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Framework Documentation EEA Financial Mechanism in Portugal

Managing Effects of Global Climate

on Estuarine Biodiversity and Productivity

May 2006

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C I M A R A s s o c i a t e L a b o r a t o r y – C e n t r o d e I n v e s t i g a ç ã o M a r i n h a e A m b i e n t a l

Managing Effects of Global Climate on Estuarine Biodiversity and Productivity - 2

Framework Documentation EEA Financial Mechanism in Portugal

Managing Effects of Global Climate on Estuarine Biodiversity and Productivity

Summary

Estuaries are highly productive habitats for living marine resources. Many commercial species migrate into estuaries to reproduce, spend their juvenile stages there, or feed to gain gonad development. Estuaries are therefore important compartments in ecosystems that produce commercial assets, even fish stocks that are largely exploited in coastal areas outside the estuaries. Artisan fisheries on fin-fish and shell-fish are traditional activities that carry important cultural values in terms of rural and urban infrastructures, social structures and traditions, and industrial experience from centuries of history. Such values are assets that are now legitimately exploited, not only by the tourist industry, but also by local residents who use the cultural landscape for individual and family activities outside working hours. Many commercial and cultural assets have been lost due to unawareness during transformation into modern societies. However, the loss of natural landscapes and biodiversity has now put on the agenda new ways of managing coastal zones.

Global Climate Change is now accepted as a factor that challenges the preservation of human settlements, commercial interests and cultural traditions. Estuaries may be the human habitats where climatic effects may first be expressed. Sea level rise and changes in river flow will alter the sediment balance in estuaries and alter the environmental conditions for organisms that form permanent local communities or use estuaries as temporal habitats. Such ecological changes will directly affect human relations with estuaries that function as anthropogenic habitats.

In order to understand and manage estuaries during phases of transition that is due to Climatic Change, the University of Porto in Portugal, the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and the Bodø University College in Norway, want to study estuarine systems along latitudinal gradients of climatic factors. It is expected that some northern temperate species that are now at their southern limits of distribution in Portuguese estuaries may disappear and be replaced by more southern temperate species. Conversely, the same northern temperate species that are now rare or absent in northern Norway, may be expected to invade sub-arctic estuaries. In some species that are common all the way from Algarve to the Barents Sea the same feature may apply for genotypes or phenotypes within a species.

In the planned project, the scientific institutions will apply modern methods to study estuarine biodiversity, genetic characteristics, physiological capacities, and food-web structures. The obtained results will be used for conceptual and numerical modelling of how climate forces ecological processes in estuaries. Such models are increasingly used in coastal zone management to estimate capacities for anthropogenic influence. They will provide tools for future handling of problems related to effects of climate change in coastal zones.

The project will transfer expertise from Norway and the Netherlands to young academic persons in Portugal, for the benefit of Portuguese universities as well as governmental structures. The scientific cooperation between scientists in the three nations will stimulate academic exchange of scientific knowledge in Europe and contribute to the international effort directed towards understanding and managing effects of Climate Change. The results will be directly relevant for commercial enterprises and governmental management in coastal zones.



Introduction

Estuaries occur where rivers discharge freshwater into the sea, typically occurring as the

tidal channels of river deltas, and Iberian rias or Norwegian fjords. They have supported

human activities since prehistoric times, and have evolved with human technology into a

range of communities from still-existing artisan settlements to modern harbour cities.

The estuaries are all subject to anthropogenic influence which rarely takes into account

their hidden ecological importance to human subsistence and wellbeing. Their shores

have been transformed to allow for docking of ships, landward transportation of goods,

and industrial and urban development. The aquatic environment is strained by a variety

of effluents, from pure toxins to eutrophicating substances that favour particular

organisms, which rearrange inter-specific relationships in the estuarine flora and fauna.

