maritech organic fucoidans - marinova · benefits and bioactivities. this range includes highly...

MARITECH® ORGANIC FUCOIDANSTHE SCIENCE

Dr J. Helen FittonChief Scientist, Marinova Pty Ltd

| MARITECH® ORGANIC FUCOIDANS - THE SCIENCE

About 3The author 3

The company 3Maritech® fucoidan range 4

Overview 4 Characterisation 5

Pure source 5Zero-waste manufacturing 5

Maritech® extraction process 6Bioactivities 8

Overview 8 Anti-cancer 9

Immune modulation 16Gut and digestive health 18Viral inhibition 21

Anti-inflammation 22Regulatory 24 Safety 24

Global acceptance 25Quality and certifications 25

References 26

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONFucoidans are non-gelling, fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides found primarily in brown

seaweed. They are highly bioactive compounds that play a pivotal role in protecting

seaweed from water-borne pathogens and other environmental challenges. Extensive

research has shown that fucoidan extracts impart significant beneficial effects in a wide

range of human health settings.

This white paper explores the science behind fucoidan, with a particular focus on

the latest research supporting the use of Maritech® fucoidan extracts in immune

modulation, gut and digestive health, viral inhibition, anti-inflammation and integrative

oncology applications.

MARITECH® ORGANIC FUCOIDANS - THE SCIENCE | PAGE 3

Dr Helen Fitton is Marinova’s Chief Scientist and an

Adjunct Senior Researcher at the University of Tasmania.

With more than 20 years experience in commercially-

focussed research and development, Dr Fitton is

recognised as a world-leading authority on fucoidan

compounds. Her area of expertise lies in polymers

for biomedical applications, with a focus on natural

polysaccharides from marine macroalgae. Dr Fitton

holds a BSc (Hons) in Biochemistry from the University of

Manchester, a MSc in Mineralised Tissues from University

College London and a PhD in Applied Chemistry from

Aston University.

To date, Dr Fitton has been a key contributor to 35

published research papers and 3 book chapters, as well

as the reviewer of countless fucoidan and macroalgae-

focussed research papers. Dr Fitton has been instrumental

in developing Marinova’s portfolio of Maritech® fucoidan

extracts and has led the science in creating effective new

products for use in a range of nutritional, pharmaceutical,

medical device and dermatological applications.

ABOUTThe author

The company

INTRODUCTION

Marinova is a progressive Australian biotechnology

company dedicated to the research, development

and manufacture of high purity fucoidan extracts for

use in pharmaceutical, nutritional and dermatological

applications.

With world-class extraction facilities and research

laboratories located in Tasmania, Australia, Marinova

is recognised globally for its commitment to innovation

and expertise in fucoidan science. The company is a

GMP, ISO9001 and HACCP accredited manufacturer

and the only producer of high purity, certified organic

fucoidan. Marinova exports its fucoidan extracts to more

than 25 countries across the globe and is the world’s

leading fucoidan supplier to research institutions and

nutraceutical and pharmaceutical companies.

Maritech® fucoidans are unique, high purity ingredients

that are non-toxic and safe for human ingestion. They

have been extensively researched and shown to impart

a range of beneficial bioactivities. Maritech® fucoidans

are particularly well known for their efficacy in anti-

cancer, anti-viral, immune modulation, gut health, anti-

inflammation and anti-aging applications.

Marinova produces its lead fucoidan ingredients

from two species of certified organic, wild grown

macroalgae:

Undaria pinnatifida: commonly called wakame or

mekabu, this is an edible seaweed that grows in the

pristine ocean waters of Patagonia and Tasmania. It

yields a fucoidan extract which is highly acetylated and

rich in galactose.

Fucus vesiculosus: commonly called bladderwrack, this

species grows in the clear northern hemisphere waters

of Nova Scotia and Brittany. It yields a fucoidan extract

with a very high fucose content that is not acetylated.

Fucoidans have different chemical structures and

bioactivities depending upon the species of seaweed

from which they are derived, and the method by which

they are extracted.1,2,3,4 From the Undaria and Fucus

species of seaweeds, Marinova has created a range

of high purity fucoidan ingredients, each with distinct

benefits and bioactivities.

This range includes highly refined compounds for

medical research and pharmaceutical development

through to certified organic fucoidan extracts for

nutritional and personal care applications. Included

in the Maritech® range are extracts that contain both

fucoidan and antioxidant-rich algal polyphenols.

MARITECH® FUCOIDAN RANGEOverview

PAGE 4 | MARITECH® ORGANIC FUCOIDANS - THE SCIENCE


MARITECH® FUCOIDAN RANGECharacterisation Pure source

Zero-waste manufacturing

MARITECH® FUCOIDAN RANGEOverview

Fucoidans are highly branched, complex polysaccharides

of varying size, typically with a high molecular weight.

Fucoidans are characterised chemically using validated

assays that quantify the sulfation, acetylation, molecular

weight and the content of sugars in the carbohydrate

‘backbone’.

+ Figure 1: typical section of a fucoidan compound

Like fucoidan, algal polyphenols are complex

structures. The type of polyphenol found in Fucus

vesiculosus is a polymeric form of phloroglucinol.5 The

polyphenol content of Maritech® extracts is determined

using a validated colorimetric assay.

+ Figure 2: typical section of polyphloroglucinol

Marinova is a fervent protector of the world’s marine

environment and exemplifies sustainable practices in

every element of its business. Marinova only sources

wild grown, certified organic brown macroalgae from

the world’s purest ocean waters. This includes the

cool, pristine ocean waters of Patagonia, Nova Scotia,

Brittany and Tasmania.

All seaweeds are sourced using best practice

environmental standards. The macroalgae used by

Marinova is hand-harvested in line with its seasonal growth

cycle to minimise disruption to the environment and

ensure sustainable growth. Once harvested, the seaweed

is immediately dried to retain the natural bioactivity of

fucoidan.

Marinova is continuously implementing new initiatives to

ensure sustainability and protection of the environment.

Since establishing its state-of-the-art extraction facility,

the company has succeeded in diverting all seaweed

residues away from unproductive landfill and into new,

value-added products. Seaweed not utilised for the

extraction of high purity fucoidan extracts is sold by

Marinova into the gourmet and wholefoods sectors.

Both liquid and solid by-products of the extraction

process are captured and converted into nutrient-

rich organic additives for the horticultural sector. As a

result of these initiatives, the company is on the cusp of

becoming a legitimate zero-waste manufacturer.


