ManagingEmerging Emerging Technology

As manager yoursquoll face many decisions about using hardware and software to improve the performance of firm You will be able to answer the following questionsbullWhat computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactionsbullWhat arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organizationbullWhat kind of software and software tools do we need to run our businessbullWhat criteria should we use to select our software technologybullOf what new software technologies should we be aware How would they benefit our organizationbullHow should we acquire and manage the firmrsquos hardware and software assets

Alvin Toffler GLOBAL EVOLUTIONAGRARIAN AGE

bullBASED LANDbullACTIVITIES AGRICULTURE RANCHDLLbullFOCUSED PRIMARY REQUIREMENT (FOOD)bullUSED MUSCLE

INDUSTRIAL AGEbullBASED MANUFACTURE amp ASSETbullACTIVITIES PRODUCTbullFOCUSED SECONDARY REQUIREMENT (GOODS)bullUSED MACHINE

INFORMATION AGE bullBASED COMPUTER COMMUNICATION

amp TECHNOLOGYbullACTIVITIES SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTbullFOCUSED SERVICES FACILITIES SISTEM amp METHOD

TO IMPROVED PERFORMANCEbullUSED MIND

Introduction

Introduction

bullFACILITIESbullCAPABILITIES amp AMENITIESbullSISTEM amp NEW METHODSbullHIGH RESPONSbullEFECTIVE EFFICIENCE amp ECONOMIC

TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN ACTIVITY EXECUTION OF INDIVIDUAL DUTY GROUPfaction ORGANIZATIONALcompany PRIVATE SECTOR OR GOVERNMENT CIVIL AND MILITARY

INFLUENTIAL TO CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE OR HUMAN LIFE (E-Life)

ROLES FUNCTION amp BENEFIT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GIVES

E-Life LIFE INFLUENCED AND DEPEND ON EXPLOITING OF ELECTRONIC SUCH AS HAPPENED IN THIS TIME bullE-COMMERCEbullE-GOVERNMENTbullE-EDUCATION ETC

HOW ABOUT YOU

Hardware Processors Capacity Capabilities Computer Size Categories Systems Software Type of Software History of Operating Systems amp History of Programming Languages Computer Networking Categories (PAN LAN MAN amp WAN Internet Intranet amp Extranet) Facilities (Intraweb World Wide Web Web Browser Web Portal Dot Net Framework)

Targets of the new information technology

GROWTH OF ITGROWTH OF IT

Personnel System amp Method

Information Technology Infrastructure

Application Systems Processes

GOALOBJECTIVE

Transformational ImpactTransformational ImpactPRODUCTS amp SERVICES

MANAGEMENT amp CONTROLKNOWLEDGE

Operational ImpactOperational ImpactTIMES

ABILITYINFRASTRUCTUREEFFORT amp SUPORT

Relational ImpactRelational ImpactLOCATION

COORDINATION amp COLABORATION

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

The new role of Information TechnologybullThe widening scope of information systems (administration management decision making evaluation amp analysis coordination control and visualization)bullThe network revolution and the internetNew Opportunities with TechnologybullFacilities and many amenities

Impactof Technology

ndash Computerized system that provides current and accurate data for purposes of control and decision making

ndash Benefits bull Store and retrieve of large quantities of databull Combine and reconfigure data to create new

informationbull Institutionalization of organizational knowledgebull Easierbull Lower Costs bull Increase Productivitybull High Response Times

Influence of TechnologyInfluence of Technology

INFORMATIONrsquoS ERA bullldquoDISTANCE IS DEADrdquo DISTANCE GEOGRAPHICAL SHALL NO LONGER BECOME INTERNAL ISSUE COMMUNICATIONSbullWORLD TO BE ldquoGLOBAL VILLAGErdquo

Managing Emerging Emerging Technology

bull Introduction to Managing Emerging Emerging Technologybull Organizational Aspects of Technology Developmentbull Inovation diffusion (reprise)bull Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologybull Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Human resources considerationsbull Technology scanningbull Factors affecting successful Introduction of

Emerging Emerging Technologiesbull The Emerging Emerging Technologies (ET) Functionbull The Technology Assessment Processbull Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Alvin Toffler GLOBAL EVOLUTIONAGRARIAN AGE

bullBASED LANDbullACTIVITIES AGRICULTURE RANCHDLLbullFOCUSED PRIMARY REQUIREMENT (FOOD)bullUSED MUSCLE

INDUSTRIAL AGEbullBASED MANUFACTURE amp ASSETbullACTIVITIES PRODUCTbullFOCUSED SECONDARY REQUIREMENT (GOODS)bullUSED MACHINE

INFORMATION AGE bullBASED COMPUTER COMMUNICATION

amp TECHNOLOGYbullACTIVITIES SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTbullFOCUSED SERVICES FACILITIES SISTEM amp METHOD

TO IMPROVED PERFORMANCEbullUSED MIND

Introduction

Introduction

bullFACILITIESbullCAPABILITIES amp AMENITIESbullSISTEM amp NEW METHODSbullHIGH RESPONSbullEFECTIVE EFFICIENCE amp ECONOMIC

TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN ACTIVITY EXECUTION OF INDIVIDUAL DUTY GROUPfaction ORGANIZATIONALcompany PRIVATE SECTOR OR GOVERNMENT CIVIL AND MILITARY

INFLUENTIAL TO CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE OR HUMAN LIFE (E-Life)