Artisan fisheries in estuaries still provide local populations with finfish and shellfish

that are raw materials in recipes for local household dishes and restaurant menus. For

many citizens and visitors, local sea-food is regarded as expressions of the residential

cultural heritage. That is also the case with the technological activities of the fishery and

aquaculture industry, as well as the part-time or spare-time exploitation of living

resources performed by local residents. Thus, healthy estuaries are a prerequisite for

sustainable maintenance of local traditions that are important to human feelings of

cultural security and identity, which sustains individual health and therefore have direct

effects on public and private budgets.

The ecology of estuaries is regulated by a variety of factors that are still largely

unknown by science. Many nations will respond to the United Nations’ Rio declaration by

mapping the biodiversity of estuaries, but the efforts may be futile if due consideration is

not taken to the very dynamic ecology of estuaries, being characterised by large-scale

spatial and temporal variation. The short-comings in scientific empirical knowledge are

very unfortunate in our time that expresses ever clearer signs of Global Climate Change.

Future regional changes in river runoff and sea level rise are climatic effects that

influence mineral mass balances in estuaries and change their aquatic food-web

structures by altering thermo-haline conditions for species with particular environmental

requirements.

Ecosystem-based management of estuaries requires better understanding of how

they function as habitats for exploited sea-food resources, for reproduction, nursing of

juveniles or growth into exploitable biomass. The complexity of estuarine communities

requires that species performing key functions in the food-chains are identified and

incorporated in analytical models. Numerical models are now available for use in marine

ecological research, but require tuning to local conditions and scientific testing before



they can be applied in operational management. However, their applicability also requires

due reference to policy-making, administrative bodies and non-governmental

organisations.

The present project addresses development of ecosystem-based management of

Portuguese rias, based on transfer of Norwegian expertise on coastal zone ecology, and

Netherlandic brackish water biology. It will establish a baseline of general ecological

understanding of the systems ecology of key species that occur in all three countries. The

end result is a common western European framework for conceptual and numerical

modelling of estuaries, which may exploit information on latitudinal differences in climate

effects to identify future effects of Global Climate Change. This then will be available for

policy makers in order to support their decisions in what concerns coastal zone

regulations.

Relevance to priority sectors of the EEA Financial Mechanism

Conservation of European cultural heritage

Estuarine artisan fisheries and the local use of its products cannot exist unless the

original resources are sustainable. The present project will address ecological processes

that sustain natural production of such resources. Management based on the acquired

knowledge will preserve immovable cultural heritage expressed by attractive traditional

settlements based on artisan fisheries.

Protection of the environment

The project will identify how estuarine habitats for fin-fish and shell-fish respond to

freshwater flow and its content of substances that causes eutrophication, and physical

modification of estuarine landscape. It will provide information for coastal management

that regulates anthropogenic influence to levels that are optimal in relation to production

of local resources.

Promotion of sustainable development

Estuarine systems contain diadromous resources that migrate from marine to freshwater

habitats to reproduce (anadromy in salmon and shad) or spend periods of juvenile

growth (catadromy in flounder and eel). The production of such resources requires that

the vegetation of the watercourse produces an adequate fauna of insects and other

animal groups that provide prey. Restoration of watercourses and forestry that promote

river bank communities and prevention of erosion is of vital importance to sustainable



development of the associated estuary. Integrated development of estuaries, freshwater

courses and the surrounding natural landscape is necessary to succeed in coastal

management. The present project emphasises and takes due scientific account of this

approach.

Human resource development

Combined maintenance of living resources and architectonic preservation of the cultural

heritage and landscape of estuaries creates attractive environments for residents as well

as visitors. It creates opportunities for entrepreneurs who may develop economical

activities that satisfy considerations to aesthetics and public management of the

commons. Such opportunities are not gender related and provide potentials for personal

self-realisation to women and men alike, within frames rules for proper coastal

management. The present project has adopted a model where responsible human

activities are integrated parts of an ecosystems-based management of estuaries.

Furthermore, to achieve its goals this project will involve one Post-Doc scientist, seven

PhD students and several master students, improving this way human resources in their

field of research.

