Luther Starts the Luther Starts the ReformationReformation

Chapter 17 section 3Chapter 17 section 3Pg 428Pg 428

Let’s remember….Let’s remember…. What does What does reformreform mean? mean? To change something that is wrong, corrupt, To change something that is wrong, corrupt,

unsatisfactoryunsatisfactory Why were people losing faith in the church?Why were people losing faith in the church? Black plague, suffering, etcBlack plague, suffering, etc What was the attitude of people during the What was the attitude of people during the

Renaissance period?Renaissance period? Enjoy lifeEnjoy life Why did the invention of the printing press lead Why did the invention of the printing press lead

people to criticize the church and clergy?people to criticize the church and clergy? They could interpret the bible for themselvesThey could interpret the bible for themselves

Although the Church in Rome Although the Church in Rome dominated religious life in Europe, it dominated religious life in Europe, it had not yet won universal approvalhad not yet won universal approval

Members of clergy and rulers Members of clergy and rulers criticized Church practicescriticized Church practices

Even though church leaders made Even though church leaders made important reforms during the Middle important reforms during the Middle Ages, problems still lingeredAges, problems still lingered

Causes of the ReformationCauses of the Reformation

1.The Renaissance emphasis on the 1.The Renaissance emphasis on the individual challenged church individual challenged church authority- and printing press helped authority- and printing press helped spread that ideaspread that idea

2. Rulers resented the pope’s attempt 2. Rulers resented the pope’s attempt to control themto control them

3. Northern merchants resented 3. Northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Romepaying church taxes to Rome

A new movement for religious reform A new movement for religious reform began in Germany and spread to began in Germany and spread to much of Europemuch of Europe

Problems in the Catholic ChurchProblems in the Catholic Church

Critics said the leaders were corrupt and Critics said the leaders were corrupt and that pope’s were spending extravagantly that pope’s were spending extravagantly on personal pleasureon personal pleasure

Pope Alexander VI publicly admitted to Pope Alexander VI publicly admitted to having several childrenhaving several children

Many priests and clergy were so poorly Many priests and clergy were so poorly educated they could hardly read scripture educated they could hardly read scripture and prayerand prayer

Others broke vows by marrying, gambling Others broke vows by marrying, gambling or drinking excessivelyor drinking excessively

Expect MoreExpect More

People had come to expect higher People had come to expect higher standards of conduct from church standards of conduct from church leaders and priestsleaders and priests

People like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus People like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus had advocated for church reform in had advocated for church reform in the 1400s and Christian humanists the 1400s and Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More added to the voices of criticismMore added to the voices of criticism

Many people were reading religious Many people were reading religious works for themselves and developing works for themselves and developing their own opinions about the churchtheir own opinions about the church

Luther Challenges the ChurchLuther Challenges the Church Martin Luther was the son of a minorMartin Luther was the son of a minor Became a monk in 1505 after almost Became a monk in 1505 after almost

being struck by lighteningbeing struck by lightening Taught scripture at University of Taught scripture at University of

SaxonySaxony Goal was to be a good Christian- he Goal was to be a good Christian- he

didn’t intend to start a serious didn’t intend to start a serious revolutionrevolution

1517 Luther decided to take a stand 1517 Luther decided to take a stand against the actions of friar Johann Tetzelagainst the actions of friar Johann Tetzel

Tetzel was raising money to build St. Tetzel was raising money to build St. Peter’s Cathedral in RomePeter’s Cathedral in Rome

He was selling indulgences- a pardon He was selling indulgences- a pardon releasing sinners from performing releasing sinners from performing (penalty) prayers that priests impose for (penalty) prayers that priests impose for sinssins

Basically, gave the impression that buying Basically, gave the impression that buying indulgences could get you to heavenindulgences could get you to heaven

95 Theses95 Theses Luther was troubled, and wrote 95 Luther was troubled, and wrote 95

Theses, or formal statements, Theses, or formal statements, attacking the “pardon sellers” and attacking the “pardon sellers” and posted them on the door of the posted them on the door of the church castle in Wittenbergchurch castle in Wittenberg

He invited other scholars to debate He invited other scholars to debate himhim

Someone copied Luther’s words and Someone copied Luther’s words and took them to a printertook them to a printer

Quickly, Martin’s arguments and Quickly, Martin’s arguments and name became known all over name became known all over GermanyGermany

His actions began the Reformation- a His actions began the Reformation- a movement for religious reformmovement for religious reform

It led to the founding of Christian It led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the churches that did not accept the pope’s authority pope’s authority

Protestant churches (stemming from word protest) were just the beginning of many different Christian religions that would branch off, including Lutheran and Presbyterian to name a few

