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Skeleton 1

The Skeletal System

Skeleton comes from Greek for dried up body

The skeleton is the framework upon which our entire bodies

are built.

Our bones are light yet strong, and are perfectly suited

to provide protection and movement.


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Skeleton 2

The Skeletal System

The skeleton is divided into two divisions, the

axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton are the bones that form the longitudinal

axis of the body

The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of

the limbs and the girdles.


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Skeleton 3

The Functions of Bones

Our bones give us shape and form, and

contribute to homeostasis in several important

ways.

1.) Support: Bones are the girders of our body

They also serve to protect soft organs, and provide

attachment points for muscles


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Skeleton 4


2.) Protection : Bones protect soft tissues such

as the brain, spinal cord, and the organs in the

thoracic cavity.

3.) Movement : The skeletal muscles attach to the bones

with tendons.

The bones act as levers to move the body and its

parts.


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Skeleton 5


4.) Storage : The internal cavities of bones are

used to store fat.

The bones themselves are repositories for minerals suchas calcium and phosphorous. The turnover of these

minerals is controlled by hormones.

5.) Blood Cell Formation: Hematopoiesis occurs within

the marrow cavities of certain bones


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Skeleton 6

Classification Of Bones

Adult skeletons have 206 bones

Bones are made of two basic types of osseous tissue :

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone


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Skeleton 7

Bones of the Human Body

The adult skeleton has 206 bones

Two basic types of bone tissue

Compact bone Homogeneous

Spongy bone

Small needle-like

pieces of bone Many open spaces

Figure 5.2b


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Skeleton 8


Compact bone is smooth, dense and appearshomogeneous.

Spongy bone is made of needle-like pieces of bone with

plenty of open space

Bones can also be classified by shape as well


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Skeleton 9

Bones of the Human Body

The adult skeleton has 206 bones

Two basic types of bone tissue

Compact bone Homogeneous

Spongy bone

Small needle-like

pieces of bone Many open spaces

Figure 5.2b


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Skeleton 10

Classification of Bones on the

Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1


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Skeleton 12


Long Bones :

Are longer than they are wide,

Have a shaft, with enlarged heads at both ends,

And are made mostly of compact bone


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Skeleton 13

Structures of a Long Bone

Periosteum Outside covering of the

diaphysis

Fibrous connectivetissue membrane

Sharpeys fibers Secure periosteum to

underlying bone

Arteries Supply bone cells with

nutrients

Figure 5.2c


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Skeleton 14


All the bones of the limbs are long bones:

Arm:

Humerus, the upper bone of the arm, articulates

proximally at the shoulder, and distally at the elbow with

the proximal end of the ulna.

The Radiusis the lateral bone of the lower arm

The Ulnais the medial bone of the lower arm


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Skeleton 15

Classification Of BonesLeg:

Femur, largest, strongest bone of the body. Articulates

proximally with the acetabulum of the hip, and distally with the

tibia to form the knee joint.

Tibia, larger of the two bones of the lower leg,commonly called the shin bone; proximal end

atriculates with the distal end of the femur to form the

knee joint. The distal end articulates with the tarsals to

help form the ankle.Fibulais the smaller of the bones of the lower leg; the

proximal end does not help form the knee, but the distal

end does help form the ankle.


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Skeleton 16

Classification Of BonesShort Bones:

Are generally cube shaped, and contain mostly spongy

bone.

The patella, or kneecap, and the bones of thewrist(carpals) and bones of the ankle(tarsals) are

examples of short bones.

The patella is a sesamoid bone, which forms inside a tendon.


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Skeleton 17

Classification Of BonesFlat Bones:

Are thin, flat and usually curved.

Are composed as a sandwitch of spongy bone

between layers of compact bone.

Examples include most bones of the skull, the ribs, and

the sternum.


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Skeleton 18

Classification Of BonesIrregular Bones:

All bones that do not fit into any previous group are

irregular bones.

The vertebrae and the bones of the hip are examples.


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Skeleton 19

Structure of a Long BoneFigure 5.2 page 133

The structure of a long bone has specific regions with

specific names.

