manchester april 20121 the structure of radio sources the molonglo papers the structure of radio...

Manchester April 2012 1

The Structure of Radio SourcesThe Structure of Radio Sources

The Molonglo PapersThe Molonglo Papers

Resolving the Sky with radio interferometryResolving the Sky with radio interferometry

Bruce McAdam University of Sydney 18 – 20 April 201218 – 20 April 2012

Manchester April 2012 Manchester April 2012 22

Astrophysics GroupAstrophysics Group

In 1961In 1961 by 1970by 1970 add add

Bernard MillsBernard Mills Michael LargeMichael Large

Alec LittleAlec Little Tony TurtleTony Turtle

Arthur WatkinsonArthur Watkinson Hugh MurdochHugh Murdoch

Bruce McAdamBruce McAdam Dave CrawfordDave Crawford

Terry ButcherTerry Butcher Alan Le MarneAlan Le Marne

Mick WhiteMick White Jack HowesJack Howes

John HorneJohn Horne


Molonglo Radio Observatory from the North


The Centre of the CrossThe Centre of the Cross

The continuous NS arm makes a 15m gap in the EW arm


two halves spaced halves phase switched crosstwo halves spaced halves phase switched cross total power interferometer cross correlation NS * EW total power interferometer cross correlation NS * EW


MOSTMOST Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope E * W Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope E * W


Evolution of Cross & Molonglo TelescopesEvolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes

• 1953- 1954 1953- 1954 85 MHz85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs Mills Cross at Fleurs• 1960-1978 1960-1978 408 MHz408 MHz Molonglo Cross Molonglo Cross

1967 11 Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin)1967 11 Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin) 1968 + 3 EW beams produce 33 pencil beams1968 + 3 EW beams produce 33 pencil beams

• 1968 – 1972 1968 – 1972 The Schilizzi periodThe Schilizzi period



• 1960-1978 1960-1978 408 MHz408 MHz Molonglo Cross Molonglo Cross

Resolution of contemporary TelescopesResolution of contemporary Telescopes

• Molonglo 408 MHz Molonglo 408 MHz 0 – 1065 0 – 1065 pencil Crosspencil Cross

0 – 2130 0 – 2130 EW fan beamEW fan beam

• Parkes 408 MHz Parkes 408 MHz 190 – 665 190 – 665 interferometerinterferometer• 1401 MHz1401 MHz 570 - 2000 570 - 2000 • Cambridge 408Cambridge 408 0 – 20400 – 2040 one mile synthesis one mile synthesis • Owens Valley 1425Owens Valley 1425 0 – 2300 0 – 2300 intererometerintererometer



• 1953- 1954 1953- 1954 85 MHz85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs Mills Cross at Fleurs• 1960-1978 1960-1978 408 MHz408 MHz Molonglo Cross Molonglo Cross

1967 11 Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin)1967 11 Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin) 1968 + 3 EW beams produce 33 pencil beams1968 + 3 EW beams produce 33 pencil beams

• 1978 24 August - the Cross switched off1978 24 August - the Cross switched off

• 1981 MOST - 1981 MOST - E *W 12 h synthesisE *W 12 h synthesis 2.72.7° ° field field

• 2009 SKAMP - 2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototypethe SKA Molonglo Prototype


the first 10 PhD Studentsthe first 10 PhD Students Thesis TopicThesis Topic YearYear

John Sutton John Sutton positions and calibration positions and calibration 1966 1966 Mike Kesteven Mike Kesteven Supernova Remnants Supernova Remnants 1968 1968

David Wyllie David Wyllie 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale 1968 1968

Peter Shaver Peter Shaver Galactic HII Regions Galactic HII Regions 19701970 Malcolm Cameron Bright GalaxiesMalcolm Cameron Bright Galaxies 19701970

Trevor Clarke Trevor Clarke Source models & angular size Source models & angular size 1971 1971 Bob Munro Bob Munro Positions & ID of 4C Sources Positions & ID of 4C Sources 1971 1971

Dick Hunstead Dick Hunstead Calibration & Optical ID Calibration & Optical ID 1972 1972

Anne Green Anne Green Spiral Structure of the Galaxy Spiral Structure of the Galaxy 19721972 Dick SchilizziDick Schilizzi Extragalactic Source Structure Extragalactic Source Structure 19721972



Richard Schilizzi ’s firstRichard Schilizzi ’s first

1. March 19691. March 1969 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASASchilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 228-2291, 228-229

Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz.Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz.