The high purity of Maritech® fucoidan is attributed to

the unique, proprietary Maritech® extraction process,

developed and used exclusively by Marinova. The

aqueous extraction and purification process utilises

advanced physical filtration methods to separate

and purify fucoidan without the use of harsh organic

solvents. This solvent-free technology, and the

exceptional quality of the seaweeds, are the reasons

that Marinova stands alone as the only manufacturer of

certified organic, high purity fucoidan.

The Maritech® process creates efficacious, high purity

fucoidan extracts that are:

• Certified organic

• Non-GMO accredited

• Solvent-free

• Kosher and Halal certified

• Nature-identical

• Highly bioavailable

MARITECH® FUCOIDAN RANGEMaritech® extraction process

MARITECH® ORGANIC FUCOIDANS 2017 WHITE PAPER | PAGE 7

MARITECH® FUCOIDAN RANGEMaritech® extraction process


Studies undertaken by Marinova and independent

research groups around the world have investigated

the efficacy of fucoidan in a diverse range of

indications and clinical settings. Marinova has a very

active research program. It is continually engaging with

leading international universities and research institutions

to investigate the beneficial properties of Maritech®

fucoidan extracts in various human health settings.

Marinova’s in vitro research, animal studies and human

clinical trials are currently focussed on the key health

indications below:

BIOACTIVITIESOverview


Cancer and fucoidan

Fucoidan is particularly well known - and widely utilised

- for its anti-cancer properties. Extensive research

has been undertaken in this field, demonstrating

the potential for fucoidan to be used alongside

conventional treatments.3,6,7

In various studies, fucoidan has been found to:

• slow tumour metastasis

• enhance therapeutic effects of conventional

therapy

• reduce side effects of chemotherapy

• defend against treatment-related weight loss

and muscle loss

Directly affecting cancer cells

Fucoidan can directly affect cancer cells via cellular

pathways that involve the activation of NF-κβ. This

activation is mediated by PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling

pathways.7

Recent research indicates that fucoidan may also

induce programmed cell death (known as apoptosis)

in breast and colon cancer cells by modulating the

endoplasmic reticulum stress cascades.8

Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to cause cell

cycle arrest in the first growth phase (G1) of a HCT116

human colon cancer cell line.9 By halting the cell cycle

process in this way, the colon cancer cells are unable to

divide and spread.

Maritech® fucoidan has also been shown to induce

DNA damage as measured by ɣH2AX positive cells in a

HCT116 human colon cancer line.9 This disrupts the ability

of the cancer cells to grow and metastasise. Importantly,

the study results showed that Maritech® fucoidan did not

cause damage to normal healthy cells.

BIOACTIVITIESAnti-Cancer

BIOACTIVITIESOverview

CEL

L C

OUN

T %

G1 CELL CYCLE ARREST OF HCT116 COLON CANCER CELLS

TIME (HOURS)

60

45

30

15

00 24 48 72

• G1 • S • G2

POSI

TIV

E C

ELLS

%

DNA DAMAGE CAUSED IN HCT116 COLON CANCER CELLS

TREATMENT

CONTROL MARITECH® FUCOIDAN

100

80

60

40

20

0

POSI

TIV

E C

ELLS

%

NO DAMAGE IN NORMAL HUMAN FIBROBLASTS

TREATMENT

20

15

10

5

0 CONTROL MARITECH® FUCOIDAN


Using the immune system

In vitro experiments and animal studies have shown

that fucoidan exerts anti-cancer activity by activating

immune cells and stimulating the production of anti-

cancer cytokines.6

Recent research indicates that fucoidan affects

macrophages, a type of white blood cell that engulfs

and destroys pathogens. In tumours, macrophages can

become damaging by secreting chemical messengers,

chemokine CCL22, that allow tumours to grow. By

suppressing chemokine CCL22, fucoidan is able to

switch macrophages back into a ‘healthy’ form.10 This,

in turn, inhibits the migration and growth of cancer cells

and the recruitment of CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Blocking chemical messages to cancer Fucoidan has been shown to effectively block chemical

messages to tumours by interfering with the binding

between the cellular receptor CXCR4 and chemokine

CXCL12 (or SDF-1).11,12

In additional research, fucoidan extracts from

Saccharina latissimi and Fucus vesiculosus were shown

to bind to CXCL12 and prevent binding to the CXCR4

cellular receptor. In doing so, fucoidan prevented

downstream effects, including the secretion of matrix-

degrading enzymes necessary for metastasis.13

Reducing pre-cursors to cancer The occurrence of cancer is often linked to chronic

inflammation. In pre-clinical studies, Maritech®

fucoidan has been shown to significantly reduce gut

inflammation and colitis by inhibiting key inflammatory

enzymes expressed in the gastrointestinal tract,

including COX-1, COX-2 and LOX-15.14

In a mouse model, orally ingested Maritech® fucoidan

was found to significantly reduce the clinical symptoms,

pathology and cytokine elevations of acute colitis.15

By doing so, Maritech® fucoidan shows promise as a

preventative for a number of gastrointestinal disorders

and cancers which are closely associated with chronic

gastrointestinal inflammation.

In addition, Maritech® fucoidan may play a preventative

role in Helicobacter pylori-induced diseases and gastric

cancer. Helicobacter pylori is the primary cause of

chronic stomach inflammation, peptic ulcer diseases

and gastric cancers in humans. In a cellular model

designed to mimic the natural infection of this ulcer-

causing bacteria, Maritech® fucoidan effectively

dislodged Helicobacter pylori from human gastric

epithelial cells and reduced adhesion by up to 55%.16

BIOACTIVITIESAnti-cancer


Fucoidan research in various cancer types: Fucoidan research has demonstrated multi-faceted anti-

cancer activity across a wide range of tumour types:

Colorectal cancer In recent research, fucoidan was shown to inhibit the

growth of a colon cancer cell line via inhibition of

T-cell originated protein kinase (TOPK). In this study,

fucoidan was also orally administered to mice and

found to suppress the growth of human colorectal

tumours through the same pathway.17 Results show the

potential for fucoidan to be used as a complementary

therapy to improve the effectiveness of current cancer

treatments. As previously discussed, Maritech® fucoidan

has been shown to induce DNA damage and cause

cell cycle arrest in the first growth phase of a HCT116

human colon cancer cell line.9 This action disrupts the

ability for the cancer cells to divide and spread.

Lung cancer In a lung cancer mouse model, fucoidan down-

regulated the expression of a number of key markers

associated with tumour development, spread

and proliferation.18 These markers included matrix

metalloproteinases, NF-κβ and vascular endothelial

growth factor. The orally ingested fucoidan was shown

to reduce lung masses and lessen weight loss.

