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Index
Abstract conceptsactivation, 156vs. concrete concepts, 19acquisition, 172linguistic experience, 171neural processing, 172organisational principles, 171verbal associative networks, 171
Abstract conditionstask demands, 156
Abstractness, 213Abstract nouns
vs. concrete nouns, 150perceptually-based representations, 165
Abstract verbsnon-cognates, 108
Abstract words. See also Concrete and abstractwords
activation, 160, 162category membership, 18vs. concrete words, 155ventral temporal lobe, 161vs. concrete words activation, 170fMRI, 158IFG, 163lexical decision, 165non-cognates, 108parietal lobe, 163semantic effects, 18semantic similarity and association, 20temporal pole, 163
ACC. See Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)Acceptation
functional knowledge, 49Access and storage deficits
mixed pattern of, 23Access cases
vs. degenerative casestemporal factors, 5
Access deficitssemantic distance effects,semantic relatedness, 7vs. storage deficits, 3, 4
Acetylcholine, 21Action
basal ganglia direct loop, 239
vs. non-action featurestask manipulations, 185nouns and verbs, 212picture matching task, 213prefrontal and parietal cortex, 214
Action and toolcategorizationmultimodal integration, 198semantics, 196–7
Action naming, 46body parts, 47
Action-object distinction, 212Action observationparietal cortex, 188
Action potentialsdown to up state, 229
Action-selective effectsLPMT, 192
Action-selective left posterior middle temporalregion
sensory experience, 191Action-selectivity, 187motor area connections, 191
Action semanticsneural systems, 183, 188–9visuo-motor system, 186–8
Action typevisual experience, 189–90
Action verbs, 284faces, 37leg related, 37selective impairment, 10
Action wordspremotor cortex, 309
Activation, 268abstract concepts, 156abstract words, 160, 162conjunction analysis, 185inferior frontal region, 160inferior parietal, 188LPMT, 189, 190posterior mid-temporal gyrus, 343RT in lexical decision study, 163semantic representation, 168task performance, 331temporal lobes, 343
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Activation (cont.)TPO junction, 343ventral visual pathway, 161visuo-motor system, 197
Acute cerebral bloodflow language symptoms, 223
Adaptation paradigmsprocessing characteristicsbrain regions, 315
Added phrase, 250Additive-amplitude method, 74–6, 86, 97, 99
future, 99–100modularity as revealed by, 81–2
Additive-factor method, 66, 76Additivity
electrodes, 81electrode sites, 85region, 81
Additivity-obscuring processor, 80, 97Agrammatic patients
non-fluent aphasics, 34Agrammatism
syntactic levelverb retrieval, 35
AIP. See Anterior intraparietal area (AIP)All-English experiments
full sentences, 115Allport’s model, 30, 31Alzheimer’s disease, 7, 23, 250, 255, 275
content, 255episodic memory, 255MTL, 50rule-based categorisation, 257semantic memory loss, 255
Ambiguous features, 286Ambiguous pattern, 87Amplitude additivity, 77–8, 94, 112Amplitudes
normalized, 74scalp potentials, 70
Amygdalasocial and affective processes, 321
Analogous dissociationssemantic system, 16
Anatomic findingsanimal-specific semantic knowledge, 334
Anatomic localizationspecific categories, 335
Animal(s)categorization, 343distributed representation, 309–11fusiform gyrus, 311fusiform gyrus bilateral activity, 310gender, 44lesion anatomical location, 44males, 44nouns, 284occipital lesion, 309vs. plantsgender-related familiarity factors, 45semantic detectors for stimuli, 338semantic memory, 333
STS, 311temporal lobe lesions, 44vs. toolsPET, 310words, 266
Animal categorysound stimuli, 340
Animal drawings, 268Animal object name
clusters of activity, 283Animal pictures
fusiform gyrus, 316naming, 315tool pictures, 185
Animal wordstools words, 185
Animate objects, 303lateral temporal cortices, 321
Animate stimuli, 10Anomic patients
fluent aphasics, 34Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
FTD, 136hypoperfusion, 136
Anterior intraparietal area (AIP), 187manipulable objects vs. non-manipulable
objects, 184manipulation,
Anteromedial regions, 288AoA
