making an oral presentation.ppt

7/18/2019 Making an Oral Presentation.ppt

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Making Oral

Presentations



How Do Oral Presentations Differfrom Written Forms of

Communication?

Two Key factors



1 - There is no written record

• Usually there is no complete written record for

your audience to consult - you talk; they

(hopefully) listen.

• This means that simple, direct presentations

are best otherwise you risk losin! your

audience"s attention.

• #n other words, don"t $ust present to your

audience, but rather !uide them throu!h your

presentation.



- !ou must "e the Centre of

#ttention

• %emember, you are deli&erin! your messa!e

in person, and in front of other people.

• This means that your messa!e will notsimply be what you are sayin!,

but how $ou are sayin! it.



Factors to consider

'et us eamine each of the followin! in turnbecause they all ha&e an important bearin!

on the presentation.

• our &oice.• our use of eye contact.

• our positionin!.

• The use of body lan!ua!e.

• #n&ol&in! hand* face* whole body !estures.

• our o&erall appearance.



Techni%ues associated with &oice

Clarit$

• +peak clearly. on"t slur words to!ether. Try to

make each word count.

• n!lish is a lan!ua!e that reuires the presenter to

pronounce all parts of the word, especially the

be!innin! and the end (clearly distin!uish between

/b0 and /p0, /&0 and /w0 and /d0 and /t0).

• Muttering o&er a slide, or not realisin! that you are

blockin! the pro$ection of the ima!e, is terri"le'



(oudness

• 1ake sure you speak loud enough so that all ofyour audience can hear you, especially those at the

back of the room.

• This may reuire some practice (but # am not askin!

you to strain your &oice 22).

• #f you speak loudly and distinctly you &oice will

pro$ect much better. (3ut not if you look at your feet

or out the window instead of at the audience).

• 4nd of course, to pro$ect your &oice, you must open

your mouth. This is especially true when you

pronounce the letter /50.



Monoton$ of )oice

n!lish is not a tonal lan!ua!e. ou can thususe tone for emphasis.

ou can use chan!e of tone (pitch),

chan!e of pace (speed),

chan!e of loudness (&olume), and e&enelon!ation

to a&oid a presentation bein! monotonous.



*aining attention

4nd don0t for!et two additional, &ery important

components

• the +ause. ou don0t ha&e to talk all the time 6pausin! can be &ery effecti&e, especially in

drawin! attention to finishin! one point and

startin! another.

attention getting words,+hrases - 7elcome,

8ow, 'ook, 'et me be!in, 4ttention 2 &en 9ood

mornin!*afternoon* e&enin! can be used this way.



+eed of +eaking

• The optimal rate for a research presentation, in

n!lish, is about :-< words per minute.

• .e careful 6 forei!ners tend to speak n!lish

much faster than nati&e people. (#t seems other

lan!ua!es are spoken at a faster rate). #t is 5K to

speak n!lish slowly (pro&ided it is done in an

affected way).• 5ften, oral presenters, who are ner&ous, talk too

fast. That makes it hard for the audience to follow.

• +low down, take it easy, be clear.



&er"al *estures

7atch out you do not use ne!ati&e aspects when

speakin!.

The followin! can be &ery irritatin! (such epressionsoften comes about if your are ner&ous)

• /um,0 /er,0 /yeah,0 /uh,0 /you know,0 /5K0 and other

kinds of ner&ous &erbal habits.• (#nstead of sayin! =uh,= or =you know= etc. e&ery

three seconds, try not sayin! anythin! at all).



/$e Contact

The audience wants you to look at them. Therefore,

look at the audience as much as +ossi"le.

.ut, don"t fi your attention on one indi&idual - it can

be intimidatin!. &en lookin! at a select, few

indi&iduals only can also be intimidatin! (and annoyin!to others, especially if these persons are in the front

row).

4nd whate&er you do, DO 0OT 6 >ace the display screen behind you and talk to it.

6 'ook at the computer screen and talk to that.

