manual and documentation - freiberg instruments

Freiberg Instruments GmbH ּ Am St. Niclas Schacht 13 ּ 09599 Freiberg – Germany

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Manual and documentation

lexsyg

2012-10-12


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We work constantly at the advancement of all measuring systems.

Copying or reprinting, even in extracts, is only allowed with a written approval from the

Freiberg Instruments GmbH. All rights according to copyright subject to Freiberg Instruments

GmbH.

Subject to alterations.

Freiberg Instruments GmbH

Am St. Niclas Schacht 13

09599 Freiberg

Germany

Phone: +49 3731 419 54 0

Fax: +49 3731 419 54 14

E-Mail: [email protected]

Internet: http://www.freiberginstruments.com


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Table of Contents

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 3

Table of Figures .................................................................................................................... 6

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8

1.1. Important Information ............................................................................................... 8

1.1.1. Declaration of Conformity ................................................................................. 8 1.1.2. Target Audience ............................................................................................... 8 1.1.3. Intended Application ......................................................................................... 8 1.1.4. Not intended Application .................................................................................. 9 1.1.5. Safety Installations ........................................................................................... 9 1.1.6. Impact of the Warning Notices ......................................................................... 9

1.2. Fundamental Advices .............................................................................................10

1.2.1. Preface ...........................................................................................................10 1.2.2. Security Warnings ...........................................................................................10 1.2.3. Commissioning and Operating Method ...........................................................10 1.2.4. Control of the Operating Status .......................................................................11 1.2.5. Decommissioning ............................................................................................11 1.2.6. Storage ...........................................................................................................11 1.2.7. Electricity .........................................................................................................12 1.2.8. Mechanics .......................................................................................................12 1.2.9. Hazardous Materials .......................................................................................12 1.2.10. High Temperatures .........................................................................................12

2. Equipment ....................................................................................................................13

2.1. Descriptions ............................................................................................................14

2.1.1. Module 1.1/1.2/1.3: The Measurement chamber .............................................17 2.1.2. Module 2.1. Beta Irradiation ............................................................................18 2.1.3. Module 2.2.: Alpha irradiation ..........................................................................18 2.1.4. Module 3: Heating unit ....................................................................................19 2.1.5. Module 4.1/4.2/4.3: Green/IR/blue excitation ...................................................19 2.1.6. Module 5.1.1/5.1.2/5.1.3/5.1.4: PMT Modules .................................................20 2.1.7. Module 5.2.1: EMCCD Unit .............................................................................22 2.1.8. Modules 6 .......................................................................................................23 2.1.9. Module 6.1.1: PMT optics adaption & filter changing unit ................................24 2.1.10. Module 6.1.2: Extended PMT optics adaption & filter changing unit ................24 2.1.11. Module 6.1.3: Reduced PMT optics unit ..........................................................25 2.1.12. Module 6.2.1: Imaging optics adaption & filter changing unit for TL/OSL

measurement position .....................................................................................25 2.1.13. Module 6.2.2: Imaging optics adaption & filter changing unit for RF

measurement position .....................................................................................26 2.1.14. Module 7.1: LED-based monochrome light irradiation unit ..............................27 2.1.15. Module 7.2: LED-based solar simulation unit ..................................................27

2.2. Installation ..............................................................................................................28


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2.3. Operation ................................................................................................................28

2.4. Construction Drawing ..............................................................................................29

2.4.1. Electrical wiring ...............................................................................................30 2.4.2. Specification ....................................................................................................30

3. Software .......................................................................................................................31

3.1. How to get start .......................................................................................................31

3.2. Overview .................................................................................................................31

3.2.1. Application status ............................................................................................32 3.2.2. Menu bar .........................................................................................................32 3.2.3. Sample list ......................................................................................................32 3.2.4. Measurement flow ...........................................................................................33 3.2.5. First aid ...........................................................................................................33 3.2.6. Main window ...................................................................................................33 3.2.7. Hardware module status .................................................................................33

3.3. Connection and Initialization ...................................................................................34

3.4. Typical workflow – making a measurement .............................................................34

3.4.1. Load and unload a sample ..............................................................................34 3.4.2. Creating a sequence .......................................................................................36 3.4.3. Assigning a sequence to a sample slot ...........................................................37 3.4.4. Starting a measurement ..................................................................................37 3.4.5. Handle measurement data ..............................................................................38

3.5. Special hardware characteristics .............................................................................39

3.5.1. EMCCD-camera ..............................................................................................39 3.5.2. Spectrometer ..................................................................................................40

3.6. Handling particular cases ........................................................................................40

3.6.1. Change the IP-address ...................................................................................40 3.6.2. Editing cooling power and evacuation time ......................................................41 3.6.3. Breaking a measurement ................................................................................41 3.6.4. Initialization after an Incident – First aid menu .................................................42

4. Service and Repair .......................................................................................................44

4.1. Service ....................................................................................................................44

4.1.1. Checking the system pressures ......................................................................44 4.1.2. Lift up the measurement chamber ...................................................................45 4.1.3. Cleaning the measurement chamber ...............................................................46 4.1.4. Cleaning the chamber windows .......................................................................47 4.1.5. Exchanging detection filter ..............................................................................50 4.1.6. Access to internal sample loading/unloading unit ............................................51 4.1.7. Heater exchange .............................................................................................51

4.2. Spare parts .............................................................................................................52

5. Physical Background ....................................................................................................53


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5.1. Literature ................................................................................................................53

Attachment: Radiation source documentation ......................................................................54


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Table of Figures

Figure 1: lexsyg modular luminescence reader ....................................................................13

Figure 2: technical overview of lexsyg ..................................................................................14

Figure 3: sample handling ....................................................................................................15

Figure 4: sample loading lid ..................................................................................................16

Figure 5: automated detector changing unit, with up to four detectors ..................................16

Figure 3: overview on the different module configuration options .........................................18

Figure 7: OSL irradiation unit ................................................................................................20

Figure 8: overview on the most widely used detection windows [1].......................................23

Figure 9: figure technical drawings: see enlarged version at the end of the document .........29

Figure 10: Electrical wiring ...................................................................................................30

Figure 11: Lexsyg Studio link................................................................................................31

Figure 12: start screen of the application ..............................................................................31

Figure 13: application status .................................................................................................32

Figure 14: menu bar .............................................................................................................32

Figure 15: sequence library ..................................................................................................36

Figure 16: sequence editor ...................................................................................................37

Figure 17: measurement status ............................................................................................37

Figure 18: data view .............................................................................................................38

Figure 19: EMCCD control ...................................................................................................39

Figure 20: spectrometer control ............................................................................................40

Figure 21: options menu .......................................................................................................41

Figure 22: first aid menu .......................................................................................................42

Figure 23: system pressures overview .................................................................................44

Figure 24: checking system pressures .................................................................................45

Figure 25: measurement chamber screws ............................................................................45

Figure 26: lift the measurement chamber .............................................................................45

Figure 27: manual moving of the sample arm .......................................................................46

Figure 28: plugs of the OSL-unit ...........................................................................................47

Figure 29: screws of the OSL-unit ........................................................................................47

Figure 30: moving the OSL-unit ............................................................................................47

figure 32: overview of the OSL-unit.......................................................................................48

figure 33: removing the plugs of the extra TL position ..........................................................48

figure 34: fastener of the extra Tl position .............................................................................48


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figure 35: opening the extra TL position ................................................................................49

figure 36: schematic of the filterwheel ...................................................................................50

figure 37: opening for changing filters ...................................................................................50

figure 38: location of the loading/unloading unit ....................................................................51

figure 39: removing the loading/unloading unit .....................................................................51

figure 40: maintenance panel for changing the heater unit ...................................................52

figure 41: removedmaintenance panelwith visibleheater unit ................................................52


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1. Introduction

1.1. Important Information

1.1.1. Declaration of Conformity

All lexsyg equipment from Freiberg Instruments is conform to the European legal provision

about the electromagnetic compatibility (89/336/EWG), the directive of the modification of CE

marking (93/68/EWG), the EG machine directive (2006/42/EG) and the EG low tension

directive (73/23/EWG).

The CE sign is arranged on the specification plate. Please attend on the obligatory national

and local regulations!

Through a non-coordinated modification of the equipment this declaration loses its validity.

1.1.2. Target Audience

The manual is written for the operating personal of the lexsyg(luminexcence excitation

system for geological and archaeological applications).

The operators should have the essential professional competence for all work with the

equipment.