Health and childcare

Estuaries offer space for outdoor activities and experience. Adults as well as children find

estuaries attractive for recreation which means they are important assets that promote

public health. In particular, they offer opportunities for families to enjoy communication

across generation gaps. Schools use estuaries and their life forms for excursions where

children learn to respect natural systems and the associated cultural heritage, which form

their attitude for life and transfer ethics and moral obligations to following generations.

This project will identify ecological conditions that define the carrying capacity for

biological production in estuaries and clarify limits for responsible interaction by man, in

order to maintain estuaries as health resorts for humans.

Academic research and development

In 2005, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme IGBP terminated LOICZ, its

first Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone Project. In particular, it addressed

geochemical fluxes from river catchments to coastal shelves, which will provide valuable

input to the present project. However, it did not go into details on how the hydrological

cycling of water itself regulates biogenic energy flow in estuarine food-webs, which is



how this proposal links Climate Change with estuarine production of living resources. In

particular, it addresses how marine population systems use estuaries as recruitment and

feeding habitats, and how latitudinal differences in climate and hydrology modify food-

chain structures and ecological interactions between rivers and the sea.

The research will require modern scientific methods to identify and study clines and

differences in genome structures, physiological responses, trophic positions, and dynamic

environmental relationships forced by climate. The proposal represents the first

geographically comprehensive study on estuarine tidal ecology in Europe and will require

that the three participating nations develop and share new scientific expertise. Most of

the expertise will be established at the University of Porto, which will strengthen its

academic status internationally.

The relevance of climate change to estuaries

Effects of human activities cause heating of the Earth’s biosphere, commonly known as

Global Climate Change. Atmospheric CO2 accumulates from combustion of fossil fuels

which increases the greenhouse effect. The resulting global warming allows more

evaporation of surface water from the oceans. Most of the evaporation occurs in low

latitudes but global wind systems transport the vapour to higher latitudes. There, the

latent heat is released when the vapour condensates to liquid or frozen water that

precipitates as rain or snow.

The precipitation over Europe is regulated by an air pressure gradient between the

high pressure ridge over the Azores and the low pressure trough over Iceland. The

pressure difference fluctuates with time, being known as the North Atlantic Oscillation

(NAO). It is calculated from barometric records monitored by Portugal and Iceland.

Scandinavia experiences precipitation when NAO is higher than average, while

precipitation in southern Europe increases when NAO is lower than average (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Effects on North Atlantic Oscillation on European climate (Greene and Pershing

2000).



Global Climate Change may increase the long-term average of NAO, and possibly

cause river flow from western parts of Europe to deviate from its previous runoff

patterns, seasonally as well as inter-annually. That may change the ecological conditions

for communities of organisms that live in estuarine habitats.

River estuaries demarcate the transition between marine and freshwater regimes.

Their communities are not uniform, because each species has to obey its tolerances for

salinity and temperature that changes with space and time. The most fluctuating

environments are found in the inter-tidal areas of river deltas. There, many organisms

have to tolerate alternation between pure freshwater and full marine salinities within a

six-hour cycle. Thermal extremes occur on low tide, when the physiological capacities of

the organisms are strained during hot summer days and frosty winter nights. Several

species are eury-ecous, meaning that they tolerate either condition. This is the reason

why some estuarine animals occupy Europe’s entire western coat, from Portugal to

Norway. However, in both countries many of the species are at their southern and

northern limits, respectively.

It is not clear how estuarine animal communities may respond to new environmental

conditions caused by Climate Change, not least because future river flow is at present

unpredictable. However, from the direct thermal effects of Global warming alone, it is fair

to assume that some species being at their southern limits in Portugal may disappear and

be replaced by more warm-adapted species. In Norway, new species may be expected to

invade from the south, maybe replacing some of the sub-arctic species being typical

community members at present. In central European countries, like The Netherlands,

estuarine communities may be less subject to change because many of the species are

near the middle of their latitudinal distribution.