Luther Calls for ReformLuther Calls for Reform

Luther went beyond criticizing indulgences- Luther went beyond criticizing indulgences- wanted full reform of the Churchwanted full reform of the Church

His teachings were based on 3 things:His teachings were based on 3 things:1. People could win salvation only by the faith 1. People could win salvation only by the faith

of God (church said “good works” were of God (church said “good works” were needed for salvation)needed for salvation)

2. Church teachings should be based on words 2. Church teachings should be based on words of the Bible- not pope and Church traditionsof the Bible- not pope and Church traditions

3. All people with faith were equal and didn’t 3. All people with faith were equal and didn’t need priests to interpret the bible for themneed priests to interpret the bible for them

Response to LutherResponse to Luther

Luther surprised how fast his ideas Luther surprised how fast his ideas spread and attracted followersspread and attracted followers

Many had been unhappy with the Many had been unhappy with the Church for political and economic Church for political and economic reasonsreasons

Some saw Luther’s protests as an Some saw Luther’s protests as an excuse to get rid of Church controlexcuse to get rid of Church control

Pope’s ThreatPope’s Threat At first, the Church saw Luther as a At first, the Church saw Luther as a

rebellious monkrebellious monk Soon the pope realized he was a threatSoon the pope realized he was a threat Luther even suggested Christians drive the Luther even suggested Christians drive the

pope out by forcepope out by force 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree

threatening to excommunicate Luther if he threatening to excommunicate Luther if he didn’t take back his statementsdidn’t take back his statements

Luther held a bonfire and students Luther held a bonfire and students cheered as he threw the pope’s decree cheered as he threw the pope’s decree into the flamesinto the flames

Leo excommunicated LutherLeo excommunicated Luther

Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor

Charles V (also the king of Charles V (also the king of Spain) also opposed Luther’s Spain) also opposed Luther’s teachingsteachings

As the Holy Roman Emperor As the Holy Roman Emperor he controlled lands including he controlled lands including GermanyGermany

Summoned Luther to town Summoned Luther to town of Worms to stand trial in of Worms to stand trial in 1521 and was told to recant 1521 and was told to recant statementsstatements Charles VCharles V

Luther refused and stated:Luther refused and stated:

“ “ I am bound by the Scriptures I have I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive quoted and my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, since it is not recant anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. here I stand, may God help me. Amen.”Amen.”

Luther Stands TrialLuther Stands Trial

Edict of WormsEdict of Worms A month after the trial, Charles issued the A month after the trial, Charles issued the

Edict of Worms, Edict of Worms, stating Luther an outlaw stating Luther an outlaw and heretic, and no one should feed or and heretic, and no one should feed or shelter him, and all his books were burnedshelter him, and all his books were burned

The ruler of the German state where The ruler of the German state where Luther lived, disobeyed the emperorLuther lived, disobeyed the emperor

For a year, Prince Fredrick the Wise of For a year, Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony secretly sheltered Luther in his Saxony secretly sheltered Luther in his castlecastle

While there, Luther translated the Bible While there, Luther translated the Bible into Germaninto German

The Edict of WormsThe Edict of Worms

Luther returned to Wittenberg in Luther returned to Wittenberg in 1522 and discovered many of his 1522 and discovered many of his ideas put into practiceideas put into practice

Priests dressed in ordinary clothes Priests dressed in ordinary clothes and called themselves ministersand called themselves ministers

Led services in German instead of Led services in German instead of LatinLatin

Ministers were able to wedMinisters were able to wed

The LutheransThe Lutherans

Instead of constantly seeking reforms Instead of constantly seeking reforms in the Catholic church, Luther and in the Catholic church, Luther and followers became a separate followers became a separate religious groupreligious group

Called themselves the LutheransCalled themselves the Lutherans

Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt German peasants excited by talk of German peasants excited by talk of

reform, demanded an end to serfdomreform, demanded an end to serfdom Bands of angry peasants went Bands of angry peasants went

through countryside raiding and through countryside raiding and burning monasteriesburning monasteries

This horrified Luther who wrote a This horrified Luther who wrote a letter urging German princes to letter urging German princes to put an end to the revoltput an end to the revolt

100,000 peasants were massacred 100,000 peasants were massacred Peasants felt betrayed by Luther Peasants felt betrayed by Luther

and rejected his leadershipand rejected his leadership

ProtestantsProtestants Many German princes supported Many German princes supported

Lutheranism, some for selfish reasons, like Lutheranism, some for selfish reasons, like to gain independence from Charles Vto gain independence from Charles V

But German princes who are loyal to the But German princes who are loyal to the pope signed an agreement to join forces pope signed an agreement to join forces against Luther’s ideasagainst Luther’s ideas

