from the lower Sado region were integrated in the group of the earliest Lusitanian amphorae (Morais and Fabião 2007; Morais 2010) and date to the late Roman republican period, more precisely from the mid/third quarter of the 1st century BC onwards. They were recovered in archaeological excavations at the settlement of Pedrão (Soares and Tavares da Silva 1973), a fortified consumption site, located on the eastern cliff of

Figure 5. Chronological framework of the amphora types manufactured in the Sado estuary.

Figure 6. Lusitanian amphorae from the late republican period found on the fortified site of Pedrão (Setúbal).

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Serra de São Luís, close to the city of Setúbal, but there is no production evidence for them.

The Lusitanian amphorae found in Pedrão (Figure 6) have the same fabric characteristics of the Roman Sado products of the imperial period (Mayet, Schmitt and Tavares da Silva 1996). There were fragments of rims, imitations of Baetican ovoid amphorae, in particular Ovóide 1 of the Guadalquivir Valley (Garcia Vargas, Almeida and González Cesteros 2012). These amphorae were associated with other archaeological finds from the

late Roman republican period, chronologically centred on the mid/third quarter of the 1st century BC: Lamboglia 1, 2, 3, 5 and 5/7 of the circle of Campana B; Maña C2b amphorae, Italian Dressel 1 and Baetican Ovóide 1 from the Guadalquivir Valley.

In 2012-2013, during the archaeological excavations promoted by the MAEDS in the historic centre of Setúbal (Rua António Joaquim Granjo, no. 19), a new amphora kiln attributed to our initial phase has been identified, through a kiln waste deposit. This was dated to the Augustan

Figure 7. Lusitanian amphorae from the Augustan period manufactured in the kiln of Rua António Joaquim Granjo, Setúbal.

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period by Italian Sigillata (Consp. 18, Variant 5). All the fragments of amphorae (sometimes deformed and burnt) have clay characteristics of the lower Sado (Mayet, Schmitt and Tavares da Silva 1996), and the ovoid amphorae were probably inspired by Baetican models (Figures 7 and 8).

The amphorae produced in Setúbal at Rua António Joaquim Granjo have an everted collar rim that is 33mm/42mm high and sometimes has a concave outer face. Their ovoid bodies, short concave necks, short handles with a longitudinal groove on the outer face, and short conical hollow spikes are similar to those of Ovóide 4 from the Guadalquivir Valley (Garcia Vargas, Almeida and González Cesteros 2012: fig. 17).

The last moment of the initial phase of amphora production on the lower Sado, dated to the Augustan-Tiberian period,

is represented at the sites of Abul and Alcácer do Sal. At the former, early Lusitanian amphorae were found in a household garbage deposit (Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002). The early Lusitanian amphorae from Alcácer do Sal, a typical consumption site, did not have defined contexts, but presented lower Sado fabrics (Pimenta et al. 2006).

Early large-scale production phase

The beginning of large-scale production of amphorae in the Sado estuary follows the development of regional salt-fish processing, namely in the industrial complex of Tróia.

Recent archaeological excavations at Tróia (Pinto, Magalhães and Brum 2011) showed that the large fish-processing factory that included the usines I and II (Étienne,

Figure 8. Lusitanian amphorae from the Augustan period manufactured in the kiln of Rua António Joaquim Granjo, Setúbal.

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Makaroun and Mayet 1994) was built in the Tiberian period. The beginning of the production of Dressel 14 amphorae (the sole amphora type of the lower Sado kilns until the end of the 2nd century AD) occurred also in the

Tiberian period, as was observed in the amphorae kiln of Largo da Misericórdia in the city of Setúbal (Tavares da Silva 1996).

Figure 9. Dressel 14, variant A. Abul A.

Figure 10. Dressel 14, variant B. Abul A.

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Dressel 14 amphorae are about 100-110cm high and have a sub-cylindrical body, large neck, conical hollow spike, and handles with a longitudinal groove.

The archaeological excavations that we carried out in the lower Sado kilns allowed the identification of three variants of Dressel 14 amphorae.

Variant A (Figure 9) first appears in the Tiberian period and develops during the reign of Claudius. It has a collar rim. This type is exclusive to the kiln production of Largo da Misericórdia (Setúbal) and is well represented at Abul A.

Variant B (Figure 10) has an everted triangular rim. It is very common in the kilns of Abul A and Pinheiro, where

Figure 11. Dressel 14, variant C. Abul A (nos. 1 and 2) and Pinheiro (no. 3).

Figure 12. Late Dressel 14. Abul A.

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this amphora develops in the second half of the 1st century, from the Flavian period.