6 4nd, of course, readin! a script is forbidden 2



Positioning

• ?osition yourself so that e&eryone can see all of

you. (The audience likes to see the person

speakin! and if you are !oin! to be better then a

tele&ision screen, it will be by your actions2)

• #f you cannot a&oid blockin! the screen, etc. forsome persons, then try to mo&e so that you are not

continually blockin! the screen for the same

audience members all the time.

• @owe&er, a&oid mo&in! about too much22. ?acin!

up and down can unner&e the audience, (althou!h

some animation is desirable as we will mention

later).



.od$ (anguage

7hat is this A#ma!ine that that you are watchin! throu!h a window

as someone does a presentation to a !roup of people

in a room. ou can"t actually hear the presenter"s

&oice, but 6 he or she seems to be speakin! clearly,

6 is makin! eye contact with &arious people in the

room, 6 is emphasisin! points usin! appropriate !estures,

6 appears to be in command of the material, and

eudes enthusiasm.

7hat would be your reaction A



.od$ language

#n contrast ima!ine that you are watchin!, under similar

circumstances, a second person !i&in! apresentation. This time, you notice that the

person 6 a&oids direct eye contact with their audience,

6 keeps their hands in their pockets or at theirsides,

6 shifts their wei!ht uncomfortably,

6 !enerally appears unenthusiastic about theirtopic.

@ow do you now reactA



.od$ language

3ody lan!ua!e is important.

#t co&ers

• use of the hands

• use of the face

•use of the whole body• your enthusiasm, your ecitement, thefact you are en$oyin! the occasion.



se of Hand *estures• ou can use your hands to emphasise points. 8ot only does it

draw the attention of the audience, but it can be &ery useful inaidin! clarification.

• 3ut don"t indul!e in a !rand display of hand wa&in!. This can be

distractin! - and a bit comical.

• Use the hands in different ways so that there is not one style.

• 3ut in !eneral, plan to keep your hands clasped to!ether or

holdin! on to the podium, cue cards, etc. and only occasionally

makin! some !esture.• 3e careful, presenters, o&er time, de&elop particularly habits.

7e all ha&e them. +ome can be irritatin!. Try to a&oid habitual

beha&iours usin! your hands (fumblin! chan!e in pocket, or

twirlin! the chair in front of you, for eample).



se of Face *estures

o you think the audience will like it if

• you appear to be happyA• you are smilin! A

o you think the audience will notice if

• you appear tired A

• you are an!ry (at the audience or any person) A

• you are ner&ous A

>acial epressions can show most of these.

4 happy, smilin! face, showin! interest, in the audience is

important.

#)oid an e2+ressionless face 3who wants to see such a face4'



se of Whole .od$ *estures

7hole body !estures co&er aspects such as 6

• your !eneral posture (how you stand),

• your use of action (body orientation),

• e&en aspects such as dance.

@ow do you stand - at attention, at ease, leanin! a!ainst

somethin!, sittin! on the ed!e of a table, (sittin! on a

chair 6 unlikely we hope) A

#n many cases, !estures are used to draw further

attention to yourself. 4nd often the more ea!!erated

they are, the more attention you !et.



Dress

• our appearance is part of your (non-

&erbal) messa!e.

• ress appropriately.

• The 4mericans may like causal dress, butoften uropeans (and especially, # think

stonians, like a more formal style).



se of Cue Cards

• To keep yourself on track, you can use cue cards with a

few key words, instead of a complete tet.

• 3ut remember, maintain eye contact with the audience.

• #f you use cue cards, try to read the cues while the

audience is focussin! on somethin!. >or eample,

6 a research uestion you ha&e displayed on thescreen,

6 a !raph you ha&e displayed on the screen,

6 a &erbal uestion you ha&e asked.



.e enthusiastic

• #f you are likin! the situation and are en$oyin!

the presentation, the audience will sense this

and be happy also.

• 3e enthusiastic about your topic; but not

unnaturally so.

• Try to make you presentation somethin! special

6 it is different from all the other presentations.