Princes who supported Luther signed a Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreementprotest against that agreement

Protesting princes became known as Protesting princes became known as ProtestantsProtestants

This eventually applies to Christians who This eventually applies to Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches belong to non-Catholic churches

Peace of AugsbergPeace of Augsberg

Charles V went to war against the Charles V went to war against the Protestants and beat themProtestants and beat them

But he couldn’t force them back into But he couldn’t force them back into Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Charles and German princes met in Charles and German princes met in Augsberg and agreed that religion of each Augsberg and agreed that religion of each German state could be determined by its German state could be determined by its own rulerown ruler

This agreement was known as the Peace This agreement was known as the Peace of Augsbergof Augsberg

I got 95 Thesis But…I got 95 Thesis But…http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=dt5AJr0wls0 v=dt5AJr0wls0

http://www.youtube.com/user/http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/38/rZ3AFZXXX-k historyteachers#p/u/38/rZ3AFZXXX-k Martin LutherMartin Luther

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Became king of EnglandBecame king of England He was a devout Catholic, but He was a devout Catholic, but

political needs tested his religious political needs tested his religious loyaltyloyalty

Henry needed a male heir, his father Henry needed a male heir, his father had become king after a civil war and had become king after a civil war and he feared a similar war would happen he feared a similar war would happen if he didn’t have a sonif he didn’t have a son

He and wife Catherine of Aragon had a He and wife Catherine of Aragon had a daughter, Mary- but no woman had ever daughter, Mary- but no woman had ever claimed the English throneclaimed the English throne

Henry’s convinced his wife, 42, is to old to Henry’s convinced his wife, 42, is to old to have more childrenhave more children

He wanted to divorce her and find a He wanted to divorce her and find a younger wife, but the church law did not younger wife, but the church law did not allow divorceallow divorce

But, the pope could annul the marriage if But, the pope could annul the marriage if there was proof the marriage wasn’t legal there was proof the marriage wasn’t legal in the first placein the first place

The pope denied Henry’s annulment The pope denied Henry’s annulment request because he didn’t want to request because he didn’t want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew- offend Catherine’s powerful nephew- Charles V, the Holy Roman EmperorCharles V, the Holy Roman Emperor

Henry’s SolutionHenry’s Solution

Henry decides to solve the problem Henry decides to solve the problem himselfhimself

He called Parliament into session and He called Parliament into session and asked it to pass a set of laws ending asked it to pass a set of laws ending the pope’s power in Englandthe pope’s power in England

This is known as Parliament This is known as Parliament ReformationReformation

Huh?Huh?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdE7LyxdTAghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdE7LyxdTAg

In 1533, Henry secretly marries Anne In 1533, Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn, who was just in her 20sBoleyn, who was just in her 20s

Parliament legalized his divorce in Parliament legalized his divorce in 15341534

Parliament passed Act of Supremacy, Parliament passed Act of Supremacy, making the English king the head of making the English king the head of the church, not the popethe church, not the pope

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

Soon Henry closed all monasteries, Soon Henry closed all monasteries, and seized their landand seized their land

This was about 20% of land in This was about 20% of land in England, so it increased royal power England, so it increased royal power and treasuryand treasury

Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn

Henry doesn’t get a son right awayHenry doesn’t get a son right away Anne Boleyn has a girl, name her Anne Boleyn has a girl, name her

ElizabethElizabeth Henry accuses Anne of cheating on Henry accuses Anne of cheating on

him (with her own brother!) and him (with her own brother!) and ordered her to be imprisoned in the ordered her to be imprisoned in the tower of Londontower of London

2 weeks later she was beheaded2 weeks later she was beheaded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2hg27CVmoY&feature=autoplayv=t2hg27CVmoY&feature=autoplay&list=PL29BE9742B998319D&lf=res&list=PL29BE9742B998319D&lf=results_main&playnext=2 execution ults_main&playnext=2 execution

Jane Seymour Jane Seymour Within 24 hours of Anne Boleyn’s Within 24 hours of Anne Boleyn’s

execution, Henry married Jane execution, Henry married Jane SeymourSeymour

In 1537, Jane gave Henry a son- In 1537, Jane gave Henry a son- prince Edwardprince Edward

Jane died 2 weeks after the birth due Jane died 2 weeks after the birth due to complications during child birthto complications during child birth

Anne of Cleves Anne of Cleves Henry was impressed with the portrait of Henry was impressed with the portrait of

Anne of Cleves by Hans HolbeinAnne of Cleves by Hans Holbein Henry had a contract drawn up, and Henry had a contract drawn up, and

married his 4married his 4thth wife wife He was disappointed with her appearance, He was disappointed with her appearance,

and was now attracted to another young and was now attracted to another young ladylady