fMRI, 118–20grammatical judgment, 119modulations, 120semantic tasks, 118syntactic processing, 117
Aphasiabasal ganglia lesions, 223fluentanomic patients, 34MRI, 223nonfluentprimary progressive, 210non-fluentagrammatic patients, 34nouns and verbs, 34, 209optic, 47primary progressiveVST,
Architecturelearning speed, 68task generalization, 68
Artefactsability to identify, 37brain correlates of category-specific semantic
disorders, 44category-specific deficit, 302vs. category-specific disorders for biological
entities, 33functional properties, 49gender, 44identification, 37functional attributes, 39
362 Index
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impairment, 37lateral temporal cortices, 321men, 44semantic system diffuse damage, 41of stimulus selectioncategory-specific semantic disorders for living
entities, 38Associated familiarity, 269Associatively close arrays, 19Associative processing
proficiency level, 113Associative strength
lexical ambiguity priming, 236Associative words
N400 priming effect, 113Asymmetrical model H, 109Asymmetry proposal, 109Asynchrony, 86Attractor network model, 278Auditory presentation
nouns, 91Autoassociated, 30Automatic semantic priming
neural activity, 318SOA, 109
Automatic tasks, 287
Basal gangliaactions, 224–5aphasia, 223circuits, 220closed circuits, 220–2core language, 222–3cortical function, 220direct loopactions, 239cognition, 239fMRI, 239functionssemantic priming, 239future research, 238–40intention, 223–4intentionally guided attentionsemantic priming studies, 232–3language semantics, 219–40lexical item retrievalword generation, 225–7linguistic and semantic processes, 219semantic and related language functions, 220semantic priming, 233–4SOA, 237suppression, 227word generation, 228
Basic-level namingfMRI, 289temporal lobe, 290
Behavioral perspectiveanatomic regions subserving semantic
processing, 342Bi-directional lexical-semantic connections
semantic model, 280Bilateral ventral occipitotemporal
objects, 304Bilingual(s)L2-concept connections, 111monolingualsemantic judgment, 118Russian-Germansemantic violation paradigm, 119
Bilingualismco-ordinativeL1-L2 interaction, 106language-tagged lexical forms, 107
Bilingual language processingERP, 105functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),
105Bilingual recognition system, 116Bilingual semantic memoryERP, 111–13ERP and fMRI, 105–21
Bindingperirhinal cortex, 293
Binocular rivalrytool pictures, 192
Biological categoriescategory interactiongender, 44
Biological entitiesfunctional attributes, 41
Biological mechanisms, 22Block formattasks, 225
Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD), 157Bodiesneural processing substrates, 335
Body movementsparietal region, 212prefrontal cortex, 212white matter tracts, 212
Body partsaction names, 47identification, 37impairment, 37naming, 46
BOLD. See Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent(BOLD)
Brain activationcorrelation map, 140semantic feature, 116task demands, 116
Brain conceptual knowledgesemantic refractory access deficits, 10
Brain correlates of category-specific semanticdisorders
artefacts, 44living beings, 44
Brain damage, 273category-specific deficit, 248disorders in identification of living beings and
artefacts, 37–46familiarity, 273naming animals vs. artefacts, 206SE, 267
363 Index
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Brain mapsrecall, 141
Brain regionsadaptation paradigms processing
characteristics, 315Brainstem potentials
scalp, 69
Categorical organisationconcrete concepts, 19information stored inevolutionary significance, 341semantic relatedness, 13
Categorical pairsN400 priming effect, 113
Categorical processingcritical period, 113
Categorization, 247, 248, 250, 251rule-based, 248
Categorytask, 186
Category-based and feature-based frameworkobject memory, 342
Category interactionbiological categoriesgender, 44
Category judgment task, 137with word pairsfMRI, 336
Category member generation, 225Category membership
abstract words, 18semantic similarity, 18subjects determining, 338
Category-related neural systemstop-down activity, 321–3
Category-related patternsfusiform gyrus, 310