5okes

4re you !ood at tellin! $okes A

The recommendation is

• Unless you intentionally ha&e had eperience as

a stand-up comic, a&oid makin! $okes.

• The results can be disappointin!, and may

su!!est an unprofessional attitude.• 4lso $okes may not transcend different cultures

(can you follow n!lish $okes about the #rishA)



Oral Presentations

7e can consider a ?resentation in B parts

<. ?reparin! the ?resentation.

B. eli&erin! the ?resentation.

7e ha&e said much about part B.

'et us look at the preparation part



Presentation of Content

?reparin! an oral presentation often reuires the samekind of research as needed for a written report.

<. 9oals - 7hat content will help to con&ey the goal you ha&e

for your presentation A

B. 4udience - 7hat information to choose to a++ease $our

audience - particularly their attitudes, interests, biases, and

pre$udices about the topic.

C. Do&era!e - 7hat do you need to co)er A

E. ffecti&eness - 3ecause listenin! is more difficult than

readin!, how to make the narrati&e 3stories4 particularly

effecti)e to retain the attention of your listeners A



6uestions to anal$se audiences

<. @ow much do my audience know about the sub$ectA

B. @ow much do they know about meA

C. 7hat do they epect from meA

E. @ow interested will they be in what # sayAF. 7hat is their attitude towards meA

G. 7hat is their attitude towards my sub$ectA

H. 7hat is their a!e !roupA

:. 7hat is their educational back!roundA

I. 7hat positions do their occupy A

<. 7hat is their cultural*ethnic back!roundA

<<. 7hat kinds of cultural biases will they likely ha&etowards me and my topicA



Comments on the %uestions for

anal$sing audiences

• #n &iewin! this list, you will note the pre&alence

of uestions on attitude--the audience"s attitude

toward you as well as the sub$ect. +ome

attitudes will matter more than others (dependsto the situation).

• The uestions are important, since you need to

know, "efore you be!in plannin! your

presentation, whether your audience will

consider you trustworthy and credible.



How to a++roach +lanning

for the +resentation

Talks will differ from writin! papers, creatin! posterpapers, or writin! reports.

The ma$or difference is that the oral presentationneeds to be more repetiti&e.

The standard ad&ice !oes like this

• Tell 7em what $ou7re going to tell 7em'

• Then tell 7em'

•#nd then8 tell 7em what $ou told 7em'



Presentation of ideas

3ased on your purpose, in what order should youpresent your ideasA This seuence needs to be

simple and easy to follow.

#t is usual follows the seuence 6 introduction, main

body, summary (conclusion).

ou will de&elop this if you di&ide your presentation

(a) an introduction 6 tell /em what you are !oin! to tell/em,

(b) the main body 6 tell /em, and

(c) the conclusion 6 tell /em what you ha&e told /em.



The 9ntroduction

(tellin! /em what you are !oin! to tell /em)

The presentation should be or!aniJed in a manner

similar to your report e.!.

• The introduction should clearly tell the audiencewhat the presentation will co&er so that the

audience is prepared for what is to come.

6 #n plannin! your introduction, be sure that you state

your !oal(s) for the presentation near the be!innin!.

6 &en if you start with some type of anecdote, or

uestion to interest your audience, state the !oal(s) of

your presentation ne2t.



The .od$ of the Presentation

• The "od$ should de&elop each point pre&iewed in your

introduction, in the same seuence.

• Thus, in desi!nin! the body of the presentation, you

de&elop what you want to say about each of these mainpoints or ideas as clearly and succinctly as you can.

• 4n important point, howe&er, is to demarcate (separate),

each point in the presentation as you come to it. #n this

way, your audience knows when you ha&e completedone point and be!un another.

• (How might you do this ?)



.od$ of the Presentation 3contd4

:esults

The :esults should be a clear and concise (you will probably

present these &isually).

@owe&er, don"t make the mistake of showin! a fi!ure or !raph

and then sayin!, =This is what we !ot.= and then sittin! down

and sayin! nothin! else.