The personal is obliged to read and completely understand the manual.

The documentation ought to be placed in reach of the equipment.

1.1.3. Intended Application

• The handler is in charge to only use the lexsyg equipment in the descript manner.

• The handling of the measuring equipment is only allowed subjected to the conditions

named:

– in this manual

– on the specification plate

– in the technical specification corresponding to the respective brief.


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• The lexsyg equipment is used for luminescence measurements either by thermal (TL),

optical (OSL) or radiation (RF) stimulation. It is configured for the measurement of certain

materials.

1.1.4. Not intended Application

All applications notwithstanding the technical data on the specification plate or the terms

named in the contract of delivery and the usage with missing or damaged safety installations

is prohibited.

1.1.5. Safety Installations

The following arrangements serve the security of the operating personal:

• electrical access with grounding conductor and safety plug

• laser protection service

• mechanical safety doors with safety key

• electronic safety precautions

• software safety routines

• for radiation safety precautions see attachment one

Without any of these installations a usage of the equipment is forbidden.

1.1.6. Impact of the Warning Notices

Observe the warning notices! They are distinguished:

Warning notice:


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1.2. Fundamental Advices

1.2.1. Preface

It’s necessary to consider the warning notices. The defiance can lead to damage of healthy

and property.

Service and repairing of the equipment is only allowed to skilled personal.

The removal of the whole equipment or single parts should be carried out by consideration of

the local legal regulations.

1.2.2. Security Warnings

1. Warning notice: Usage of LASER radiation! The radiation source is placed in the

lower department of the system. Don’t expose any body parts, e.g. eyes, arms, to the

radiation! This will lead to irreversible damages. All works at this partition of the

equipment should only be carried out by members of Freiberg Instruments.

2. Warning notice: Usage of alpha and beta radiation source! All legal precautions

have to be followed and special training as well as constant observation of operator

depending on the local regulations is required. For details see attachment one.

1.2.3. Commissioning and Operating Method

The equipment is constructed for luminescence measurements of mineral grains.

Transport:

Lexsyg systems are well prepared for transport. Open the cases carefully.

Warning: secure the system from tilting. It has a high balance point.


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Commissioning occurs by:

1. Positioning the equipment on a horizontal area.

2. Connecting with the main supply, as shown on the “lexsyg supply” document.

Depending on configuration and intended use: nitrogen (helium), air pressure,

vacuum, electrical power, LAN

3. Switching-on the master controller

4. Starting the connected personal computer

5. turn on the tool

Keep in mind to place the sample materials on the intended position.

Warning notice: Defiance can lead to mechanical damages of samples and equipment!

1.2.4. Control of the Operating Status

Keep an eye on the operating status! It’s displayed on the left upper corner of the monitor

and on the display.

1.2.5. Decommissioning

Decommissioning occurs by:

1. Shutting down the computer

2. turn the tool off

3. Disconnecting from the main supply

1.2.6. Storage

Only store the equipment in closed dust-free rooms.

Temperature should lie between 5 and 40 °C, relative humidity must not be higher than 80%.

Warning notice: Disconnect from the power supply when store the equipment for a longer

period of time.


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1.2.7. Electricity

The lexsyg equipment runs with 110V/230 V AC, 50/60 Hz. Internal low tension in the range

of +/-5 to +/-48 V DC is used.

For the connection with the main supply a grounding conductor is necessary (DIN VDE 0100-

410 (IEC 60364-4-41)).

Observe the local regulations! Electrical circuit points should be periodically checked (DIN

EN 0105, DIN EN 0702, BGV A2).

1.2.8. Mechanics

Inappropriate operation can cause damage of property and injuries.

Use the equipment only for compulsory measuring!

External tensions and vibrations should not be applied to the equipment!

For a better cooling of the equipment don’t place any other hardware at intervals of 20 cm.

1.2.9. Hazardous Materials

An assignment of hazardous materials is not intended.

1.2.10. High Temperatures

The equipment can be warmed up by electrical lost heat. It’s not allowed to excess a

temperature of 40 °C!


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2. Equipment

LEXSYG is a luminescence reader designed and constructed by Freiberg Instruments in co-

operation with luminescence research and dating laboratories [ 1].

It is a highly flexible modular system for measuring different kinds of luminescence using

thermal, optical or ionizing radiation stimulation (i.e. TL, OSL/IRSL and RL) especially in

luminescence dating (geo-/archaeochronometry), mineralogical research, solid state

dosimetry, radiation control and material sciences.

A basic measurement chamber can be equipped with a variety of modules for irradiation,

luminescence stimulation and detection. Thus a versatile luminescence research instrument

can be built up. However, each modular unit incl. its unique features can be used in a more

conventional arrangement, e.g. a basic TL or TL/OSL reader.

Figure 1: lexsyg modular luminescence reader


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2.1. Descriptions

Figure 2: technical overview of lexsyg

Sample handling

Sample storage and measurement is separated in order to prevent crosstalk. Samples are

transported by a pneumatic handling system from the storage position to the measurement

chamber. On top of the measurement chamber several excitation devices and detectors are

arranged in a modular way to allow a flexible tool operation. For detailed options see the

“module” descriptions. After 10 million handling steps the positioning tolerance rises up to

0.02 mm according to supplier specifications, equals a constant operation of above 30 years.


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Figure 3: sample handling

Loading

Several samples can be loaded at the same time by using the loading lid (Figure 4). Samples

can be exchanged at almost any time during the measurement procedure. Measurement

sequence selection has to be done by operation software. Loading position assignment can

be done by operation software as well as using the buttons at the front side of the system.


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Figure 4: sample loading lid

Pneumatics

Pneumatics is used for sample handling from storage wheel to the measurement position

and for opening the radiation source shutters. All components are chosen from standard

automation companies with mean times between failures of several hundred thousand

cycles. Valves can be found at the left side of the tool in the installation section.

Electronics

Two electronic departments are used. One for power conversion from AC to DC in the back

of the tool in the installation section. Main programmable electronic for tool operation can be

found at the front side of the tool in the installation section.

Figure 5: automated detector changing unit, with up to four detectors


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2.1.1. Module 1.1/1.2/1.3: The Measurement chamber

Each lexsyg instrument consists of a measurement chamber prepared for modular

extensions for measuring different kind of luminescence.

prepared for vacuum (≤ 10 mbar) and inert-gas purging

80 samples storage with automatically sample changer

independent operation of chamber and sample-disc reservoir

adapts beta- and alpha irradiation units, different units for luminescence light detection and for simulating solar light

low radiation emission

negligible radiation exposure of stored samples and irradiation source leakage dose effects

easy handling and safe service

display for load/unload, sequence and status information

1x TL/OSL measurements

1x Beta-irradiation + RF measurements

1x additional measurement position** (module 1.2/1.3)

1x additional irradiation position (Alpha/Beta) (module 1.2/1.3)

1x “solar light” irradiation (LED or fiber-coupled simulator)***

1x Detector Wheel [changes up to 4 detection units (CCD(s) / PMT(s)

/ fiber-coupled detectors) between TL/OSL and RF (Beta

Irradiation) position] (module 1.3)

* Up to 2 detector positions can hold an automatic filter changer ** The additional measurement position is not suitable for a second OSL stimulation unit and has only limited filter-change capacity. It is useful for TL, ITL or RP measurements, with an additional detector (e.g. special PMT, light guide coupled spectrometer) in fixed configuration (not automatically changeable). *** If not used for a light source an additional detection unit can be adapted at fixed position


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Figure 6: overview on the different module configuration options

2.1.2. Module 2.1. Beta Irradiation

lexsyg instruments can be equipped with 2 irradiation units. The Beta-irradiation unit is

special made for RF measurements and delivers its highly uniform irradiation field also to

samples for other luminescence measurements (TL, OSL, RP, ...).The Irradiation units are

delivered separately inclusive inbuilt radioactive sources.

to irradiate samples for TL, OSL etc. and for RF measurements

Radioisotope: Sr-90; activity: ≤ 1.8 GBq; dose rate ca. 0.08 – 0.1 Gy/s

high homogeneity of dose rate distribution at irradiation area:

≤ (± 2.5 %)) @ 8 mm diameter

≤ (± 3.5 %)) @ 10 mm diameter

includes shutter unit (minimum open/close cycle time 0.5 s)

easy and safe service for regular wipe-test

permission for handling irradiator must be sent to manufacturer at time of ordering

2.1.3. Module 2.2.: Alpha irradiation

The Alpha-unit is just designed for irradiation. The Irradiation units are delivered separately

inclusive inbuilt radioactive sources.

to irradiate samples (max. 10 mm diameter) for TL, OSL etc.


