MANGANESE—2000 50.1

MANGANESE

By Thomas S. Jones

Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Jesse J. Inestroza, statistical assistant, and the world production tableswere prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator.

Manganese (Mn) is essential to iron and steel production byvirtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, hasaccounted for most domestic manganese demand, presently inthe range of 85% to 90% of the total demand. Among a varietyof other uses, manganese is a key component of certain widelyused aluminum alloys and is used in oxide form in dry cellbatteries. The overall level and nature of manganese use in theUnited States is expected to remain about the same in the nearterm. No practical technologies exist for replacing manganesewith other materials nor for utilizing domestic deposits or otheraccumulations in order to reduce the complete dependence of theUnited States on foreign countries for manganese ore.

Domestic consumption of manganese ore, exclusive of therelatively small quantities used at iron and steel plants, increasedmarginally, and was just slightly less than the averageconsumption for the prior 4 years. Unit consumption ofmanganese in steel, as ferroalloys and metal, was 6 kilogramsper metric ton (kg/t) of raw steel produced, as estimated fromapparent consumption calculations. This level also was aboutthe same as the average for the prior 4 years.

For U.S. foreign trade in manganese materials, volumesgenerally decreased for exports and increased for imports. On a content basis, the number of manganese units importedincreased by about 9%, while the number of units exporteddeclined by about 14%. The volume of receipts reached new record levels for manganese dioxide (third successive year) andsilicomanganese.

Prices reversed the trend of 1999 and increased for ore andferroalloys. The amount of increase was about 7%

internationally for metallurgical-grade ore; and, for importedferroalloys on a year-average basis, 6% for high-carbonferromanganese, 23% for medium-carbon ferromanganese, and8% for silicomanganese. In 2000, ferroalloy prices were attheir highest in the first half of the year. Sales of manganesematerials from the Government’s National Defense Stockpilereduced the Government’s inventory of manganese by aboutanother 5%, leaving an inventory about 1.5 times annualdomestic consumption. The larger disposals were of high-carbon ferromanganese and metallurgical-grade ore.

World production of manganese ore was estimated to haveincreased about 11% (contained weight) in comparison withthat for 1999. (See table 1.) China was assumed to be thelargest producer on a gross weight basis; South Africa easilywas the largest producer on a contained weight basis. Anumber of the larger ferroalloy producers revamped their operations, such as those in Brazil, France, and South Africa. In Ukraine, production of ore and ferroalloys increasedsignificantly.

Most data in this report are rounded by the U.S. GeologicalSurvey (USGS) to not more than three significant digits. Tablefootnotes indicate which statistics have been rounded.

Legislation and Government Programs

Stockpile.—The proposed Annual Materials Plan (AMP) forfiscal year 2001 that the Defense National Stockpile Center(DNSC) of the Defense Logistics Agency issued on October 3was the same with respect to manganese as in the AMPs thatwere in effect for fiscal years 1999 and 2000. The AMP for

Manganese in the 20th Century

In the early 1900s, annual domestic apparent consumption ofmanganese was in the range of 100,000 to 200,000 metric tons. Annual ore consumption was about 100,000 tons, of whichapproximately 90% was derived from imported ore. Worldproduction of ore was in the range of 1 to 2 million metric tons. Domestic ore production, which virtually had ceased by 1970,mostly had been as manganiferous ore such as that coproducedwith iron ore. At the close of the century, annual domesticapparent consumption of manganese was about 750,000 tonsvalued at approximately $400 million. World output of orewas approximately 20 million tons per year.

Manganese demand had been driven mainly by steelproduction, which typically accounted for 85% to 95% of totalmanganese demand. The importance of manganese to steelproduction and the lack of domestic production led to theestablishment of a number of Government programs to ensure

manganese supply, including buildup of sizable inventories,particularly beginning in the 1950s. The trend in manganesedemand in steelmaking was displaced downwards beginningabout 1980 because of changes in steelmaking technology.

Domestically, ore was smelted to ferromanganese mainly inblast furnaces until the late 1970s. The last remainingdomestic ferromanganese producer used electric furnaceproduction for manganese ferroalloys, a process whose earlyusage was spurred by World War I. Manganese metal anddioxide were developed as electrolytic products in the 1930sand 1940s. Research by the former U.S. Bureau of Minescontributed importantly to commercialization of electrolyticmethods for producing manganese metal and dioxide. Electrolytic manganese dioxide became a key ingredient inhousehold batteries, and the demand for it had the highestgrowth rate of any manganese commodity product.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—200050.2

fiscal year 2001 became effective as of October 1, 2000, thestart of the 2001 fiscal year. Under this AMP, the maximumdisposal authority for manganese materials was 27,216 metrictons (t) for natural battery-grade ore; 2,732 t for syntheticmanganese dioxide; 36,287 t for chemical-grade ore; 226,796 tfor metallurgical-grade ore; 45,359 t for the manganese ferrogroup; and 1,814 t for electrolytic manganese metal.

In its sales program for metal, the DNSC amended as ofOctober 1 its Solicitation of Offers DLA-ELECTROLYTICMANGANESE METAL-001 so as to make available the samequantity of metal; 1,814 t, as in the AMP. When originallyissued on May 1, 1997, the quantity of metal being madeavailable was 1,053 t.

For 2000, disposals of manganese materials announced by theDNSC totaled 5,988 t for natural battery-grade ore; 6,565 t forchemical-grade ore; 37,987 t for stockpile-grade metallurgical-grade ore; 90,719 t for high-carbon ferromanganese; and 146 tfor electrolytic metal. All disposals were cash transactions.

Data on physical inventory of manganese materials reportedby the DNSC indicated that all net changes in 2000 weredecreases and consisted of 5,928 t for natural battery-grade ore,3,600 t for chemical-grade ore, 52,060 t for stockpile-grademetallurgical-grade ore, 923 t for nonstockpile-grademetallurgical-grade ore, and 32,524 t for high-carbonferromanganese. The estimated manganese content ofmanganese inventories being held by the Government at yearendwas lowered in 2000 by about another 5%, to somewhat greaterthan 1.1 million metric tons (Mt). (See table 2.) The totalremaining inventory was about 1.5 times current nationalapparent consumption.

Other.—In August, the Drug Enforcement Administration ofthe U.S. Department of Justice sustained its 1998 suspensions ofthree shipments of Chinese potassium permanganate that were tohave been transshipped to Colombia through ports in California. These shipments were suspended because of the possibility thatthey might be diverted for use in the manufacture of cocaine(Drug Enforcement Administration, 2000).

In November, the Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Servicesannounced that six updated final toxicological profiles forpriority hazardous substances had become available (Agency forToxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2000). One of these,Toxicological Profile for Manganese, emphasized the healtheffects of manganese and related toxicological information(Sciences International, Inc., 2000).

As of December 26, the Employment and TrainingAdministration (ETA) of the U.S. Department of Labor certifiedthat specified current and former workers at the North Plant ofEramet Marietta Inc., Marietta, OH, were eligible to apply forbenefits under the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) programadministered by ETA. This determination was made afterEramet Marietta had notified the ETA that it had accepteddelivery of imported manganese metal in place of its ownproduction (Employment and Training Administration, 2001). Shortly before that, the ETA had determined that these workerswere not eligible to apply for such assistance (Employment andTraining Administration, 2000). Under the TAA program,workers whose jobs are adversely affected by increased importscan receive various benefits and services designed to help themobtain suitable employment.

Production

Ore and Concentrate.—The only possible mine productionof manganese consisted of small amounts of manganiferousmaterial having a natural manganese content of less than 5%. This type of material has been produced in South Carolina foruse in coloring brick.

Ferroalloys, Metal, and Synthetic Dioxide.—Productionstatistics for these materials were not published to avoiddisclosing proprietary data. The only plant at whichmanganese ferroalloys were produced domestically was that ofEramet Marietta at Marietta, OH (table 3). In July, ErametMarietta announced that by the end of the year it would closeits facilities for producing manganese metal. Production ofmetal was a minor part of that plant’s overall productionprogram that included an annual output of about 170,000 t ofmanganese ferroalloys. Production of manganese-aluminumbriquets for use as aluminum hardeners was to continue usingmanganese not produced at Marietta (Platt’s Metals Week,2000).

Consumption, Uses, and Stocks

Data relating to manganese end use and certain otherinformation have indicated that metallurgical applicationsaccount for most domestic manganese consumption, 85% to90% of which has been for steelmaking. This usage pattern istypical for most industrialized countries (Mining Magazine,1990). Reported data for U.S. ore consumption in 2000indicated that unit consumption of manganese in ironmaking,which could not be published to avoid disclosing proprietarydata, declined from that for 1999 to become an even smallercomparatively minor component of overall manganese use insteelmaking. Reported data for U.S. consumption ofmanganese ferroalloys and metal in 2000 are presented in table4. Data in this table are not directly comparable to those foryears prior to 1998, especially for ferromanganese. Also,because of the incompleteness of reporting to the USGS’svoluntary consumption survey, the figures in this table aremore representative of relative rather than absolute quantities. Combination of the indicated consumption pattern withestimates of apparent consumption suggests that manganeseunit consumption in steelmaking in 2000 was about 6 kg/t orabout twice that if calculated on the basis of reportedconsumption. Overall domestic manganese apparentconsumption in 2000 was estimated as 774,000 t.

In decreasing order, the most important steel end uses in theUnited States were given as construction, automotive,machinery, and domestic and commercial equipment (Iron &Steelmaker, 2000).

Ownership of plants for manufacture of manganese sulfideused, for example, in parts made by iron powder metallurgy,were included in the sale of the Pyron Corp. and Pyron MetalsPowders, Inc., subsidiaries of Zemex Corp., Toronto, Canada,to Sweden’s Höganäs AB. Plants involved in the sale werelocated in New York, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee (SkillingsMining Review, 2000).