Preliminary experience from ongoing research cooperation

The University of Porto (CIIMAR), Bodø University College (HBO), and Royal Netherlands

Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) have joined forces to investigate an estuarine tidal

soft-bottom community in northern Norway. Focus is on the recruitment and growth of

selected benthic species that have a wide latitudinal distribution. Those being present in

northern Norway as well as in The Netherlands and Portugal, are three bivalves (blue

mussel Mytilys edulis and cockles Cerastoderma edule), two decapod crustaceans (brown

shrimp Crangon crangon, and shore crab Carcinus maenas), and three fish (sand goby

Pomatoschistus minutus, juvenile plaice Pleuronectes platessa, and juvenile flounder

Platichthys flesus). The research indicates that these species are abundant components

in estuarine food-webs in all three countries, and are themselves major food items for

larger fish and seabirds. However, the food-web structure is more complex than

anticipated. Oceanic zooplankton transported onto the tidal flats by estuarine



compensation currents on high-water (HW) seems to be a major food source for small

fish that are themselves food for fish of high commercial value, like local stocks of

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). On the other hand, insects that probably originate from

river habitats are another imported food source for small fish that fall prey to cod (Fig.

2). Cod is not present in Portuguese estuaries where sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is

one of the local commercial species. Sea-bass is one of the species that may become

common in northern Norway as a consequence of Global Climate Change, and has

already become a common target in southern Norwegian sports fishing.

Drawing together present and previous results from estuarine research in Portugal,

The Netherlands and northern Norway several commercial species are common, while

others are not (Table 1).

Table 1. Examples of common fin-fish and their food reserves in European estuaries.

Portugal Netherlands Norway

Fin-fish Flounder ---------- Seabass Sea trout Eel Salmon Shad

Flounder Plaice Seabass Sea trout Eel Salmon Shad

Flounder Plaice Seabass Sea trout Eel Salmon Shad

Prey for fin-fish Shore crab Brown shrimp Sand goby Amphipods Mysids Calanoid copepods Cockle ---------- ---------- Blue mussel Lug-worm

Shore crab Brown shrimp Sand goby Amphipods Mysids Calanoid copepods Cockle Macoma Mya Blue mussel Lug-worm

Shore crab Brown shrimp Sand goby Amphipods Mysids Calanoid copepods Cockle Macoma Mya Blue mussel Lug-worm



Goals

Main goal

Study how biodiversity and food-web structure in European estuarine tidal systems is

related to latitudinal differences in climate.

Sub-goals

• Study inter-specific latitudinal differences in mitochondrion DNA.

• Observe limitations in physiological capacities for respiration and osmo-regulation.

• Establish ontogenetic shifts in trophic position by diet composition and isotope

ratios.

• Evaluate how different populations react to locally extreme thermo-haline

conditions.

• Assess how estuarine communities respond to changes in biodiversity and inter-

specific relations.

Fig. 2. Selected study sites on the Atlantic coast of Europe.



Selection of field study locations

The zoogeographical core region of boreal marine species extends from the Iberian

peninsula to the Barents Sea (Fig. 2). However, in Portugal there is a cline in the

composition of estuarine communities from north to south because of differences in the

southern limits in the geographical distribution of species. To take account of these

differences, field locations have been selected in Ria Formosa on Algarve, Ria Aveiro and

the Minho Estuary on the border to Galicia. For similar reasons, field locations in Norway

have been selected in the Salten fjord that feature many boreal species, and the

Porsanger fjord where the fauna expresses more arctic influence. Only supplementary

field work will be carried out in the Texel area, while most of the emphasis will be put on

drawing information from the large base of information accumulated over a century of

scientific research on estuarine ecology.

Scientific methods

General considerations

Estuarine systems ecology is an underdeveloped field of science, because it is a complex

ecotone that links freshwater and marine regimes. The project should be recognised as a

complicated pluri-disciplinary exercise that requires a wide range of different scientific

methods and techniques. Despite difficulties should be recognised, the project attempts

to organise and present results in advanced ways that includes ecological syntheses

based on conceptual and numerical modelling of energy flows in estuarine systems.