Liver cancer In an in vitro study, fucoidan inhibited the growth of liver

cancer cells through the AMPK-associated suppression

of fatty acid synthesis and cell cycle G1/S transition.19 In

further in vitro research, fucoidan increased the activity

of tumour suppressor proteins p53 and p38 MAPK, which

directly inhibits the proliferation of hepatic tumour cells

and induces apoptosis.20

Oral cancers Fucoidan reduced the growth of oral cancer

cells and caused cell death in an in vitro study of

mucoepidermoid carcinoma, a type of oral cancer.21

In this research, fucoidan decreased cell proliferation

and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis via down-

regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase

ERK1/2.

Breast cancer Extensive research demonstrates the effects of fucoidan

on breast cancer in animal models.3,6 Maritech® fucoidan

has been shown to significantly improve the effectiveness

of tamoxifen, a common chemotherapy used in breast

cancer. In a mouse model, orally ingested Maritech®

fucoidan reduced breast cancer tumour growth by up to

an additional 26% when taken alongside tamoxifen.22



Prostate cancer Fucoidan has been shown to induce cell death in an

in vitro study of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells.23 In

the study, fucoidan was shown to activate apoptosis

through the use of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

Fucoidan has also been found to inhibit growth and

induce apoptosis in DU145 human prostate cancer cells

involving the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.24

Ovarian cancer Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to decrease the

growth of a TOV-112D human ovarian cancer cell line.

In a mouse model, the ingestion of Maritech® fucoidan

decreased the growth of this tumour line by up to 33%.25

Cervical cancer Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to reduce the growth

of a HeLa human cervical cancer cell line. Ingestion of

Maritech® fucoidan was found to decrease the growth of

this tumour line by up to 70% in a mouse model.25

Pancreatic cancer Fucoidan decreased the ability for pancreatic cancer

cells to secrete matrix-degrading enzymes required to

metastasise and spread in an in vitro model.26 In addition,

fucoidan was shown to interfere with the binding of

chemokines to the cellular receptor CXCR4.13 Inhibition

of CXCR4 has been shown in an animal model to reduce

pancreatic tumour growth and metastases.27 Fucoidan

also demonstrated potential to reduce the effects of

acute pancreatitis due to its ability to block selectins.28



CHA

NG

E IN

TUM

OUR

GRO

WTH

(M

M2 )

DECREASED GROWTH OF TOV-112D HUMAN OVARIAN CANCER CELL LINE

TIME (DAYS)

- UNTREATED- MARITECH® UNDARIA- MARITECH® FUCUS

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

00 7 14 21 28


BIOACTIVITIESAnti-cancer Maritech® fucoidan and chemotherapy efficacy

In pre-clinical studies, Maritech® fucoidan has been

shown to improve the effectiveness of a number of

common chemotherapies. In vitro studies showed

strong synergistic activity between Maritech® fucoidan

and both paclitaxel and tamoxifen, as well as additive

activity between Maritech® fucoidan and topotecan.25

In further pre-clinical research, Maritech® fucoidan has

been shown to considerably improve the efficacy of

tamoxifen towards breast cancer. In a mouse model,

ingestion of Maritech® fucoidan decreased breast

cancer tumour growth by up to an additional 26%

when taken alongside tamoxifen.22

These findings have been echoed in earlier studies, in

which fucoidan from the seaweed species Cladosiphon

okamuranus showed synergistic effects with three

chemotherapy agents in breast cancer cell lines.29 In

other research, Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan was found

to increase the efficacy of the cancer drug lapatinib

and reduce morbidity in a melanoma model.30

Fucoidan has also greatly increased the efficacy of the

chemotherapy drug etoposide in human malignant

lymphoid cell lines.31

Safety of Maritech® fucoidan with chemotherapy

It is important for patients and their physicians to be

confident that any supplements taken during cancer

therapy are safe and do not cause clinically significant

adverse effects or interactions. Both in vitro tests and

human clinical studies have demonstrated the safety

of Maritech® fucoidan when used in combination with

chemotherapy.

A human clinical study investigated the

pharmacokinetics of Maritech® fucoidan on two

hormone therapies, tamoxifen and letrozole, commonly

used in the treatment of breast cancer.32 Results

showed that the ingestion of Maritech® fucoidan

caused no adverse effects and no significant changes

in steady-state plasma concentrations of letrozole,

tamoxifen or tamoxifen metabolites. Additional toxicity

monitoring showed that all parameters measured

over the study period remained unaffected by

fucoidan. These results demonstrate the safety of taking

Maritech® fucoidan alongside letrozole and tamoxifen.

A separate in vitro study evaluated drug interactions

between fucoidan and the chemotherapy drugs

paclitaxel, tamoxifen and topotecan in a range of

cancer cell lines.25 Five hepatic metabolism phase

II pathways involved in chemotherapy action were

evaluated — GST, QOR, COMT, UDP and UGT. These key

enzyme pathways are required for the effective uptake

and action of chemotherapy. Results showed that

Maritech® fucoidan did not interfere with these enzyme

pathways at physiologically relevant concentrations.

These findings demonstrate the safety of fucoidan

as an adjunct to cancer therapy.

% R

EDUC

TIO

N IN

TUM

OUR

SIZ

E

CO

MPA

RED

TO

UN

TREA

TED

IMPROVED EFFECTIVENESS OF TAMOXIFEN IN ZR-75 HUMAN BREAST CANCER TUMOUR

TREATMENT

50

37.5

25

12.5

0 TAMOXIFEN TAMOXIFEN + TAMOXIFEN + MARITECH® MARITECH® UNDARIA FUCUS


BIOACTIVITIESAnti-cancer Reducing chemotherapy side-effects

Research shows that fucoidan has the potential to

assist in alleviating the following side effects that are

common during chemotherapy treatment:

Inflammation

• Raised inflammatory levels are often seen in late

stage cancer as a side effect of chemotherapy. In a

clinical trial, 4 g of fucoidan was administered daily

to 20 patients with advanced cancer. Results showed

that fucoidan significantly reduced proinflammatory

cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin- 6

(IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) after 2

weeks.33

Fatigue

• In a clinical study involving patients with resectable

colon cancer, the daily ingestion of 4.05 g of fucoidan

led to a reduction in fatigue and patients were able to

tolerate more rounds of chemotherapy.34

• Fucoidan has also been shown to reduce fatigue

levels in a mouse model, involving the equivalent of

a human dose of 1.5 g of fucoidan per day.35 In this

model, reduced fatigue was associated with increased

levels of serum glucose and decreased levels of serum

lactate, ammonia and triglyceride levels.