Relatively small quantities of manganese were used foralloying with nonferrous metals, chiefly in the aluminumindustry as manganese-aluminum briquets that typically

MANGANESE—2000 50.3

contained either 75% or 85% manganese. The small addition tomanganese demand from the U.S. Mint’s introduction in 1999 ofthe so-called Golden Dollar was diminished because of the newcoin’s lack of popularity (Day, 2001).

In 2000, domestic consumption of manganese ore increasedby a marginal amount to 486,000 t, while corresponding yearendstocks increased by about 31% to 226,000 t. Because of theneed to avoid disclosing proprietary data, these figures do notinclude the relatively small quantities associated withironmaking and cannot be disaggregated into end-use segments.

Comparatively small amounts of manganese were useddomestically in animal feed, brick coloring, dry cell batteries,manganese chemicals, and fertilizers. These were among themany nonmetallurgical applications of manganese (Weiss, 1977;Harben, Raleigh, and Harris, 1998). The source of manganeseunits for these applications was mainly manganese ore. Asdiscussed under Spain in the World Review section of thisreport, Carus Chemical Co., Peru, IL, the only domesticproducer of potassium permanganate, completed its acquisitionof the only Spanish maker of that chemical. Remediation ofsites such as those of Government facilities that have beencontaminated with chlorinated solvents was a growingapplication for potassium permanganate (Wickramanayake,Gavaskar, and Chen, 2000a, b). In December, TETRATechnologies, Inc., headquartered in The Woodlands, TX, inexiting the micronutrients business, sold all of its U.S. andforeign manganese sulfate assets (TETRA Technologies, 2001,p. 15). TETRA had been producing manganese sulfate at plantsat Fairbury, NE, and in Mexico. Sale of the Mexican plant isdiscussed under Mexico in the World Review section of thisreport.

Data on domestic consumption of manganese ore, exclusive ofthat consumed within the steel industry, are collected by meansof the Manganese Ore and Products survey. Approximately 15firms were canvassed that process ore by such methods asgrinding and roasting or that consume it in the manufacture ofdry cell batteries and manganese ferroalloys, metal, andchemicals. The collective consumption of these firms isbelieved to constitute all manganese ore consumption in theUnited States, exclusive of that by the steel industry. Full-yearresponses, or a basis upon which to estimate the data, wereobtained from all these firms for 2000.

In batteries containing manganese, those of the alkaline typein which electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is usedcontinued to expand their share of the market at the expense ofthose of the carbon-zinc type in which natural battery-grade oreis a component. Market penetration of alkaline batteries in 2000was 91% for North America, 62% for Europe, 32% for LatinAmerica, and 26% for Asia. New products were aimed atapplications requiring a high discharge rate, such as in digitalcameras. Battery sales in 2000 were depressed by theabnormally high sales in the last quarter of 1999 that werebrought on by anticipation of Y2K problems (MacArthur andBlomgren, 2001, p. 35-37). In military applications, lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries were being replaced mostly by those ofthe lithium-manganese dioxide type (Advanced BatteryTechnology, 2000).

In April, the battery products business of Ralston Purina Co.was spun off into Energizer Holdings, Inc., an independentcompany, that included the Eveready Battery Co., one of the

principal domestic battery makers (Haflich, 2000). RalstonPurina and Energizer were headquartered in St. Louis, MO.

Recycling of batteries such as dry cells, a topic ofconsiderable interest in Western Europe, has led todevelopment of a variety of processes for recovering metals orremoving them from the environment. A hydrometallurgicalprocess developed in France recovers manganese as thecarbonate or sulfate (Ferlay and Weill, 2000).

Prices

For 2000, if the price of manganese in metallurgical-gradeore is set at 1.0, the corresponding price per manganese unitwas approximately 2.6 for high-carbon ferromanganese, 4.2 formedium-carbon ferromanganese, 2.5 for silicomanganese, and7.5 for manganese metal. Compared with the correspondingprice factors for 1999, the factor for high-carbonferromanganese was unchanged, while those for medium-carbon ferromanganese and silicomanganese are somewhatgreater. The factors are based on year-average prices forferroalloys as derived from prices listed in Platt’s Metals Week,and for metal as given in Ryan’s Notes (North Americantransaction price). Year-average prices increased formetallurgical-grade ore and all main categories of manganeseferroalloys.

Manganese Ore.—The average price, on the basis of cost,insurance, and freight (c.i.f.) U.S. ports, of metallurgical-gradeore containing 48% manganese was assessed at $2.39 permetric ton unit. It is recognized that prices were somewhatabove or below this value, depending on ore quality, time ofyear, and nature of the transaction. The price of a metric ton ofore is obtained by multiplying the metric ton unit price by thepercentage manganese content of the ore; that is, by 48 whenthe manganese content is 48%. The ore market consisted of anumber of submarkets because of differences between oresaccording to such various end uses as ferroalloy production,blast furnace ironmaking, and manufacture of manganesechemicals.

Because the metric ton unit is 1% of a metric ton (i.e., 10kilograms of contained manganese), the price of manganese inore in 2000 and 1999 can be expressed as 23.9 and 22.6 centsper kilogram, respectively. These values indicate an increaseof about 6% in U.S. c.i.f. price or somewhat less than theincrease in free-on-board (f.o.b.) price in international markets.

The international benchmark price for metallurgical-gradeore ended a 3-year decline, increasing by about 7% in 2000, orby about the same percentage as for the decrease in 1999. Price negotiations between Japanese consumers, with NipponSteel Corp. playing a leading role, and their major supplierswere not concluded until late May, or about 2 months after theApril 1 beginning of the Japanese fiscal year. On an f.o.b.basis per metric ton unit for delivery during the annual contractyear, the prices agreed to were $2.03 for ore from the GrooteEylandt Mine in Australia and $1.94 for ore from the WesselsMine in South Africa. These prices were negotiated by SouthAfrica’s Samancor Ltd., a subsidiary of the United Kingdom’sBilliton plc. Samancor had assumed control of both mines latein 1998.

Manganese Ferroalloys.—For high-carbon and medium-carbon ferromanganese, the pattern of price changes was

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—200050.4

similar, in a general way to that for the change in domestic rawsteel production rate—an increase in the first part of the year toa plateau, followed by a decline thereafter. The silicomanganeseprice was nearly constant through June, after which it declinedto a bottom in October that was followed by a modest recoveryin November through December. These trends and the priceinformation that follows pertain to quotations for U.S. importsbecause public information on current prices for domesticproduct was not available. English units were the basis for pricequotes in the United States.

For ferromanganese, the price range for the high-carbon gradecontaining 78% manganese, per long ton of alloy f.o.b.Pittsburgh or Chicago warehouse, began the year unchanged at$450 to $470 and ended the year at $475 to $490, for a netoverall increase of 5%. For the year, the average for the middleof the price range was $482.50, which was about 6% greaterthan that of 1999. The range for the plateau-like high that wasreached as of mid-June was about $500 to $525. The pricerange for medium-carbon ferromanganese with a manganesecontent of 80% to 85% and a nominal carbon content of 1.5%,per pound of manganese f.o.b. warehouse, was an unchanged 35to 38 cents at the beginning of the year and 42 to 45 cents at theend of the year, for a net overall increase of about 19%. Themiddle of the price range averaged 46 cents for the year, for anincrease of 23% over that of 1999. The price range of medium-carbon ferromanganese rose sharply in April to a 3-month longplateau of 50 to 54 cents. During the first part of the year, tradejournals spoke of a shortness in ferromanganese supply.

For imported silicomanganese with 2% carbon, the pricerange, per pound of alloy, f.o.b. Pittsburgh or Chicagowarehouse, started the year at 24.5 to 26 cents, or slightly higherthan that at the end of 1999, and ended the year at 21 to 22cents, for a net decrease of 15%. Even so, an average for theyear for the middle of the price range of about 23.8 cents wasabout 8% greater than that of 1999. At the bottom in October,the price range was 19.5 to 20.5 cents.

Manganese Metal.—Trade journals listed the same producerprices that they have been listing since about the beginning of1996; for bulk shipments of domestic material, per pound f.o.b.shipping point, American Metal Market listed a range of $1.15to $1.17, and Platt’s Metals Week and Ryan’s Notes listed$1.15. Platt’s discontinued its listing as of its October 2 issue. For its listing of North American transaction price, Ryan’s Notesindicated an overall decrease during the year that approached9%. For this listing, the price range was more or less steady at78 to 84 cents, January through November, but in Decemberdropped to 72 to 77 cents. The year-average price of about 81cents for this listing was about 30% below producer list priceand about 5% less than that for 1999.

Foreign Trade

In comparison with those of 1999, trade volumes for mostcategories of manganese materials, in terms of manganese unitscontained, decreased for exports and increased for imports. (Seetables 5 and 6.) Overall, the year-to-year comparisons were -14% for exports and +9% for imports. Also on the basis ofcontent, the ratio of imports of ferroalloy plus metal divided byimports of ore plus dioxide tentatively increased, from 1.86:1 in1999 to 2.0:1. In the absence of domestic mine production, U.S.

net import reliance as a percent of apparent consumption was100% for manganese, the same as it has been for years.

Within exports, the number of manganese units and thequantity of metal were the least since at least prior to 1983. Exports of ore reportedly were more than twice as great as in1999. The data remained in question for 4,000 t or more ofore, particularly the large quantity reported as having beenexported to the United Kingdom. Exports of manganeseferroalloys and metal all declined; those of totalferromanganese and silicomanganese were the least since 1990. Percentage declines from 1999 ranged from 31% for totalferromanganese to as much as 50% for silicomanganese. Mostof the decline in ferromanganese exports was in thesubcategory of carbon content greater than 2%. For thiscategory, exports decreased by 49% and share of totalferromanganese exports declined to 43%. Exports offerromanganese containing more than 2% carbon were 3,450 tand those containing less than 2% carbon were 4,500 t.

Reexports of ore, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, andmetal were, in tons, 9,010; 10,600; 2,270; and 246;respectively. Except for metal, all or nearly all of the reexportswent to Canada. Other main destinations of reexports of metalwere the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, and Mexico.

