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Macedon
From Amyntas I to Philip II
Location
Geography
Political Structure
Ø Small agricultural or mountain villages governed by a local baron.
Ø Monarchy dependent upon the barons. Ø The king was primus inter pares. Ø Accession required ratification of the
barons Ø International treaties often required the
inclusion of the barons as signatories. Ø There was little or no court formality.
Argead Royal House
Amyntas I ca. 513 – 497 BC
Bubares = Gygea Alexander I 497 - 454
Amyntas I
Ø 513 - 497 Ø Nominal subject of Darius I after 512 Ø Benefited from the defeat of the
Paeonians. Ø Athenian proxenos Ø Offered Hippias Anthemous in 506 BC.
Alexander I
Ø Subject to Persia from 492 BC. Ø Helped Xerxes with supplies and directions.
Ø Philhellene Ø Olympic competitor in 508 or 504 Ø Provided lumber for Athenian fleet Ø Proxenos for Athens by 480 BC. Ø Joined the Delian League
Fifth Century Argeadae
Perdiccas 454 - 413 Menelaus Amyntas
Alexander I 497 - 454
Archelaus 413 - 399
Orestes Amyntas II 399 – 96 394/3
Arrhidaeus
Eurydice = Amyntas III 392 - 370
Amyntas III
Ø 392 – 370 Ø Euridice, daughter of Sirrhas of Lyncestis Ø Defeated by Illyrians in 394/3 Ø Returned in 392 with aid of Chalcidians Ø Attacked Chalcidians in 383:
Ø Driven back even losing Pella Ø Returned with support of Sparta
Sons of Amyntas:
Amyntas III = Eurydice
Alexander II Perdiccas III Philip II (369-68) (365 – 59) (359 – 36)
Philip II
Ø Philip’s problems in 359: Ø Illyria hostile (holding upper Macedonia) Ø Threat from Thrace;
Ø Supporting Pausanias for the throne Ø The Paeonian raids along the Axios. Ø Athens asserting claims on Amphipolis
Ø Supporting Argaeus for the throne Ø Archelaus (half brother) claimed the throne
Philip II
Philip’s Solutions:
Ø The Paeonians and Illyrians were greedy so he bought them off.
Ø Argaeus was overconfident so he ambushed him.
Ø Athens claimed to be ‘freeing’ Amphipolis so Philip granted them their freedom.
Ø Philip settled with Archelaus
Philip’s Reforms
Ø Weaponry standardized and provided by the state.
Ø The spear was replaced by the sarissa, Ø Troops under the pay of the king and could
be drilled regularly. Ø The panoply was lightened. Ø The cavalry became an offensive arm. Ø The nobility were included in a reciprocal
deal
Macedonian Phalanx
Philip on the Offensive
Ø 358: Attacked and defeated the Paeonians and Illyrians.
Ø 357: Took Amphipolis. Ø With Olynthus attacked Potidaea. Ø Took Crenides and renamed it Philippi.
Ø Revenues from gold mines Ø 357 BC.
Ø Alexander of Pherae assassinated. Ø Philip drawn into a protracted war in Thessaly
The Sacred War
Ø 355 – 347: Ø Phocians sieze Delphi Ø Philip supporting Larissa against Pherae Ø Phocis, Pherae, Athens and Sparta Ø Vs. Ø Thebes, Larissa (and Philip)
Ø Philip given control of Amphictyonic Council
Expansion of Macedon
Ø 344: Conquest of Illyria Ø 343: Conquest of Thrace Ø 341/0:
Ø Philip attacked Perinthus and Byzantium. Ø Resistance from both Athens and Persia
brought a truce Ø 338:
Ø Philip marches against Athens Ø Athens and Thebes defeated at Chaeronea
The League of Corinth
Ø 337: Ø Philip convenes council of Greek states at
Corinth Ø Philip elected hegemon Ø Panhellenic war against Persia Ø 336: Ø Attalus and Parmenion lead advance force
to the Troad
Death of Philip
Ø 336: Ø Cleopatra, daughter of Philip, to marry
Alexander of Epirus Ø Pausanias, member of the bodyguard,
assassinates Philip.
Philip’s Legacy