Diaphysis

Periosteum

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal

line

EpiphysealPlate

Articular

cartilage

Medullary

Cavity


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Skeleton 20

Gross Anatomy of a Long

Bone Diaphysis

Shaft

Composed of compact

bone Epiphysis

Ends of the bone

Composed mostly of

spongy bone

Covered by hyaline

cartilage(articular)

Figure 5.2a


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Skeleton 21

Structures of a Long Bone

Articular cartilage

Covers the external

surface of the

epiphyses

Made of hyaline

cartilage

Decreases friction atjoint surfaces

Figure 5.2a


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Skeleton 22


Bone Periosteum

Connective tissuemembrane that covers thediaphysis

Epiphyseal Line

--In the formed bones ofadults, a thin line of bonytissue that marks the spotwhere the diaphysis andepiphyses meet

Figure 5.2a


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Skeleton 23


Bone Medullary Cavity

The hollow space found in

the shaft of a long bone.

In adults it is filled with fat. In infants it is filled with red

marrow, used for blood

cell formation

In adults red marrow isfound in spongy bone of

flat bones, and epiphyses

of some long bones

Figure 5.2a


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Skeleton 24

Bone Markings and Landmarks

Bones are not smooth and featureless

Muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels

must attach to or pass through bones to reach body tissues.

There are two categories for bone markings:

Projections or processes which grow out from the bones.

Depressions or cavities which are indentations in the bone.


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Skeleton 25

Bone Markings and Landmarks

A device for remembering bone markings:

All terms beginning with T are projections.

All terms beginning with F (except for facet), aredepressions

See table 5.1 on page 134


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Skeleton 26

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

Microscopic examination of compact bonereveals complex structural elements

Mature bone cells are called osteocytes

Osteo = Bone

Osteocytes are found in tiny spaces within compact bone

known as lacunae (little lake)


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Skeleton 27


Lacunae are arranged in concentric circlecalled lamellae

The lamellae are arranged around central canals called

Haversian canals

Each unit consisting of a central canal and the matrix

rings is called an Osteon, or Haversian system


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Skeleton 28

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3


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Skeleton 29


Central Canals run length-wise in the bonecarrying nerves and blood vessels to all areas

of the bone

Tiny canals called canaliculi radiate outward from the

central canals to all lacunae

Perforating canals called Volkmanns canals run into

the bone at right angles to the shaft.


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Skeleton 30


Figure 5.3


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Skeleton 31


This elaborate network of blood vessels andcanals keep the bone cells very well supplied

with nutrients despite being very hard.

Bones usually heal quickly and well.

It is the inorganic salts that provide the hardness of the

bones, while the organic components provide the

flexibility.


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Skeleton 32

Bone Formation and Growth

The process of bone formation is calledossification.

Ossification involves 2 major phases

First: In utero The hyaline cartilage model is

completely covered by bone matrix, formed by

osteoblasts


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Skeleton 33


Canaliculi

Tiny canals

Radiate from the

central canal tolacunae

Form a transport

system

Detail of Figure 5.3


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Skeleton 34

Changes in the Human

Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily

hyaline cartilage

During development, much of this cartilage

is replaced by bone

Cartilage remains in isolated areas

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints


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Skeleton 35


For a short time, the fetus has cartilage bonesenclosed by bony bones

Second : The enclosed cartilage is digested away, thus

opening the medullary cavity within the new bone

At birth, or soon after, most of the cartilage model has

been converted into bone, except for 2 regions:


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Skeleton 36

Changes in the Human

Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily

hyaline cartilage

During development, much of this cartilage

is replaced by bone

Cartilage remains in isolated areas

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints


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Skeleton 37

Long Bone Formation and

Growth

Figure 5.4a


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Skeleton 38


Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal plates

Articular cartilage persists for life ( hopefully)

Epiphyseal plates allow for longitudinal bone growth


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Skeleton 39


Growth

Figure 5.4a


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Skeleton 40

Bone Growth

Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long

bone during childhood

New cartilage is continuously formed

Older cartilage becomes ossified

Cartilage is broken down

Bone replaces cartilage

L B F ti d


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Skeleton 41


Growth

Figure 5.4b


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Skeleton 42

Bone Growth

Bones are remodeled and lengthened until

growth stops

Bones change shape somewhat

Bones grow in width


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Skeleton 43

Bone Growth

Osteoblasts in the periosteum add new bone tissueto the external surface of the bone.

Appositional growth is the process by which a bone

widens

Long bone growth is under hormonal control;

growth hormone and sex hormones

Bones are dynamic structures, and are remodeled

constantly in response to:


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Skeleton 44

Bone Growth

Ca+

in the bloodStress due to gravity

Force applied by skeletal muscles

When Ca+levels drop the parathyroid gland

releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which

stimulates osteoclast activity.