The project takes into account that the project requires development of new methods

or use of advanced techniques that are not widely used in aquatic science. The advanced

level requires the establishment of several PhD positions. It is attempted that a number

of MSc students may also be involved to support the PhD students but their number and

working field will have to be defined later, when the qualifications of PhD students have

been clarified. Thus, only working fields for PhD students are described here.

Task 1. Isotope chemistry

Isotope ratios of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) are change with the trophic positions of

animals in a food-chain. There may be clear inter-specific differences but the ratios

change as an animal grows and requires change in prey. Ecological isotope analysis is

still in its infancy which creates a shortage of qualified expertise and laboratory capacity.

The present project will generate demands for a large number of isotope analyses.

Taking also into account that estuarine communities are trophically very complex with



input of oceanic plankton, freshwater organisms and locally produced live biomass, as

well as detritus of various origins, the project has to develop particular expertise. Thus,

the project requires a PhD position for a student who can run analyses and interpret the

results. This PhD student will have to be supported by a specialized technician because

the equipment to read isotope ratios in samples is far too complex to be handled by a

student. It will require the permanent assistance of a specialized technician.

Task 2. Intra-specific genetics.

Species that are distributed over a large latitudinal range are expected to express intra-

specific genetic varieties that are related with environmental differences. The varieties

may be genotypical, resulting from long-term natural selection. However, the estuarine

environment may select for phenotypes that are adaptable to local gradients in for

instance, salinity and temperature. Such local variation in genetic constitution within a

local stock may be as large as latitudinal differences. Nothing is known of to what extent

the population’s adaptation to different latitudes, and hence different to abiotic

conditions, is determined genetically or is a result of phenotypical plasticity of the

species. Very little research has been made on this hypothesis, but the problem must be

addressed to generate understanding of how resistant local stocks are to Climate

Change. Methods developed to investigate the genome structure of mitochondrion DNA

are appropriate for solving this problem, especially considering linking the results to

physiological adaptations to local environmental gradients. A PhD position will be

established to study inter-specific genomic structures in flounder and brown shrimp as a

function of local phenotypic variation as well as latitudinal genotypic selection.

Task 3. Physiological investigations on respiratory capacities

Growth, reproduction and respiration in flounder and brown shrimp is subject to

environmental stress due to spatial and temporal variation in temperature and salinity

within the same estuary. It is unknown how the capacity of these species changes with

latitude. Considering that Climate Change may involve considerable changes in their

thermo-haline environment, one PhD position will be established to study this problem. It

will be attempted to localise the mitochondrion base sequences that are associated with

production of iso-enzymes that are mobilised under different thermo-haline conditions.

Furthermore, the results of physiological investigations will provide basic information for

modelling the dynamic energy budgets.



Task 4. Modelling of intra- and interspecific physiological capacities.

An organism may grow or reproduce only if the energy gain exceeds energy losses.

Traditional bioenergetics studies by static energy budgets are only descriptive, species

specific and they cannot be used for extrapolations beyond the range of data on which

they are based. Dynamic energy budgets (DEB models) overcome the shortcomings

(Kooijman 2000). The DEB model describes the energy flow through an individual in

relation to temperature and food conditions. It can be applied for the comparison of

various relationships between physiological and ecological variables and body size. Only

seven parameters define the characteristics of a species and differences between species

are reflected by differences in parameter values only. DEB models allow direct analyses

of competition between individuals of a species and between different species. The

modelling and handling of data provided by the other PhD students will require a PhD

position.

Task 5. Biodiversity study

Environmental gradients in estuaries cause spatial differences in animal community

structures, depending on the adaptability of autochthonous species or their phenotypes.