ROLES FUNCTION amp BENEFIT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GIVES

E-Life LIFE INFLUENCED AND DEPEND ON EXPLOITING OF ELECTRONIC SUCH AS HAPPENED IN THIS TIME bullE-COMMERCEbullE-GOVERNMENTbullE-EDUCATION ETC

HOW ABOUT YOU

Hardware Processors Capacity Capabilities Computer Size Categories Systems Software Type of Software History of Operating Systems amp History of Programming Languages Computer Networking Categories (PAN LAN MAN amp WAN Internet Intranet amp Extranet) Facilities (Intraweb World Wide Web Web Browser Web Portal Dot Net Framework)

Targets of the new information technology

GROWTH OF ITGROWTH OF IT

Personnel System amp Method

Information Technology Infrastructure

Application Systems Processes

GOALOBJECTIVE

Transformational ImpactTransformational ImpactPRODUCTS amp SERVICES

MANAGEMENT amp CONTROLKNOWLEDGE

Operational ImpactOperational ImpactTIMES

ABILITYINFRASTRUCTUREEFFORT amp SUPORT

Relational ImpactRelational ImpactLOCATION

COORDINATION amp COLABORATION

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

The new role of Information TechnologybullThe widening scope of information systems (administration management decision making evaluation amp analysis coordination control and visualization)bullThe network revolution and the internetNew Opportunities with TechnologybullFacilities and many amenities

Impactof Technology

ndash Computerized system that provides current and accurate data for purposes of control and decision making

ndash Benefits bull Store and retrieve of large quantities of databull Combine and reconfigure data to create new

informationbull Institutionalization of organizational knowledgebull Easierbull Lower Costs bull Increase Productivitybull High Response Times

Influence of TechnologyInfluence of Technology

INFORMATIONrsquoS ERA bullldquoDISTANCE IS DEADrdquo DISTANCE GEOGRAPHICAL SHALL NO LONGER BECOME INTERNAL ISSUE COMMUNICATIONSbullWORLD TO BE ldquoGLOBAL VILLAGErdquo

Managing Emerging Emerging Technology

bull Introduction to Managing Emerging Emerging Technologybull Organizational Aspects of Technology Developmentbull Inovation diffusion (reprise)bull Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologybull Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Human resources considerationsbull Technology scanningbull Factors affecting successful Introduction of

Emerging Emerging Technologiesbull The Emerging Emerging Technologies (ET) Functionbull The Technology Assessment Processbull Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Introduction

bullFACILITIESbullCAPABILITIES amp AMENITIESbullSISTEM amp NEW METHODSbullHIGH RESPONSbullEFECTIVE EFFICIENCE amp ECONOMIC

TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN ACTIVITY EXECUTION OF INDIVIDUAL DUTY GROUPfaction ORGANIZATIONALcompany PRIVATE SECTOR OR GOVERNMENT CIVIL AND MILITARY

INFLUENTIAL TO CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE OR HUMAN LIFE (E-Life)

ROLES FUNCTION amp BENEFIT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GIVES

E-Life LIFE INFLUENCED AND DEPEND ON EXPLOITING OF ELECTRONIC SUCH AS HAPPENED IN THIS TIME bullE-COMMERCEbullE-GOVERNMENTbullE-EDUCATION ETC

HOW ABOUT YOU

Hardware Processors Capacity Capabilities Computer Size Categories Systems Software Type of Software History of Operating Systems amp History of Programming Languages Computer Networking Categories (PAN LAN MAN amp WAN Internet Intranet amp Extranet) Facilities (Intraweb World Wide Web Web Browser Web Portal Dot Net Framework)

Targets of the new information technology

GROWTH OF ITGROWTH OF IT

Personnel System amp Method

Information Technology Infrastructure

Application Systems Processes

GOALOBJECTIVE

Transformational ImpactTransformational ImpactPRODUCTS amp SERVICES

MANAGEMENT amp CONTROLKNOWLEDGE

Operational ImpactOperational ImpactTIMES

ABILITYINFRASTRUCTUREEFFORT amp SUPORT

Relational ImpactRelational ImpactLOCATION

COORDINATION amp COLABORATION

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

The new role of Information TechnologybullThe widening scope of information systems (administration management decision making evaluation amp analysis coordination control and visualization)bullThe network revolution and the internetNew Opportunities with TechnologybullFacilities and many amenities

Impactof Technology

ndash Computerized system that provides current and accurate data for purposes of control and decision making

ndash Benefits bull Store and retrieve of large quantities of databull Combine and reconfigure data to create new

informationbull Institutionalization of organizational knowledgebull Easierbull Lower Costs bull Increase Productivitybull High Response Times

Influence of TechnologyInfluence of Technology

INFORMATIONrsquoS ERA bullldquoDISTANCE IS DEADrdquo DISTANCE GEOGRAPHICAL SHALL NO LONGER BECOME INTERNAL ISSUE COMMUNICATIONSbullWORLD TO BE ldquoGLOBAL VILLAGErdquo

Managing Emerging Emerging Technology

bull Introduction to Managing Emerging Emerging Technologybull Organizational Aspects of Technology Developmentbull Inovation diffusion (reprise)bull Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologybull Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Human resources considerationsbull Technology scanningbull Factors affecting successful Introduction of