Joint pain

• In an osteoarthritis study, patients who ingested

1 g of Maritech® fucoidan daily achieved a 52%

reduction in their osteoarthritis symptoms.36

• In a recent breast cancer study investigating the

effects of Maritech® fucoidan on chemotherapy,

20% of patients experienced a reduction in joint

pain. This is thought to be associated with a

reduction in systemic inflammation.32

Gastrointestinal impairment

• In a colitis mouse model, the oral ingestion of

Maritech® fucoidan was shown to be effective in

reducing inflammation in the gut.15

• Fucoidan has been shown to be highly effective in

restoring mucosal immunity in the gut. As demonstrated

in a cyclophosphamide-induced mucositis mouse

model, fucoidan enhanced the expression of IgA

antibodies (essential for mucosal immune function) and

reversed cyclophosphamide-induced damage.37

• In an animal model, fucoidan prevented changes

to the levels of gastric hormones gastrin and

serotonin – a common side effect of chemotherapy.

These findings suggest that fucoidan may assist in

maintaining normal gastrointestinal function during

cancer treatment.38

Weight loss and muscle wasting

• Fucoidan effectively addressed a reduction in

appetite, skeletal muscle atrophy and systemic

inflammation in a bladder cancer mouse model.39

• Fucoidan shows promise as a preventative agent

for minimising weight loss symptoms and reducing

tumour growth during chemotherapy treatment.

As demonstrated in a Lewis lung cancer model,

fucoidan reduced cachectic symptoms and

inhibited the metastasis of lung carcinoma by

down-regulating metastatic factors VEGF and matrix

metalloprotease enzymes.18


BIOACTIVITIESImmune modulationExtensive research undertaken on the immuno-

modulatory properties of fucoidan shows a range of

beneficial effects including:

• Boosting the immune response

• Activating Natural Killer cells and cytotoxic T cells

• Mobilising stem cells

• Dampening allergic responses

Boosting key immune cells In a clinical study involving healthy normal subjects,

Maritech® fucoidan demonstrated its ability as an immune-

priming agent by increasing cytotoxic T cell and Natural

Killer cell levels after 3 days.40 Over the 28 day study period,

there was a continual increase in phagocytic activity of

monocytes and granulocytes, as well as a reduction in

the levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Such an increase

in immuno-modulatory activity may be useful as a

preventative for infections such as seasonal colds and flu.

In a further study, Maritech® fucoidan extracts

significantly enhanced the immune function of cancer-

affected mice. The key immune marker Immunoglobulin

G (IgG) was significantly modulated, showing a 500%

increase relative to controls after 1 week.25

IgG is the main type of human antibody and helps

control infections by binding to pathogens (such as

viruses and bacteria) and alerting circulating immune

cells. It is often suppressed in cancer patients.

Mobilising stem cells

The ingestion of Maritech® fucoidan has been

shown to increase the number and release of CD34+

haemopoeitic stem cells after 3 days.41 Maritech®

fucoidan also demonstrated a marked increase in

chemokine receptors, SDF-1 and CXCR4, on stem cells

which may increase their availability to tissues.

These findings have been echoed in animal studies,

in which fucoidan was shown to increase the levels of

SDF-1 chemokine receptors to promote the release of

stem cells.11

Reducing allergic responses

Research has found that fucoidan can reduce allergic

responses through oral ingestion42 and even topical

application.43 In an in vitro study, fucoidan was shown

to suppress the production of IgE antibodies from both

healthy subjects and subjects with allergic dermatitis.44

IGG

EXP

RESS

ION

INCREASE IN IGG EXPRESSION

TIME (DAYS)

60

53.75

47.5

41.25

350 3 28

• MARITECH® UNDARIA• MARITECH® FUCUS

INCREASE IN PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY

% O

F A

CTI

VATE

D C

ELLS

TIME (DAYS)

0 7 28

1800

1450

1100

750

400

• MONOCYTES• GRANULOCYTES


BIOACTIVITIESImmune modulation


Maritech® fucoidans are the only high purity, certified

organic fucoidans with demonstrated potential in gut

and digestive health applications. Comprehensive

research suggests a range of gastrointestinal benefits

from fucoidan including:

• Protecting gut flora from antibiotics

• Maintaining the balance of good and bad bacteria

• Reducing gut inflammation

• Reducing the growth of yeasts and fungus

• Inhibiting viruses and bacteria

• Protecting against liver disease and fibrosis

Protecting gut flora from antibiotics

An unwanted side effect of antibiotic use is the reduction

of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Human and animal

studies have linked antibiotic-induced changes in the

composition of gut flora to a number of negative health

outcomes, including obesity and diabetes mellitus.45

Evidence shows that Maritech® fucoidan has protective

effects on beneficial gut bacteria during antibiotic use.

Importantly, research also demonstrates that Maritech®

fucoidan does not interfere with the treatment action of

the antibiotic in fighting harmful bacteria.9

In an in vitro study involving the common antibiotic

gentamicin, Maritech® fucoidan was shown to protect

the levels of good Escherichia coli bacteria which

naturally reside in the human gut.9 In the same study,

Maritech® fucoidan was shown to have no impact

on the action of gentamicin against pathogenic

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study reinforces

the protective benefits of fucoidan on good bacteria

during antibiotic use, whilst still enabling full antibiotic

activity against bad bacteria.

Reducing gut inflammation and colitis

In a series of pre-clinical studies, Maritech® fucoidan has

been shown to significantly reduce gut inflammation

and colitis by inhibiting key inflammatory enzymes

expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, including LOX-

15, COX-1 and COX-2.14 In a mouse model, Maritech®

fucoidan was found to significantly reduce the clinical

symptoms, pathology and cytokine elevations of acute

colitis.15

Maritech® fucoidan shows promise as a preventative

for a number of gastrointestinal disorders, including

cancers which are closely associated with chronic

gastrointestinal inflammation.

BIOACTIVITIESGut and digestive health

PROTECTION OF GOOD ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA

ABS

ORB

AN

CE

(OD

600)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

GENTAMICIN μg/mL

• GENTAMICIN + MARITECH® FUCOIDAN (250 μg/mL)• GENTAMICIN

• GENTAMICIN + MARITECH® FUCOIDAN (250 )• GENTAMICIN

ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERIAA

BSO

RBA

NC

E (O

D60

0)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

GENTAMICIN μg/mL

• GENTAMICIN + MARITECH® FUCOIDAN (250 μg/mL)• GENTAMICIN


Maintaining the balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria

Recent research has demonstrated that fucoidan can

balance the composition of gut flora by promoting the

growth of naturally-occurring beneficial bacteria and

reducing the growth of harmful bacteria.