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recommended for dating techniques where the alpha-component has to be

determined (e.g. fine-grain, flint)

Radioisotope: Am-241

vacuum irradiation, fully software controlled

includes shutter unit (minimum open/close cycle time 0.5 s)

easy and safe service for regular wipe-test

permission for handling irradiator must be sent to manufacturer at time of ordering

2.1.4. Module 3: Heating unit

Thermoluminescence (TL), preheat (PH) of materials or elevated temperature measurements

(e.g. standard Quartz SAR-protocol) need a heater. LEXSYG luminescence readers can

also use this unit for elevated temperature irradiation (at ionizing irradiation and “solar-light”

position) and measurements (elevated temperature RL). Measurements are possible during

any part of a heating/cooling cycle, which may simply be a heating ramp but also consist of a

series of different steps. An extended software version (see software options section 12.)

includes further possibilities, e.g. programmable cooling and non-linear heating/cooling

functions.

temperature: room temperature (RT) to 700 deg. Celsius (higher temp. on request)

heating rate: 0.1 – 10.0 K/s (@ Tmax= 500 °C; 0.1-5.0 K/s (@ Tmax= 700 °C higher

heating rates on request

highly flexible step-wise programming of heating cooling cycles within system

parameters (i.e. temperature and heating/cooling rates)

Software options for further temperature control (e.g. non-linear functions, see 12.)

2.1.5. Module 4.1/4.2/4.3: Green/IR/blue excitation

lexsyg instruments can be equipped with an fiber-optics based OSL stimulation unit which

allows the independent, parallel use of up to 3 different IR, VIS or UV lasers for highly


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uniform excitation by light. The power of each laser light-source at the sample can be

software adjusted constant or can be ramped (e.g. LM-OSL). Software options (see section

12.) allow further flexible use (e.g. non-linear CW functions, special pulsing modes, time-

resolved measurements).

unit with up to 3 laser-light sources

850 nm (max. 150 mW), 532 nm (max. 75 mW), 478 nm (max. 40 mW) laser

stimulation

uniformity of light irradiation < (± 5%) at 8 mm sample diameter

individual independent use of each laser also together with heater

light detectors are software-protected if automatically filter-changer are in use

Figure 7: OSL irradiation unit

Each laser is separated into eight fibres. Seven for homogeneous sample irradiation and one

for optical laser power stabilization. Detection takes place through the central main axis.

2.1.6. Module 5.1.1/5.1.2/5.1.3/5.1.4: PMT Modules

Each lexsyg instrument can hold at least 2 luminescence detection units (can be extended by

up to 4). PMT units with different spectral characteristics, EMCCD-camera based spatially

resolved (e.g for single-grain measurement) or wavelength resolved (luminescence

spectrometry) as well as special units (e.g. for potassium concentration determination of

feldspar samples) are available.


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Module 5.1.1: UV-VIS PMT Module

for standard applications in luminescence dating and dosimetry

detection unit with standard bialkaline cathode PMT (HAMAMATSU)

sensitivity 280-650 nm

peak sensitivity 420 nm ( 3.1 E5 counts s-1 pW-1)

dark counts typ. 100 cps

photon counter

counting linearity (random pulses, 10% loss) 6.0 E6 cps

electromechanical shutter, UV-VIS optics

Module 5.1.2: Extended UV-Vis PMT Module

for standard applications in luminescence dating and dosimetry

detection unit with standard bialkaline cathode PMT (Electron Tubes 9235Q)

sensitivity 160-630 nm

peak sensitivity: 30% quantum efficiency at 200 nm and 350 nm

dark counts typ. 300 cps

photon counter

counting linearity (random pulses, 10% loss): must be specified

electromechanical shutter, UV-VIS optics

Module 5.1.3: Red enhanced UV-Vis PMT Module

necessary/useful if standard UV-VIS PMT-modules yellow to red sensitivity is not

sufficient

useful e.g. for quartz(flint)/calcite orange-red or feldspar red luminescence

measurements

thermoelectric/air cooled GaAsP photocathode PMT (HAMAMATSU)

sensitivity: 300 – 720 nm,

peak-sensitivity: 40% quantum efficiency at 580 nm

cooling max. 35 deg. below RT

cooling time approx. 5 min

typ. 100 cps dark signal at 0°C

photon counting system

counting linearity (random pulses, 10% count loss) 1.5 E6 cps


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electromagnetic shutter, UV-VIS optics

Module 5.1.4: Vis-NIR PMT Module

necessary for RF dose determination using the 865 nm potassium feldspar emission

useful/necessary for any other measurements where red and NIR sensitivity is

needed

thermoelectric/air cooled GaAs photocathode PMT (HAMAMATSU)

sensitivity: 380 – 890 nm,

peak-sensitivity: 12% quantum efficiency at 800 nm

cooling max. 35 deg. below RT

cooling time approx. 5 min

typ. 60 cps dark signal at -10°C (125 cps at 0°C)

photon counting system

counting linearity (random pulses, 10% count loss) 1.5 E6 cps

electromagnetic shutter, UV-NIR optics

2.1.7. Module 5.2.1: EMCCD Unit

The lexsyg can adapt light detectors based on charged coupled devices (CCD). EM (electron

multiplying technology) CCD cameras have a very high sensitivity which allows even the

detection and counting of single photons.

UV to NIR (200 – 1050 nm) image detection for spatially resolved / single-grain

measurements

works at LEXSYG TL/OSL and RF measurement position (automatically change

recommended 1.3)

512 x 512 pixel back-thinned, UV-coated EMCCD chip (electron multiplying – EM -

technology), 16 bit resolution, frame – transfer format

works also in traditional CCD mode (low noise)

max. frame rate: > 33 frames/second (full frame)

Gigabit Ethernet data interface

high quantum efficiency from UV to NIR :

ca. 75% @ UV Quartz OSL emission peak

ca. 85-90 % @ all VIS Quartz/Feldspar emission peaks

ca. 60% @ potassium feldspar NIR RF peak (865 nm)


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8 mm diameter sample is imaged on the camera chip (ca. 16µm / pixel) using an

optics adaption and filter changing unit (6.2)

incl. electromechanical shutter

TE cooling min. -95 °C (-70 °C guaranteed for life), thermostatic precision +/- 0.05°C

Important: requires 6.2.1,

lexsyg measurement chamber 1.3 recommended

2.1.8. Modules 6

There is a wide variety of detection windows for different minerals. Depending on the

flexibility needs of the lexsyg and the different detection options a variety of optical systems

and automated filter changing combinations can be selected.

Figure 8: overview on the most widely used detection windows [ 11]


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2.1.9. Module 6.1.1: PMT optics adaption & filter changing

unit

These optical modules are designed for use with PMT units only. They are best performed to

collect the luminescence light from the sample, suppress stray-light (OSL, PL) or thermal

noise (TL), filter it and transfer the light efficiently to the photo-cathode of the PMT.

recommended as minimum configuration to perform optimized TL/OSL/RF analyses

in dating and other applications

optics designed for high-efficiency PMT luminescence measurements

6-position filter-wheel (6.5 mm max. filter thickness)

7measurement functions are included (more information on request)

switches 6 luminescence detection windows software controlled

filter change (min. 300 ms ... max. 3 s) also within a measurement sequence

malfunctions / PMT-damage are software protected

no stray-light transmission outside the optical path

optimized filter-sets for all main quartz and feldspar minerals luminescence emissions

and such for other materials/applications are available

filter sets (interference, colour-glass optical filters) optimised for highest transmission

individual wave-bands and best blocking stimulation light (OSL) and/or thermal noise

(TL, black-body radiation)

2.1.10. Module 6.1.2: Extended PMT optics adaption & filter

changing unit




recommended to perform highly optimized TL/OSL analyses in dating and other

applications


2 filter-wheels with each 6 positions and each 6.5 mm filter-space

15 measurement functions are included (more information on request)




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optimized filter-sets for all main quartz and feldspar minerals luminescence emission

and other materials/applications available




modified detection windows can be ordered (includes software-adaption)

malfunction / PMT-damage software protected

2.1.11. Module 6.1.3: Reduced PMT optics unit




configuration to perform optimized TL/OSL analyses in dating and other applications