Emerging Emerging Technologiesbull The Emerging Emerging Technologies (ET) Functionbull The Technology Assessment Processbull Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Hardware Processors Capacity Capabilities Computer Size Categories Systems Software Type of Software History of Operating Systems amp History of Programming Languages Computer Networking Categories (PAN LAN MAN amp WAN Internet Intranet amp Extranet) Facilities (Intraweb World Wide Web Web Browser Web Portal Dot Net Framework)

Targets of the new information technology

GROWTH OF ITGROWTH OF IT

Personnel System amp Method

Information Technology Infrastructure

Application Systems Processes

GOALOBJECTIVE

Transformational ImpactTransformational ImpactPRODUCTS amp SERVICES

MANAGEMENT amp CONTROLKNOWLEDGE

Operational ImpactOperational ImpactTIMES

ABILITYINFRASTRUCTUREEFFORT amp SUPORT

Relational ImpactRelational ImpactLOCATION

COORDINATION amp COLABORATION

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

The new role of Information TechnologybullThe widening scope of information systems (administration management decision making evaluation amp analysis coordination control and visualization)bullThe network revolution and the internetNew Opportunities with TechnologybullFacilities and many amenities

Impactof Technology

ndash Computerized system that provides current and accurate data for purposes of control and decision making

ndash Benefits bull Store and retrieve of large quantities of databull Combine and reconfigure data to create new

informationbull Institutionalization of organizational knowledgebull Easierbull Lower Costs bull Increase Productivitybull High Response Times

Influence of TechnologyInfluence of Technology

INFORMATIONrsquoS ERA bullldquoDISTANCE IS DEADrdquo DISTANCE GEOGRAPHICAL SHALL NO LONGER BECOME INTERNAL ISSUE COMMUNICATIONSbullWORLD TO BE ldquoGLOBAL VILLAGErdquo

Managing Emerging Emerging Technology

bull Introduction to Managing Emerging Emerging Technologybull Organizational Aspects of Technology Developmentbull Inovation diffusion (reprise)bull Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologybull Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Human resources considerationsbull Technology scanningbull Factors affecting successful Introduction of

Emerging Emerging Technologiesbull The Emerging Emerging Technologies (ET) Functionbull The Technology Assessment Processbull Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

GOALOBJECTIVE

Transformational ImpactTransformational ImpactPRODUCTS amp SERVICES

MANAGEMENT amp CONTROLKNOWLEDGE

Operational ImpactOperational ImpactTIMES

ABILITYINFRASTRUCTUREEFFORT amp SUPORT

Relational ImpactRelational ImpactLOCATION

COORDINATION amp COLABORATION

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

The new role of Information TechnologybullThe widening scope of information systems (administration management decision making evaluation amp analysis coordination control and visualization)bullThe network revolution and the internetNew Opportunities with TechnologybullFacilities and many amenities

Impactof Technology

ndash Computerized system that provides current and accurate data for purposes of control and decision making

ndash Benefits bull Store and retrieve of large quantities of databull Combine and reconfigure data to create new

informationbull Institutionalization of organizational knowledgebull Easierbull Lower Costs bull Increase Productivitybull High Response Times

Influence of TechnologyInfluence of Technology

INFORMATIONrsquoS ERA bullldquoDISTANCE IS DEADrdquo DISTANCE GEOGRAPHICAL SHALL NO LONGER BECOME INTERNAL ISSUE COMMUNICATIONSbullWORLD TO BE ldquoGLOBAL VILLAGErdquo

Managing Emerging Emerging Technology

bull Introduction to Managing Emerging Emerging Technologybull Organizational Aspects of Technology Developmentbull Inovation diffusion (reprise)bull Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologybull Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Human resources considerationsbull Technology scanningbull Factors affecting successful Introduction of

Emerging Emerging Technologiesbull The Emerging Emerging Technologies (ET) Functionbull The Technology Assessment Processbull Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

ndash Computerized system that provides current and accurate data for purposes of control and decision making

ndash Benefits bull Store and retrieve of large quantities of databull Combine and reconfigure data to create new

informationbull Institutionalization of organizational knowledgebull Easierbull Lower Costs bull Increase Productivitybull High Response Times

Influence of TechnologyInfluence of Technology

INFORMATIONrsquoS ERA bullldquoDISTANCE IS DEADrdquo DISTANCE GEOGRAPHICAL SHALL NO LONGER BECOME INTERNAL ISSUE COMMUNICATIONSbullWORLD TO BE ldquoGLOBAL VILLAGErdquo

Managing Emerging Emerging Technology

bull Introduction to Managing Emerging Emerging Technologybull Organizational Aspects of Technology Developmentbull Inovation diffusion (reprise)bull Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologybull Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Human resources considerationsbull Technology scanningbull Factors affecting successful Introduction of

Emerging Emerging Technologiesbull The Emerging Emerging Technologies (ET) Functionbull The Technology Assessment Processbull Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Managing Emerging Emerging Technology

bull Introduction to Managing Emerging Emerging Technologybull Organizational Aspects of Technology Developmentbull Inovation diffusion (reprise)bull Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologybull Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Human resources considerationsbull Technology scanningbull Factors affecting successful Introduction of

Emerging Emerging Technologiesbull The Emerging Emerging Technologies (ET) Functionbull The Technology Assessment Processbull Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY A TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDER AN INNOVATION AND IS STILL DEVELOPING IN TERM OF CAPABILITY OR CAPACITY