Among imports, overall average manganese contents were78.8% for ferromanganese and tentatively 52.8% for ore. Theaverage manganese content for ferromanganese was thegreatest since the same level was attained in 1994. Averagecontents for ore were abnormally high (55% for ore withgreater than 47% manganese). Averages were in questionwhere ore was involved, however, as well as the ore data ingeneral. Questions about obvious discrepancies in a significantportion of the data for Gabon were unresolved at the time thisreport was prepared. The ore data presented in table 5 indicatethat overall imports decreased by 6% and that Gabon’s share ofreceipts rose to 84%.

The import volume for total ferromanganese was virtuallythe same as in 1999. The most significant year-to-year changewas for low-carbon ferromanganese, for which importsincreased by 27%. The validity of the data for Brazil in thissubcategory was in question, as it seemed likely that the morethan 6,000 t reported as low-carbon ferromanganese wasactually medium-carbon ferromanganese. If so, the quantity ofmedium-carbon ferromanganese imported would be a recordhigh. Comparing leading supplying countries of medium-carbon ferromanganese with those in 1999, import volumesincreased for China, Japan, and Norway, and decreased forFrance; for high-carbon ferromanganese, quantities increasedfor Australia and decreased for France. Declines in thesesubcategories were especially notable for France, from whichimports of high-carbon ferromanganese fell by nearly one-half. For silicomanganese, an import volume 26% greater thanfor 1999 was easily a new record. Record amounts werereceived from India and Kazakhstan, for which the amountsreceived were 5.6 and 2.4 times as great, respectively, as for1999. For manganese metal overall, import volume was 5%greater than for 1999. For the unwrought subcategory,increases in shipments from China, Germany (especially), andthe United Kingdom contributed to a 17% increase. Imports inthe “Other” subcategory fell by two-thirds. Reported importsof spiegeleisen (pig iron containing about 20% manganese)

MANGANESE—2000 50.5

declined to 270 t, all of which was from South Africa at highunit value.

Among imports of manganese chemicals, those of manganesedioxide increased for the second successive year by about one-fourth to set a new record for volume. Amounts received fromAustralia, Ireland, and South Africa set new records also,increasing by 14% to 19%. After Australia, South Africacontinued to lead Ireland as the source of the largest amount. Unit values indicated that virtually all dioxide imports weresynthetic material. Data for imports under the classification of“sulfates, other,” suggested that imports of manganese sulfatemay have decreased by 6%, as the volume of imports of materialin that class decreased by 15% for China and increased onlymarginally for Mexico. Receipts from China were 13,100 t at avalue of $4.8 million and those from Mexico 19,000 t at a valueof $9.5 million.

Antidumping duties on EMD, manganese metal, andsilicomanganese were the subject of investigations byGovernment trade agencies. For EMD, in May, the U.S.International Trade Commission determined in its full 5-yearreview that revocation of antidumping duty orders on EMDfrom Greece and Japan would be unlikely to cause materialinjury to a domestic industry in the reasonably foreseeable future(U.S. International Trade Commission, 2000a, b). Accordingly,the International Trade Administration (ITA) of the U.S.Department of Commerce revoked these antidumping dutyorders effective January 1, 2000. In so doing, the ITA said itwould complete pending administrative reviews of these ordersand would conduct reviews of EMD imported prior to January 1,if appropriately requested (International Trade Administration,2000e).

In reviews for EMD subsequently completed, for that fromGreece for the period of review (POR) of April 1, 1998, throughMarch 31, 1999, the ITA in November found a margin of 0.00%for Tosoh Hellas A.I.C.; no “all-others” rate was specified(International Trade Administration, 2000a). For that fromJapan for the same POR, the ITA in September found a marginof 0.00% for Tosoh Corp. and also did not specify an “all-others” rate (International Trade Administration, 2000b).

For manganese metal from China, for the POR of February 1,1998, through January 31, 1999, the ITA found a margin of36.49% for China Metallurgical Import & Export HunanCorp./Hunan Nonferrous Metals Import & Export AssociatedCorp. and an “all-others” margin of 143.32%, which also wasassigned to China Hunan International Economic Development(Group) Corp. (International Trade Administration, 2000d).

For silicomanganese, the ITA found in its expedited 5-year(“sunset”) review of the antidumping duty orders that applied toBrazil and China that revocation of the antidumping orderslikely would lead to dumping. For Brazil, the correspondingweighted-average margins were 64.93% for Companhia Paulistade Ferro-Ligas and Sibra Electro-Siderurgia Brasileria S.A. and17.6% for all others. For China, the margin was 150% for allmanufacturers, producers, and exporters (International TradeAdministration, 2000f). Also for silicomanganese from China,for the POR of December 1, 1997, through November 30, 1998,the ITA found margins of 126.22% for Guangxi Bayi FerroalloyWorks, 182.97% for Sichuan Emei Ferroalloy Import andExport Co., Ltd., and 150% for all others not specified(International Trade Administration, 2000g).

For silicomanganese from Ukraine, the ITA found in its fullsunset review that termination of the suspended antidumpinginvestigation likely would lead to dumping at a country-widemargin of 163% (International Trade Administration, 2000c).

The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Program wasmodified as of December 21 so as to grant duty-free status tocertain products from sub-Saharan African countries. High-carbon ferromanganese was among the products to which thisform of GSP treatment was extended (Clinton, 2000). Electrolytic manganese metal also had been a candidate forGSP treatment, but it was not included (Ryan’s Notes, 2000).

World Review1

Leading producer countries among a relatively concentratedproduction of manganese ore were Australia, Brazil, China,Gabon, India, South Africa, and Ukraine. (See table 7.) Leading producer countries among a more widely distributedproduction of manganese ferroalloys were China, France, India,Japan, Norway, South Africa, and Ukraine. (See table 8.)

Australia.—Ore production was 15% less for Australia as awhole. Production in Western Australia by ConsolidatedMinerals Ltd. in the Woodie Woodie area of the PilbaraManganese Province was nearly twice that for 1999. This didnot compensate, however, for a drop in production of aboutone-fourth at Billiton plc’s much larger operations at GrooteEylandt in the Northern Territory; the production level therewas the lowest since 1992. Mining by Consolidated Mineralswas adversely affected by heavy rains in the first part of theyear, but the company still showed a profit for the fiscal yearthat ended June 30.

Expansion of EMD capabilities was underway on both sidesof the continent. Delta EMD Australia Pty. Ltd. raised the annual capacity of its plant at Newcastle, New South Wales,from 23,000 to 25,000 t. In Western Australia, HiTec EnergyNL further changed the direction of its program by raising itstarget capacity for EMD to 40,000 metric tons per year (t/yr)and reducing manganese sulfate to byproduct status, with notarget capacity. Encouraging results for EMD produced forHiTec on a pilot plant basis under the technical direction ofSouth Africa’s Mintek research organization were to befollowed up by operation of a demonstration plant to be set upin the first part of 2001 at Murdoch University in Perth.

Brazil.—Ore production by Cia. Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD)rebounded to increase overall by about 32%. For the AzulMine in the Carajás region and the Urucum Mine in MatoGrosso do Sul State, output in tons and percentage change inparentheses from 2000 were 1,219,000 (+34%) and 308,000(+22%), respectively.

Late in the year, CVRD made the decision to combine all itsmanganese interests into a single company, as opposed to otheralternatives such as selling or partnering some or all of itsmines and ferroalloy plants. Besides Brazilian operations, the

1In a number of instances, discussions of the more-significant developments

during 2000 for specific countries were based on news items in trade journals,

such as American Metal Market, Metal Bulletin, Platt’s Metals Week, Ryan’s

Notes, and TEX Report. These items have not been acknowledged individually

because the information they conveyed often was aggregated, possibly with that

from other sources.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—200050.6

new company would include the wholly owned ferroalloy plantat Dunkirk, France, whose name was changed as mentionedunder France. Among its manganese ferroalloy plants in Brazil,the decision was made not to reopen that at Jeceaba in MinasGerais State. The Corumbá plant in Mato Grosso do Sul Statewas reopened and was being upgraded. Output was being raisedtoward full capacity at Eletrosiderúrgica Brasileira S.A. in BahiaState and, in Minas Gerais State, at Barbacena, Ouro Preto, andSanta Ria. These efforts were projected to give a totalproduction for the year of 240,000 t of manganese ferroalloys.

Shortly after midyear, the United Kingdom’s Billiton acquireda 2.1% indirect shareholding in CVRD.

China.—Imports of manganese ore increased by 13% to 1.21Mt. This ended a downward trend for imports during thepreceding 3 years. A significant factor in the increase for 2000was further growth in receipts from Ghana. Factors contributingto increased shipments from Ghana to China included suitability of Ghanian carbonate ore for production of silicomanganese,substitution for China’s own low-grade ore, and use as analternate to high-grade ore from other producers in the WesternWorld.

In an effort to proceed with its program for rationalizing thedomestic ferroalloy industry, the central government instructedlocal governments to end their financial support of a number ofsmall- and medium-sized ferroalloy plants. How well thisrequest was implemented was uncertain.

An agreement was worked out in the first part of the year withthe Republic of Korea that liberalized restrictive measuresimposed by the Republic of Korea in late 1998 against China’sexporting of silicomanganese to the Republic of Korea (seeKorea, Republic of).

France.—One of the high-carbon ferromanganese blastfurnaces at the coastal Boulogne-sur-Mer plant of Société duFerromanganèse de Paris-Outreau (SFPO), an Erametsubsidiary, was shut down during most of the second half of theyear. This was done so that this furnace could be refurbished soas to be able to accept sintered ore produced in Gabon frommanganese ore from Eramet’s Moanda Mine. Also, a dryfiltration system for improving environmental control wasinstalled. The shutdown removed about 50,000 t offerromanganese from the market and kept SFPO’s output atabout the 300,000 t level.