'ead the audience throu!h the &isual.

Discussion

The Discussion will be your interpretation of your results, such

as whether the data support your hypotheses.

This part is particularly important as it presents your &ery own

thinkin!.



The Conclusion

• The conclusion should reiterate the ideaspresented and reinforce the purpose of the

presentation.

• #t is the tell /em what you ha&e told /em andusually answers the uestion =so whatA=

• #t a minimum, you should restate the main issues you

want your audience to remember, but do so in a concise

way.

• o not make the conclusion lon!; it is $ust enou!h to lea&e

the audience with a positi&e feelin! about you and your

ideas.



Timing and Co)erage

• The presentation should last no more than <F-B minutes,

since there must be time for uestions and discussion with therest of the class afterward.

• #n preparin! the main body of your presentation, you may find

it helpful to keep the followin! uestions in mind

<. 7ill you con&ey why you did your researchA

B. 7ill you clearly state the uestion(s) you are tryin! to answerA

C. 7ill you clearly present what you did to try and answer your

uestion(s) AE. 7ill you offer eplanations*comments on your results*findin!s,

especially any inconsistent or unepected results*findin!sA

F. 7ill you eplain what your data meansA 7ill you present answers to

the uestion(s) from number B abo&eA



Pre+aring at the time of the

#ctual Deli)er$ of $ourPresentation



The Moment of Truth

• +o you are sittin! there, about to be introduced.

8ow whatA

<. %ela. Take se&eral deep breaths as you arebein! introduced (but don"t si!h2). isualiJe your

rehearsed openin! statement; don"t impro&ise at

the last moment.

B. 4s said earlier, state your ob$ecti&es at the start

of your talk, then restate them a!ain at the end

of the talk. #n between, discuss how your

material relates to these ob$ecti&es.



!our Presentation

• 0e)er read from a script.

• ou should know most of what you want to say - if you

don"t, then you should not be !i&in! the talk2

• ou can prepare cue cards which ha&e key words

and phrases (and possibly sketches) on them.

?ostcards are ideal for this. Don7t forget to num"erthe cards in case you drop them.

• %ehearse your presentation - to yourself at first and

then in front of some collea!ues.



:emem"er

• +tick to the plan for the presentation, don"t be temptedto di!ress 6 you will use up much of your time 2

• 4s a rule of thumb, allow B minutes for eachpowerpoint slide, but lon!er if you want to use it forde&elopin! specific points.

• 8ote, the audience will !et bored with somethin! onthe screen for more than F minutes (especially if youare not acti&ely talkin! about it). +witch off or co&er

the display.



#t the end of the Presentation

• 4t the end of your presentation ask for uestions

6 but a&oid bein! abrupt when you do this.

(The an!er - the audience may find it

intimidatin! as it may come across as if you aresayin! Lany questions? - if there are, it shows

you were not paying attention” !!!).

• #f uestions are slow in comin!, you can startthin!s off by askin! a uestion of the audience -

so ha&e one prepared 222



Confidence

The audience wants to know you are confident. They willfeel more relaed themsel&es.

How will $ou con)e$ that confidence?

• ou can be!in by followin! the usual points 6 don"t fid!et (mo&e ner&ously for no reason)

6 look at your audience (not at your o&erhead slide 6

this is so important we will return to this point later)

6 don"t hold papers that rustle, or click a pen, or ha&e

coins in your pocket which you can clink.

6 don"t read $our talk. (#f you try to do this in our

presentation sessions, you will be stopped 22)



+eaking Techni%ues

• Don't oer run. +horten your talk by remo&in! details,

concepts, and information, not by eliminatin! words.

• #f it becomes absolutely essential to supply details,

supplement your presentation with a handout. 1ake about<M more handouts than you think you"ll need. #nclude your

e-mail contact.

• 4lways lea&e time for a few uestions at the end of the talk.

• %emember that there is no point in !i&in! a presentation, if

the audience isn"t listenin!. ou should make a bi! effort to

help them to be interested in what you ha&e to say.