1measurement function of 6.1.2 is included (more information on request)

malfunctions / PMT-damage are software protected




2.1.12. Module 6.2.1: Imaging optics adaption & filter

changing unit for TL/OSL measurement position

The lexsyg can adapt imaging light detectors based on charged coupled devices; in

particular an EMCCD based module (5.2.1) is available for spatially resolved measurements,

incl. single-grain measurements. Such detection units need advanced optical design for best

imaging quality within a chosen wavelength-band to be measured which is set by the optical

filters detection- window. Imaging units also work with PMT detectors and thus assure best

performance if a LEXSYG measurement chamber with automatically detector change is in

use.

necessary for spatially resolved / single-grain TL/OSL measurements


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adapts automatically detected wave-band (optical window filter set) for best image

quality

works with equivalent efficiency also with PMT detectors

2 filter-wheels with each 6 positions and each 6.5 mm filter-space

15 measurement functions are included





and such for other materials/applications available




modified detection windows can be ordered (includes software-adaption)

malfunction / detector-damage software protected

2.1.13. Module 6.2.2: Imaging optics adaption & filter

changing unit for RF measurement position

The lexsyg can adapt imaging light detectors based on charged coupled devices, in

particular an EMCCD based module (5.2.1) is available for spatially resolved measurements,

incl. single-grain measurements. Such detection units need advanced optical design for best

imaging quality within a chosen wavelength-band to be measured which is set by the optical

filters detection- window. Imaging units also work with PMT detectors and thus assure best

performance if a LEXSYG measurement chamber with automatically detector change is in

use.

necessary for spatially resolved / single-grain RF analyses

adapts automatically detected wave-band (optical window filter set) for best image

quality

works also efficiently with PMT detectors

6-position filter-wheel (6.5 mm max. filter thickness)





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individual wave-bands

6 user-defined detection window filter-sets are included

2.1.14. Module 7.1: LED-based monochrome light

irradiation unit

power LED-array based light irradiator, cooled less fan

optical power at the sample: dependent on wavelength

loop power regulated

standard colours

fully software controlled (power, irradiation time)

setting can be changed within a measurement sequence any time

special optics for highly uniform irradiation power at the sample

other colours on request

additional power-LED array heads (7.1-x+) can be ordered and changed manually

2.1.15. Module 7.2: LED-based solar simulation unit

UV, blue, green, amber, red, IR power-LED array based light irradiator, fan-cooled

light (365 nm, 462 nm, 523 nm, 590 nm, 625 nm, 850 nm) can be used for

monochromatic sample irradiation or individually mixed together for simulating e.g.

natural bleaching conditions

typical maximum optical power at the sample:

- UV 365 nm - >3 W ex. Diode, 65 mW

- RGB A (462 nm - 140 mW, 523 nm - 35 mW, 590 nm - 50 mW, 625 nm - 85 mW)

- IR 850 nm - >2 W ex. Diode, 170 mW

fully software controlled (power, irradiation time, mixing ratios)

setting can be changed within a measurement sequence any time

mixed light spectrum display

special optics for highly uniform irradiation power at the sample


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2.2. Installation

Equipment is packed for shipment. Detectors are disassembled. A detail description how to

pack and unpack the equipment can be found in a separate report.

1. Open the cover and place the tool on a suitable lab table

2. Install the detectors

3. Connect the main supply needs, pressure, electricity and vacuum (optional)

2.3. Operation

Make sure the power cord and pressure is connected. See construction drawings for a

detailed overview where to find certain components.

1. Turn the system on.

2. Connect to the device from a PC with operation software

3. See software description on how to start a measurement.


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2.4. Construction Drawing

Figure 9: figure technical drawings: see enlarged version at the end of the document

Dimension: 71.6 x 103.1 x 85.1 cm

Weight: 90 - 130 kg (depending on options)


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2.4.1. Electrical wiring

Figure 10: Electrical wiring

2.4.2. Specification

Laser depending on option: see data sheet for detailed laser safety specifications

Warning: Never open laser safety installations. Whenever opening any mechanical door in

the installation or excitation/detection section disconnect from main power supply or wear

safety goggles!

Wavelength [nm] Power [mW] Class DIN

855 <1000 3B IEC 60825-1:93 A2:2001

532 <300 3B IEC 60825-1:93 A2:2001

480 <100 3B IEC 60825-1:93 A2:2001


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3. Software

3.1. How to get start

Figure 11: Lexsyg Studio link

The lexsyg measurement system is controlled by the Lexsyg Studio application. It is already

installed on the provided PC and all properties are set. The application can be started by

clicking the lexsyg Studio link (see Figure 11) on the desktop screen of the PC.

3.2. Overview

Figure 12: start screen of the application

After clicking the Lexsyg Studio link the application will start up, showing the screen in Figure

12. The start screen is divided in several different categories (1: Application status, 2: Menu

bar, 3: Sample list, 4: Measurement flow, 5: First Aid, 6: Main window, 7: Hardware module

status). Every Element is described in the following chapters.


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3.2.1. Application status

The connection button (Figure 13, red button)

indicates if the Lexsyg Studio application is

connected to the lexsyg measurement system

or not. By pressing the button, the connection

to the system can be created or interrupted. While not connected, it is not possible for the

system to process any operations. Never disconnect during an active measurement to

prevent any unwanted behavior.

The measurement button (Figure 13, blue button) indicates the current measurement status

of the lexsyg measurement system. It indicates if a measurement is currently running or the

system is in standby mode.

Further information on these elements is given in section 3.3 and 3.4.

3.2.2. Menu bar

The menu bar allows access to different software

functions. In the Analysis-menu completed

measurements are accessible (see section 3.4.5).

In the Controls-menu are control elements for

particularly hardware modules accessible. See section 3.5 for further information. The menus

Options and Log contain elements for particular cases and are handled in section 3.4.5.

3.2.3. Sample list

The sample list provides a set of functions for the user:

providing an overview of the samples loaded in the lexsyg measurement system

which samples are waiting for processing or are already processed

linking a sequence to a sample slot

load and unload sample discs

These functions are descripted in section 3.4.1and 3.4.3.

Figure 13: application status

Figure 14: menu bar


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3.2.4. Measurement flow

This element provides an overview about the actual running sequence. The status frame

contains the name and number of the actual running step. Temperature and counts are

showing the actual temperature of the heating unit and the counts of an PMT during a

running measurement (see Figure 17).

3.2.5. First aid

The First aid button provides access to a number of functions not needed in normal work

flow. They are descripted in section 3.6.

3.2.6. Main window

The main window is the area where all open windows are positioned.

3.2.7. Hardware module status

This bar shows a symbol for every currently active hardware module. The possible hardware

modules are:

heating unit

alpha irradiation source

beta irradiation source

solar light simulator

red laser

green laser

blue laser

UV laser diodes

UV - Vis PMT

NIR PMT


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EMCCD camera

spectrometer

When hover with the mouse above an icon a description of the according symbol appears.

3.3. Connection and Initialization

Before any operation with the lexsyg measurement system can be started, it is necessary to

connect and initialize the system. The First step is to power the measurement system and

press the on/off button (see Figure 2). Now click the connection button (see section 3.2).

The caption of the button will change to “connected” and the color will switch to green. If not,

proceed at section 3.6.1.

After connection, the measurement system must be initialized. Click the first aid button and

in the appearing window the button Reset Lexsyg and initialize new (Figure 22 – 1). The

button changes its color to red and in the Application status button the caption switches to

“resetting and initializing” After the initialization, the button changes its color back to grey and

the connection button is labeled “start measurements”.

The system is now ready for processing tasks.

3.4. Typical workflow – making a measurement

The work with the lexsyg measurement system consists of a number of standard tasks

repeated in constant order. The following section describes a typical workflow which will be

aligned by a customer but show a good first workflow to get acquainted with the

measurement system.

3.4.1. Load and unload a sample

An important task concerning the work with the lexsyg measurement system is to load or

unload sample discs. It is the only task in which the user must interact with the hardware unit.

All other tasks will only be executed with the Lexsyg Studio software.

Loading and Unloading sample discs is only possible while the system is initialized and idle,

which means no measurement is actual running.


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The lexsyg measurement system provides space for up to 80 sample discs. The actual

allocation can be determined at the sample list. It provides a list with an entry for every

sample slot containing the name of the containing sample, the slot- number, the associated

sequence and the status of the sample slot.

Warning: For mechanical reasons never use a magnetic sample disc at position 21!

Otherwise it is possible to lose this disc during the sample transport.