Two sourcesTwo sources 0344-34 and 0819-300819-30

Examples of 32 doubles Examples of 32 doubles

from observations of 190 suspected extended or confusedfrom observations of 190 suspected extended or confused



2 1970 2 1970 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASASchilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 337-3401, 337-340

Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure.Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure.

Five bright sources - all complex sructure ie not simple doubles Five bright sources - all complex sructure ie not simple doubles

0336-35 NGC 1399

0511-30 17 m galaxy

0634-20 16.8 m E galaxy

0800-09 17 m galaxy

1333-33 11 m IC 4296

1333-33 Fax record during observation


Richard Schilizzi 1967 -1972Richard Schilizzi 1967 -1972 The Molonglo PapersThe Molonglo Papers

3 1972 3 1972 Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys 25, 545-558 25, 545-558

Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz.Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz.

NGC 545 – 547 11.88m db pair in Abell cluster A194NGC 545 – 547 11.88m db pair in Abell cluster A194

The first of Richard’s international collaborations The first of Richard’s international collaborations



4 1973 4 1973 Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, 245-252 Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, 245-252

Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources.Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources.

The next international collaboration - after leaving SydneyThe next international collaboration - after leaving Sydney

0211-47 17.5m galaxy0211-47 17.5m galaxy

0214-48 14.4m D galaxy z = 0.064 0214-48 14.4m D galaxy z = 0.064

1234-72 14.5m E galaxy z = 0.0226 1234-72 14.5m E galaxy z = 0.0226

1846-63 15m E galaxy 1846-63 15m E galaxy

1951-50 18m UV object1951-50 18m UV object



5 1975 5 1975 Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett 40, 211-224 40, 211-224

Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.


The Molonglo Papers The Molonglo Papers Richard Schilizzi’s Thesis PapersRichard Schilizzi’s Thesis Papers

6 1975 6 1975 Schilizzi & McAdamSchilizzi & McAdam Mem. RAS 79, 1-73 Mem. RAS 79, 1-73

Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures. Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures.

7 1975 7 1975 Schilizzi Schilizzi Mem. RAS 79, 75-100 Mem. RAS 79, 75-100

Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields II The Optical Fields

This volume of the Memoirs was the major part of Richard’s thesis.This volume of the Memoirs was the major part of Richard’s thesis.

A survey of extended sources over the southern sky : A survey of extended sources over the southern sky :

116 sources +18 ° to - 80 ° declination; S > 1.5 Jy; size 2 – 15’.116 sources +18 ° to - 80 ° declination; S > 1.5 Jy; size 2 – 15’.

The optical fields of 114 sources yielded 34 new identificationsThe optical fields of 114 sources yielded 34 new identifications

and positions of 234 objects in 86 radio fields to 0.5” and positions of 234 objects in 86 radio fields to 0.5”


1333-33 IC 4296 408 MHz

11.11 m E0 galaxy

1401-33 NGC 5419 408 MHz

11.60 m E0 galaxy

Two favourite structures With the Molonglo Cross - EW * NS 2.8 arcmin pencil beam


Later, by 1983 using 4 x resolution Later, by 1983 using 4 x resolution

with the MOST with the MOST E * W synthesis 843 MHzE * W synthesis 843 MHz

43 arcsec pencil beamJones & McAdam


The last of Richard’s Molonglo PapersThe last of Richard’s Molonglo Papers – –..

McAdam & SchilizziMcAdam & Schilizzi

A & A A & A 5555, 67-71, 67-71

Low brightnessLow brightness Head-tail sourceHead-tail source Is it associatedIs it associated with NGC 5419,with NGC 5419, the 11.60 E galaxy?the 11.60 E galaxy?