The 6uestion-to-#nswer lide'

• This is the slide that follows your conclusionsand remains in the back!round as you answer

uestions from the audience.

• 9 suggest $ou #)oid;

6 turnin! off the pro$ector (you may need it and ha&e to

turn it on a!ain - and wait while it warms up).

6 pro$ectin! a blank white (daJJlin!) or blank black (toodark) slide.

6 lea&in! your conclusion slide in place as you answer

uestions - $ust not as interestin! or as pro&ocati&e as

the strate!y su!!ested abo&e.



Handling 6uestions

• our presentation doesn"t end once you"&e

finished what you ha&e to say. The uestion

period often is the part of the talk which influences

the audience the most. 4fter all, you"&e had timeto practice the rest of the talk.

• This is the part of the presentation where your

ability to interact with the audience will be

e&aluated.

• +ince you can"t always predict what you will be

asked, how can you prepare for the uestionin!A



ome #nswering *uidelines

<. %epeat each uestion so the entire audience

knows what you"&e been asked.

B. 3efore you answer, take a moment to reflect on

the uestion. 3y not rushin! to !i&e an answer,you show a de!ree of respect for the uestioner,

and you !i&e yourself time to be sure you are

answerin! the uestion that actually was asked.

C #f you are unsure of the uestion, try to restate it,

(and then check you ha&e it correct), or don0t

for!et you can ask for a clarification of the

meanin!.



#nswering %uestions

E. 7ait for the uestioner to finish askin! the uestion beforeyou be!in your answer2

The eception to this comes when it is necessary to break inon a &a!ue, ramblin!, or unnecessarily lon! uestion

(usually because it is more of a comment than a uestion)

• @ere we remember - this is $our +resentation and you

ha&e only a limited time.

• @owe&er, it is important that you break in tactfully. +ay

somethin! like =+o, are you askin! ....A= This will focus the

uestion and !i&e you a place to be!in an answer.



#nswering %uestions

F. #f a uestion is asked durin! the talk, and it will clarify

an ambi!uity, answer it immediately.

G. 5n the other hand, postpone uestions aimed at

resol&in! specific problems (or arcane knowled!e) until

the end of the talk, or in pri&ate discussions.

• This is particularly important if the answer will distract

either you, or the audience away from the flow of yourpresentation.



#nswering %uestions

H. 4&oid prolon!ed discussions with one person,etended answers, and especially ar!uments.

:. #f you can"t answer a uestion, $ust say so.

on"t apolo!ise (althou!h it is 5K to say 6 # amsorry, # cannot answer that).

ou then may

• 5ffer to research an answer, then !et back tothe uestioner later.

• +u!!est resources which would help theuestioner to address the uestion themsel&es.

• 4sk for su!!estions from the audience.



#nswering %uestions

I. >inish your answer by askin! the person who asked theuestion - whether or not you answered the uestionsufficiently for them.

• This approach is a way in which you can acknowled!e and

thank the uestioner; it lets the rest of the audience feelcomfortable askin! uestions (because it shows you are!enuinely interested in addressin! audience issues, not $ustin lecturin! to them), and it !i&es you a chance to more fullyanswer the uestion if your first effort was not uite on

tar!et.• #f the uestioner says you didn"t answer it and you belie&e

you did, either ask them to clarity the uestion, or su!!estthat the two of you !o into more detail at a break or after thepresentation.



sing +ointers,monitors

• ?ointers are best used by flashin! the pointer on and off, sothat the place you are indicatin! is illuminated briefly.

• on"t swirl the pointer around and around one place on the

pro$ection screen, or sweep it from place to place across the

screen.

• This is &ery distractin! for the audience, and they will end up

watchin! the pointer and not listenin! to what you are sayin!.

• 'ikewise, and for the same reasons, a&oid usin! the cursor asthe pointer in your computer presentations.