The name of CVRD’s (Brazil) manganese ferroalloy plant,which also is on the coast nearby at Dunkirk, was changed atmidyear to Rio Doce Manganese Europe (RDME) from SociétéEuropénne d’Alliages pour la Sidérurgie (SEAS). This plantwas producing high-carbon ferromanganese at a rate of about140,000 t/yr, and also manganese sinter.

Gabon.—At yearend, Compagnie Minière de l’Ogooué S.A.(Comilog) inaugurated a sinter plant with a capacity of 600,000t/yr along with associated facilities for beneficiating ore from theMoanda Mine. By this means, low-grade ore with a manganesecontent of 40% was to be upgraded to a sinter with a manganesecontent of 56% or more. Also, the sinter would effectivelyreplace a portion of the mine’s output of lump ore and reducethe quantity of crude ore needing to be extracted. Once thesinter plant’s full capacity is reached, three-fourths of its outputwas to be shipped to SFPO in France for smelting and thebalance sold externally.

Ghana.—Overall sales of ore produced at the Nsuta Mine of

Ghana Manganese Co. rose by 40%. A significant portion ofshipments were to China, particularly of carbonate ore;shipments to China were reported to have been in the range of200,000 to 300,000 t.

Japan.—Overall imports of metallurgical-grade manganeseore that were only slightly less than those for 1999 gave thesame rounded total of 1.02 Mt. The majority of imports wereore containing more than 39% manganese, imports of whichdecreased about 3% to 927,000 t, of which 94% was from theusual two sources, South Africa (546,000 t) and Australia(325,000 t). Imports of ore containing no more than 39%manganese increased 36%, to 90,900 t, of which virtually allwas from South Africa (46,800 t) and India (44,000 t). Importsof ferruginous manganese ore again decreased, by about 38%to 128,000 t; Ghana (45%) displaced India (26%) as the largestsupplier, followed by South Africa (19%) and Gabon (8%).

Overall production of manganese ferroalloys increased about7%. Production of high-carbon ferromanganese andsilicomanganese were up by about 13% and 3%, respectively,while that of low-carbon ferromanganese fell by about 11% tobecome the least since 1992.

Overall imports of manganese ferroalloys decreased about7%, to 293,000 t. Those of high-carbon ferromanganesedropped again (53,500 t, -33%), those of medium- plus low-carbon ferromanganese rose again (16,200 t, +58%), and thoseof silicomanganese decreased about 2%, to 224,000 t. SouthAfrica still led China as a source of ferromanganese overall forJapan; of these two countries, China supplied Japan with morehigh-carbon ferromanganese, while South Africa suppliedabout 10 times as much medium- plus low-carbonferromanganese. Shipments of silicomanganese from China toJapan advanced about 16% to 180,000 t.

Exports of manganese ferroalloys more than doubled overallto 44,200 t. Exports of high-carbon ferromanganese increasedalmost 20 times, to 10,600 t, over 90% of which went toTaiwan. Exports of refined ferromanganese rose 78% to33,600 t, of which 9,340 t went to the United States, 7,860 t toTaiwan, and 6,440 t to the Republic of Korea.

The year-to-year changes in trade patterns for manganeseferroalloys especially reflected production arrangements madewithin the past few years between Japanese and South Africanproducers. In a further alignment, Japan’s Nippon Denko Co.Ltd. and South Africa’s Samancor Ltd. entered into anarrangement commencing April 2000 under which NipponDenko was to produce high-carbon ferromanganese in place ofthat which Samancor had been shipping to Japanese customers,and Samancor was to increase its supply of manganese ore toNippon Denko. The agreement, which included a technologyexchange, would increase Nippon Denko’s production of high-carbon ferromanganese at its Tokushima plant by about 50,000t/yr above the 2000 level of about 130,000 t/yr. The agreementalso would increase the quantity of Samancor manganese orebeing taken by Nippon Denko from about 125,000 t/yr to200,000 t/yr.

Production of manganese dioxide again rose, by 9%, to63,400 t, the greatest since that for the record year of 1988. Exports of manganese dioxide declined, however, by 14% to27,700 t.

Imports of unwrought manganese metal, including scrap,increased about 8%, to 43,300 t; China (77%), South Africa

MANGANESE—2000 50.7

(20%), and the United States (3%) continued as the sources forpractically all metal imports.

Kazakhstan.—The manganese deposits of central Kazakhstanand their commercial prospects were reviewed by Takenov andothers (2000). Ores from the Ushkatyn III deposit were said tobe especially suitable for production of high-carbonferromanganese, and smelting trials of these ores werediscussed.

Disagreement that extended back to 1997 over ownership ofand marketing of products from a number of mines and smeltersin Kazakhstan was finally resolved in February. Trans-WorldGroup (TWG) of the United Kingdom and the Shodiyev Groupreached a settlement under which TWG would be paid for itsshares in the assets in dispute, and the Shodiyev Group wouldassume the managing and product marketing of these assets. The Shodiyev Group was headed by Kazakhstani nationals. TheAksu ferroalloy plant located near Pavlodar was among assetsincluded in the settlement. Manganese ferroalloys are producedat the Aksu plant, which is a part of Kazkhrom, the nationalchrome corporation. The Tur manganese deposit, to thesouthwest and also in central Kazakhstan, was being developedas a manganese ore source for the Aksu plant.

Late in the year, a rebuilt furnace was started up forproduction of manganese ferroalloys at the Temirtau Chemicalsand Metallurgical Plant near and to the northwest of Karaganda. The output of this plant, which could be as much as 50,000 t/yrof ferromanganese and silicomanganese combined, was to beshipped a short distance to the Ispat Karmet steel works(Interfax Mining & Metals Report, 2000c). Mining licenses forlocal ore sources for the Temirtau plant, however, became thesubject of a dispute (Interfax Mining & Metals Report, 2000b).

Korea, Republic of.—In mid-March, the Government relaxedmeasures it took in September 1998 to restrict the importing ofChinese silicomanganese. Under the new measures, effective asof the April-June quarter, silicomanganese could be importedfrom China without an antidumping duty provided that thequantity per quarter did not exceed 20,000 t, and the price mustnot be below a floor price set by the Government of theRepublic of Korea.

Mexico.—Overall output of ore products by Cía. MineraAutlán decreased by 9%; 2000 quantities in metric tons and, inparentheses, percentage changes from 1999 were manganesecarbonates sold, 42,000 (-35%); oxide nodules, 355,000 (-6%);and manganese dioxide, manganous oxide, and other oxides,21,000 (+31%). Production of nodules was affected when thenatural gas-fired kiln being used to nodulize carbonate ore fromthe mine in Hidalgo State was shut down for December becauseof the high price of natural gas. Overall production ofmanganese ferroalloys increased; however, by 6,000 t to a newrecord total of 199,000 t. A 44% rise in production of high-carbon ferromanganese more than offset decreases of 7% and5% for refined ferromanganese and silicomanganese,respectively.

In December, TETRA Technologies, Inc., The Woodlands,TX, sold the operations of Industrias Sulfamex, S.A. de C.V., aproducer of manganese sulfate and manganous oxide, toComilog U.S., a holding company subsidiary of Eramet. Capacities of Sulfamex’ Tampico plant were 27,000 t/yr for thesulfate and 24,000 t/yr for the oxide (Chemetals Inc., 2000).

Norway.—During the last quarter of the year, Tinfos Jernverk

A/S commissioned a new furnace at its Kvinesdal plant nearthe southern tip of Norway. Addition of this third furnaceraised capacity of the plant for silicomanganese toapproximately 180,000 t/yr, or by about 60,000 t/yr.

Russia.—The West Siberian Metallurgical Combine(ZSMK) at Novokuznetsk in southwestern Siberiacommissioned mining and processing facilities from which asmuch as 100,000 t of low-grade concentrate (18% to 25%manganese content) would be produced from the Durnovskoyedeposit. By this means, the need to import ores fromKazakhstan and Ukraine for ZSMK’s steel production wouldbe reduced (Interfax Mining & Metals Report, 2000e). TheDurnovskoye deposit is near Leninsk-Kuznetsky, slightly northof Novokuznetsk.

Blast furnace production of ferromanganese decreased at theKosogorsky metallurgical plant at Tula south of Moscowbecause only one furnace was being used to produceferromanganese in at least the first part of the year (InterfaxMining & Metals Report, 2000d). Late in the year, legaltroubles involving payments to Trans Commodities Inc. causedthe Kosogorsky plant to be placed under court supervision(Interfax Mining & Metals Report, 2000a).

South Africa.—According to preliminary data, production ofmetallurgical-grade ore and total ore increased by about one-sixth to the highest levels since 1990. All but 0.6% of totalproduction was metallurgical-grade ore, the rest beingchemical-grade ore, production of which has been decliningsince 1996. Within the production of metallurgical-grade ore,the proportions accounted for by ore containing 30% to 40%manganese and by ore containing more than 48% manganesedecreased slightly to about 29% and 57% of the total,respectively. Production of ore containing 45% to 48%manganese rose 26-fold to the highest level since 1990, andaccounted for about 8% of production of metallurgical-gradeore.

Toward yearend, Samancor reconfigured manganeseferroalloy operations at its Metalloys plant at Meyerton nearJohannesburg. Seven smaller furnaces that had been producingsilicomanganese were shut down, possibly permanently. Allbut about 40,000 t/yr of the productive capacity of thesefurnaces potentially was to be made up once maintenance wascompleted on one of the three large furnaces at the plant. Thisfurnace had been used to produce high-carbon ferromanganesebut could be used to produce silicomanganese. Even with sucha change, productive capacity for high-carbon ferromanganesewas expected to be maintained using only the two remaininglarge furnaces owing to achievement of higher operationalefficiencies.

In another development affecting Samancor’s ferroalloysoutput, Samancor and Japan’s Nippon Denko worked out along-term agreement that would favor Samancor’s shipping ofore rather than high-carbon ferromanganese to Japan (seeJapan).