Category-selective activationssemantic level, 185
Category-specific deficitfor animals and plant-life, 43cerebral artery, 43temporal lobes, 43artefacts, 302for biological entitiesvs. artefacts, 33inanimate objects, 302for nouns and verbscognitive defects, 34, 35tools, 302for verbs, 35
Category-specific model, 182, 277Category-specific naming disorders
visuo-verbal disconnection, 46–8Category-specific semantic deficits, 275
anatomical locus, 28–51brain damage, 248HSE, 276living and non-living items, 183for living beings and artefacts
interpretation of, 39–41systematic review, 43for living entitiesartefact of stimulus selection, 38objections, 38–9living things, 266, 268neuroanatomical correlates, 46neuroanatomical lesions, 33
Category-specific vs. distributed neural systems,281–4
Central processes, 96Cerebral artery
category-specific disorders for animals andplant-life, 43
selective naming impairment for fruit andvegetables, 47
Cerebral cortexnouns and verbs, 208
Cholinergic activity, 222Cingulate cortex
concrete imageable concepts, 163Cingulate gyrus
increasing task difficulty, 165Cingulate region, 169Circuits
basal ganglia, 220Classical associationistic views, 30Close and distant within-category arrays, 7Closed circuits
basal ganglia impact, 220–2Clustered acquisition
scanning, 167Cognates
concrete words and nouns, 108vs. non-cognatesprocessing, 108
Cognitionbasal ganglia direct loop, 239vs. motionverbs, 37
Cognitive defectcategory-specific disorders for nouns and verbs,
34, 35grammatical category, 35lexical level, 35verbs, 35
Cognitive model, 30semantic memory, 265–94semantic organisation, 182–4
Cognitive operationstimulus, 186
Cognitive processing, 230mapping, 233
Cognitive sciencenaming, 205
Cognitive task studyneuropsychologists, 67
Collateral sulcusT1-weighted scan, 292
Coloroccipital lobes, 308PET, 307
364 Index
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Color imagerydouble dissociation, 308ventral temporal lobe, 308
Color perceptiondouble dissociation, 308occipital sites, 308
Color word generation, 306fusiform gyrus, 308temporal lobe, 308
Common proper namesvs. famous proper namesrefractoriness, 9
Competing movementssuppressing, 224
Complex feature integration, 291Complex motion processing
lateral temporal cortex, 312Compound and sub-ordinative hypothesis,
107Comprehension, 11
mass nouns, 13nouns and verbs, 34proper nouns, 13vocabulary, 4
Computationalmodeling studyrefractory access/storage distinction, 21
Concept mediation modelscross-language semantic priming, 107
Conceptsdimension, 269
Conceptual activities, 28Conceptual functions, 29Conceptual knowledge
categorical organisation, 32–48cerebral organisation, 3functional brain imaging, 316organisation, 303perceptual experience, 149semantic relatedness, 13thesaurus, 3
Conceptual links, 111Conceptual processes
word imageability, 150Conceptual representations
format, 29–32functional brain imaging, 302–25neural foundations, 302–25sensory-motor hypothesis, 160underlying perceptual activities, 29–32
Conceptual semantic information, 210Conceptual space
organisation, 12Conceptual structure account (CSA), 183,
265–94behavioral evidence, 271–3category-specific semantic impairments, 273functional imaging techniques, 271–3future, 293healthy participants, 278–81living things, 277model, 266–71
network, 270neural instantiation, 281–4neuropsychological patient studies, 273–8property generation studies, 271–3
Conceptual system mapping, 105Concrete and abstract wordscontrast, 158judgments, 161lexical decision study, 170neuroimaging studies, 150–6nonwords, 157semantic decision task, 163similarity difference (SD) scores, 162temporal lobe, 160
Concrete concepts, 11vs. abstract concepts, 18, 19acquisition, 172categorical organisational principle, 19cingulate cortex, 163nouns and verbs, 206–8perceptual-motor systems, 150prefrontal cortex, 163sentence comprehension, 85–91task demands, 156
Concrete nounsvs. abstract nouns, 150
Concrete words, 85vs. abstract words, 155, 170ventral temporal lobe, 161cognates, 108comprehension, 19fMRI, 158knowledge base, 19vs. nonwords, 159semantic similarity and association, 20