To load (or unload) a sample disc, the sample wheel must be rotated until the required slot is

in front of the sample storage. There a two ways to achieve this. First, it is possible to select

the relevant slot in the numeric up/down move position to Load/Unload and press the

button move. The wheel will now move the sample slot in front of the sample storage. The

second way is to go to the front side of the sample storage and press the sample wheel

forward/reverse buttons (see Figure 2) until the required slot is in front. Now it is possible to

add or remove the sample disc to or from the slot.

After this, the new status of the slots must be announced to the software. Do this by selecting

the slot in the sample list and change the status of the marked positions to one of the

three possibilities:

empty – the slot contains no sample disc and so will not be processed.

loaded – the slot contains a sample disc and will be processed when a sequence is

associated and the measurement system is running.

measured - the slot contains a sample disc but will not be processed by the

measurement system. After a measurement the system will change the status of a

slot to this state.

Be sure to always select the correct new state of a sample slot after loading/ unloading a

sample. Otherwise malfunctions of the system are possible (e.g. unloading in an already

occupied slot).

When the sample discs are loaded, a measurement sequence can be created and linked to a

sample slot.

You can select more than one slot at a time for an operation by using the strg and/ or shift

key while clicking in the sample list.


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3.4.2. Creating a sequence

Every measurement done with an aliquot is defined by a sequence or list of elementary

process steps done one after another. These sequences are created in the sequence editor

and are stored in a library for later assignment to a concrete sample disc or aliquot.

The sequence editor is opened by clicking on a slot in the sample list. The sequence library

(Figure 15) consists of a list of all sequences created in the past. With the three buttons to

the right a new sequence can be created, an existing edited or deleted.

Figure 15: sequence library

Clicking the new sequence button opens the sequence editor (see Figure 16). All

elementary steps available for the specific measurement system are listed in the right list.

The list on the left side contains all steps added to the sequence in the order of processing.

Clicking on a sequence step in the add sequence step list opens an edit window, which will

be added to the actual sequence. In this window the single options of a step can be edited.

With the buttons at the lower border the steps could be rearranged, duplicated or deleted.

Double click on a step reopens the edit window for the according step.

With the save sequence button a sequence will be added to the sequence library ready to

be allocated to a sample slot.

The first and last step of a sequence normally should be a sample charging and sample

discharging step. These steps are responsible for the transport of the assigned sample disc

from the sample wheel in the measurement chamber and back. If not added, the steps in the

sequence will be processed without the sample disc on the sample arm.

Warning: Never use a measurement sequence without sample charging and discharging!


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Figure 16: sequence editor

3.4.3. Assigning a sequence to a sample slot

After creating and saving a sequence using the sequence library, the sequence can be

allocated to a sample slot. Therefore select the required sample slots and double click on the

sequence entry in the library. The assigned sequence name shows up in the sample list.

Editing a linked sequence also changes the flow of all linked samples as long as they are not

currently processed. So editing a linked sequence should be done with care.

3.4.4. Starting a measurement

When the measurement system is initialized and a sequence is allocated to a loaded sample

slot a measurement can be started. By clicking the start measurement button the system

will start processing the tasks. The button changes its caption to stop measurement. The

measurement flow box (Figure 17) shows the actual step and the number of remaining

steps of this sample slot.

Figure 17: measurement status


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After the measurement sequence of a slot is completed, its status in the sample list changes

to measured. If a measurement contains detection via photomultiplier, at the beginning of

the data recording the data view window (Figure 18) shows up. This window provides a live

view of the current measurement. It can be hidden by closing the window and reopened by

clicking Analysis -> Open measurement live view in the menu bar.

At the beginning of every new measurement the window will be cleared in prepare for new

data to be shown. When all assigned measurements are finished, the system will go back in

standby- mode indicated by the caption of the measurement button which changes back to

start measurement. With selecting the stop after current position checkbox the

measurement flow could be stopped after the current sample has been processed.

Figure 18: data view

3.4.5. Handle measurement data

Every measurement with a standard photomultiplier is saved in two separate ways.

The measurement curve is saved in a separate file with the .csv file format and can be

accessed by clicking Analysis -> Open measurement folder. This folder contains a

subfolder for every sequence. The files in this folder are named after the sample slot name in

the sample list. The files can be imported in other applications for further processing.


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The second file format is the .bin file format. It can be accessed by clicking Analysis ->

Open measurement folder, as well. For every sequence a .bin file is created which

contains all measurements done with this sequence. The results are stored in the order of

measurement.

By clicking Analysis -> Open measurement data these .bin files can be opened in a

preview window.

3.5. Special hardware characteristics

The lexsyg measurement system provides a number of additional optional components

which can’t be controlled only by the sequence editor. This section describes the using of

these components.

3.5.1. EMCCD-camera

The EMCCD camera is basically controlled by its proprietary software. Only the power supply

and the focus movement are controlled by the Lexsyg Studio software. The EMCCD control

window can be accessed by clicking Controls -> EMCCD in the menu bar (Figure 19).

Before starting the control software, the camera must be powered up by selecting the

camera on radio button. The camera is being deactivated by clicking the camera off button.

The focus is completely controlled through the sequence editor. In the normal work flow no

additional action must be taken in the control window.

Figure 19: EMCCD control


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3.5.2. Spectrometer

The spectrometer camera has to cool down before it can be used for measurement. Open

the spectrometer control window by clicking Controls -> spectrometer in the menu bar

(Figure 20). Activate the spectrometer by clicking the Turn on button. Enter the target

temperature (recommended: -80°C) and click start CCD and get to target temperature.

The spectrometer camera begins to cool down and informs the user when it reached the

temperature. Now it can be used. Acquired spectra are shown in the left window and are

stored automatically in the measurement folder. After measurement the spectrometer

camera must be warmed up in a controlled manner (button warm CCD to safe temperature

and turn off) before it will be deactivated. It is absolutely necessary to warm the

spectrometer up before deactivating it. Otherwise it could be damaged.

Warning: Never turn off the spectrometer camera before it has reached room temperature in

a controlled manner by the lexsyg software! Loss of Power causes uncontrolled warming and

can also damage the spectrometer camera.

Figure 20: spectrometer control

3.6. Handling particular cases

3.6.1. Change the IP-address

The application has to know the IP-address of the target lexsyg measurement system. For

example for a new software version it could be necessary to reset the address. To do this,

open the options window (Figure 21: options menu) by clicking Options -> software options

in the menu bar. Enter the IP-Address and Port, close the window and restart the


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application. After clicking the connection- button lexstudio should connect to the

measurement system. If not, check the connection cables, recheck the IP address and the

network- settings of the operating system and make sure that the lexsyg measurement

system is powered and running. The IP-address of the connected PC has to be static. If you

forgot the correct IP address for your device, please call the support hotline of Freiberg

Instruments.

Figure 21: options menu

3.6.2. Editing cooling power and evacuation time

In some particular cases it is necessary to change the power of the cooling air flow or the

duration of evacuation. This can be achieved by open the options window by clicking

Options -> software options… in the menu bar (Figure 21). In the lower part of the window

the parameters can be changed.

3.6.3. Breaking a measurement

Aborting a running measurement can be achieved by clicking the measurement button while

a running measurement. The software will ask if it is correct to abort and how to handle the

actual sample disc. When not moving the sample back to the sample wheel, keep in mind

that the disc must be removed manually.


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3.6.4. Initialization after an Incident – First aid menu

If an uncommon event occurs during a measurement, it is necessary to reinitialize the

system. The first step is to click the Reset Lexsyg and initialize new button (Figure 22 –1)

in the first aid menu. Wait until the measurement button changes its caption to start

measurement. If no sample disc is remaining inside the measurement chamber, a new

measurement can be started.

If there is still a sample disc in the measurement chamber, this sample disc has to be

transferred back to the sample wheel before proceeding with measurements. Therefor

localize an empty sample slot in the sample wheel and open the First aid menu (Figure 22).

If there is still a sample disc is in the grabber and not on the sample arm, or vice versa,

check the radio buttons sample on arm or sample on grabber (Figure 22 – 4)

corresponding to the sample disc location. Then Click the button Send new sample

allocation (Figure 22 – 2). After that, select an empty slot which has to be filled with the

sample disc from the measurement chamber (Figure 22 – 5) and click Try to get sample

from arm or Try to get sample from grabber (Figure 22 – 3).