In a series of animal studies,46,47 dietary fucoidan has

been shown to:

• Increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria,

Lactobacillus and Ruminococcaceae, that naturally

reside in the gut

• Decrease the abundance of potentially harmful

bacteria, Peptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae, that

can grow opportunistically to cause gastrointestinal

problems and infections throughout the body

• Significantly decrease the inflammatory response

and antigen load of gut microbiota

Together, these results demonstrate the potential for

fucoidan to balance the composition of good and bad

bacteria in the gut for digestive benefit.

Inhibiting the adhesion of H.pylori and E.coli bacteria

Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to effectively

inhibit the adhesion of the pathogenic bacteria,

Helicobacter pylori and Escherichia coli (E.coli), to

human cells. Helicobacter pylori is the primary cause

of chronic stomach inflammation, peptic ulcers and

gastric cancers.

In a cellular model designed to mimic the natural

infection of Helicobacter pylori, Maritech® fucoidan

dislodged the ulcer-causing bacteria from human gastric

epithelial cells and reduced adhesion by up to 55%.16

Maritech® fucoidan also inhibited the adhesion of E.coli

bacteria to human epithelial cells by up to 72%.14 This

study mimicked the adhesion of E.coli to epithelial cells

that line human oral tracts, genitourinary tract and skin.

Pathogenic strains of E.coli can cause intestinal infection,

diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fever.


+ LACTOBACILLUS+ RUMINOCOCCACEAE

- PEPTOCOCCUS- ENTEROBACTERIACEAE


HELICOBACTER PYLORI ESCHERICHIA COLI

% A

DHE

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PYLO

RI R

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ED

% A

DHE

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T E.

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6

5

4

3

2

1

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

UNTREATED MARITECH® MARITECH® FUCUS UNDARIA

UNTREATED MARITECH® MARITECH® FUCUS UNDARIA


Reducing the occurrence of gastric ulcersFucoidan has demonstrated effectiveness in healing gastric

ulcers and reducing ulcer-induced pain. In a randomised

double blind human study, patients who ingested fucoidan

in combination with conventional therapy reported a

significant improvement in gastric ulcers and abdominal

pain.48 Fucoidan has also demonstrated effectiveness in

an animal model by reducing the occurrence of aspirin-

induced gastric ulcers.49

Inhibiting viral infectionsFucoidan is a highly effective inhibitor of viruses that

can infect the gastrointestinal system. In a number of in

vitro studies, Maritech® fucoidan has been specifically

shown to:

• Inhibit adhesion and block entry of viruses into host

cells50

• Directly inhibit multiple strains of influenza which

multiply in gut mucosa, including Avian influenza A

H5N3 (bird flu)51 and H1N1 (swine flu)52

• Prevent the infection of herpes simplex viruses 1

& 253 which can affect microbial diversity and

influence inflammatory bowel disease54

Reducing the growth of yeasts and fungus Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to effectively

inhibit the growth of fungus and yeast strains associated

with compromised digestive function.

In an in vitro study, Maritech® fucoidan inhibited

the formation of biofilm for the fungus species,

Aspergillus brasiliensis, and yeast species, Candida

albicans.55 Biofilm formation is the process by which

microorganisms attach to a surface and cultivate.

Whilst naturally found in the human gastrointestinal

tract, Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans

species have the ability to overgrow and cause

digestive problems, particularly in people who are

immunocompromised.

Protecting against liver disease and fibrosisResearch has demonstrated that fucoidan can have

a marked protective effect on the liver. Studies have

shown that fucoidan not only protects against damage

in toxicity models of liver disease, including CCL4 and

Con A,56,57 but also in alcohol-induced58 and non-

alcohol-induced fibrosis.59,60 In addition, fucoidan

has been found to be beneficial in the treatment of

patients with chronic hepatitis C, HCV-related cirrhosis

and hepatocellular carcinoma.61


REDUCTION IN GROWTH OF ASPERGILLUS BRASILIENSIS

% A

SPER

GIL

LUS

BRA

SILI

ENSI

S BI

OFI

LM G

ROW

TH

FUCOIDAN μg/mL

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

100

80

60

40

20

0

• MARITECH® UNDARIA• MARITECH® FUCUS


Fucoidan exhibits powerful anti-viral properties, with

potential application in a range of therapeutic settings.

Research demonstrates that fucoidan can prevent

infection by blocking the entry of viruses into cells and

inhibiting the adhesion of viruses to host cells.

Influenza

Both in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated the

anti-viral activity of fucoidan against influenza viruses.

Fucoidan has been proven to inhibit multiple influenza

strains, including H1N1 (swine flu),52 Parainfluenza62

and Avian influenza A (bird flu) strains H5N1, H5N3 and

H7N2.51,63

Herpes Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to be a potent

inhibitor of clinical strains of the herpes simplex virus

by preventing entry into cells. This includes effective

inhibition of HSV1 (cold sore virus) and HSV2 (genital

herpes) strains.53 Maritech® fucoidan has also been

shown to strongly inhibit the activity of herpes viruses

HSV1, HSV2 and HCMV on human fibroblast cells.50

Additional research demonstrates that orally ingested

fucoidan can protect against the infection of HSV1 as

well as increase the production of viral antibodies.64

Other common viruses

Fucoidan has been shown to exhibit anti-viral activity

against the measles virus,65 Newcastle virus66 and

canine distemper.67 Clinically, fucoidan has also

reduced pro-viral loads in patients with human T

lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)68 and showed

benefits for patients with chronic hepatitis C.61

BIOACTIVITIESViral inhibition


INHIBITION OF HERPES VIRUSES

HERP

ES V

IRUS

SI50 SELECTIVITY INDEX

0 800 1600 2400 3200

• STANDARD ANTI-VIRAL TREATMENT• TREATMENT WITH MARITECH® FUCOIDAN


Fucoidan is well known - and continues to be studied -

for its profound anti-inflammatory properties. Research

shows that fucoidan has potential benefits in addressing

systemic and local inflammation through its ability

to block selectins, reduce cytokine levels and inhibit

inflammatory enzymes.

Addressing systemic inflammation

Fucoidan has been shown to inhibit selectins and

reduce the potential for systemic inflammation.