This releases Ca+into the blood


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Skeleton 45

Bone Remodeling

If Ca+ levels in the blood are too high, a conditionknown as hypercalcemia, then Ca+ is deposited on

the bones.

Bone Remodeling

Bones maintain normal proportions during long

bone growth

Increased demands on the skeleton cause itchange in response


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Skeleton 46

Bone Remodeling

Activity helps build strong bones

Inactivity causes bones to lose mass due to Ca

loss, (atrophy)

PTH determines when and if bones are broken

down.

Physical stress determines where bone is built


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Skeleton 47

Fractures and Bone Repair

Activity helps build strong bones

Inactivity causes bones to lose mass due to Ca

loss, (atrophy)

PTH determines when and if bones are broken

down.

Physical stress determines where bone is built


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Skeleton 48

Bone Fractures

A break in a bone

Types of bone fractures

Closed (simple) fracturebreak that does not

penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracturebroken bone

penetrates through the skin

Bone fractures are treated by reductionand immobilization

Realignment of the bone


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Skeleton 49

Common Types of Fractures

Table 5.2


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Skeleton 50

Repair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed

Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a

callus

Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony

callus

Bony callus is remodeled to form a

permanent patch

St i th H li f


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Skeleton 51

Stages in the Healing of a

Bone Fracture

Figure 5.5


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Skeleton 53

Common Types of Fractures

Table 5.2


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Skeleton 54

Repair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed

Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a

callus

Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony

callus

Bony callus is remodeled to form a

permanent patch


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Skeleton 55

The Axial Skeleton

Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Divided into three parts

Skull

Vertebral column

Bony thorax


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Skeleton 56

The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6


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Skeleton 57

The Skull

Two sets of bones

Cranium

Facial bones

Bones are joined by sutures

Only the mandible is attached by a freely

movable joint


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Skeleton 58

The Skull

Figure 5.7


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Skeleton 59

Bones of the Skull

Figure 5.11


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Skeleton 60

Human Skull, Superior View

Figure 5.8


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Skeleton 61

Human Skull, Inferior View

Figure 5.9


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Skeleton 62

Bones of the skull

The cranium is composed of 8 bones, except for 2paired bones, they are all single bones.

Frontal Bone : the forehead, also forms the the

projections under the eyebrows and the superior

part of each eye orbit

Parietal Bones : paired bones that form the

superior and lateral walls of the skull

They meet at the sagittal suture and form the

coronal suture where they meet the frontal


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Skeleton 63

The Skull

Figure 5.7


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Skeleton 64

Bones of the skull

The temporal bones are inferior to the parietalbones, and join with them at the squamous suture

There are several important bone markings on the

temporal bone.

External auditory meatus: ear canal

Styloid process : allows for muscle attachment

Zygomatic process : the thin bridge of bone that joins

anteriorly with the zygomatic bone


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Skeleton 65

Bones of the skull

Mastoid process provides an attachment site forsome neck muscles. Also contains the mastoid

sinuses.

Jugular foramen : allows for the passage of the

jugular vein .

Carotid canal : anterior to the jugular foramen,

allows for passage of the carotid artery.


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Skeleton 66

Human Skull, Inferior View

Figure 5.9


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Skeleton 67

Bones of the skull

Occipital Bone forms the inferior posterior portionof the skull.

The occipital bone contains the magnum foramen,

which is the large opening that allows for passage

of the spinal cord from the base of the brain downthe vertebral column .

The occipital bone joins with the temporal and

parietal bones


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Skeleton 68

Bones of the skull

The occipital bone features the occipital condyles,which articulate with the first cervical vertebrae,

called the atlas.

The sphenoid bone is the wing shaped bone which

spans the skull, most of which is visible on theinterior of the skull .

B f th F


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Skeleton 69

Bones of the Face

14 bones compose the face

12 Bones are paired, and only the mandible and the

vomer are single bones.

Maxillae ( maxillary bones) fuse to form the upper

jaw. All of the facial bones join the maxillae, except

the mandible

B f th F


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Skeleton 70

Bones of the Face

The palatine processes form the anterior hardpalate

The maxillae also contain the para-nasal sinuses

Palatine Bonespaired bones that lie posterior tothe hard palate

Failure of these bones to fuse results in a cleft

palate


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Skeleton 71

Paranasal Sinuses

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the

nasal cavity

Figure 5.10

B f th F


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Skeleton 72

Bones of the Face

The Zygomatic bones : commonly called the

cheekbones, they also form a large portion of theeye sockets

Vomer : single plow-shaped bone that forms the

nasal septum

Inferior conchae : thin curved bones that project

from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

Mandible : Lower jaw, the largest strongest bone ofthe face

B f th F


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Skeleton 73

Bones of the Face

Hyoid Bone:

The only bone in the body that does not directly

articulate with another bone.