PACING TECHNOLOGY THE TECHNOLOGY IS BEGINNING TO GROW IN ACCEPTANCE

KEY TECHNOLOGY ONCE A TECHNOLOGY REACH THIS PHASE IT HAS BECOME A TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES A COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIAL ANDOR IS A MAJOR REASON THE ORGANIZATION IS MORE SUCCESSFUL

BASE TECHNOLOGY FINAL PHASE OF A TECHNOLOGYrsquoS LIFE CYCLE IS REACH WHEN THE TECHNOLOGY BECOMES A REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY FOR AN ORGANIZATION

THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

INNOVATORS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE WILLING TO TAKE HIGHER RISK OR HAVE EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATINGPILOTING PROJECT BASED ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY DURING THE EMERGING PHASE

EARLY ADOPTERS ORGANIZATION THAT ARE MORE VISIONARY THERE IS SOME ASSURANCE OF THE POTENTIAL RETURNS FROM ADOPTING A TECHNOLOGY BUT ITS VISIBILITY IS NOT YET WIDESPREAD OR ONLY SEE ITS APPLICATION WOULD IMPLEMENT EMERGING OR PACING TECHNOLOGIES

EARLY MAJORITY ADOPTERS WHO WAITED UNTIL THERE WAS MORE ASSURANCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIKELY IMPLEMENT TECHNOLOGY ONLY AFTER THEY HAVE BECOME PACING TECHNOLOGIES

LATE MAJORITY ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE REALIZED THEY WILL HAVE TO ADOPT THE TECHNOLOGY TO STAY COMPETITIVE WOULD MOST LIKELY ONLY ADOPT A TECHNOLOGY THAT HAS REACHED KEY STATUS

LAGGARDS THESE ARE TRUE SKEPTICS THE TECHNOLOGY IS LIKELY TO HAVE BECOME A BASE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN BENEFIT TO ADOPTING IT IS TO STAY IN THE MARKET THE RISK IN BEING A LAGGARD IS THAT THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION MAY NOW BE GREATER THAN THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

InnovatorsEarly

AdoptersEarly

MajorityLate

Majority Laggards

Cost and Benefits by PhaseAdapted from Arthur Anderson Report by Konsynski 1991

benefit

costs

$

CATEGORIES OF ADOPTER TYPES

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Organizational Aspects of Technology Development

Innovatorsldquopioneerrdquo

EarlyAdopters

LateMajority

Laggardsldquome toordquo

bullStrategies for Technology Development

Research and Development Development

System DesignAnd

EngineeringProduction

RampD andSystems

RampD andEnd User

System amp Users

ProductionAnd Users

State ofthe Art High Moderate Low

RampD RiskCompetitiveIntelligenceResponsive

MinimizeCosts

Quick CopyDelivery

Performance

TechnicalEnthusiastsVisionaries

Pragmatists Conservatives Skeptics

EmphasisOn

Couplings

TechnicalAbilities

Features

Style

bullThe organizational Style mirrors the definition of the adopter categories ranging from the Visionary innovators to the Skeptical Laggards

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N S

PE

ED

RESPONSE

CHICKEN

TURTLE

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

The S-CurvebullThe S-Curve describes the cumulative adoption bullSeveral implication as cumulative effect of technology adoption

Change along the curvebullThere are implication for change management relative to the diffusion curve During the initial phases of the technology life cycle the business and IT management need to built the awareness of the emerging technologybullEarly and late majority begins to adopt technology need to skilled in the technology the change affects needed to gain more acceptance of the technology growsbullWhen a technology has become a base technology and an organization must adopt the technology change became a requirement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20

40

60

80

100

120

Very fewHave adopted

Take-offpoint

Majorityhaveaccepted

TimeEmergent(research)

Pacing(development)

Key(production)

Base(exploitation)

Obsolescence

Increasing rateof learning

Greatest rateof learning

Decreasing rateof learning

Negative rateof learning

Adoption

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

SHAPE THE FUTUREPLAY A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ESTABLISHING HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION SETTING STANDARD CREATING DEMAND

ADOPT THE FUTUREWIN THROUGH SPEED AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN RECOGNIZING AND CAPTURING OPPORTUNITIES

RESERVE THE RIGHT TO PLAYINVEST SUFFICIENTLY TO STAY BUT AVOID PREMATURE COMMITMENTS

THREE STRATEGIC POSTURES

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Inovation diffusion (Reprise)bull Diffusion is defined as the process by which an innovation is

communicated over time through certain channels to members of a social system

bull Innovation is considered as synonymous with ldquotechnologyrdquo5th characteristics of innovations that influence the rate of adoption bull Relative Advantage Considers the degree to which the innovation is

perceived to be better (more advantageous) than the technology it replace

bull Compatibility A higher level of compatibility with the values and needs of the potential adopter is considered to improve the chance of adoption

bull Complexity Technology that is difficult to learn use or implement will have a slower rate of adoption

bull Trial ability Technology than can more easily be experimental will have a better chance of being adopted

bull Observe ability The degree to which an innovation can be ldquoseenrdquo by other users and adopters will affect the rate of adoption

Several characteristics of organizations that are more likely to become early adopters are Abilities bullTo amortize the cost of learningbullTo acquire any given amount of new knowledge with less effortbullA higher level of initial knowledge about a given technology

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

The Assimilation Gap

bullThis lag between the acquisition of product and its actual implementation whether it is a temporary lag or a permanent difference has been described as the Assimilation GapbullThe gap between the apparent adoption of a technology when using acquisition of a technology as a guideline as compared to the deployment of the technology in actual use can have a significant impact on decision-making

