REFORMATIREFORMATIONON

Reformation• A religious movement of the 1500’s that led to

Protestantism

• The movement began in 1517 when Martin

Luther, a German monk, protested against

certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church

• About 40 years later, Protestantism was

established in Europe

CAUSES of REFORMATION

oReligious causes

-Corrupt financial practices by the popes and higher

clergy

-The sacraments were often celebrated meaninglessly

oCultural causes

-The study of Hebrew and Greek enabled scholars to read

the Holy Scriptures in the languages in which the original

had been written

oPolitical causes

-The kings were increasing their power over their own people

and against the pope and the emperor

-When the Reformation began, some monarchs broke

completely away from the pope

oEconomic causes

-As the cities grew wealthy and independent, they threw off

the control of local lords and prince-bishops

DEVELOPMENT of the REFORMATION

• The Reformation began within the Catholic Church itself.The Reformation began within the Catholic Church itself.

• On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a monk and professor of theology, On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a monk and professor of theology,

posted his 95 theses on the door of Castle Church in Wittenburg, Germany.posted his 95 theses on the door of Castle Church in Wittenburg, Germany.

• These theses were a series of statements that attacked the sale of These theses were a series of statements that attacked the sale of

indulgences.indulgences.

• Luther later criticizes what he considered other abuses in the church.Luther later criticizes what he considered other abuses in the church.

• Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther and declared him Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther and declared him heretic.heretic.

• In May 1521, the emperor signed the Edict of Worms, a document that

declared Luther to be an outlaw.

• Protestant

-The one who protests

-The quarrel between Huldreich and Luther led to the first major

split of Protestantism

• John Calvin

-A French protestant, helped establish Protestantism in Geneva,

Switzerland

- Removed images and ornaments from churches

-His plan of church is called Presbyterian (a presbytery is a

council of ministries and laymen)

•Philipp Melanchthon

-A German humanist and scholar

-“Teacher of Germany”

-His survey became the basis of the Saxony Plan.

-Establishment of the secondary schools in every town

under the support and control of the state.

AIMS of EDUCATIONAIMS of EDUCATION• Religious MoralismReligious Moralism

-To live a worthy life on earth will guarantee a glorious here -To live a worthy life on earth will guarantee a glorious here

afterafter

• Protestant EthicProtestant Ethic

-Thrifty living and careful management of material things-Thrifty living and careful management of material things

• Literacy PromotionLiteracy Promotion

-Education must provide adequate training in the duties of the -Education must provide adequate training in the duties of the

home, occupation, church and state.home, occupation, church and state.

3 TYPES of PROTESTANT SCHOOL SYSTEM

• The Vernacular Primary School

• The Classical Secondary School

• The University

METHODS of INSTRUCTION

• Ciceronianism

• Memorization

• Excessive Formalism

• Religious Indoctrination

AGENCIES of EDUCATION and AGENCIES of EDUCATION and contents studiedcontents studied

• Home

• Civil Authorities

• The church

• 3 Types of Protestant School system

OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS to

EDUCATION• Saxony plan

-The development of the state school system.

• The Class-a-Year Plan

• The Vernacular Elementary School