It is located in the mid neck, above the larynx, andis anchored to the styloid process by ligaments

Shaped like a horse shoe, it serves as a movable

base for the tongue and as a point of muscularattachment for muscles in the neck


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Skeleton 74

The Hyoid Bone

The only bone that

does not articulate

with another bone

Serves as amoveable base for

the tongue

Figure 5.12

F t l Sk ll


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Skeleton 75

Fetal Skull

The fetal skull is large when compared to the body

of the fetus.A newborns skull has regions that have yet to be

converted to bone.

These soft spots are called fontanels ( littlefountains)

The rhythm of the babys pulse can be felt in these

areas.

They are usually converted to bone 22 to 24 months

postpartum.


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Skeleton 76

The Fetal Skull

The fetal skull islarge compared to

the infants total body

length

Figure 5.13


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Skeleton 77

The Fetal Skull

Fontanellesfibrousmembranes

connecting the

cranial bonesAllow the brain

to grow

Convert to bonewithin 24 months

after birth

Figure 5.13

C


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Skeleton 78

Vertebral Column

Is formed by 26 irregular bones

Is a flexible, curved structure extending

from the skull to the pelvis

Protects the delicate spinal cord

Transmits the weight load of the body to

the lower limbs

Th V b l C l


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Skeleton 79

The Vertebral Column

Vertebrae separatedby intervertebral

discs

The spine has anormal curvature

Each vertebrae is

given a nameaccording to its

location

Figure 5.14

V t b l l


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Skeleton 80

Vertebral column

There are 33 separate vertebrae at birth

Nine of these fuse to for the composite

bones of the sacrum and the coccyx

From superior to inferior the bones are

designated by location and number

Cervical 7

Thoracic 12

Lumbar 5

V t b l l


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Skeleton 81

Vertebral column

The number of bones in each group canremembered by the time of day we

typically eat.

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

Individual vertebrae are separated by

flexible fibrocartilage intervertebral disks

V t b l l


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Skeleton 82

Vertebral column

The intervertebral disks absorb shock, andare highly compressible.

They are 90% water

As we age, the water content decreases

and the disks become less flexible

This helps explain why some elderly

people seem to shrink with age.

V t b l l


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Skeleton 83

Vertebral column

Herniated, or slipped disks can pressagainst the spinal cord or nerves that exit

the spinal cord..

This can result in extreme pain, and lossof function

Spinal Curvatures

The spine is curved to help absorb shock.


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Skeleton 84

V t b l l


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Skeleton 85

Vertebral column

The thoracic and sacral curves are calledprimary curves because they are present

at birth.

The secondary curves develop later.

The cervical develops when the baby

begins to raise its head, and the lumbar

when the child begins to walk.

St t f V t b


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Skeleton 86

Structure of Vertebrae

All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.

Some common features:

Body or centrum: the weight bearing part of the

vertebra, and it faces anteriorly. Vertebral arch: formed by the joining of all the

posterior extensions from the body of the

vertebrae.

Vertebral foramen: canal through which the

spinal cord passes.

St t f V t b


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Skeleton 87

Structure of Vertebrae

Transverese Process: Two lateral projectionsfrom the vertebral arch

Spinous Process : Single projection arising fromthe posterior aspect of the vertebral arch.

Superior and Inferior Articular Processes : pairedprojections that allow vertebra to form joints withadjacent vertebrae

Vertebral arch: formed by the joining of all theposterior extensions from the body of thevertebrae.

St t f C i l V t b


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Skeleton 88

Structure of Cervical Vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae ( C1 to C7 )form theneck region of the spine.

C1 and C2 are specialized, they perform

functions not shared by other vcervicalvertebrae

The Atlas ( C1)

Has no body

Regional Characteristics of


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Skeleton 89

g

Vertebrae

Figure 5.17ab

St t f C i l V t b


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Skeleton 90


Transverse processes have depressionsthat receive the occipital condyles.

The Axis ( C2 ) Acts as a pivot for the atlas

and the skull

C3 through C7 are the smallest and

lightest vertebrae

Their spinous processes are short anddivide into two branches.