CumulativeAdoption ()

Time

Acquisition Assimilation Gap

Deployment

Source Fichman Robert G Kemerer Chris F The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation An Examination of Assimilation Gap

100

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Identifying Emerging Emerging Technologies

1 What Can Happen bullTo explain ability had by technology2 What Will Happen bullTo explain impact able to be generated by using technology

3 What Should Happen bullTo explain what is expected from exploiting of technology

Consider three basic Question

One Question is the main topic How Will Happen bullSolution and Decision made by a organization the basis for the success of evaluating andor implementing emerging technologies

28

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologiesbull Delayed Participationbull Sticking with the familiar (Maintaining Status Quo) bull Reluctance to Fully Commitbull Lack of Persistence

bullHuman Resource QualitybullMistake PlanbullManagement

Cause

Human Resorce ConsiderationsbullAvailability of Talent

bullResources AllocationbullMotivation

bullKnowledge Management

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Technology Scanning

bullBooks and PeriodicalsbullFormat Studies gtInterviews

gtSurveysQuestionnairesgtScenario PlanninggtOn-Site Observations

bullPersonal ContactsNetworkbullProfessional OrganizationsWorkshopConventionsbullResearch amp Development OrganizationsbullState and Federal departmentsbullUniversitiesbullVendor and ConsultantsbullEarly Adopters

Technology scanning refers to the process of keeping abreast of development and potential developments in the technology arena for example

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Emerging Technologies

bullIdentify the problem an opportunity that the technology addressesbullIdentify and empower a champion (A projectrsquos success is much more likely if there is a person or group that believes in the value of the project)bullCreate a cross functional dedicated and accountable teambullBuild an environment that will support the introduction of the technologybullIdentify and address the risk associated with the new technologybullManage the project (Set reasonable goals and schedules)The Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionThe Emerging Technology (ET) FunctionbullManaging emerging technology through the creation of the dedicated function within the organization responsible for technology scanning evaluation selection and implementationbullBy dedicating resources to focus on emerging technology organizations can improve their chances of selecting those technologies - at the right time ndash that will provide the most competitive advantage

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

The Technology Assessment ProcessbullScoping Capabilities of the firm and the potential threat or opportunity from the technology are analyzed to establish the scope and domain of the technology search

bullSearching The organization must screen technologies and search for signs of emerging technology and determine if they have commercial viability

bullEvaluating Consists of identifying and prioritizing technologies that are considered are potentially viable and evaluating them based on the organizationrsquos technical abilities the needs of the organization and the competitive opportunities of the organization

bullCommitting Considers How it should be pursued and implemented

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

The Technology Assessment Process

1SCOPING

PredictAbility

to change and redeploy

resources

DefineTarget

AssessCore

Capabilities

2SEARCHING

Survey Discover

search for emergent

technology

Predictand assess

Need ordemand

3EVALUATING

Plandevelopment

Of newtechnology

Projecthow technology

Serves user Needs andCompetitive

goal

4COMMITTING

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Managing Emerging Technology Checklists

Key elements to CIO responsibility that can be addressed using the following suggestions when considering emerging technology

bullHow to Sell New Technology to Senior ExecutivebullHow to Prioritize and Focus on the Right Emerging TechnologybullDeveloping the Business Case for Emerging TechnologybullHow to Decide When to Deploy Emerging Technologies Minimizing Risks but Not Getting Left Behind

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Implementation Managing Emerging Technology

bull Information technology infrastructurebull Categories of computers and computers systemsbull Type of softwarebull The new information technologybull The world wide webbull Support technology for E-Commerce amp E-Businessbull Management issues and decisions

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Categories of computers pursuant to sizebullMainframe Largest category of computers used for major business processingbullMidrange computer Middle size computers that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computersbullMinicomputer Middle-range computers used in systems for universities factories or research laboratoriesbullPersonal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable computers (Radio Sack XT ET Celeron amp Pentium)

HARDWARE

Information technology infrastructurebullHardware

bullSoftware SystembullNetwork Data Communication

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Categories of computers pursuant to Capability bullTerminal

bullWorkstationbullServer farm

bullSupercomputer

bullDesktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated task

Workstation

Server farmbullLarge group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers

bullHighly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly

Supercomputer

Terminal (Intelligent amp Dump) bullPart of a network that controlled and integrated by server and connected by communications net

HARDWARE

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Categories of computers pursuant to function

bullServerbullClient (Terminal amp Workstation)

Client

bullComputer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network bullKind of server gtApplication Server gtDatabase Server gtRemote Access System (RAS) Server gtWeb Server gtMail Server etc

Server

bullIntelligent Terminal that operating pursuant client server principle

HARDWARE

bullSERVERbullSWITCH

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENT

bullCLIENTbullPRINTER

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Network and Data CommunicationCOMPUTER NETWORK

bullNetwork Facilities

bullData Communication Facilities

bullRouter (Multimedia amp Modular)bullSwitch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch)bullModem (Modulation amp Demodulation)bullCable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45)

bullCablebullFibber OpticbullRadio (UHF VHF HF)bullTelephone (PSTN ISDN ADSL)bullSatellite (Palapa Imarsat Byru etc)

bullLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)bullMETROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

bullWIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

bullKind of Computers Network

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

Programs

A series of statements

or instructions

to the computer

SOFTWARESoftware

SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

OperatingSystem

PackagePrograms ESS

DSS

KWS

OAS

MIS

TPS

Windows

Linux

Unix

DOS

RISC

Sperry

DBMS

SystemDeveloper

Communicationamp SecuritySoftware

LanguageampCompiler

Tools ampUtilities

Imageamp Word

Processing

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Users

Application Software

System Software

HARDWARE

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND USERS

OPERATING SYSTEM SCHEDULES COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS

DEVELOPER SYSTEM amp LANGUAGE INTERPRETER COMPILER

TOOLS amp UTILITY PROGRAMS ROUTINE OPERATIONS (SORT LIST

PRINT ETC) MANAGE DATA (CREATE FILE

MERGE FILE ETC)

SOFTWAREType of softwareSystem SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Microprocessors ProcessorsComputers CategoriesComputer SizeCategories

Hardware

Earliest devices Chinese and others frustrated with counting on their fingers invented the Abacus First mechanical calculators Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator Mechanical calculator from 1914 The slide rule a basic mechanical calculator facilitates multiplication and division 1801 punched card technology Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine using punch cards in the 1880s

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

HARDWARE

1835ndash1900s first programmable machines In 1835 Charles Babbage described his analytical engine It was the plan of a general-purpose programmable computer employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power

1800sndash1900s limited mechanical computing By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators In 1948 the Curta was introduced In 1965 Wang Laboratories introduced the first desktop

electronic calculator using discrete transistors Pre-1940 analog computers Nomograms like this Smith chart serve as analog computers

for specific classes of problems Some of the most widely deployed analog computers included

devices for aiming weapons such as the Norden bombsight and

artillery aiming computers for battleships Hybrid analog computers controlled by digital electronics

remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s and later in some 1940s first electrical digital computers American developments ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) performed ballistics trajectory calculations with

160kW of power Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War

II Konrad Zuses Z-series started construction in 1936 of his first

Z-series calculators featuring memory and (initially limited)

programmability

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

GENERASI HARDWARE

GENERASI-I VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY VACUUM TUBES GENERASI-II 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SECOND GENERATION SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM

TUBES GENERASI-III POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY

THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATION THE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

GENERASI-IV FORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE

MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

COMPUTER GENERATION 1ST GENERATION VON NEUMANN MACHINES SIGNED BY

VACUUM TUBES

INFRASTRUCTURE

2ND GENERATION 1950S AND EARLY 1960S SIGNED BY

TRANSISTORS ABOVE REVOLUTIONIZED COMPUTERS AS SMALLER AND MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENTS FOR VACUUM TUBES

VACUM-TUBE AS LASING SIGNAL RAW MATERIAL FROM GLASS MANY WEAKNESS LIKE FRAGILE amp HOT NEED OTHER COMPONENT AS COOLER

RAW MATERIAL CONSIST OF THREE COAT BASIC ldquoCOLLECTOR amp EMMITERrdquo TRANSISTOR = TRANSFER RESISTOR MEAN INFLUENCEDLY ENERGY BETWEEN TWO FROM THREE COAT HENCE ENERGY (RESISTOR) WAS EXIST IN NEXT COAT EARN ALSO INFLUENCED34

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

HARDWARE GENERATION 3RD GENERATION

POST-1960 THIRD GENERATION AND BEYOND SIGNED BY THE MICROSCOPIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ABOVE COMBINED MANY HUNDREDS OF TRANSISTORS INTO ONE UNIT FOR FABRICATIONTHE MICROPROCESSOR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROCOMPUTER SMALL LOW-COST COMPUTERS THAT COULD BE OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES

INFRASTRUCTURE

bullCONCEPT SMALLER amp PROGRESSIVELY CHEAP THAN TRANSISTORbullNEEDED TO CONTINUE AND TO CONDUCT MANY RESEARCHbullMANY THOUSANDS OF TRANSISTOR MERGED amp INTEGRATED INTO VERY SMALL SIZE MEASUREbullCONCEIVED BY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC-CHIP WHICH REPRESENT INDIVIDUALITY COMPUTER of THIRD GENERATION

35

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH GENERATIONFORTH GENERATION SIGNED BY INVENTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED COMPUTERS WERE ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED IN THEIR COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND SPEED AND WERE IN NO WAY AN ATTEMPT TO DOWNSIZE THE MINICOMPUTER

bullCONDENSATION of MANY THOUSANDS OF IC IN A CHIPbullFORM WHICH SMALLER AND the ABILITY WHICH PROGRESSIVELY MOUNT AND the PRICE WHICH CHEAP PROGRESSIVELYbullMICROPROCESSOR REPRESENT EARLY BIRTH of PERSONAL COMPUTERbullIN 1971 INTEL CORP DEVELOPED FIRST MICROPROCESSOR of 4004 SERIE

36

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

NEXT GENERATIONbullMARKED WITH APPEARANCE LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) REPRESENT CONDENSATION of THOUSANDS OF MICROPROCESSOR of IN A MICROPROCESORbullAPPEARANCE MICROPROCESSOR AND SEMI CONDUCTORbullEXISTENCE OF MICRO-PROCESSOR FROM INTEL WITH MODEL 4004 8088 80286 80386 80486 AND PENTIUM

HARDWARE GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD) estimated will launch his first chip dual core for desktop computer Previous AMD have released chip dual core for server