In June, Delta (E.M.D.) (Pty.) Ltd. announced that by thesecond half of 2001 it would expand the annual capacity of itsEMD plant at Nelspruit, Mpumulanga Province, by 11,000 t, orby 50%. The expansion project included provision forinfrastructure sufficient for an ultimate capacity of 50,000 t,and also installation of a kiln in Northern Cape Province forDelta EMD’s own production of reduced ore feed. Feed from

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—200050.8

the kiln would supplement that currently being obtained fromthe adjacent plant of Manganese Metal Co. (Pty) Ltd. inNelspruit (Industrial Minerals, 2000).

Spain.—In July, the permanganate business of IndustrialQuimica del Nalón (IQN) was acquired by Carus Chemical Co.,headquartered at Peru, IL, in the United States and one of theworld’s few producers of potassium permanganate. Theacquisition was made a subsidiary of Carus named Carus NalonS.L., which included the former IQN plant at Trubia on the northcoast near Oviedo. In recent years, this plant had been the onlysite in the European Economic Community at which potassiumpermanganate was being produced (Carus Chemical Co., 2000).

Ukraine.—Output of manganese concentrates rose 38%, asproduction was up 30% to 1.82 Mt at the Ordzhonikidzecomplex in the western part of the Nikopol’ Basin and 58% to917,000 t at the Marganets complex in the eastern part of thebasin (Interfax Mining & Metals Report, 2001b). Of a totalproduction that was the greatest since 1997, about two-thirdswas by the Ordzhonikidze complex and one-third by theMarganets complex.

A review of manganese mining and beneficiation in theNikopol’ basin gave the makeup of the Ordzhonikidze complexas eight quarries, three beneficiation plants, and oneagglomeration plant. Practical annual capacities of thesefacilities were stated to be, in Mt per year, 7.1 for extraction ofcrude ore, 2.28 for production of manganese concentrates, and0.4 for production of agglomerate. Makeup of the Marganetscomplex was given as five underground mines, two quarries,two beneficiation plants, and a facility for production ofmanganese sulfate in solid or solution form. Efforts wereunderway to deal with beneficiation wastes that consisted ofmore than 100 Mt with a manganese content of 12.2% at theOrdzhonikidze complex and 120 Mt with a manganese contentof from 10% to 18% at the Marganets complex (Postolovskiy,Kravchenko, and Prokopenko, 2000).

Higher outputs at electric furnace plants contributed to anincreased production of manganese ferroalloys. Production wasup more than 50% at the Nikopol’ plant and modestly at theZaporozh’ye plant (Interfax Mining & Metals Report, 2001a, c). Limited quantities of ferroalloys having a reduced phosphoruscontent were produced at the Nikopol’ plant. At the KramatorskWorks north of Donetsk in eastern Ukraine, addition of fluxedsinter to the charge was found to improve blast furnaceproduction of ferromanganese (Mishchenko and others, 2000). Also at this works, trials of blast furnace production ofsilicomanganese showed this unconventional way of making thisferroalloy to be inefficient.

Current Research and Technology

Among many items in the current literature that reported onvarious aspects of manganese and the topics addressed were thefollowing:

Geology.—Model of sedimentation of banded iron formationand associated iron and manganese ores, with particularreference to South Africa (Klemm, 2000), and a review ofmanganese in seawater and marine deposits (Glasby, 2000).

Ore Leaching and Reduction.—Leaching of Indianmanganese ore (about 32% Mn) with aqueous sulfur dioxide(Naik, Sukla, and Das, 2000), simultaneous leaching of zinc

sulfide and manganese dioxide using iron-oxidizing bacteria(Kai and others, 2000), and reduction of manganese ore(Australian and South African samples) with carbon monoxide,in reference to manganese ferroalloy production (Berg andOlsen, 2000).

Electrochemistry of Manganese Oxides.—Summary ofpresentations made at a special meeting of the InternationalBattery Materials Association on manganese oxides in batteries(Blomgren, 2000; MacArthur and Blomgren, 2001, p. 76-79),review of manganese dioxide electrochemistry (Donne, 2000),and comparison of EMD versus chemical and naturalmanganese dioxides as cathode material in alkaline batteries(Bowden, Sirotina, and Hackney, 2000).

Lithium-Manganese Oxides.—Intensive research continuedto be directed on their use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries;review of forms of oxides by Whittingham and Zavalij (2000),characterization of commercial powders (Huang and others,2000), chromium substitution into layered oxides (Hwang,Park, and Choy, 2000), and development of a hydrothermalmethod for preparing a manganese oxide from a lithiummanganese oxide (Tang and others, 2000).

Uses of Manganese Oxides.—Molecular sieves and theirpotential applications (Suib, 2000), manganese-molybdenumoxides as anodes for electrolysis of seawater (Fujimura andothers, 2000), and thin film studies of manganese dioxide as apotential ultracapacitor material (Pang, Anderson, andChapman, 2000).

Biology.—Review of availability of manganese to biologicalsystems and its effect on them (Sigel and Sigel, 2000).

Environment and Toxicology.—Study of industrial hygieneat a domestic alkaline battery plant (Hanley and Lenhart, 2000)and at manganese ferroalloy plants in Italy (Apostoli, Lucchini,and Alessio, 2000) and Norway (Gunst and others, 2000).

Water Systems.—Control of manganese content in wellwater supply by using potassium permanganate (Fulton andFerrand, 2000), and effect of biomineralized manganese oncorrosion of steel (Olesen, Nielsen, and Lewandowski, 2000).

Outlook

The trend of domestic and global demand for manganese willcontinue to follow closely that of steel production. Althoughgrowth rates for some nonmetallurgical components ofmanganese demand, especially batteries, may be higher than forsteel production, this situation will have only a minor effect onoverall manganese demand.

From 1988 to 2000, U.S. apparent consumption ofmanganese has been within about plus or minus 14% of680,000 t of contained manganese. This largely has been aconsequence of a reasonably comparable degree of variation indomestic steel production. During this period, manganeseapparent consumption (see table 1) has tended to increase atabout the same rate as raw steel production. Manganeseapparent consumption may not have tracked steel productionprecisely because of the influence of unmeasured changes instocks of manganese materials, such as those of importers. Theeffect of this may have outweighed changes in demand bysteelmakers and may explain why for some years calculatedapparent consumption showed positive or negative deviationsfrom that which could be estimated on the basis of steel

MANGANESE—2000 50.9

production.Data of the American Iron and Steel Institute indicated that

overall domestic raw steel production increased in 2000 byabout 4%, which makes it likely that domestic manganeseconsumption increased by about the same extent. The trend linefor manganese apparent consumption suggests that consumptionwill reach 800,000 t within 5 years. This is contingent uponU.S. raw steel production maintaining the past trend of anannual growth rate close to 1.4%, and no significant change inmanganese unit consumption by U.S. steelmakers. The outlookfor steel production to increase at a rate similar to that for thepast two decades was not favorable, at least in the immediatefuture, in view of a downturn in the domestic economy that wascontinuing into 2001. Also, the October 2000 midterm forecastfor 2000 through 2005 of the International Iron and SteelInstitute (IISI) suggested a slow recovery, as the compoundannual growth rate projected for steel consumption in the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement countries was only 0.9% (IanChristmas, Secretary General, International Iron and SteelInstitute, October 3, 2000, IISI survey reveals renewed worldsteel consumption growth, accessed June 1, 2001, at URLhttp://www.worldsteel.org/trends_indicators/demand.html). Forthe automotive industry, demand for steel was seen as remainingimportant but in decline overall, whereas cast iron seemedincreasingly likely to be replaced by aluminum (Wrigley, 2000). The majority of U.S. demand for manganese units will be met byimports.

Globally, growth trends for manganese demand similarly arelinked strongly with steel production, which rose to a recordlevel in 2000. In its October 2000 midterm steel consumptionforecast for 2000 through 2005, the IISI projected an annualgrowth rate of 2% for the world overall. Higher growth rateswere projected for Asian countries other than Japan; for China,the rate projected was 3.8%. One of the major companies in theworld’s manganese industry was not optimistic about growth inthe midterm, foreseeing a growth of only 1.9% in the amount ofsteel produced worldwide during 2000 through 2005 (Bacardats,2000). This company also foresaw that growth in globalmanganese demand would be held down by decreases inmanganese unit consumption, particularly in countries such asChina. Consumption was expected to trend downward for high-carbon ferromanganese and upward for silicomanganese andrefined manganese ferroalloys. Buying patterns of U.S. steelmills were reported to be in line with this outlook (Ryan’sNotes, 2001). Like the steel industry, the manganese industrycontinued to be challenged by overcapacity for mining andsmelting.

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no. 52, December 25, p. 2.

———2001, More woes for US bulk ferroalloy suppliers: Ryan’s Notes, v. 7,

no. 1, January 1, p. 2-3.

Sciences International, Inc., 2000, Toxicological profile for manganese: Atlanta,

GA, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 465 p., 3 appendices.

Sigel, Astrid, and Sigel, Helmut, eds., 2000, Manganese and its role in biological

processes, v. 37 of Metal ions in biological systems: New York, Marcel

Dekker, Inc., 761 p.

Skillings Mining Review, 2000, Zemex sells metal powders division to Höganäs

of Sweden: Skillings Mining Review, v. 89, no. 19, May 6, p. 10.

Suib, S.L., 2000, Sorption, catalysis, separation: Chemical Innovation, v. 30, no.

3, March, p. 27-33.

Takenov, T.D., Baisanov, S.O., Tolymbekov, M.Zh., Zhakibekov, T.B., and

Akhmetov, A.B., 2000, [Manganese ore base and prospects for production of

ferromanganese from local raw materials in Kazakhstan]: Stal’, 2000, no. 6,

June, p. 40-42.

Tang, W., Kanoh, H., Ooi, K., and Wang, Y., 2000, Preparation of a new type

of manganese oxide by selective lithium extraction from monoclinic

Li2MnO

3 for lithium rechargeable batteries: Journal of Materials Science

Letters, v. 19, no. 15, p. 1361-1363.