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Skeleton 91

g

Vertebrae

Figure 5.17ab



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Skeleton 92


The transverse processes containforamina for the arteries to pass through

on their way to the brain.

They are the only group of vertebrae withthis feature.



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Skeleton 93

g

Vertebrae

Figure 5.17ab

Structure of Thoracic Vertebrae


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Skeleton 94

Structure of Thoracic Vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae ( T1T 12 ).

Larger than cervical vertebrae

Have two costal demifacets on each side

to receive the head of the ribs

Have long spinous processes that angle

sharply downward.

When viewed from the side resemble the

head of giraffe



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Skeleton 95

g

Vertebrae

Figure 5.17cd

Structure of Lumbar Vertebrae


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Skeleton 96

Structure of Lumbar Vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae ( L1L 5 ).

Are the strongest and stursiest of all

vertebrae.

Have large block- like bodies

Spinous processes are short, and hatchet

shaped.

When viewed from the side resemble the

head of a moose.



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Skeleton 97

g

Vertebrae

Figure 5.17cd

The Sacrum


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Skeleton 98

The Sacrum

Formed by 5 fused vertebrae

Superior aspect articulates with the inferior

aspect of L5

Laterally the wing-like alae articulate with

the hip bones to form the sacroiliac joints

It forms the posterior wall of the pelvis

The vertebral canal continues inside the

sacrum as the sacral canal

The Sacrum


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Skeleton 99

The Sacrum

The Coccyx


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Skeleton 100

The Coccyx

Formed by the fusion of 3 to 5 tinyirregular vertebrae

It is the vestigial tail in humans

The Thorax

The sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae

make up the thorax, or thoracic cage

The Thorax


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Skeleton 101

The Thorax

The Thoracic cage surrounds and protectsthe heart, lungs and major blood vessels.

The Sternum

Is a flat bone composed of the fusion of 3

bones. Superior to inferior they are:

Manubrium

Body ( Gladiolus)

Xiphoid process

The Thorax


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Skeleton 102

The Sternum


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Skeleton 103

The Sternum

The sternum articulates with the first 7pairs of ribs.

The sternum has 3 important landmarks

The jugular notch

The sternal angle

The xiphisternal joint


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Skeleton 104

The Sternum


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Skeleton 105

The Sternum

The jugular notch: the concave upper part of themanubrium, usually at the level of T3

The sternal angle : site where the manubrium

and the gladiolus meet to form a slight angle. It is the reference point for locating the second

intecostal space for listening to the heart valves

Xiphisternal joint : Where the sternal body and

the xiphoid process meet. Used as a landmarkto locate the level of T9

The Ribs


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Skeleton 106

The Ribs

12 Pairs of ribs form the thoracic cage

Men and women have the SAME number

of ribs

All ribs articulate with the vertebral columnposteriorly

The first 7 pairs are known as true ribs

because they attach directly to thesternum by costal cartilage

The Ribs


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Skeleton 107

The Ribs

The next 5 pairs are false ribs becausethey either attach indirectly to the sternum,

or not at all

The last 2 pairs of false ribs lack sternalattachment, and are called floating ribs

Appendicular skeleton


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Skeleton 108

Appendicular skeleton

Composed of 126 bones

Shoulder girdle

Also known as the pectoral or shoulder

girdle, consists of 2 bones

Clavicle

Scapula

Clavicle


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Skeleton 109

Clavicle

Also called the collar bone

Attaches medially to the manubrium

Attaches laterally to the scapula

Serves to hold the arm away from the

thorax, and helps prevent shoulder

dislocation

A broken clavicle causes the shoulder to

collapse medially

Scapulae


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Skeleton 110

Scapulae

Also called the shoulder blades

Flat, triangular in appearance, has 2

important processes

Acromion process: the enlarged end of thespine of the scapula

Coracoid process : points over the top of

the shoulder and helps anchor themuscles of the arm


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Skeleton 111

Scapulae


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Skeleton 112

Scapulae

The scapula does not attach directly to theaxial skeleton, but is held in place by

muscles

The scapula has three borders: Superior

Medial

Lateral


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Skeleton 113

Scapulae


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Skeleton 114

Scapulae

The scapula has three angles:

Superior

Inferior

Lateral


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Skeleton 115

Scapulae


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Skeleton 116

Scapulae

The glenoid cavity is the shallow socketthat receives the head of the humerous

The shoulder girdle is exceptionally free to

move However the price of this range of motion

is that it is easily dislocated


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Skeleton 117

Bones of the upper limbs


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Skeleton 118


There are 30 bones in each upper limb

The arm is formed by the single long bone,

the humerus

The proximal end has a rounded head thatfits into the glenoid cavity


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Skeleton 119



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Skeleton 120


The greater and lesser tubercles oppositethe head are sites for muscular attachment

The deltoid tuberosity is a roughened are

at the midpoint of the shaft where thedeltoid muscle attaches

The radial grove allows for the passage of

the radial nerve.