Intel Pentium-4 newest product from Intel Corporation expected can cover up weakness of previous product speed and ability also increase become 2 GhzPicture was presented become sharper and softer speed process send or accepted by a picture also become faster

KINDS of PROCESSOR

37

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Supercomputer gt Minisupercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer gt Supermini Server Workstation Desktop computer which may be one

or more of gt Microcomputer gt Home computer gt Personal computer Cart computer Portable computer (or luggable

computer) Desk note1048708

List of Computer Size Categories

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Mobile computers which include in order of descending size the classes

gt Laptop Tablet PC (as defined by Microsoft) gt Sub notebook also known as Handheld PC (as defined by Microsoft) Palmtop Kneetop gt Handheld device also known as Personal Digital Assistant Handheld game console - Pocket PC (as defined by Microsoft) - Portable Data Terminal - Electronic Organizer - Information appliance gtgt Smartphone a class of mobile phone gt Pocket computer Wearable computer Embedded computer Sensor network components Smart dust

List of Computer Size Categories

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

1 The 4-bit processors1048708 11 Intel 4004 1st single-chip microP1048708 12 4040

2 The 8-bit processors1048708 21 80081048708 22 80801048708 23 8085

3 The 16-bit processors Origin of x861048708 31 80861048708 32 80881048708 33 801861048708 34 801881048708 35 80286

4 32-bit processors The non-x86 microPs1048708 41 iAPX 4321048708 42 i960 aka 809601048708 43 i860 aka 808601048708 44 XScale

Processors5 32-bit processors The 80386 range1048708 51 80386DX1048708 52 80386SX1048708 53 803761048708 54 80386SL1048708 55 80386EX

6 32-bit processors The 80486 range1048708 61 80486DX1048708 62 80486SX1048708 63 80486DX21048708 64 80486SL1048708 65 80486DX4

7 32-bit processors The Pentium (I)1048708 71 Pentium (Classic)1048708 72 Pentium MMX

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Processors

9 32-bit processors Pentium 4 range1048708 91 Pentium 41048708 92 Xeon1048708 93 Pentium 4 EE1048708 94 Pentium 4E1048708 95 Pentium 4F

10 The 64-bit processors IA-641048708 101 Itanium1048708 102 Itanium 21048708 11 The 64-bit processors EM64T1048708 111 Pentium 4F D0 and later

stepping1048708 112 Pentium D1048708 113 Pentium Extreme Edition 955

8 32-bit processors Pentium Pro II Celeron III M1048708 81 Pentium Pro1048708 82 Pentium II1048708 83 Celeron (Pentium II-based)1048708 84 Pentium III1048708 85 Pentium II and III Xeon1048708 86 Celeron (Pentium III Copper mine-based)1048708 87 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)1048708 88 Pentium 4-M1048708 89 Pentium M1048708 810 Intel Core1048708 811 Celeron M

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

TYPE OF SOFTWARE HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

TYPE OF SOFTWARE

System SoftwarebullGeneralized program that manage the computerrsquos resources such as the central processor communication links and peripheral devices

Application SoftwarebullPrograms written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end user

Operating SystembullThe system software that manage and controls the activities of the computer

Package ProgrambullThe system software that written for a specific requirement

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

1960s1048708 1961 CTSS1048708 MCP1048708 1962 GCOS1048708 1964 EXEC 81048708 OS360 (announced)1048708 TOPS-101048708 1965 Multics (announced)1048708 OS360 (shipped)1048708 Tape Operating System

(TOS)1048708 1966 DOS360 (IBM)1048708 MS81048708 1967 ACP (IBM)1048708 CPCMS1048708 ITS1048708 WAITS1048708 1969 TENEX1048708 Unix

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1970s1048708 1970 DOSBATCH 11 (PDP-11)1048708 1971 OS81048708 1972 MFT (Operating System)1048708 MVT1048708 RDOS1048708 SVS1048708 VMCMS1048708 1973 Alto OS1048708 RSX-11D1048708 RT-111048708 VME1048708 1974 MVS (MVSXA)1048708 1976 CPM1048708 TOPS-201048708 1978 Apple DOS 31 (first Apple

OS)1048708 Trip OS1048708 VMS1048708 Lisp Machine (CADR)1048708 1979 POS

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

1980s1048708 1980 OS-91048708 QDOS1048708 SOS1048708 XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development

Environment)1048708 Xenix1048708 1981 MS-DOS1048708 1982 Sun OS (10)1048708 Ultrix1048708 Commodore DOS1048708 1983 Lisa OS1048708 Coherent1048708 Pro DOS1048708 1984 Macintosh OS

(System 10)1048708 QNX1048708 Uni COS1048708

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1985 Amiga OS1048708 Atari TOS1048708 MIPS OS1048708 Microsoft Windows 10

(First Windows)1048708 1986 AIX1048708 GS-OS1048708 HP-UX1048708 1987 Arthur1048708 IRIX (30 is first SGI version)1048708 Minix1048708 OS2 (10)1048708 Microsoft Windows 201048708 1988 AUX (Apple

Computer)1048708 LynxOS1048708 MVSESA1048708 OS4001048708 1989 Ne XTSTEP (10)1048708 RISC OS1048708 SCO Unix (release 3)