Figure 22: first aid menu

The sample disc is now transferred from the corresponding location to the sample wheel. If it

is unknown, if a sample disc is located in the grabber or on the sample arm after the re-

initialization, begin with transferring back from the grabber and after that with transferring

back from the sample arm to an additional free sample wheel slot.


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Finally check the sample slots for the transferred sample disc. If the disc remains lost, it is

necessary to open the chamber manually and find the disc before proceeding with the

measurement. Otherwise it is possible to damage the measurement system.

Warning: After each occurring incident which interrupts a running measurement it is

necessary to find and eliminate the reason. Otherwise the whole system can be damaged.


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4. Service and Repair

4.1. Service

Regular maintenances of the equipment are not essential, but we suggest an annual service

by the manufacturer to check all system settings and the operating ability. A vision control of

the whole system is recommended every six month.

Electrical wiring should be controlled by accreted firms during local mandatory intervals.

Avoid exposing the equipment to heat, dirt and other environmental influences. This will

elongate the lifetime of the equipment.

4.1.1. Checking the system pressures

To check the different pressures of the measurement system use the panel with all pressure

information as shown in Figure 23.

Figure 23: system pressures overview

The inert gas and air pressure can be changed by pulling out and turning the valves shown in

Figure 24.

Warning: It is not recommended to change the air pressure! For proper functionality the

system needs an air pressure of 5 bar.

Open the small panel on the left side


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Figure 24: checking system pressures

4.1.2. Lift up the measurement chamber

First remove all 5 hand screws of the chamber and check the chamber pressure. The

pressure has to be almost zero. If there is lower pressure you can fill the chamber with

nitrogen by software. It is recommended to switch of the system before lifting the

measurement chamber.

Figure 25: measurement chamber screws

The measurement chamber can be lifted by the arm in the rear area inside the device, now.

Figure 26: lift the measurement chamber

Remove all 5 screws

Arm to lift the measurement

chamber

Control of chamber pressure

Control of inert gas pressure

Setting of air pressure for the pneumatic system

Setting of inert gas pressure


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4.1.3. Cleaning the measurement chamber

First of all switch off the device and lift the measurement chamber (as described in chapter

4.1.2). There is a gap between the measurement chamber and the ground plate. Use this

gap and a thin brush or vacuum cleaner to clean the chamber.

Warning: Be careful and don’t damage the sample arm inside the chamber. The arm can be moved by hand using the motor wheel in the bottom area of the

measurement system (as shown in Figure 27).

Figure 27: manual moving of the sample arm

The sample arm can be moved a quarter turn to clean the other parts of the chamber.

Hand wheel to move the sample arm


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4.1.4. Cleaning the chamber windows

The chamber has two measurement positions containing windows made of quartz glass.

These windows have to be cleaned regularly because heating and silicon oil can cause dust

on it.

Cleaning at the OSL position:

First remove all plugs behind the OSL position (see Figure 28).

Figure 28: plugs of the OSL-unit

Then open the hand screws in front of the OSL position (see Figure 29).

Figure 29: screws of the OSL-unit

Move the complete OSL unit backward by pulling the unit back (see Figure 30).

Figure 30: moving the OSL-unit


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Now you have free access to the detection window. You can remove it by opening the tree

screws in the frame to clean or replace it.

figure 31: overview of the OSL-unit

Mounting works in reverse direction. Don’t forget to mount the two gaskets below the window

and into the window frame.

Cleaning at the extra TL position (optional):

First remove the plug and the air tube backside of the filter changing unit on this position. For

removing the air tube push on the small frame of the connector and pull the air tube out.

figure 32: removing the plugs of the extra TL position

Open the small fastener by pulling and turning. (see below)

figure 33: fastener of the extra Tl position

Now open whole unit by pulling it up. It is blocked in straight position by himself. (see below)


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figure 34: opening the extra TL position

Now you have free access to the detection window. You can remove it by opening the tree

screws in the frame to clean or replace it.

Mounting works in reverse direction. Don’t forget to mount the two gaskets below the window

and into the window frame.


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4.1.5. Exchanging detection filter

The used filter wheels have 6 positions. Every Filterwheel has an easy reachable cap to get

access to the filters inside.

figure 35: schematic of the filterwheel

Attention: The Number that is selected means always the filter in the light beam. That means

that the changed filter has an offset of 3 positions to the shown number. The filter position

can be calculated by: |shown position – 7| = position

figure 36: opening for changing filters

Openings: one for changing filters

and one for the light beam

Number of selected filter

Opening to change filters


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4.1.6. Access to internal sample loading/unloading unit

The loading/unloading unit is hidden under the big cap on the chamber.

figure 37: location of the loading/unloading unit

Open the screws and move the cap up.

figure 38: removing the loading/unloading unit

Give attention on the right position of the gasket if you close the cap.

4.1.7. Heater exchange

The heater is mounted together with the sample arm and can be changed together with the

arm.

First the arm has to be moved to the maintenance position. Than the maintenance panel has

to be opened.


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figure 39: maintenance panel for changing the heater unit

Now the measurement chamber has to be moved up (see point 4.1.2).

The arm can be removed by the three screws in the centre.

figure 40: removedmaintenance panelwith visibleheater unit

Then the arm can be moved up carefully and a new one can be mounted in reverse direction.

4.2. Spare parts

Spare parts:

- Chamber window glass

- Gasket for all removeable parts connected to the chamber

- Screws

- Air tubes

- Wires and plugs

- Sample arm with heater

Tools:

- Cleaning brush

- Filter sucker

- Set of Allen wrench

Requests and feedback is welcome, please contact: [email protected]

Open the panel by unmounting the

screws

mailto:[email protected]


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5. Physical Background

5.1. Literature

[ 1 ] M. R. Krbetschek J. Götze, A. Dietrich, T. Trautmann, Radiation Measurement,Vol.

27, No. 5/6,pp. 695-748,1997, Spectral information from minerals relevant for luminescence

dating

[ 2 ] G. Erfurt*

and M.R. Krbetschek,Ancient TL Vol. 21 No. 1 2003, IRSAR – A single-

aliquot regenerative-dose dating protocol applied to the infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF) of

coarse-grain K-feldspar


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Attachment: Radiation source

documentation

Radiation Related Aspects of the lexsyg Luminescence Measuring

System

Document: RP-061

Revision: 0

Date: 02-Aug-2011

Revision History:

Date Rev. Description by

02-Aug-2011 0 Initial release RP

1 Radiation Source and Radiation Source Module

1.1 The lexsyg measuring system

The measuring system lexsyg(see fig. 1) has been designed for absolute dating of

geological and archaeological objects by means of radio fluorescence (RF), thermo

luminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Using a beta radiation

source a predefined absorbed dose can be administered to the sample. The luminescence

signal emitted is coupled out by means of an adapted optics and detected by either a photo-

multiplier tube or CCD camera. The lexsyg standard is equipped with a beta radiation

source, and it can optionally be provided with both a beta and an alpha radiation source (see

lexsyg data sheet).


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Fig. 1 Basic concept of the measuring system lexsyg

Photo-multiplier

tube

CCD camera

Radiation source

modules

Control panel

Port for sample

loading

Fig. 2 Measuring system lexsyg (housing cover open)


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Fig. 3 Sample handling system of the lexsyg

Samples are placed on a circular sample holder accommodating up to 80 samples. During

the automatic measuring procedure the individual sample to be analyzed is moved to the

appropriate position (irradiation, luminescence detection, etc.) in the measuring chamber by

means of a transfer system. The sample holder is accessible to the operator through an

opening at the front of the measuring system (see figures 2 and 3).


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1.2 Radiation Source Module

The radiation source module contains the radiation source (see figures 4 – 6) and provides

necessary operating and safety features.

adapter for pressurized air (shutter)

quartz glass window (fluorescence

light exit)

connectors for shutter position

sensors

Transport safety plate (beta shield

during transportation, storage and

handling)

Fig. 4 Radiation Source Module (top view) mounted on transport safety plate

Fig. 5

Radiation source module (sketch)

Dimensions: 90 mm x 85 mm x 25 mm


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Position sensors Retracting spring radiation source source holder shutter

Fig. 6 Radiation source module (bottom view, transport safety plate removed)

Left: shutter closed; Right: shutter open

The radiation source is safely contained in the radiation source module. The radiation source

is mechanically fixed in a holder ensuring accurate positioning over the sample during

irradiation. The only movable part of the radiation source module is the shutter, so there is no

mechanical load on the source.