• #f you find yourself pointin! to the monitor, power-off or disable

the monitor to force yourself to concentrate on the pro$ection

screen2



.e Pre+ared

3e prepared for interruptions (late arri&als, cell phones or

pa!ers, burned out pro$ector bulbs, fire drills, et.).

#f you must turn down the room li!hts, don"t turn them off

entirely.

on"t lea&e the li!hts down any lon!er than necessary -remember to turn them back up2 5f course, the snores from

the sleepin! audience may remind you to turn the li!hts back

on if you"&e for!otten.



Other #s+ects



Hand-Outs

Try not to pro&ide the audience with handout

materials before you be!in.

To do so encoura!es your audience to read rather

than listen.

#f you must pro&ide written material, be sure the

material is coordinated with your presentation.

That way, you ha&e a better chance of keepin!

your audience"s attention on what you are sayin!.



&isual #ids

• isual aids si!nificantly impro&e theinterest of a presentation. @owe&er, they

must be rele&ant to what you want to say.

4 careless desi!n, or a poor slide can

simply !et in the way of the presentation.

• 7hat you use depends on the type of talkyou are !i&in!.



sing lides

• 1ake sure you know in ad&ance how to operate the

euipment and also when you want particular displays to

appear. +ometimes a technician will operate the

euipment.

• 4rran!e beforehand, what is to happen and when and

what si!nals you will use. dit your slides as carefully as

your talk - if a slide is superfluous then lea&e it out. #f you

need to use a slide twice, duplicate it.

• 4nd always check your slides - for typo!raphical errors,

consistency of fonts and layout.



se of lides

Try to limit words per slide. Use a reasonable siJe font and a

typeface which will enlar!e well. Typically use a minimum

of<:pt Times %oman on 5@?s, and preferably lar!er.

4 !uideline is if you can read the 5@? from a distance of Bmetres (without pro$ection) then it"s probably 5K.

4&oid usin! a dia!ram prepared for a technical report in your

talk. #t will be too detailed and difficult to read.

Use colour on your slides, but a&oid oran!e and yellow whichdo not show up &ery well when pro$ected. >or tet only, white or

yellow on blue is pleasant to look at and easy to read.



*uidelines for using )isual aids;

What type of visual aids should I use?

• ou can use drawin!s, !raphs, props and ob$ects, a blackboard

with an outline, charts, demonstrations, pictures, statistics,

cartoons, photo!raphs, maps, etc.• Use anythin! that will help people + what you 1482

How do I design effective visual aids? • 3ecause your &isual aids will be seen while the audience is

listenin! to you, you will need to be sure that all &isuals are as

simple as possible and easy to read.



sing m$ )isual aids effecti)el$

• 3e!in your presentation with no aids, as you want your

audience to be listenin! to you, not lookin! at props,

specimens, or other &isual aids (or ha&e the title only).

• ?resent the aid at the appropriate point in yourpresentation.. ?resent the aid; !i&e your audience a few

seconds to comprehend it, and then comment on the aid.

• Turn off*block the pro$ector lamp between slides. o not

be!in talkin! about another topic while a slide, depictin! apast topic, is still showin!.

• %emember people cannot see and listen at the same time.



The #cknowledgements slide'

This is an important slide2 3ut a&oid readin! a list of names and

a!encies as this

• takes time

• may !i&e the appearance of "name droppin!" no one will

remember names of people they don"t know anyway

Donsider usin! a colla!e of photos of your collaborators in theirnatural settin!s for this purpose 4t a crowded conference a

collaborator is more likely to be reco!niJed in the hallway or at a

restaurant if your audience has seen his or her photo durin! your

talk.