TETRA Technologies, Inc., 2001, TETRA Technologies, Inc., annual report

2000: The Woodlands, TX, TETRA Technologies, Inc., 22 p. plus

appendices.

U.S. International Trade Commission, 2000a, Electrolytic manganese dioxide

from Greece and Japan: Federal Register, v. 65, no. 96, May 17, p. 31348.

———2000b, Electrolytic manganese dioxide from Greece and Japan: U.S.

International Trade Commission Publication 3296, May, variously paginated.

Weiss, S.A., 1977, Manganese—The other uses: London, Metal Bulletin

Books, Ltd., 360 p.

Whittingham, M.S., and Zavalij, P.Y., 2000, Manganese dioxide as cathodes for

lithium rechargeable cells—The stability challenge: Solid State Ionics, v.

131, nos. 1-2, p. 109-115.

Wickramanayake, G.B., Gavaskar, A.R., and Chen, A.S.C., eds., 2000a, Field

application of in situ permanganate oxidation, in Chemical oxidation and

reactive barriers—Remediation of chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds:

International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant

Compounds, 2d, Monterey, CA, May 22-15, 2000, p. 91-152.

———2000b, Treatability studies and modeling for in situ oxidation with

permanganate, in Chemical oxidation and reactive barriers—Remediation of

chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds: International Conference on

Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, 2d, Monterey,

CA, May 22-15, 2000, p. 1-90.

Wrigley, Al, 2000, Metals still ride high in drive for lighter autos: American

Metal Market, v. 108, no. 38, February 28, p. 6.

GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Manganese. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States Through1998, 1999.

Manganese. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.Manganese. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual.Manganese. Ch. in United States Mineral Resources,

Professional Paper 820, 1973.Manganese. International Strategic Minerals Inventory

Summary Report, Circular 930-A, 1984.Manganese. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Other

Advanced Battery Technology.American Metal Market.Annual reports of various companies.Engineering and Mining Journal.Industrial Minerals (London).ITE Letters on Batteries, New Technologies & Medicine (with

News).Manganese. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureauof Mines Bulletin 675, 1985.Metal Bulletin (London).Mining Journal (London).Mining Magazine (London).Platt’s Metals Week.Proceedings of ferroalloy conferences (INFACON, etc.).Roskill Information Services Ltd. (London; last reported on

manganese in 2000).Ryan’s Notes.Skillings Mining Review.TEX Report (Tokyo; daily issues and annual ferroalloy

manual).

TABLE 1SALIENT MANGANESE STATISTICS 1/

(Thousand metric tons, gross weight)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000United States: Manganese ore (35% or more Mn): Exports 32 84 8 4 10 Imports for consumption 478 355 332 460 430 Consumption 2/ 478 510 499 479 486 Stocks, December 31, consumers 2/ 319 241 163 172 226 Ferromanganese: Exports 10 12 14 12 8 Imports for consumption 374 304 339 312 312 Consumption 3/ 326 337 290 281 300 Stocks, December 31, consumers and producers 27 21 26 40 31 Consumption, apparent, manganese 4/ 776 643 776 719 774 Ore price, dollars per metric ton unit, c.i.f. U.S. ports 3 2 2 2 2World, production of manganese ore 24,300 21,900 20,100 r/ 17,900 r/ 20,200 e/e/ Estimated. r/ Revised. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.2/ Exclusive of iron and steel plants.3/ Data for 1998 and later not directly comparable to that for prior years.4/ Thousand metric tons, manganese content. Based on estimates of average content for all significant components except imports,for which content is reported.

TABLE 2U.S. GOVERNMENT DISPOSAL AUTHORITIES AND INVENTORIES FOR MANGANESE MATERIALS AS OF YEAREND 2000 1/

(Metric tons, gross weight)

Physical inventoryUncommitted Sold,

Disposal Stockpile Nonstockpile pending GrandMaterial authority grade grade Total shipment total

Natural battery ore 106,000 89,500 16,800 106,000 874 107,000Synthetic manganese dioxide 2,730 2,730 -- 2,730 -- 2,730Chemical ore 137,000 137,000 -- 137,000 4,010 141,000Metallurgical ore 878,000 547,000 331,000 878,000 103,000 982,000High-carbon ferromanganese 582,000 772,000 -- 772,000 78,900 851,000Electrolytic metal 5,640 5,640 -- 5,640 146 5,790-- Zero.1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: Defense National Stockpile Center.

TABLE 3DOMESTIC PRODUCERS OF MANGANESE PRODUCTS IN 2000

Products 1/ Company Plant location FeMn SiMn Mn MnO2 Type of processChemetals Inc. 2/ Baltimore, MD X Chemical. Do. New Johnsonville, TN X Electrolytic.Eramet Marietta Inc. Marietta, OH X X X Electric furnace and electrolytic.Kerr-McGee Chemical LLC Hamilton, MS X Electrolytic. Do. Henderson, NV X Do.Ralston Purina Co., Eveready Battery Co. 3/ Marietta, OH X Do.1/ FeMn, ferromanganese; SiMn, silicomanganese; Mn, manganese metal; MnO2, synthetic manganese dioxide.2/ Name changed to Erachem Comilog Inc. as of January 1, 2001.3/ Spun off into Energizer Holdings, Inc., as of April 1, 2000.

TABLE 4U.S. CONSUMPTION, BY END USE, AND INDUSTRY STOCKS OF MANGANESE FERROALLOYS AND METAL IN 2000

(Metric tons, gross weight)

FerromanganeseMedium and Silico- Manganese

End use High carbon low carbon Total manganese metalSteel: Carbon 125,000 101,000 225,000 74,600 1,340 High-strength, low-alloy 22,700 4,120 26,800 4,930 (2/) Stainless and heat-resisting 13,700 (2/) 13,700 6,350 1,530 Full alloy 15,500 6,610 22,100 19,600 (2/) Unspecified 3/ 299 332 631 275 195 Total 177,000 112,000 289,000 106,000 3,060Cast irons 8,660 503 9,160 1,340 5Superalloys W W W -- WAlloys (excluding alloy steels and superalloys) 1,570 629 2,200 (4/) 18,300 5/Miscellaneous and unspecified -- W W (4/) W Total consumption 187,000 113,000 300,000 107,000 6/ 21,400 Total manganese content 7/ 146,000 90,200 236,000 70,700 21,400Stocks, December 31, consumers and producers 11,300 20,200 31,500 10,700 4,750W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included with "Alloys (excluding alloy steels and superalloys)." -- Zero.1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2/ Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included with "Steel: Unspecified."3/ Includes electrical and tool steel, and items indicated by (2/).4/ Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.5/ Approximately 85% of this combined total was for consumption in aluminum alloys.6/ Internal evaluation indicates that silicomanganese consumption is considerably understated.7/ Estimated based on typical percent manganese content.

TABLE 5U.S. EXPORTS OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, AND METAL, BY COUNTRY 1/

1999 2000Gross weight F.a.s. value Gross weight F.a.s. value

Country (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands)Ore and concentrates with 20% or more manganese: Canada 1,250 $332 4,160 $1,020 Germany -- -- 589 278 Italy -- -- 350 172 Norway -- -- 333 136 Singapore 2,440 180 24 12 United Kingdom 136 11 3,800 304 Other 351 2/ 128 2/ 776 277 Total 4,170 651 10,000 2,200Ferromanganese, all grades: Canada 10,700 5,920 7,610 4,910 Mexico 94 107 231 266 Venezuela 749 431 -- -- Other 54 54 111 106 Total 11,600 6,510 7,950 5,290Silicomanganese: Canada 3,360 1,850 1,460 942 Mexico 250 220 373 221 Other 95 109 34 35 Total 3,700 2,180 1,870 1,200Metal, including alloys and waste and scrap: Brazil 125 268 -- -- Canada 1,490 3,580 762 1,680 Japan 659 1,470 773 1,620 Mexico 111 299 248 491 Netherlands 190 411 73 136 United Kingdom 711 1,060 17 43 Other 254 2/ 850 2/ 349 1,050 Total 3,540 7,940 2,220 5,020See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 5--ContinuedU.S. EXPORTS OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, AND METAL, BY COUNTRY 1/

-- Zero.1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2/ Revised; unspecified group of countries differs from that in the 1999 Annual Report.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

TABLE 6U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, METAL, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS, BY COUNTRY 1/

1999 2000Gross Manganese Customs Gross Manganese Customsweight content value weight content value

Country (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands)Ore and concentrates with 20% or more manganese: All grades: Australia 44,900 23,500 $4,380 34,800 18,100 $3,280 Brazil 2 1 2 7,030 3,250 373 Gabon 280,000 142,000 25,600 363,000 196,000 27,200 Ghana 26,100 10,200 505 17,400 6,510 209 Mexico 23,600 9,130 1,980 8,080 3,250 1,050 South Africa 85,300 39,100 4,690 -- -- -- Other 100 55 2/ 54 132 97 29 Total 460,000 224,000 37,200 430,000 227,000 32,100 More than 20%, but less than 47% manganese: Brazil -- -- -- 7,030 3,250 373 Gabon -- -- -- 38,000 16,100 2,170 Ghana 26,100 10,200 505 17,400 6,510 209 Mexico 22,500 8,600 1,910 8,080 3,250 1,050 South Africa 27,300 9,970 1,410 -- -- -- Other 18 6 7 -- -- -- Total 75,900 28,800 3,840 70,500 29,100 3,800 47% or more manganese: Australia 44,900 23,500 4,380 34,800 18,100 3,280 Brazil 2 1 2 -- -- -- Gabon 280,000 142,000 25,600 325,000 180,000 25,000 South Africa 58,000 29,200 3,280 -- -- -- Other 1,170 572 2/ 117 132 97 29 Total 384,000 195,000 33,400 360,000 198,000 28,300Ferromanganese: All grades: Australia 11,700 8,920 4,600 30,400 22,800 11,500 Brazil 6,580 5,000 2,430 14,800 11,600 6,370 China 7,280 5,530 3,540 7,630 6,240 5,330 France 96,300 74,500 45,300 45,300 35,800 19,500 Italy 3,800 3,260 4,620 5,520 4,700 5,390 Japan 6,920 5,900 6,120 10,900 9,060 8,080 Korea, Republic of 10,800 8,760 6,210 8,550 6,840 5,060 Mexico 27,600 22,200 16,600 23,600 19,000 15,800 Norway 20 9 19 10,500 8,560 6,170 South Africa 140,000 110,000 59,400 151,000 119,000 66,600 Other 1,340 1,060 533 3,400 2,690 1,510 Total 312,000 245,000 149,000 312,000 246,000 151,000 1% or less carbon: Brazil -- -- -- 6,410 5,140 2,920 China 1,280 1,110 1,270 1,410 1,250 1,490 Italy 3,800 3,260 4,620 5,520 4,700 5,390 Japan 6,500 5,540 5,610 4,660 3,920 3,980 Mexico 2,220 1,770 2,010 1,570 1,260 1,350 South Africa 3,740 3,290 3,970 2,490 2,330 3,880 Other 69 64 70 230 211 229 Total 17,600 15,000 17,600 22,300 18,800 19,200See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 6--ContinuedU.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, METAL, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS, BY COUNTRY 1/