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

1990s1048708 1990 Amiga OS 201048708 BeOS (v1)1048708 OSF11048708 1991 Linux1048708 1992 386BSD 011048708 Amiga OS 301048708 Solaris (20 is first not

called SunOS)1048708 Windows 311048708 1993 Plan 9 (First

Edition)1048708 Free BSD1048708 Net BSD1048708 Windows NT 31

(First version of NT)1048708 1995 Digital UNIX (aka

Tru64 )1048708 OpenBSD1048708 OS3901048708 Windows 951048708 1996 Windows NT 40

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

1048708 1997 Inferno1048708 Mac OS 76 (first officially-

named Mac OS)1048708 Sky OS1048708 1998 Windows 981048708 1999 AROS (Boot for the

first time in Stand Alone version)

1048708 Mac OS 8

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

OPERATING SYSTEMS TIMELINE

2000s 2000 Athe OS1048708 Mac OS 91048708 Morph OS1048708 Windows 20001048708 2001 Amiga OS 40 (May 2001)1048708 Mac OS X1048708 Windows XP1048708 zOS1048708 2002 Syllable1048708 2003 Windows Server 20031048708 Windows Vista (to be released in July 2006)

Windows Longhorn Server (to be released after Windows Vista)Windows Vienna

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

History of Programming Languages

1940s 1943 - Plankalkuumll (Konrad Zuse)1048708 1943 - ENIAC coding system1048708 1949 - C-101950s 1951 - Regional Assembly

Language1048708 1952 - Autocode1048708 1954 - FORTRAN1048708 1958 - LISP1048708 1958 - ALGOL1048708 1959 - COBOL1960s 1962 - APL1048708 1962 - Simula1048708 1964 - BASIC1048708 1964 - PLI1970s 1970 - Pascal1048708 1972 - C1048708 1972 - Smalltalk1048708 1972 - Prolog1048708 1973 - ML1048708 1978 - SQL

1980s 1983 - Ada1048708 1983 - C++1048708 1985 - Eiffel1048708 1987 - Perl1048708 1989 - FL (Backus)1990s 1990 - Haskell1048708 1990 - Python1048708 1991 - Java1048708 1993 - Ruby2000s 2000 - C1048708 2001 - Scriptol

Major programming languages by year of first introduction

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

Categories PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Functional Relationship Client-server Peer-to-peer amp Multi Tier

Topology Bus Star Ring Mesh amp Star-bus Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

bull Internet or simply the Net is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP)

bull Intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocols network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees

bull Extranet An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys Intranet that is extended to users outside the company (eg normally over the Internet)

Protocol Network

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network Facilities Router (Multimedia amp Modular) Switch (CoreMain Distribution amp Access Switch) Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) Cable amp Connector (Coaxial amp BNC UTP amp RJ45) Wireless

bull Intra web is a web comprising all HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) nodes on an intranet synonyms are corporate web internal web

bull World Wide Web is a global information space which people can read and write via computers connected to the Internet

bull Web Browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text images and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web

bull Web Portal is sites on the World Wide Web that typically provide personalized capabilities to their visitors

bull Dot Net Framework is a software development platform created by Microsoft

Facilities

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

bull Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver referring to its use as a wireless telegraph now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet

bull1048708 Bluetoothbull1048708 DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)bull1048708 DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)bull1048708 HIPERLANbull1048708 HIPERMANbull1048708 IEEE 80211bull1048708 IrDAbull1048708 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)bull1048708 WiFibull1048708 WiMAXbull1048708 xMaxbull1048708 ZigBee

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

LRC

Gateway Communication

Receiver Satellite

BRANCHES

TrackingSystem

Radio Communication

Base

VHFUHF

Telephone

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

CENTRAL

Computer System

BASEBACK BONE

COMMUNICATIONbullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

bullETC

Multi Service Communication Concept

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEMamp Teleprinter

Computer System

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

LRSSReceiver Satellite

Computer System

TrackingSystem

RadioCommunication

Base

VHFUHF

TLPFAX

RADAR

Receiver Satellite

Gateway Communication

ComputerSystem

BASEBACK BONE COMMUNICATION

bullVSAT IPbullVPN IP

bullBROAD BANDbullFIBER OPTIC

TLPFAX

RadioCommunication

VHFUHF

Gateway Communication

Multi ServiceCommunication

Concept

BRANCHES CENTRE

bullPC BASEbullOPEN SYSTEM

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

The new information technology

Streaming Technology- data communications process of multimedia from a place to other place by real time

bullInternet -International Network Information Technology InfrastructurebullExtranetbullIntranet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers

The world wide web (the web) - is at the heart of the explosion in the business use of the internet

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences

bull ABILITYgtKnowledgegtSkillgtExperience

bull EFFORTgtMotivationgtBehaviorgtCulture

bull SUPORTgtOrganizationgtManagementgtInfrastructuregtCommunication FacilitiesgtLocationgtTimes of Adoption

consistency and consequences

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Managing Emerging Technology
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Organizational Aspects of Technology Development
• Slide 12
• The S-Curve
• Slide 14
• Inovation diffusion (Reprise)
• The Assimilation Gap
• Slide 17
• Inhibitors to embracing emerging technologies
• Slide 19
• Factors affecting successful Introduction of Emerging Technologies
• The Technology Assessment Process
• Slide 22
• Managing Emerging Technology Checklists
• Implementation Managing Emerging Technology
• Categories of computers pursuant to size
• Categories of computers pursuant to Capability
• Categories of computers pursuant to function
• Network and Data Communication
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• The new information technology
• consistency and consequences