elf #ssessment Checklist

id you introduce yourself to your audience A es 8o

id you aim to arouse the interest of youraudience A

es 8o

id you be!in with a clear introduction of yourtopic with an o&er&iew of what you will co&er A

es 8o

7ere your ideas presented clearly with alo!ical flow from one point to the net A

es 8o

id you conclude by summin! up what youhad said A

es 8o

7ere your &isual aids presented clearly A es 8o

id you ha&e !ood control o&er your material with es 8o



id you ha&e !ood control o&er your material withe&erythin! in the correct order

es 8o

id you present the ri!ht amount of facts and

fi!uresA Dould your audience understand them A

es 8o

id you a&oid readin! too much from your cues A es 8o

id you look comfortable and relaed A es 8o

id you display any ner&ous !estures, such ashand wa&in! or pen clickin! A

es 8o

id you look and sound interestin! and

enthusiastic A

es 8o

id you !et your timin! ri!ht A 7as it too lon!AToo short A

es 8o

id you pro&ide hand-outs for the audienceA es 8o



id you take up a !ood position(s) durin! yourpresentation A

es 8o

7as your &oice loud enou!h to be heard clearlyby all A

es 8o

id you speak too uickly A es 8o

id you look at, and speak to, the audience A es 8o

7ere there any words you had difficulty inpronouncin! A

es 8o

id you allow time for uestions and in&ite theaudience to make commentsA

es 8o

O l P t ti



Oral Presentations

7e can consider a ?resentation in B parts

<. ?reparin! the ?resentation.

B. eli&erin! the ?resentation.

7e ha&e said much about part B.

'et us look at the preparation part





for the oral +resentation

Talks will differ from writin! papers, creatin! posterpapers, or writin! reports.

The ma$or difference is that the oral presentationneeds to be more repetiti&e.

The standard ad&ice !oes like this

• Tell 7em what $ou7re going to tell 7em'

• Then tell 7em'

• #nd then8 tell 7em what $ou told 7em'

P t ti f id



Presentation of ideas

3ased on your purpose, in what order should you

present your ideasA This seuence needs to be

simple and easy to follow.

#t is usual follows the seuence 6 introduction, main

body, summary (conclusion).

ou will de&elop this if you di&ide your presentation

(a) an introduction 6 tell /em what you are !oin! to

tell /em,

(b) the main body 6 tell /em, and

(c) the conclusion 6 tell /em what you ha&e told /em.

The 9ntroduction



The 9ntroduction

(tellin! /em what you are !oin! to tell /em)

The presentation should be or!aniJed in a manner

similar to your report e.!.

• The introduction should clearly tell the audiencewhat the presentation will co&er so that the

audience is prepared for what is to come.

6 #n plannin! your introduction, be sure that you state

your !oal(s) for the presentation near the be!innin!.

6 &en if you start with some type of anecdote, or

uestion to interest your audience, state the !oal(s) of

your presentation ne2t.



The .od$ of the Presentation

• The "od$ should de&elop each point pre&iewedin your introduction, in the same seuence.

• Thus, in desi!nin! the body of the presentation,

you de&elop what you want to say about each ofthese main points or ideas as clearly andsuccinctly as you can.

• 4n important point, howe&er, is to demarcate(separate), each point in the presentation as youcome to it. #n this way, your audience knowswhen you ha&e completed one point and be!un

another. (How might you do this ?)

. d f th P t ti 3 td4



.od$ of the Presentation 3contd4

:esults

The :esults should be a clear and concise (you will probably

present these &isually).

@owe&er, don"t make the mistake of showin! a fi!ure or !raph

and then sayin!, =This is what we !ot.= and then sittin! down

and sayin! nothin! else. 'ead the audience throu!h the&isual.

Discussion

The Discussion will be your interpretation of your results, suchas whether the data support your hypotheses.

This part is particularly important as it presents your &ery own

thinkin!.

Th C l i



The Conclusion

• The conclusion should reiterate the ideas

presented and reinforce the purpose of the

presentation.

• #t is the tell /em what you ha&e told /em and

usually answers the uestion =so whatA=

• #t a minimum, you should restate the main issues you

want your audience to remember, but do so in a conciseway.

• o not make the conclusion lon!; it is $ust enou!h to lea&e

the audience with a positi&e feelin! about you and your

ideas.



Finall$

n$oy yourself.

The audience will be on your side and want

to hear what you ha&e to say2

+ay it with a+mile

making an oral presentation.ppt

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