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Skeleton 121



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Skeleton 122


The distal end of the humerus has a spoolshaped trochlea on the medial side, andthe ball like capitulum on the lateral side

On the anterior surface the coronoid fossais a depression above the trochlea

On the posterior surface you will find theolecranon fossa

These 2 depressions allow for freemovement of the elbow


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Skeleton 123

The Forearm


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Skeleton 124

The Forearm

The radius and ulna form the forearm In anatomical position the radius is the

lateral bone

The radius and ulna articulate with eachother proximally and distally at small radio-

ulnar joints

The bones are also connected by a longinterosseous membrane

Bones of the Upper Limb


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Skeleton 125

o es o e Uppe b

The forearm has twobones

Ulna

Radius

Figure 5.21c

The Forearm


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Skeleton 126

The head of the radius forms a joint withthe capitulum

The radial tuberosity is the location for the

attachment of the biceps tendon The ulna is the medial bone

The coronoid fossa can be found on theproximal anterior surface of the bone

The olecranon process can be found onthe proximal posterior surface

Bones of the Upper Limb


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Skeleton 127

pp

The forearm has twobones

Ulna

Radius

Figure 5.21c

The Forearm


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Skeleton 128

The coronoid and olecranon processesgrip the trochlea like pliers to form the

elbow.

The Hand


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Skeleton 129

The hand consists of the carpals,metacarpals and phalanges.

The carpals are 2 rows of 4 irregular

bones, and form the wristHamate Pisiform Triquetral Lunate

Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Capitate

The Hand


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Skeleton 130

The hand Carpalswrist

Metacarpals

palm Phalanges

fingers

Figure 5.22

The Hand


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Skeleton 131

The carpals are bound together by ligamentsthat restrict movement between them

The palm consists of metacarpals numbered 1 to

5, starting on the thumb side.

Each hand has 14 phalanges, and all of the

fingers are composed of three phalanges,

except for the thumb, which has 2.

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle


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Skeleton 132

Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones

Ilium

Ischium

Pubic bone

The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvi

Protects several organs Reproductive organs

Urinary bladder

Part of the large intestine

The Pelvis


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Skeleton 133Figure 5.23a


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The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone


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Skeleton 135

g

Figure 5.23b

The Pelvic Girdle


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Skeleton 136

The pelvis is constructed of fairly large andheavy bones

The hips are responsible for bearing the

entire weight of the torso They also bear the stress associated withlocomotion

Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, andpart of the large intestine are protected bythe pelvis

Gender Differences of the

Pelvis


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Skeleton 137

Pelvis

Figure 5.23c

The Thigh


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Skeleton 138

g

The femur is the only bone in the thigh It is the largest, strongest bone of the body

The proximal end of the femur has a ball-

like head, and an obvious neck

The femur slants medially to bring the

knees in line with the bodys center of

gravity

Bones of the Lower Limbs


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Skeleton 139

The thigh hasone bone

Femurthigh

bone

Figure 5.24ab


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Skeleton 140

Distally, the lateral and medial condylesarticulate with the tibia

The LEG

The larger and more medial bone in thelower leg is the tibia(shinbone)

Proximally, it articulates with the distalfemur to form the knee joint

Distally the medial malleolus forms theinner bulge of the ankle



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Skeleton 141

The leg has twobones

Tibia

Fibula

Figure 5.24c

The fibula


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Skeleton 142

The smaller, lateral bone of the lower legThe fibula does not form the knee joint

The distal end of the fibula forms the outer

part of the ankle with its lateral malleolus

The tibia and fibula are connected by an

interosseous membrane, just like the

radius and ulna are.



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Skeleton 143


Tibia

Fibula

Figure 5.24c



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Skeleton 144

The thigh hasone bone

Femurthigh

bone

Figure 5.24ab



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Skeleton 145


Tibia

Fibula

Figure 5.24c

Bones of the ankle and foot


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The foot Tarsusankle

Metatarsalssole

Phalangestoes

m2 dan m3 ing sistem rangka

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