1999 2000Gross Manganese Customs Gross Manganese Customsweight content value weight content value

Country (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands)Ferromanganese--Continued: More than 1% to 2% or less carbon: China -- -- -- 6,230 4,990 $3,840 France 9,540 7,700 $7,970 60 48 37 Japan 424 361 511 6,250 5,140 4,100 Korea, Republic of 10,800 8,760 6,210 8,550 6,840 5,060 Mexico 25,400 20,400 14,600 20,700 16,700 13,800 Norway 20 9 19 10,500 8,520 6,140 South Africa 25,100 20,400 14,100 25,300 20,500 15,800 Other -- -- -- 188 150 130 Total 71,300 57,600 43,400 77,800 62,900 48,900 More than 2%, but not more than 4% carbon: Brazil -- -- -- 1 (3/) 2 South Africa -- -- -- 57 46 46 Total -- -- -- 58 46 48 More than 4% carbon: Australia 11,700 8,920 4,600 30,400 22,800 11,500 Brazil 6,580 5,000 2,430 8,310 6,410 3,370 China 6,000 4,420 2,260 -- -- -- France 86,700 66,800 37,300 45,200 35,700 19,500 South Africa 111,000 86,500 41,200 124,000 96,000 46,900 Other 1,270 994 463 4,540 3,550 1,880 Total 224,000 173,000 88,300 212,000 164,000 83,200Silicomanganese: Australia 67,500 45,000 26,600 52,400 35,500 24,300 France 6,740 4,500 2,930 1,350 918 636 Georgia 13,400 9,900 5,470 6,250 4,390 2,940 India 10,900 7,020 4,340 60,500 39,300 26,200 Kazakhstan 27,700 18,800 10,900 66,400 45,200 28,400 Mexico 58,800 38,600 24,900 45,400 29,700 21,000 Norway -- -- -- 4,400 2,680 2,780 Romania -- -- -- 9,630 6,360 4,170 South Africa 89,300 60,000 35,800 97,400 65,400 43,600 Ukraine 8,190 6,030 2,850 -- -- -- Venezuela 16,900 11,100 6,530 24,100 16,100 10,500 Other 1,190 753 694 10,300 6,710 4,890 Total 301,000 202,000 121,000 378,000 252,000 169,000Metal: Unwrought: China 2,770 XX 3,860 3,320 XX 4,410 Germany 255 XX 433 1,760 XX 2,360 South Africa 8,910 XX 14,100 9,160 XX 13,900 Ukraine 429 XX 622 20 XX 23 United Kingdom 497 XX 976 627 XX 1,120 Other 40 XX 69 193 XX 288 Total 12,900 XX 20,100 15,100 XX 22,100 Other: China 1,700 XX 847 92 XX 162 France 29 XX 308 92 XX 841 Netherlands 33 XX 67 80 XX 148 Ukraine 119 XX 129 189 XX 204 Other 162 4/ XX 1,200 4/ 211 XX 911 Total 2,040 XX 2,550 663 XX 2,270 Waste and scrap: Canada 130 XX 183 433 XX 357 China 22 XX 61 -- XX -- Norway -- XX -- 20 XX 16See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 6--ContinuedU.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, METAL, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS, BY COUNTRY 1/

1999 2000Gross Manganese Customs Gross Manganese Customsweight content value weight content value

Country (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands)Manganese dioxide: Australia 21,400 XX $30,200 25,400 XX $36,500 Belgium 591 XX 913 769 XX 1,260 China 24 XX 31 1,060 XX 1,320 Greece 16 XX 22 1,580 XX 2,060 Ireland 8,380 XX 11,700 9,510 XX 13,100 South Africa 10,400 XX 14,700 12,200 XX 17,200 Other 154 4/ XX 628 4/ 633 XX 1,300 Total 40,900 XX 58,200 51,200 XX 72,700Potassium permanganate: Czech Republic 750 XX 1,410 824 XX 1,590 India 420 XX 749 481 XX 873 Spain 491 XX 704 156 XX 352 Other 59 4/ XX 111 4/ 60 XX 136 Total 1,720 XX 2,980 1,520 XX 2,950XX Not applicable. -- Zero.1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2/ Includes U.S. Geological Survey's conversion of part of reported data (from apparent MnO2 content to Mn content).3/ Less than 1/2 unit.4/ Revised; unspecified group of countries differs from that in the 1999 Annual Report.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, adjusted by the U.S. Geological Survey.

TABLE 7MANGANESE ORE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/

(Thousand metric tons)

Rangepercent Gross weight Metal content

Country 3/ Mn e/ 4/ 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 e/ 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 e/Australia 5/ 37-53 2,109 2,136 1,500 1,892 1,614 6/ 1,023 1,024 729 926 787 6/Brazil 7/ 30-50 2,506 2,124 2,149 1,674 r/ 2,000 977 977 r/ 988 r/ 770 r/ 920China e/ 8/ 20-30 7,600 6,000 5,300 3,190 r/ 4,000 1,520 1,200 1,060 630 r/ 800Gabon 9/ 45-53 1,983 1,904 2,092 1,908 r/ 1,743 6/ 915 879 966 881 r/ 804 6/Ghana 30-50 448 437 537 639 r/ 10/ 896 10/ 152 149 172 e/ 204 r/ 287India 11/ 10-54 1,797 1,596 1,557 1,500 e/ 1,550 680 e/ 606 e/ 592 e/ 570 e/ 590Kazakhstan 20-30 430 400 634 6/ 980 6/ 1,136 6/ 106 98 155 240 280 (crude ore) e/Mexico 12/ 27-50 485 534 510 459 418 173 193 187 169 156South Africa 9/ 30-48+ 3,240 3,121 3,044 3,122 3,635 6/ 1,381 r/ 1,324 r/ 1,298 r/ 1,343 r/ 1,578 6/Ukraine 30-35 3,070 3,040 2,226 1,985 r/ 2,741 6/ 1,040 e/ 1,030 e/ 755 e/ 675 e/ 930Other e/ 13/ XX 632 r/ 608 551 r/ 551 r/ 467 201 r/ 181 r/ 159 r/ 162 r/ 147 Total XX 24,300 21,900 20,100 r/ 17,900 r/ 20,200 8,170 r/ 7,660 r/ 7,060 r/ 6,570 r/ 7,280 e/ Estimated. r/ Revised. XX Not applicable. 1/ World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2/ Table includes data available through July 26, 2001. Data pertain to concentrates or comparable shipping product, except that in a few instances the best dataavailable appear to be for crude ore, possibly after some upgrading.3/ In addition to the countries listed, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Panama, and Sudan may have produced manganese ore and/or manganiferous ore, but available informationis inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels.4/ May be average content of each year's production rather than for content of typical products.5/ Metallurgical ore.6/ Reported figure.7/ Production of beneficiated ore as reported in Sumário Mineral (Brasilia).8/ Includes manganiferous ore.9/ Calculated metal content includes allowance for assumed moisture content.10/ Sales.11/ Much of India's production grades below 35% Mn; content averaged 38.3% Mn for fiscal years 1998-99 through 1999-2000.12/ Mostly oxide nodules; may include smaller quantities of direct-shipping carbonate and oxide ores for metallurgical and battery operations.13/ Category represents the combined totals of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burma, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Italy(from wastes), Japan (low-grade ore), Malaysia, Morocco, Namibia, Romania, Russia (crude ore), Thailand, and Turkey.