However, estuarine communities are also under influence by allochthonous support,

brought partly by river flow, and partly by advection of seawater that imports coastal

plankton. Mero-planktonic larvae from distant parent habitats may recruit to other local

communities elsewhere, and are together with imported holoplankton important

components in estuarine food-webs. The relative importance of the components is

unknown, and has to be investigated to model the food-web’s energy flow and scopes for

growth in resource populations. One PhD position will be established to study latitudinal

differences in community structures, with special reference to the importance of

zooplankton.

Task 6. Ecological modelling

The project will apply modelling of trophic energy flow to study latitudinal differences in

estuarine systems. All participants will be involved in the establishment of a conceptual

models based on information from all tasks. The numerical modelling will apply Ecopath,

a software that is widely used in aquatic science and which offers ample opportunities to

share information world-wide. Ecosim is an associated software program that allows

simulations, for instance with parameters thought to express Climate Change. One PhD

position will be assigned to draw information from different tasks and generate an

operational simulation model.



Task 7. Integrated costal zone management

Geographical information systems (GIS) are widely used to map objects or characteristic

areas, for instance habitats for particular species or typical biota, human activities or

infrastructure, etc. In this project, GIS will be used to identify particular habitats for

estuarine populations, analyse the extension of particular animal community structures,

identify interactions with physical variables, including anthropogenic activities. Modelling

in GIS will serve as a framework for numerical modelling with Ecopath. By including

potential anthropogenic development, GIS may be used to forecast effects on estuarine

production of biological resources. Results from this work will therefore be directly

applicable for the management of estuaries. One PhD position will be established to take

responsibility for the development of GIS methods in estuarine research, development

and management.

Organisation

Professor Joao Coimbra at CIIMAR will be the Project Manager (PM) who reports to the

Portuguese EEA Focus Point (Fig. 3). He will also be Director of the Scientific Steering

Committee (SSC) where Professor Stig Skreslet and Professor Henk van der Veer are

responsible Co-Directors. The Portuguese Post-Doc scientist who will be assigned as

Project Coordinator (PC) will serve as secretary and prepare draft reports for the SSC.

The SSC will be responsible for planning and progress of the scientific activities, and

will direct the work of the PC. The principal obligations of the PC will be to organise the

scientific cooperation between the PhD and MSc students, and the work of the technician.

The PC will also assist the PM in monitoring of the budget.

Practical arrangements and teaching cooperation

The Post-Doc PC and the three PhD students working with physiology, isotope chemistry

and genetics will do their laboratory work in Porto. One PhD student who specialises in

DEB modelling will do the work in Texel, the Netherlands. Three PhD students who

specialise in biodiversity, Ecopath modelling and integrated coastal zone management

(ICZM), will work in Bodø, Norway. However, PhD and MSc students working in the

different countries will have to do local field work and handling of samples for the benefit

of students working with sampled material in laboratories elsewhere. Such sharing of

responsibilities has practical, scientific and social implications of large importance to the

project.



The Post-Doc PC and six out of seven PhD students will be Portuguese citizens. The

PhD student specialising in biodiversity will be a Norwegian citizen who follows a PhD

curriculum at the University of Porto. The Portuguese PhD students working with Ecopath

modelling and ICZM will be formally registered an follow curricula at the Bodø University

College.

The two universities will organise one special PhD course each that will be obligatory

for all of the PhD students.

Costs

The partner organisations will carry the costs of salaries for work package managers, i.e.

the members of the scientific steering committee. The organisations also take

responsibility for giving support that is not easily accounted for and that may occur as

requirements during the run of the project, for instance space and general equipment in

laboratories, and routine services provided by administrative and technical staff. The

difference between total costs (Table 1) and the EEA budget (Table 2) is 17,4 % which

makes the funding from the EEA Financial Mechanism < 85 %.

Fig. 3. Organisation chart.