The selectin blockade mechanism of fucoidan has

been widely reported and reviewed.1 Cancer is one

condition which uses L-selectins and P-selectins to

metastasise to other tissue sites. Fucoidan has been

shown in animal studies to inhibit this selectin-induced

inflammatory process.69

Reducing gut inflammation and colitis Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to reduce gut

inflammation and colitis by inhibiting key inflammatory

enzymes expressed in the gastrointestinal tract,

including LOX-15, COX-1 and COX-2.14 In a colitis mouse

model, orally-ingested Maritech® fucoidan reduced

cumulative histological disease scores of ulcerative

colitis by up to 36% and significantly lowered cytokine

levels in the colon.15 Weight loss, a common and often

undesirable side effect of colitis, was also reduced by

more than 50%.

Combatting skin inflammation

Fucoidan has been shown to impart anti-inflammatory

benefits when applied topically. Research has

demonstrated that fucoidan can limit allergy-induced

inflammation and can be as effective as cortisone in

combatting allergic dermatitis.43

In a series of clinical studies, Maritech® fucoidan was

found to significantly reduce erythema and water loss

from the skin both before and after exposure to UVA and

UVB.70 In vitro models have also shown that Maritech®

fucoidan can effectively inhibit glycation and degrading

enzymes, elastase and collagenase.71 It can also induce

the expression of the ‘anti-aging’ protein SIRT1.14

Improving osteoarthritis symptoms

Maritech® fucoidan has been shown to reduce the

symptoms of osteoarthritis in a human clinical study.36

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that involves

the painful degradation of joint function. In this study,

patients who ingested 1 g daily of Maritech® fucoidan

achieved a 52% reduction in osteoarthritis symptoms.

Similar results have been demonstrated in an animal

model, in which fucoidan inhibited the development of

osteoarthritis in rats.72

BIOACTIVITIESAnti-inflammation

Cytokine % change (p-value)

IL-1α -55.9 (0.0002)IL-1β -51.2 (<0.0001)IL-10 -62.2 (<0.0001)MIP-1α -46.5 (0.0004)MIP-1β -60.0 (0.0037)G-GSF -80.6 (<0.0001)GM-GSF -51.0 (<0.0001)

Effect of oral fucoidan on colon-derived cytokine levels.

Fucoidan treatment stabilises structural changes to the gut caused by colitis.

FUC

OID

AN

TR

EATM

ENT

CO

LITI

S C

ON

TRO

LH

EALT

HY

CEL

LS

100X 400XPC 400XDC


BIOACTIVITIESAnti-inflammation


The safety of fucoidan is widely supported by several

lines of evidence including multiple human clinical trials,

animal studies and in vitro research. This is unsurprising

given the long history of seaweed consumption and use

of fucoidan for therapeutic purposes, particularly in Asian

cultures. Extensive literature has been published in this

area, including 2,500 preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies

on seaweed and over 1,600 studies involving fucoidan.

Comprehensive clinical testing and a full safety

toxicity dossier confirms that Maritech® fucoidan is

safe for human and animal consumption and topical

application.25,32,36,41,73,74 Maritech® fucoidan ingredients

from the Undaria pinnatifida and Fucus vesiculosus

species of seaweed have attained FDA notified GRAS

(Generally Recognised As Safe) status. They have been

deemed safe for ingestion as a food ingredient at rates

of up to 250 mg per day.

A recent preclinical assessment demonstrated that

Maritech® fucoidan does not compromise the activity

of chemotherapy drugs and is safe to use in a range

of cancer treatment regimes.25 The study evaluated

drug interactions of fucoidan alone and in combination

with chemotherapy drugs paclitaxel, tamoxifen

and topotecan. Results showed that Maritech®

fucoidan did not interact with key enzyme pathways

used by chemotherapy at physiologically relevant

concentrations, thereby validating the safety of

Maritech® fucoidan as an adjunct to cancer therapy.

Additional research has shown the safety of

administering Maritech® fucoidan to breast cancer

patients alongside conventional hormone treatments.32

Results found that Maritech® fucoidan caused no

adverse effects or significant changes in steady-state

plasma concentrations of letrozole, tamoxifen or

tamoxifen metabolites. Toxicity monitoring also showed

no significant differences in all parameters measured

over the study period.

Supporting these clinical observations, Marinova has

investigated the effects of Maritech® fucoidan on

isolated cells in culture. 100% viability was maintained

at very high fucoidan concentrations in a typical cell

culture system. Maritech® Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan

was found to be non-toxic at 5,175 μg/mL and Maritech®

Fucus vesiculosus fucoidan was found to be non-toxic at

632 μg/mL. This extensive portfolio of research attests to

the safety and tolerability of Maritech® fucoidan.

REGULATORYSafety


REGULATORYSafety

REGULATORYGlobal acceptance

Quality and certifications

All Maritech® fucoidan extracts have global regulatory

and safety acceptance including:

• USA: Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS)

• Australia: Therapeutic Goods Association (TGA)

listable ingredients

• Canada: Health Canada NHP compliant

• Europe: Novel Foods approval

• China: Compliant with Algae Product requirements

• Korea: KFDA (Korea Food and Drug Administration)

registered

With world-class extraction facilities and research

laboratories located in Tasmania, Australia, Marinova

manufactures superior fucoidan products under

adherence to the most rigorous systems of quality

control. The company has vertically integrated

operations and a comprehensive certified organic

supply chain. Marinova exports its products to more

than 25 countries around the globe and is the leading

supplier of high purity fucoidan to the research,

nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors.

Marinova’s solvent-free Maritech® extraction process

enables the company to produce and supply

high quality fucoidan extracts with the following

accreditations:

• Certified organic

• Non-GMO

• Kosher

• Halal

• Made in Australia under GMP

• ISO9001 and HACCP

• Solvent-free

• Safe and non-toxic


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9. Research undertaken at the University of Tasmania, Australia.10. Sun J, Sun J, Song B, Zhang L, Shao Q, Liu Y, et al. Fucoidan inhibits

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11. Sweeney EA, Lortat-Jacob H, Priestley GV, Nakamoto B, Papayannopoulou T. Sulfated polysaccharides increase plasma levels of SDF-1 in monkeys and mice: involvement in mobilization of stem/progenitor cells. Blood. 2002;99(1):44-51.

12. Fermas S, Gonnet F, Sutton A, Charnaux N, Mulloy B, Du Y, et al. Sulfated oligosaccharides (heparin and fucoidan) binding and dimerization of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL 12) are coupled as evidenced by affinity CE-MS analysis. Glycobiology. 2008;18(12):1054-64.