With the shutter being in its “closed” position, the downwards-facing radiation exit window is

completely covered by a 1 mm stainless steel shutter (fig. 6). For sample irradiation (typically

between one and ten minutes of duration) the shutter will be opened by a pneumatic cylinder.

The actual shutter position will be detected by two non-contact sensors. In the case of failure

of electrical power or pressurized air supply the shutter will automatically close due to a

retracting spring. Due to its bifurcated design the shutter doesn’t only cover the radiation exit

window of the source but also protects the quartz glass windows from scattered beta

radiation.

The radiation source module is firmly attached to the base plate of the lexsyg by special

screws. A 5 mm lead lined housing surrounding the source module (not shown in fig. 2, see

also fig. 12) reduces dose rate and occupational exposure. The housing of the lexsyg is fully

closed and locked during routine operation, assuring that the radiation source isn’t accessible

to the standard operator or any other person.


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1.3 Beta radiation source

The current design of the beta radiation source features a circular arrangement of 17 single

miniaturized, sealed beta sources (see table 1). These single sources are inserted into a

circular groove (fig. 8). A stainless steel foil of 25 µm thickness, that is micro-laser welded to

the body, fixes the sources in the groove. The two main components – the source carrier and

the source body with cover foil – are affixed to each other by means of three special screws

(see figures 7 and 8). All of the components are made of stainless steel.

The radiation source provides an absorbed dose rate of 0.1 Gy·s-1 to the sample. The

radiation field inhomogeneity is less than ± 3 % over a sample diameter of 10 mm.

Fig. 7 Radiation source (schematic): red – circular arrangement of 17 miniaturized

sources, blue – radiation exit window, 25 µm stainless steel, micro-laser welded

to the body; outer diameter 25 mm, height 9.5 mm, material: stainless steel

source carrier body with cover foil

Fig. 8 Left: Components of the radiation source (individual miniaturized sources not

shown), right: assembled source with laser engraving


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The radiation source is precisely positioned and safely fixed in the source holder by three

special screws (see fig. 6, right) ensuring that the radiation exit window cannot be touched or

even damaged by the shutter.

The following information is laser engraved on the circumference of the source body (see

fig. 8):

- Radioactive trefoil symbol

- Radioisotope: Sr-90

- Maximum activity: 2 GBq

- Serial number: RFQ-xxx (xxx may range from 001 to 999)

Further, the radiation source module is uniquely identified by type and serial number (see fig.

4). The labelling of the source module also provides information on the radiation source

installed. The housing bears the radiation trefoil symbol.

Table 1 Technical specifications of the single miniaturized sources the circular source

consists of (refer to attachment 1)

Source type strontium-90 seed type Sr0.S03-1

manufacturer Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG GmbH

radioisotope Sr-90

maximum activity 118 MBq

radioactive material

physical solid

chemical SrTiO3 (strontium titanate)

form sealed

source canister stainless steel 1.4301/1.4541, 40 µm thick, laser welded

dimensions length: 2.5 mm, diameter: 0.64 mm

type of radiation beta

maximum energy 2.27 MeV

ISO 2919 classification C.63211

special tests ANSI N44.1-1977 tests: puncture, impact, temperature

leakage test immersion test per ISO 9978


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In case the radiation source module is not attached to the base plate of the lexsyg the

source module’s bottom side shall be completely covered by a 4 mm thick aluminium

transport safety plate. Hence, the radiation source module can be used for safely storing and

shipping of the built-in radiation source.

2 Occupational dose assessment

2.1 Dose rates relevant for exposure assessment

Ambient dose equivalent rate H*(10) was determined at various distances from the radiation

source module. A prototype source having an activity of 1.5 GBq was utilized, and the results

were extrapolated according to a maximum source activity of 2.0 GBq.

Conditions were as follows:

- Radiation source (Sr-90)

- Radiation source module with 5 mm lead-lined housing installed in lexsyg

(prototype unit)

- Radiation source shutter open (sample irradiation)

Table 2 Ambient dose equivalent dose rate at various distances to the surface of the

radiation source module (source activity 2.0 GBq)

distance to source

cm

position equivalent dose

rate H*(10) / µSv/h

5 Position of operator’s hand during installation of the

source module in device 270

10 Position of operator’s hand during adjustment and

calibration activities 160

20 Position of operator’s hand during cleaning of

sample holder 27

30 Position of operator’s eyes during adjustment and

calibration activities 40

50 Position of operator’s hand during loading the

sample holder 2,7

70 Position of operator’s body during loading the 2,0


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sample holder

120 1 m distance to housing surface of lexsyg 0,8

In the present case, the radiation source module was completely sealed against beta

radiation. Hence, the equivalent dose rate measured was solely caused by photon

(bremsstrahlung) radiation created within the source body, the shutter and the source

module housing. It made no difference whether the source shutter was opened or closed.

Note that the source shutter doesn’t completely shield all of the beta radiation emitted by the

radiations source. It is anticipated that actual dose rates may exceed those given in table 2

by more than 10 times under certain circumstances such as:

- Wipe test conducted at source shutter

- Cleaning of the measuring chamber or the sample carrier of the lexsyg

- Handling of the radiation source module during installation, wipe test and handling

emergency situations

2.2 Occupational exposure during use of the lexsyg

Occupational exposures of the user associated with typical activities during operating and

maintaining the lexsyg are determined below:

2.2.1 User activities at the control panel of the lexsyg

Process steps Loading of sample carousel, keyboard input (measuring

sequences, test runs, etc.)

duration 15 min

Typical distance to source 70 cm (eyes, body)

30 cm (hands)

Dose per handling 0.5 µSv (eyes, body)

0.7 µSv (hands)

Number of annual activities 100

notes Source shutter typically closed (may be opened for a

short period of time), minimized occupancy time of the


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operator near the device

2.2.2 Exchange of optical detector/adjustment of optical components

Process steps 1. Opening of the lexsyg housing

2. Disassembling of the optical system mounted on

top of the radiation source module

3. Assembling and adjusting the optical

components

4. Test run

5. Closing the lexsyg housing

duration 20 min


10 cm (hands)

Dose per handling 13 µSv (eyes, body)

55 µSv (hands)


notes Shutter typically closed / can be open for a short

period of time

Beta radiation completely shielded by radiation

source module

Housing of the lexsyg opened

If applicable, use appropriate means of radiation

protection (tools)


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2.2.3 Exchange of quartz glass window (top of the radiation source module)


2. Disassembling of the external optical system

mounted on top of the radiation source module

3. Removing the lead shield of the radiation source

module

4. Use of a temporary radiation shield (10 mm

acrylic glass wall)

5. Removing the window fixing ring

6. Exchanging the window (use tweezers or similar

tools)

7. Assembling the window fixing ring

8. Assembling and adjusting the optical

components

9. Test run


duration 20 min

Typical distance to source 30 cm (eye, body)

10 cm (hands)

Dose per handling 13 µSv (eye, body)

55 µSv (hands)


notes Shutter typically closed / can be open for a short

period of time

Until window is removed beta radiation is completely

shielded by radiation source module

Upon removing the quartz window beta radiation

may escape from the radiation source module

For step 6 use tweezers or other appropriate tool;

wear radiation protection goggles


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2. 2.4 Cleaning of the measuring chamber/sample carousel


2. Opening of the measuring chamber

3. Cleaning of the measuring chamber by means of

special tools (e.g. long forceps)


5. Test run

duration 5 min


20 cm (hands)

Dose per handling 0.3 µSv (eyes, body)

3 µSv (hands)


notes Shutter must be closed

Upon opening the measuring chamber small amount

of beta radiation may escape from the radiation

source module

The measuring chamber can just be lifted by 15 mm

in order to avoid access to the radiation source

module with bare hands

Minimize hand exposure by using appropriate tools

(step 3)

Use mobile radiation shield (10 mm acrylic glass)

and radiation protection goggles


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2.2.5 Installation of the radiation source module


2. Taking out of the radiation source module off the

shielding shipping/storage container

3. Installation of a radiation protection shield

(10 mm acrylic glass)

4. Removal of the transport safety plate from the

radiation source module

5. Visual inspection and functionality check of the

radiation source module

6. Assembling of the radiation source module and

lead shield into the lexsyg

7. Assembling and adjusting of the optical

components

8. Test run

duration 10 min


5 cm (hands)


50 µSv (hands)


notes Ensure shutter is closed. Upon removing the

transport safety plate of the radiation source module

beta radiation escapes from the radiation source

module.


and wear radiation protection goggles. Use

appropriate tools.