EEA

PhD (P) Modelling

PhD (P) Physiology

PhD (N) Bio-

diversity

Portuguese Coordinator Post.Doc

PhD (P) Isotope Chemestry

PhD (P) Genetics

(2) MSc (NL) (2) MSc (N) Student Exchange

Steering Committee

PhD (P) Modelling

Technician (P)

PhD (P) ICZM

(2) MSc (P)

Project Manager Professor Coimbra

Professor Skreslet Professor van der Veer



Table 1. Total costs including internal financial contribution from partner organisations.

Year 2007 2008 2009 Total in € Total in %

Project Manager 20.000 20.000 20.000 60.000

Post-Doc 32.000 32.000 32.000 96.000

PhD students 149.040 131.520 131.520 412.080

Technician 23000 23000 23000 69000

Publicity 2000 2000 2000 6.000

Instruments 200.000 0 0 200.000

Administration/lab 26.000 25.000 25.000 76.000

Portuguese Costs 452.040 233.520 233.520 919.080 56,8 %

WP Manager 20.000 20.000 20.000 60.000

PhD student 75.900 75.900 75.900 227.700

Technician 30.000 30.000 30.000 90.000


Norwegian Costs 151.900 150.900 150.900 453.700 28,0 %

WP manager 20.000 20.000 20.000 60.000


Dutch Costs 30.000 30.000 30.000 90.000 5,6 %

Travelling expences 15.000 15.000 15.000 45.000

Scientific meetings 10.000 10.000 50.000 70.000

Scientific expenses 20.000 10.000 10.000 40.000

Joint Costs 45.000 35.000 75.000 155.000 9,6 %

Total Project Costs 678.940 449.420 489.420 1.617.780 100,0 %



Table 2. Costs covered by the EEA Financial Mechanism broken down to items.

Year 2007 2008 2009 Total in € Total in %

Post-Doc 32.000 32.000 32.000 96.000

PhD DEB modelling* 29.220 29.220 29.220 87.660

PhD Ecopath modelling* 29.220 20.460 20.460 70.140

PhD Genetics 20.460 20.460 20.460 61.380

PhD Physiology 20.460 20.460 20.460 61.380

PhD Isotop Chemestry 20.460 20.460 20.460 61.380

PhD ICZM* 29.220 20.460 20.460 70.140

Technician 23.000 23.000 23.000 69.000

Laboratory instruments 200.000 0 0 200.000

Publicity (meetings & leaflets) 2.000 2.000 2.000 6.000


Portuguese Costs 421.040 203.520 203.520 828.080 60,2 %

PhD Biodiversity 75.900 75.900 75.900 227.700

Technician 50% 30.000 30.000 30.000 90.000


Norwegian Costs 120.900 120.900 120.900 362.700 26,4 %


Dutch Costs 10.000 10.000 10.000 30.000 2,2 %

Travelling expences 15.000 15.000 15.000 45.000

Project workshops 10.000 10.000 10.000 30000

International Symposium 0 0 40.000 40.000

Analytical expenses 20.000 10.000 10.000 40.000

Joint Costs 45.000 35.000 75.000 155.000 11,3 %

Total Project Costs 596.940 369.420 409.420 1.375.780 100,0 %

* Time abroad



Table 3. Distribution of costs and internal funding.

2007 2008 2009 Costs 2007-09 Share in %

Portuguese grant 452.040 233.520 233.520 919.080 56,8 %

Norwegian grant 151.900 150.900 150.900 453.700 28,0 %

Dutch grant 30.000 30.000 30.000 90.000 5,6 %

Joint grant 45.000 35.000 75.000 155.000 11,3 %

Total project costs 678.940 449.420 489.420 1.617.780 100,0 %

EEA contribution 596.940 369.420 409.420 1.375.780 85,0 %

Portuguese costs 31.000 30.000 30.000 91.000 5,6 %

Norwegian costs 31.000 30.000 30.000 91.000 5,6 %

Dutch costs 20.000 20.000 20.000 60.000 3,7 %

Internal financing 82.000 80.000 80.000 242.000 15,0 %

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