She was lucky- Henry simply divorced her She was lucky- Henry simply divorced her after 7 monthsafter 7 months

Kathryn Howard Kathryn Howard 16 days later, he married Kathryn Howard, 16 days later, he married Kathryn Howard,

Anne Boleyn’s cousinAnne Boleyn’s cousin Henry was 49, and she was 19Henry was 49, and she was 19 Henry had gained a lot of weight and was Henry had gained a lot of weight and was

in a lot of pain, while she was a free spiritin a lot of pain, while she was a free spirit Less than a year into the marriage, rumors Less than a year into the marriage, rumors

of her infidelity beganof her infidelity began She was beheaded and laid to rest near She was beheaded and laid to rest near

her cousin, Anne Boleynher cousin, Anne Boleyn

Katherine ParrKatherine Parr

Wife number 6 (and the last one), Wife number 6 (and the last one), Katherine Parr married Henry when she Katherine Parr married Henry when she was 31was 31

Their marriage lasted for over 3 years and Their marriage lasted for over 3 years and ended when Henry died in 1547ended when Henry died in 1547

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=-=-fadCAHjN-sfadCAHjN-s

After Henry’s death, all 3 children After Henry’s death, all 3 children eventually rule creating religious eventually rule creating religious turmoilturmoil

Edward became king at age 9 and Edward became king at age 9 and ruled just 6 years until he died at age ruled just 6 years until he died at age 15 from tuberculosis 15 from tuberculosis

Edward’s oldest half-sister Mary ruled Edward’s oldest half-sister Mary ruled nextnext

Queen MaryQueen Mary Mary, who was raised in France and a Mary, who was raised in France and a

devout catholic restored the catholic devout catholic restored the catholic church and rule of the popechurch and rule of the pope

She had many Protestants killed, earning She had many Protestants killed, earning her the name “Bloody Mary”her the name “Bloody Mary”

She married Philip II of Spain, however She married Philip II of Spain, however Philip married her for political purposes, Philip married her for political purposes, not lovenot love

Sadly, Mary loved Phillip very much, but Sadly, Mary loved Phillip very much, but never had a childnever had a child

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAZfX_eFJnE v=sAZfX_eFJnE

Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I After Mary died, half After Mary died, half

sister Elizabeth takes the sister Elizabeth takes the thronethrone

She is known as the She is known as the “virgin queen” because “virgin queen” because she never marriedshe never married

She returns the kingdom She returns the kingdom to Protestantismto Protestantism

She sets up a national She sets up a national church like her fatherchurch like her father

People were required to People were required to attend or pay a fineattend or pay a fine

Parliament declared Elizabeth head Parliament declared Elizabeth head of the Church of England, or Anglican of the Church of England, or Anglican ChurchChurch

Elizabeth tried to create a church Elizabeth tried to create a church that moderate Catholics and that moderate Catholics and protestants could enjoyprotestants could enjoy

Priests could marry, but wore the Priests could marry, but wore the robes and crucifixes that catholic robes and crucifixes that catholic priests worepriests wore

Family FeudFamily Feud

As Elizabeth restored religious peace As Elizabeth restored religious peace in England, she faces a threat of in England, she faces a threat of invasion from Philip II, King of invasion from Philip II, King of Spain….her brother-in-law!Spain….her brother-in-law!

Philip planned to attack England for Philip planned to attack England for several reasons, one being Elizabeth several reasons, one being Elizabeth supported protestant subjects who supported protestant subjects who rebelled against himrebelled against him

The Spanish ArmadaThe Spanish Armada

In 1588, Philip gathered 130 ships, In 1588, Philip gathered 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 19,000 soldiers8,000 sailors and 19,000 soldiers

On July 29On July 29thth, his fleet reached the SW , his fleet reached the SW coast of Englandcoast of England

Elizabeth’s fleet along with the Elizabeth’s fleet along with the combination of bad weather defeated combination of bad weather defeated the Spanish completelythe Spanish completely

Elizabeth’s reign is successful she Elizabeth’s reign is successful she constantly needs moneyconstantly needs money

In the late 1500s she thinks of In the late 1500s she thinks of building an American empire as a building an American empire as a source of revenuesource of revenue

The queen’s constant need for The queen’s constant need for money would carry over to the next money would carry over to the next reign and lead to conflicts between reign and lead to conflicts between parliament and the monarchparliament and the monarch

http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/5ca068f5ff/i-am-king-henry-the-5ca068f5ff/i-am-king-henry-the-wives-of-henry-viii wives-of-henry-viii