Removing the radiation source module from lexsyg

research occurs in reverse order and takes about

5 min (no adjustment of optical components

necessary)


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Note: The measuring system lexsyg research and the pre-calibrated radiation source

module are shipped separately. Installation of the radiation source module into the

measuring system can easily and safely be performed by the user per instructions provided

by the manufacturer. There is no need to perform any source-related adjustment and

calibration activities.

2.2.6 Radiation source leakage test (performed by approved expert)

Process steps 1. Removal of the radiation source module from the

lexsyg according to the procedure described in

2.2.5

2. Opening of shutter

3. Performing wipe test (refer to 5)

4. Visual inspection of the source and source

holder

5. Reassembling of the system in reverse order

duration 15 min


10 cm (hands)


70 µSv (hands)


notes Use appropriate tools and shielding

Wear protective goggles, if necessary


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2.2.7 Lab user (without operating the lexsyg)

Process steps Laboratory work

Minimum distance to source 200 cm

Dose rate < 1 µSv/h

Annual dose < 1 mSv

notes Normal laboratory work without operating the

lexsyg

Mean annual occupancy time at given distance is

estimated not to exceed 200 hrs

2.2.8 Emergency situation: Shutter wouldn’t close correctly and needs to be checked

and manually adjusted


2. Disassembling of the external optical system

mounted on top of the radiation source module

3. Removing the lead shield of the radiation source

module

4. Installation of a radiation protection shield

(10 mm acrylic glass)

5. Visual inspection of the radiation source module

and the shutter

6. Repair and adjustment of components

7. Reassemble system in reverse order

8. Test run

duration 15 min


5 cm (hands)


140 µSv (hands)


notes Shutter assumed to not fully closed

Upon removing the radiation source module from


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the lexsyg beta radiation escapes from the radiation

source module

Window of radiation source shall be covered

appropriately to minimize exposure.


and wear radiation protection goggles. Use

appropriate tools.

2.3 Classification of radiation workers

Tab. 3 Estimated occupational exposure during work with the lexsyg

Person Annual Dose / mSv *

Effective Dose Lens of the Eye Extremities (Hand)

Scientist / Operator 0,4 0,4 1,6

Laboratory

Technician

0,3 0,3 0,3

Approved Expert 0,02 0,02 0,07

Annual limit for

members of the

general public

1 15 50

* includes exposure obtained during an emergency situation

The above conservative occupational dose assessment reveals that annual dose limits

according to European Directive 96/29 EURATOM, even for members of the general public,

will not be exceeded by far (table 3).

3 System safety aspects


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The access to the radiation source, if installed in the lexsyg, is limited to authorized

personnel only: To open the housing of the measuring system a key is required. The

radiation module is affixed to the base transport safety plate of the lexsyg by four special

screws requiring special tooling to be unfastened.

The radiation source is safely contained within the radiation source module providing

appropriate radiation shielding. The whole system has been designed such that exposure to

operators and lab workers is limited (see section 2). However, radiation surveys are

recommended to be conducted to verify radiation safety at any time.

The source shutter mechanism (see fig. 6) is pneumatically operated and has two stable

positions, i.e., the shutter is either fully closed or fully open. The actual shutter position is

monitored by sensors. In case of complete failure of electrical power and/or pressurized air

supply the shutter will automatically close due to a retracting spring.

Prior to opening the radiation source module or any activities involving the radiation source

module it is mandatory to verify proper shutter position and to conduct a radiation survey.

The measuring chamber can just be lifted by 15 mm from the lexsyg base plate. Thus,

inadvertent access to the lower side of the radiation source module by bare hands will be

avoided.

The sample heater is designed to heat up the sample to 700 °C. Under normal operating

conditions the sample will not be heated when being placed under the radiation source. The

source is being designed to withstand a temperature of 800 °C for one hour (classification

C.63211 per ISO 2919). However, there are software and hardware based safety

mechanisms in place to avoid any thermal load on the source.


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4 Maintenance and service

The radiation source is exclusively used under laboratory conditions. It is not subjected to

any excessive mechanical, thermal or chemical loads other than specified in the appropriate

ISO 2919 testing protocol.

The sealed beta sources of type Sr0.S03-1 are embedded in a stainless steel holder and

protected by a cover foil (25 µm stainless steel), see 8. The special design of the source

holder as well as regularly conducted visual inspections and leakage tests (refer to section 5)

ensure radiation source integrity at any time.

The radiation source module, in particular the shutter mechanism, has undergone extensive

testing and functional performance verification. Anticipating the shutter to be activated less

than 1000 (one thousand) times annually, the manufacturer recommends an annual

inspection and functionality verification of the radiation source module. The inspection is to

be carried out by trained personnel only per instructions provided by the manufacturer.

The radiation source has a recommended working life of 10 (ten) years.

Radiation surveys are recommended to be conducted on a regular base in accordance with

local policy.

In case of any device malfunctions related to the radiation source the manufacturer is to be

informed immediately.


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5 Source leakage test

For source leakage testing the manufacturer recommends a wipe test per ISO 9978. The

source manufacturer recommends the wipe to be taken directly on the radiation window of

the source (see fig. 9) as well as on the accessible surfaces of the shutter. Note that the

source must not be removed from the radiation source module.

It is recommended to perform the leakage annually. Note that local policy may require

another leakage test interval.

Important: It’s the user’s responsibility to have the leakage test conducted.

The leakage test is to be conducted as follows:

- Verify shutter is closed. Perform radiation survey.

- Remove radiation source module from lexsyg base plate.

- Note that the shutter doesn’t shield beta radiation completely. Use appropriate

radiation safety measures (acrylic glass shield, 4 mm aluminium transport safety plate

for intermediate storage of the source module).

- Open shutter by hydraulic (or mechanical) means. Verify the shutter opens and

closes smoothly.

- Inspect radiation source window for mechanical damage. Verify correct source

position in source holder.

- Perform wipe test on surfaces as shown in fig. 9. Ensure the radiation window is not

damaged. The radiation source MUST NOT be removed from the source holder.

- Close shutter.

- Reinstall radiation source module on the base plate of the lexsyg.

Radiation hazard!

Dose rate at 20 cm distance from unshielded source is about 200 mSv/h, i.e. 50 µSv/sec.

Use appropriate means of radiation protection.


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Fixing screws for source.

Do not unfasten!

Source window (direct wipe

test)

Shutter (indirect wipe test)

Fig. 9 Surfaces for the wipe test (Shutter in “open” position providing access to the

source)


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6 Transportation and installation of radiation source module

The radiation source will be assembled into the radiation source module at the

manufacturer’s site and will be supplied as calibrated and tested assembly. Separate from

the lexsyg main unit, the radiation source module is being shipped in a certified type A

shipping container (fig. 10, attachment 2).

Fig. 10 Type A shipping container (left) and source container with radiation source

module (right)

The radiation source module can be easily installed into the lexsyg per instructions provided

below and depicted by figures 10 – 12.

- Upon receipt of radioactive source shipping perform activities as required by local

radiation policy involving radiation survey, wipe test on the shipping container,

document check etc.

- Open shipping drum and remove upper part of the Styrofoam insert.

- Remove source container from Styrofoam insert.

- Open source container.

- Remove radiation source module from source container. Ensure transport safety

plate is properly affixed to the radiation source module.


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- Perform radiation survey. The dose rate at 30 cm from the source module is expected

to be less than 50 µSv/h. Note that the actual reading may vary depending on the

radiation meter used.

- Verify correct shutter position (shutter can be visualized through quartz window).

- Unfasten 4 special screws and remove the transport safety plate.

- Use appropriate radiation protection measures (acrylic glass shield, if available).

Wear film badge and finger ring dosimeter. To minimize exposure always hold the

source module such that the open side directs away from your body.

- Install radiation source module in lexsyg main unit. Use 4 screws to fasten it.

- Attach electrical sensor connectors and pressurized air connector.

- Perform a test run to verify shutter functionality.

- Install radiation shield cover (5 mm lead housing).

Fig. 11 Installing the radiation source module into the lexsyg


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Fig. 12 5 mm lead housing (on right) to be placed over the radiation source module after

installing in the lexsyg main unit


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Attachment 1

Data sheet of beta source Sr0.S03-1 (Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG GmbH)


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Attachment 2

Type A shipping container drawing PZ-0103-001 (Eckert & Ziegler nuclitec GmbH)

manual and documentation - freiberg instruments

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