13. Schneider T, Ehrig K, Liewert I, Alban S. Interference with the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as potential antitumor strategy: superiority of a sulfated galactofucan from the brown alga Saccharina latissima and Fucoidan over heparins. Glycobiology. 2015.

14. Research performed by Brunswick Laboratories, Inc, USA.15. Lean QY, Eri RD, Fitton JH, Patel RP, Gueven N. Fucoidan Extracts

Ameliorate Acute Colitis. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128453.16. Chua EG, Verbrugghe P, Perkins TT, Tay CY. Fucoidans Disrupt

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17. Vishchuk OS, Sun H, Wang Z, et al. PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase is a target of the fucoidan from brown alga Fucus evanescens in the prevention of EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation and colon cancer growth. Oncotarget. 2016;7(14):18763-18773. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7708.

18. Huang TH, Chiu YH, Chan YL, Chiu YH, Wang H, Huang KC, et al. Prophylactic Administration of Fucoidan Represses Cancer Metastasis by Inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Lewis Tumor-Bearing Mice. Mar Drugs. 2015;13(4):1882-900.

19. Kawaguchi T, Hayakawa M, Koga H, Torimura T. Effects of fucoidan on proliferation, AMP-activated protein kinase, and downstream metabolism- and cell cycle-associated molecules in poorly differentiated human hepatoma HLF cells. Int J Oncol. 2015;46(5):2216-22.

20. Min EY, Kim IH, Lee J, Kim EY, Choi YH, Nam TJ. The effects of fucodian on senescence are controlled by the p16INK4a-pRb and p14Arf-p53 pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cell lines. Int J Oncol. 2014;45(1):47-56.

21. Lee HE, Choi ES, Shin JA, Lee SO, Park KS, Cho NP, et al. Fucoidan induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in MC3 human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2014;7(1):228-32.

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23. Boo HJ, Hong JY, Kim SC, Kang JI, Kim MK, Kim EJ, et al. The anticancer effect of fucoidan in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Mar Drugs. 2013;11(8):2982-99.

24. Choo GS, Lee HN, Shin SA, Kim HJ, Jung JY. Anticancer Effect of Fucoidan on DU-145 Prostate Cancer Cells through Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and MAPK Pathway Expression. Mar Drugs. 2016;14(7).

25. Mathew L. B, M., Gaikwad, A., Nyshadham P, Nugent, EK., Gonzalez A, Smith JA. Preclinical Evaluation of Safety of Fucoidan Extracts From Undaria pinnatifida and Fucus vesiculosus for Use in Cancer Treatment. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2016;1-13.

26. Delma CR, Somasundaram ST, Srinivasan GP, Khursheed M, Bashyam MD, Aravindan N. Fucoidan from Turbinaria conoides: a multifaceted ‘deliverable’ to combat pancreatic cancer progression. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;74:447-57.

27. Saur D, Seidler B, Schneider G, Algul H, Beck R, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, et al. CXCR4 expression increases liver and lung metastasis in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(4):1237-50.

28. Carvalho AC, Sousa RB, Franco AX, Costa JV, Neves LM, Ribeiro RA, et al. Protective effects of fucoidan, a P- and L-selectin inhibitor, in murine acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2014;43(1):82-7.

29. Zhang Z, Teruya K, Yoshida T, Eto H, Shirahata S. Fucoidan extract enhances the anti-cancer activity of chemotherapeutic agents in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mar Drugs. 2013;11(1):81-98.

30. Thakur V, Lu J, Roscilli G, Aurisicchio L, Cappelletti M, Pavoni E, et al. The natural compound fucoidan from New Zealand Undaria pinnatifida synergizes with the ERBB inhibitor lapatinib enhancing melanoma growth inhibition. Oncotarget. 2017.

31. Philchenkov A, Zavelevich M, Imbs T, Zvyagintseva T, Zaporozhets T. Sensitization of human malignant lymphoid cells to etoposide by fucoidan, a brown seaweed polysaccharide. Exp Oncol. 2007;29(3):181-5.

32. Tocaciu S OL, Lowenthal R, Peterson G M, Patel R, Shastri M, McGuinness G, Olesen I, Fitton J H The effect of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan on the pharmacokinetics of letrozole and tamoxifen in patients with breast cancer. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2016;2016.

33. Takahashi H, Kawaguchi M, Kitamura K, Narumiya S, Kawamura M, Tengan I, et al. An Exploratory Study on the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Fucoidan in Relation to Quality of Life in Advanced Cancer Patients. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2017:1534735417692097.

34. Ikeguchi M, Yamamoto M, Arai Y, Maeta Y, Ashida K, Katano K, et al. Fucoidan reduces the toxicities of chemotherapy for patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer. Oncology letters. 2011;2(2):319-22.

35. Chen YM, Tsai YH, Tsai TY, Chiu YS, Wei L, Chen WC, et al. Fucoidan supplementation improves exercise performance and exhibits anti-fatigue action in mice. Nutrients. 2015;7(1):239-52.

36. Myers SP, O’Connor J, Fitton JH, Brooks L, Rolfe M, Connellan P, et al. A combined phase I and II open label study on the effects of a seaweed extract nutrient complex on osteoarthritis. Biologics. 2010;4:33-44.

37. Zuo T, Li X, Chang Y, Duan G, Yu L, Zheng R, et al. Dietary fucoidan of Acaudina molpadioides and its enzymatically degraded fragments could prevent intestinal mucositis induced by chemotherapy in mice. Food & function. 2015;6(2):415-22.

38. Song MY, Ku SK, Kim HJ, Han JS. Low molecular weight fucoidan ameliorating the chronic cisplatin-induced delayed gastrointestinal motility in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(12):4468-78.

39. Chen MC, Hsu WL, Hwang PA, Chen YL, Chou TC. Combined administration of fucoidan ameliorates tumor and chemotherapy-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in bladder cancer-bearing mice. Oncotarget. 2016.

40. Myers SP, O’Connor J, Fitton JH, Brooks L, Rolfe M, Connellan P, et al. A combined Phase I and II open-label study on the immunomodulatory effects of seaweed extract nutrient complex. Biologics. 2011;5:45-60.

41. Irhimeh MR, Fitton JH, Lowenthal RM. Fucoidan ingestion increases the expression of CXCR4 on human CD34+ cells. Exp Hematol. 2007;35(6):989-94.


REFERENCES42. Maruyama H, Tamauchi H, Hashimoto M, Nakano T. Suppression of

Th2 immune responses by Mekabu fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2005;137(4):289-94.