MOST map @ 43”

8 19778 1977 On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33


Richard Schilizzi 1967 -1972Richard Schilizzi 1967 -1972 The eightThe eight Molonglo Papers -Molonglo Papers -

1 19691 1969 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASASchilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 228-2291, 228-229 Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz.Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz.

2 1970 2 1970 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASASchilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 337-3401, 337-340 Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure.Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure.

3 1972 3 1972 Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys 25, 545-558 25, 545-558 Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80

MHz.MHz.

(1972 Thesis Structures of Extragalactic Radio Sources)(1972 Thesis Structures of Extragalactic Radio Sources)

4 1973 4 1973 Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, 245-252 Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, 245-252 Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources.Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources.

5 1975 5 1975 Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett 40, 211-22440, 211-224 Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.

6 1975 6 1975 Schilizzi & McAdamSchilizzi & McAdam Mem. RAS 79, 1-73 Mem. RAS 79, 1-73 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures. Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures. 7 1975 7 1975 Schilizzi Schilizzi Mem. RAS 79, 75-100 Mem. RAS 79, 75-100 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields II The Optical Fields

8 1977 8 1977 McAdam & Schilizzi A & A McAdam & Schilizzi A & A 55, 67-7155, 67-71 On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33.On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33.


other significant papersother significant papers

Miller Goss & Peter ShaverMiller Goss & Peter Shaver Galactic Structure Galactic Structure

I I High Resolution 5000 MHz ObservationsHigh Resolution 5000 MHz Observations

II II High Resolution 408 MHz Observations High Resolution 408 MHz Observations

III III Spectra and physical characteristicsSpectra and physical characteristics

Aust. J, Physics Astrophys. Supp. Aust. J, Physics Astrophys. Supp. 1414 1-196 1970 1-196 1970

Anne Green Anne Green The Structure of the Milky WayThe Structure of the Milky Way

I I A Radio Continuum Survey of the Galactic Plane at 408 A Radio Continuum Survey of the Galactic Plane at 408

MHzMHz

Astron. Astrophys. Supp. Astron. Astrophys. Supp. 1818 267-307 1974 267-307 1974


Shaver & Goss The Galactic Plane Shaver & Goss The Galactic Plane line profiles l = 330 - 334 contours of the same regionline profiles l = 330 - 334 contours of the same region


Anne GreenAnne Green

Spiral Structure ofSpiral Structure ofthe Galaxythe Galaxy

from a Radiofrom a RadioContinuum SurveyContinuum Survey

one of 16 mapsone of 16 mapsalong the planealong the planefrom l 327 -333from l 327 -333

MOST 843 MHzMOST 843 MHz


Anne GreenAnne Green

12.5 spiral12.5 spiral

The sun is locatedThe sun is located

in a spur, and thein a spur, and the

tangent directionstangent directions

from the presentfrom the present

Survey are markedSurvey are marked


Fornax A

One of the first large sources

mapped in 1981

Jones & McAdam

MOST: 43” beam


20 & 30 years on... 20 & 30 years on...

Richard Schilizzi Anne Green Peter Shaver Richard Hunstead

July 2003Bernard Mills - 1995


Evolution of Cross & Molonglo TelescopesEvolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes 1953- 1954 85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs1953- 1954 85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs 1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross 1967 11 Pencil Beams: 1967 11 Pencil Beams: 1968 3xEW beams; 33 pencil beams1968 3xEW beams; 33 pencil beams

1968 - 1972 The Schilizzi period1968 - 1972 The Schilizzi period

1978 August: 408 Cross switched off1978 August: 408 Cross switched off

1981 MOST 1981 MOST - E *W 12 h Synthesis - E *W 12 h Synthesis

2009 SKAMP - 2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototypethe SKA Molonglo Prototype


The Molonglo valley towards SEThe Molonglo valley towards SE

0.8 x 0.8 km baselines from centre0.8 x 0.8 km baselines from centre

The Observatory SiteThe Observatory Site


The line focus of the EW ArmThe line focus of the EW Arm

408 MHz waveguides408 MHz waveguides 111 MHz 111 MHz folded dipolesfolded dipoles

linear dipoleslinear dipoles and feed linesand feed lines


177 NS modules each had 24 dipoles:177 NS modules each had 24 dipoles:4248 phased in a gradient of n x 9/24° steps 4248 phased in a gradient of n x 9/24° steps