TABLE 8FERROMANGANESE AND SILICOMANGANESE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/

(Thousand metric tons, gross weight)

1996 1997Ferromanganese Silico- Ferromanganese Silico-

Blast Electric manga- Grand Blast Electric manga- GrandCountry 3/ furnace furnace Total nese total furnace furnace Total nese total

Argentina -- 7 7 25 32 -- 8 8 26 35Australia e/ -- 110 110 95 205 -- 95 95 95 190Belgium e/ 4/ -- 25 25 -- 25 -- 25 25 -- 25Brazil -- 215 215 232 447 -- 153 153 175 328Chile -- 8 8 2 10 -- 6 6 3 9China e/ 450 700 1,150 840 1,990 500 680 1,180 770 1,950Egypt e/ -- 35 35 -- 35 -- 26 r/ 26 r/ -- 26 r/France 5/ 337 100 437 61 e/ 498 e/ 326 100 426 66 e/ 492 e/Georgia e/ -- 8 8 7 15 -- 4 4 17 21Germany e/ 4/ -- 10 r/ 10 r/ -- 10 r/ -- -- r/ -- r/ -- -- r/India e/ -- 190 190 170 360 -- 166 166 198 364Indonesia e/ -- 14 14 7 21 -- 15 15 7 22Italy -- 25 25 100 125 -- 40 r/ 40 r/ 100 e/ 140 r/ e/Japan -- 343 343 76 419 -- 377 377 78 455Kazakhstan e/ -- -- -- 50 50 -- -- -- 55 55Korea, North e/ 4/ -- 6 6 -- 6 -- 6 6 -- 6Korea, Republic of -- 126 126 83 210 -- 159 159 77 r/ 236 r/Mexico 6/ -- 69 69 93 162 -- 68 68 105 173Norway e/ -- 215 7/ 215 7/ 210 425 -- 235 235 230 465Poland 60 -- 60 25 85 48 e/ -- 48 e/ 20 68 e/Romania -- 20 20 79 99 -- 12 12 63 74Russia 8/ 67 -- 67 -- 67 47 -- 47 -- 47Slovakia e/ -- 25 25 12 37 -- 20 20 45 r/ 7/ 65 r/South Africa -- 548 r/ 548 r/ 254 r/ e/ 802 r/ e/ -- 499 r/ 499 r/ 286 e/ 785 r/ e/Spain e/ -- 16 r/ 16 r/ 102 r/ 118 r/ -- 23 r/ 23 r/ 122 r/ 145 r/Taiwan -- 14 14 -- 14 -- 12 12 -- 12Ukraine e/ 100 170 270 600 870 125 160 285 560 845Venezuela -- -- -- 53 r/ 53 r/ -- -- -- 64 r/ 64 r/ Total 1,010 3,000 r/ 4,010 r/ 3,180 r/ 7,190 r/ 1,050 2,890 r/ 3,930 r/ 3,160 r/ 7,100 r/

1998 1999Ferromanganese Silico- Ferromanganese Silico-

Blast Electric manga- Grand Blast Electric manga- Grandfurnace furnace Total nese total furnace furnace Total nese total

Argentina -- 5 5 25 30 -- 2 r/ e/ 2 r/ e/ 10 r/ e/ 12 r/ e/Australia e/ -- 110 110 105 215 -- 98 r/ 98 r/ 116 r/ 214 r/Belgium e/ 4/ -- 20 20 -- 20 -- -- -- -- --Brazil -- 122 122 124 246 -- 85 r/ 85 r/ 148 r/ 234 r/Chile -- 4 4 4 8 -- 4 e/ 4 e/ 4 e/ 8 e/China e/ 550 500 1,050 639 1,690 550 r/ 550 1,100 r/ 822 r/ 1,920 r/Egypt e/ -- 18 r/ 18 r/ -- 18 r/ -- 30 r/ 30 r/ -- 30 r/France 5/ 321 e/ 100 e/ 421 e/ 65 e/ 486 e/ 302 138 r/ e/ 440 r/ e/ 55 r/ e/ 495 r/ e/Georgia e/ -- 10 10 35 45 -- 7 r/ 7 r/ 25 r/ 32 r/Germany e/ 4/ -- -- r/ -- r/ -- -- r/ -- -- r/ -- r/ -- -- r/India e/ -- 165 165 193 358 -- 160 160 190 350Indonesia e/ -- 13 13 7 20 -- 12 r/ 12 r/ 7 19 r/Italy -- 49 r/ 49 r/ 70 r/ 119 r/ -- 19 r/ 19 r/ 67 r/ 86 r/Japan -- 334 334 71 405 -- 315 315 66 381Kazakhstan e/ -- -- -- 57 57 -- -- -- 75 75Korea, North e/ 4/ -- 6 6 -- 6 -- 6 6 -- 6Korea, Republic of -- 158 158 107 265 -- 140 r/ 140 r/ 116 r/ 256 r/Mexico 6/ -- 87 87 105 192 -- 79 79 114 193Norway e/ -- 235 235 230 465 -- 235 235 230 465Poland 50 -- 50 15 r/ 65 r/ 60 e/ -- 60 e/ 25 85 e/Romania -- 4 4 84 88 -- (9/) (9/) 1 1Russia 8/ 65 -- 65 -- 65 90 e/ -- 90 e/ -- 90 e/Slovakia e/ -- 20 20 47 r/ 7/ 67 r/ -- 20 20 37 r/ 57 r/South Africa -- 542 r/ 542 r/ 265 e/ 807 r/ e/ -- 527 r/ 527 r/ 267 r/ 794 r/Spain e/ -- 18 r/ 18 r/ 108 r/ 126 r/ -- 10 r/ 10 r/ 95 r/ 105 r/Taiwan -- 13 13 -- 13 -- -- -- -- --Ukraine e/ 112 7/ 150 262 486 7/ 748 58 200 r/ 7/ 257 r/ 7/ 499 7/ 756 r/Venezuela -- 8 8 49 r/ 57 r/ -- 11 e/ 11 e/ 48 r/ 59 r/ e/ Total 1,100 2,690 3,790 2,890 r/ 6,680 r/ 1,060 r/ 2,650 3,710 r/ 3,020 r/ 6,720 r/See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 8--ContinuedFERROMANGANESE AND SILICOMANGANESE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/

(Thousand metric tons, gross weight)

2000 e/Ferromanganese Silico-

Blast Electric manga- GrandCountry 3/ furnace furnace Total nese total

Argentina -- -- -- -- --Australia e/ -- 115 115 135 250Belgium e/ 4/ -- -- -- -- --Brazil -- 110 110 150 260Chile -- 4 4 4 8China e/ 500 520 1,020 900 1,920Egypt e/ -- 30 30 -- 30France 5/ 300 140 440 60 500Georgia e/ -- 7 7 25 32Germany e/ 4/ -- -- -- -- --India e/ -- 160 160 185 345Indonesia e/ -- 12 12 7 19Italy -- 40 40 90 130Japan -- 338 7/ 338 7/ 68 7/ 406 7/Kazakhstan e/ -- 5 5 100 105Korea, North e/ 4/ -- 6 6 -- 6Korea, Republic of -- 140 140 110 250Mexico 6/ -- 91 91 108 199Norway e/ -- 235 235 230 465Poland 60 -- 60 25 85Romania -- 1 7/ 1 7/ 21 7/ 22 7/Russia 8/ 71 -- 71 -- 71Slovakia e/ -- 20 20 35 55South Africa -- 530 530 270 800Spain e/ -- 10 10 100 110Taiwan -- -- -- -- --Ukraine e/ 85 253 7/ 338 684 7/ 1,022Venezuela -- -- -- 50 50 Total 1,020 2,770 3,780 3,360 7,140e/ Estimated. r/ Revised. -- Zero.1/ Table includes data available through July 25, 2001.2/ World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.3/ In addition to the countries listed, Iran is believed to have produced ferromanganese and silicomanganese, but production figures are not reported; generalinformation is inadequate for the formulation of reliable estimates of output levels. Production of manganese ferroalloys, ferrosilicon, and silicon metal began in1996 for Saudi Arabia, but data for actual production were not available. Data for U.S. production of manganese ferroalloys are not included to avoid disclosingcompany proprietary data.4/ Ferromanganese includes, if any, silicomanganese.5/ Silicomanganese includes, if any, silicospiegeleisen.6/ Salable products from Autlán.7/ Reported figure.8/ Russia is believed to have produced some silicomanganese during 1996-99, but data for actual production were not available.

TABLE 8--ContinuedFERROMANGANESE AND SILICOMANGANESE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/

(Thousand metric tons, gross weight)

1998 1999Ferromanganese Silico- Ferromanganese Silico-

Blast Electric manga- Grand Blast Electric manga- GrandCountry 3/ furnace furnace Total nese total furnace furnace Total nese total

Venezuela -- 8 8 49 r/ 57 r/ -- 11 e/ 11 e/ 48 r/ 59 r/ e/ Total 1,100 2,690 3,790 2,890 r/ 6,680 r/ 1,060 r/ 2,650 3,710 r/ 3,020 r/ 6,720 r/

2000 e/Ferromanganese Silico-

Blast Electric manga- GrandCountry 3/ furnace furnace Total nese total

Argentina -- -- -- -- --Australia e/ -- 115 115 135 250Belgium e/ 4/ -- -- -- -- --Brazil -- 110 110 150 260Chile -- 4 4 4 8China e/ 500 520 1,020 900 1,920Egypt e/ -- 30 30 -- 30France 5/ 300 140 440 60 500Georgia e/ -- 7 7 25 32Germany e/ 4/ -- -- -- -- --India e/ -- 160 160 185 345Indonesia e/ -- 12 12 7 19Italy -- 40 40 90 130Japan -- 338 7/ 338 7/ 68 7/ 406 7/Kazakhstan e/ -- 5 5 100 105Korea, North e/ 4/ -- 6 6 -- 6Korea, Republic of -- 140 140 110 250Mexico 6/ -- 91 91 108 199Norway e/ -- 235 235 230 465Poland 60 -- 60 25 85Romania -- 1 7/ 1 7/ 21 7/ 22 7/Russia 8/ 71 -- 71 -- 71Slovakia e/ -- 20 20 35 55South Africa -- 530 530 270 800Spain e/ -- 10 10 100 110Taiwan -- -- -- -- --Ukraine e/ 85 253 7/ 338 684 7/ 1,022Venezuela -- -- -- 50 50 Total 1,020 2,770 3,780 3,360 7,140e/ Estimated. r/ Revised. -- Zero.1/ Table includes data available through July 25, 2001.2/ World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.3/ In addition to the countries listed, Iran is believed to have produced ferromanganese and silicomanganese, but production figures are not reported; generalinformation is inadequate for the formulation of reliable estimates of output levels. Production of manganese ferroalloys, ferrosilicon, and silicon metal began in1996 for Saudi Arabia, but data for actual production were not available. Data for U.S. production of manganese ferroalloys are not included to avoid disclosingcompany proprietary data.4/ Ferromanganese includes, if any, silicomanganese.5/ Silicomanganese includes, if any, silicospiegeleisen.6/ Salable products from Autlán.7/ Reported figure.8/ Russia is believed to have produced some silicomanganese during 1996-99, but data for actual production were not available.