43. Yang JH. Topical Application of Fucoidan Improves Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in NC/Nga Mice. Phytother Res. 2012.

44. Iwamoto K, Hiragun T, Takahagi S, Yanase Y, Morioke S, Mihara S, et al. Fucoidan suppresses IgE production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2010;303(6):425-31.

45. Yallapragada S, Nash C, Robinson D. Early-Life Exposure to Antibiotics, Alterations in the Intestinal Microbiome, and Risk of Metabolic Disease in Children and Adults. Pediatric Annals. 2015;44(11):265-9.

46. Shang Q, Shan X, Cai C, Hao J, Li G, Yu G. Dietary fucoidan modulates the gut microbiota in mice by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus and Ruminococcaceae. Food & function. 2016;7(7):3224-32.

47. Walsh AM, Sweeney T, O’Shea CJ, Doyle DN, O’Doherty JV. Effect of dietary laminarin and fucoidan on selected microbiota, intestinal morphology and immune status of the newly weaned pig. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(9):1630-8.

48. Juffrie M RI, Damayanti W, Djumhana A, Ahmad H. The Efficcay of Fucoidan on Gastric Ulcer. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 2006;11(2):908-13.

49. Choi JI, Raghavendran HR, Sung NY, Kim JH, Chun BS, Ahn DH, et al. Effect of fucoidan on aspirin-induced stomach ulceration in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;183(1):249-54.

50. Research performed by National Institute of Health, USA. 51. Synytsya A, Bleha R, Synytsya A, Pohl R, Hayashi K, Yoshinaga K, et al.

Mekabu fucoidan: structural complexity and defensive effects against avian influenza A viruses. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;111:633-44.

52. Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Kanekiyo K, Ohta Y, Lee J-B. Promising antiviral Glyco-molecules from an edible alga. In: Torrence PF, editor. Combating the Threat of Pandemic Infl uenza: Drug Discovery Approaches,. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2007. p. 166-82.

53. Thompson KD, Dragar C. Antiviral activity of Undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus. Phytotherapy Research. 2004;18(7):551-5.

54. Wang W, Jovel J, Halloran B, Wine E, Patterson J, Ford G, et al. Metagenomic Analysis of Microbiome in Colon Tissue from Subjects with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Reveals Interplay of Viruses and Bacteria. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(6):1419-27.

55. Research performed by Blutest, Scotland.56. Hayashi S, Itoh A, Isoda K, Kondoh M, Kawase M, Yagi K. Fucoidan partly

prevents CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;580(3):380-4. 57. Li J, Chen K, Li S, Liu T, Wang F, Xia Y, et al. Pretreatment with Fucoidan

from Fucus vesiculosus Protected against ConA-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Inhibiting Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptosis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0152570.

58. Lim JD, Lee SR, Kim T, Jang SA, Kang SC, Koo HJ, et al. Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus protects against alcohol-induced liver damage by modulating inflammatory mediators in mice and HepG2 cells. Mar Drugs. 2015;13(2):1051-67.

59. Kawano N, Egashira Y, Sanada H. Effects of Various Kinds of Edible Seaweeds in Diets on the Development of D-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatopathy in Rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2007;53(4):315-23.

60. Kim MJ, Jeon J, Lee JS. Fucoidan prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity in animals by suppression of fat accumulation. Phytother Res. 2014;28(1):137-43.

61. Mori N, Nakasone K, Tomimori K, Ishikawa C. Beneficial effects of fucoidan in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(18):2225-30.

62. Taoda N, Shinji E, Nishii K, Nishioka S, Yonezawa Y, Uematsu J, et al. Fucoidan inhibits parainfluenza virus type 2 infection to LLCMK2 cells. Biomed Res. 2008;29(6):331-4.

63. Makarenkova ID, Deriabin PG, L’Vov D K, Zviagintseva TN, Besednova NN. [Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the brown algae Laminaria japonica against avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in the cultured cells]. Voprosy virusologii. 2010;55(1):41-5.

64. Hayashi K, Nakano T, Hashimoto M, Kanekiyo K, Hayashi T. Defensive effects of a fucoidan from brown alga Undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008;8(1):109-16.

65. Morán-Santibañez K, Cruz-Suárez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Robledo D, Freile-Pelegrín Y, Peña-Hernández MA, et al. Synergistic Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Mexican Seaweeds against Measles Virus. BioMed research international. 2016;2016.

66. Elizondo-Gonzalez R, Cruz-Suarez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Mendoza-Gamboa E, Rodriguez-Padilla C, Trejo-Avila LM. In vitro characterization of the antiviral activity of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against Newcastle Disease Virus. Virol J. 2012;9:307.

67. Trejo-Avila LM, Morales-Martinez ME, Ricque-Marie D, Cruz-Suarez LE, Zapata-Benavides P, Moran-Santibanez K, et al. In vitro anti-canine distemper virus activity of fucoidan extracted from the brown alga Cladosiphon okamuranus. Virusdisease. 2014;25(4):474-80.

68. Araya N, Takahashi K, Sato T, Nakamura T, Sawa C, Hasegawa D, et al. Fucoidan therapy decreases the proviral load in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type-1-associated neurological disease. Antivir Ther.16(1):89-98.

69. Gassmann P, Kang ML, Mees ST, Haier J. In vivo tumor cell adhesion in the pulmonary microvasculature is exclusively mediated by tumor cell--endothelial cell interaction. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:177.

70. Research performed by Farcoderm Srl, Italy.71. Research performed and sponsored by Marinova Pty Ltd.72. Lee DG, Park SY, Chung W, Park JH, Hwang E, Mavlonov GT, et al.

Fucoidan Prevents the Progression of Osteoarthritis in Rats. Journal of medicinal food. 2015;18(9):1032-41.

73. Myers SP, Mulder AM, Baker DG, Robinson SR, Rolfe MI, Brooks L, et al. Effects of fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus in reducing symptoms of osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biologics. 2016;10:81-8.

74. Irhimeh MR, Fitton JH, Lowenthal RM. Pilot clinical study to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2009;20(7):607-10.

© Marinova Pty Ltd 2018. All rights reserved.

Maritech® is a registered trademark of Marinova Pty Ltd.

This paper is intended to provide scientific and educational information only and is not intended to promote or sell

any product. The statements herein have not been evaluated by the Therapeutic Goods Association, Food and Drug

Administration or other regulatory body. Maritech® fucoidans are not intended to treat, cure or prevent any disease

and recipients of this information must exercise their own judgement in determining the appropriateness for a particular

purpose.

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