Variant C (Figure 11) has a rounded rim. It is characteristic of the 2nd century and is common in Abul A and Pinheiro.

Beside the types referred to, we should still take into consideration the late Dressel 14 (Figure 12), produced at Abul A and Pinheiro, during the transition from the 2nd to the 3rd century and in the first third of the 3rd century. With the general characteristics of the classic type, this variant presents a smaller size with shorter handles. The hollow spike is conical and shorter. The rim can be very diversified.

Late large-scale production phase

At the beginning of the 3rd century AD, important changes occur in amphora production following the transformations observed in the fish-processing factories. From the 3th to the 5th century AD, the Sado kilns produced a great morphological diversity of amphorae: Almagro 51c, Almagro 50, Sado 1, Sado 2, Almagro 51 a-b and Sado 3.

In the transition to the 3rd century AD, together with the late Dressel 14, the kilns of Abul A and Pinheiro produced Almagro 51c, Variant A (Figure 13), with a piriform body,

Figure 13. Almagro 51c, variant A. Pinheiro.

Figure 14. Almagro 51c, variant B. Abul A (nos. 1 and 3) and Pinheiro (no. 2).

Figure 15. Almagro 51c, variant C. Pinheiro.

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vertical collar rim; ring base. This type evolved into Almagro 51c, Variant B (Figure 14), which had a major distribution during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. This container has a piriform body, a triangular or rounded rim, and a cylindrical, hollow spike.

The Almagro 51c type has a third variant, Variant C (Figure 15), which appears in the Pinheiro kiln from the second half of the 4th century to the 5th century AD. Variant C has a fusiform body and a triangular rim. The handles spring from the rim. The spike is conical.

Almagro 50 (Figure 16) was a minor production at Abul A and Pinheiro, but it occurs from the second quarter of the 3rd century AD until the early 5th century.

Sado 1, in its Variant A (Figure 17, nos. 1 and 2), is present in reduced percentages in Abul A and Pinheiro. It has sometimes been confused with Almagro 50, with which it shares the same general morphology and chronology, but they have different rim and spike designs. It was produced from the second quarter of the 3rd century until the mid 4th century.

Figure 16. Almagro 50. Abul A.

Figure 17. Sado 1, variants A (no. 2) and B (no. 3). Abul A (nos. 2 and 4) and Pinheiro (no. 3).

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Variant B (Figure 17, no. 3) of Sado 1 (= Keay LXXVIII) was produced at Pinheiro from the mid 4th century until the first half of the 5th century. It differs from Variant A in its almond rim.

Sado 2 (Figure 18, nos. 1-3) has a general barrel shape and an everted rim. The base is normally concave. It was produced from the late 4th century AD until the 5th century.

Almagro 51a-b (Figure 19) has a fusiform body and a high rim, sometimes moulded. The handles spring from the base of the rim and have an oval section. The conical spike is long and massive. The chronology of this type is from the late 4th to the 5th century AD.

Sado 3 (Figure 18, no. 4) was manufactured in the Pinheiro kilns during the first half of the 5th century (Figure 5). This type corresponds to the final stage of the evolution of Almagro 51c.

Conclusion

The archaeological fieldwork carried out in the lower Sado region allows us to identify three phases in the Lusitanian amphora production:

i. Initial phase - the earliest production of Lusitanian amphorae in Lower Sado probably started in the Roman republican period. In fact, in the settlement of Pedrão, dated to the mid 1st century BC, were found amphorae manufactured in lower Sado fabrics following Italic and/or Baetican models. Nevertheless, the earliest context of production, the kiln of Rua António Joaquim Granjo, 19, at Setúbal, is from the Augustan period and supplied ovoid amphorae inspired by models from Baetica Ulterior. The production of the earliest Lusitanian amphorae was also revealed by the domestic dump layer of the Augustan-Tiberian period from Abul (Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002).

Figure 18. Sado 2 (nos. 1-3) and Sado 3 (no. 4). Pinheiro.

Figure 19. Almagro 51a-b. Pinheiro.

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ii. Early large-scale production phase - from the Tiberian-Claudian period to the end of the 2nd century AD only one type of amphora was produced on a large scale - Dressel 14 - with three variants of chronological value: Variant A developed between the second quarter of the 1st century AD and the Flavian period; Variant B during the Flavian period; Variant C during the 2nd century AD.

iii. Late large-scale production phase - From the 3rd to the 5th century AD a large typological diversity of amphorae occurred in the Sado kilns, probably related to an increasing variety of fish sauces and other salted-fish products: Almagro 51c (Variants B and C); Almagro 50; Sado 1; Sado 2, Almagro 51a-b and Sado 3.

Bibliographical references

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