In 1965 The EW Fan beam was readyIn 1965 The EW Fan beam was ready

• Terry Butcher on the cantilever ribsTerry Butcher on the cantilever ribs


The End - thank youThe End - thank you

Bernard Mills Bernard Mills

in 1995in 1995


The eight first papers by Richard SchilizziThe eight first papers by Richard Schilizzi

R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam, 19691969 Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1, 228-229Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1, 228-229 Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam, 19701970 Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1, 337-340Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1, 337-340 Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure.Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. R. T. Schilizzi, I. A. Lockhart and J. V. Wall,R. T. Schilizzi, I. A. Lockhart and J. V. Wall,19721972 Aust. J. Phys., 25, 545-558 Aust. J. Phys., 25, 545-558 Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. K. P. Tritton and R. T. Schilizzi K. P. Tritton and R. T. Schilizzi 19731973 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 165, 245-252Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 165, 245-252 Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources.Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. R. T. Schilizzi and R. D. Ekers,R. T. Schilizzi and R. D. Ekers, 19751975 Astron. Astrophys. Lett., 40, 211-224Astron. Astrophys. Lett., 40, 211-224 Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385. R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam, 19751975 Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 1-73Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 1-73 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio

Structures. Structures. R. T. Schilizzi, R. T. Schilizzi, 19751975 Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 75-100Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 75-100 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II. The Optical Fields.Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II. The Optical Fields. W. B. McAdam and R. T. Schilizzi, W. B. McAdam and R. T. Schilizzi, 19771977 Astron. Astrophys., 55, 67-71Astron. Astrophys., 55, 67-71 On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33.On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33.


plus the first PhD Studentsplus the first PhD Students

Thesis Topic Year PapersThesis Topic Year Papers

John SuttonJohn Sutton positions & occultations positions & occultations 1966 3 1966 3

Mike Kesteven Super nova RemnantsMike Kesteven Super nova Remnants 1968 5 1968 5

David WyllieDavid Wyllie 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale 1968 2 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale 1968 2

Peter Shaver Galactic HII Regions Peter Shaver Galactic HII Regions 1970 14 1970 14

Malcolm Cameron Bright GalaxiesMalcolm Cameron Bright Galaxies 1970 8 1970 8 Trevor Clarke Source models & angular size 1971 3Trevor Clarke Source models & angular size 1971 3

Bob Munro Bob Munro Positions & ID of 4C Sources 1971 9 Positions & ID of 4C Sources 1971 9

Dick Hunstead Calibration & Optical IDDick Hunstead Calibration & Optical ID 1972 14 1972 14

Anne Green Spiral Structure of Galactic Plane 1972 7 Anne Green Spiral Structure of Galactic Plane 1972 7

Dick Schilizzi Extragalactic Source Structure 1972 8Dick Schilizzi Extragalactic Source Structure 1972 8


Specifications and Performance of the MOSTSpecifications and Performance of the MOST

Centre frequencyCentre frequency 843 MHz843 MHz Effective bandwidthEffective bandwidth 3 MHz3 MHz Time resolutionTime resolution 0.5 microsec0.5 microsec Declination coverage Declination coverage +18.5 to -90+18.5 to -90

• For full HA synthesisFor full HA synthesis -30 to -90-30 to -90 Meridian angle swing Meridian angle swing 60 deg60 deg Field sizeField size

• For full synthesis For full synthesis 23’ x 23’ cosec dec23’ x 23’ cosec dec• Time sharedTime shared 160’ x 160’ cosec dec 160’ x 160’ cosec dec

Synthesized beamSynthesized beam 43” x 43” cosec dec43” x 43” cosec dec System temperatureSystem temperature 110 K110 K System noise (far south, 12 hour) System noise (far south, 12 hour) 0.2 mJy0.2 mJy

manchester april 20121 the structure of radio sources the molonglo papers the structure of radio...

Documents

molonglo cross1960

ew slide

molonglo radio observatory

ska molonglo prototype

cross switched off1978

ew arm slide

ew beams

intererometer slide