Confoundingfunctional properties, 49
Conjunction analysisactivations, 185
Connectionist model, 22, 31, 42Connectionsacross and within systems, 348–51
ContentAlzheimer’s disease, 255
Content and processin semantic memory, 261
Content knowledgeSD, 258
Content words, 205Contextsentence comprehension, 85–91
Context-dependent fashion, 187Context informationL2 learners, 114
Contrastconcrete and abstract words, 158
Convergenceimages, 30sensory inputs, 291zones, 208
Co-ordinative bilingualismL1-L2 interaction, 106
365 Index
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Co-registered structural magnetic resonanceimaging
with dense electrode arrays, 99Core language
basal ganglia, 222–3Core semantic structure
nouns and verbs, 213Corpus callosum, 47
electrophysiological experiments, 150Correlation map
brain activation, 140Cortex
basal ganglia, 220correlating with functions, 117dominant meaning, 237gamma rhythmmemory, 341motor systemword-word feature binding task, 348neuromodulators, 22overlapping patterns, 315–16stimulation mappingobject naming, 117word naming, 212
Cortical damagesemantic memory, 247–61
Critical periodcategorical processing, 113
Cross-language priming, 108concept mediation models, 107
CSA. See Conceptual structure account (CSA)Cue, 232
D1 activitydirect loop, 234–6
Damasio’s model, 32Decision tasks
LPMT, 189Decision times
semantic knowledge, 166Degenerative conditions, 274
vs. access casestemporal factors, 5semantic relatedness, 7serial position effects, 6
Dense electrode arraysco-registered structural MRI, 99
Diagnosticity, 259Differential weighting hypothesis, 33, 47Direct loop
D1 activity, 234–6Discordant condition, 234Discrete-stage architecture, 97Disorganisation
FTD, 142Display
tool-selectivity, 195Dissociation, 186
clinical data, 33verb production difficulties, 207
Distant arrays, 19
Distinctive propertiesliving things, 278
Distributed hypothesis, 260DLPFC. See Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC)Domain-level naming, 288
fMRI, 289Domains, 269
of knowledge hypothesis, 42–4specific account, 323specific knowledge systems hypothesis, 40, 41
Dominant meaningcortical lesions, 237SOA, 237
Dominant pallidotomy, 219Donders’ method of subtraction, 99Dopaminergic modulation
Parkinson’s disease, 238Dopaminergic projections
substantia nigra pars compacta, 222Dorsal stream of visual processing, 46
spatial and action functions, 46Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
FTD, 136semantic processing, 345
Dorsomedial nucleus, 349Dorso-ventral dissociation
tool-selective activations, 194Double dissociation, 19, 36, 182, 190
color perception and imagery, 308between perceptual knowledge about verbs and
grammatical properties, 211Drawing performance, 267D1 receptor, 235Dual-coding theory, 85, 171Dutch-only word
N400 priming, 115Dynamic Causal Modeling, 195Dysgraphic, 11Dyslexic, 11Dysphasic, 11
Early learners, 112EEG. See Electroencephalogram (EEG)Effective Connectivity Analyses, 195Elderly
categorization, 250Electrical brain activity
ERP, 111recording, 83
Electrical cortical interference, 344Electrical evidence
spatially distributed brain activity, 352Electrical interference
fusiform gyrus, 345temporal gyrus, 345
Electrodes, 80, 81, 84additivity, 85factors interacting, 79feature binding, 349interaction, 79repetition and relatedness interaction effects, 92
366 Index
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repetition and relatedness main effects, 92word and stem main effects, 88word X stem interaction effects, 88
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 68, 86ERP, 69
Encapsulated, 82Encoding process
object, 352Encyclopedic knowledge
vs. semantic primitives, 304English city name identification
geographical proximity, 14English-only word
N400 priming, 115Entorhinal cortex, 45Episodic memory, 252, 291
Alzheimer’s disease, 255Equipotential models, 67ERP. See Event-related potentials (ERP)ESFT, 206, 214Event-related potentials (ERP), 65, 68–70, 77, 86,
92, 113–6amplitude, 72–3, 88bilingual language processing, 105bilingual semantic memory, 111–3EEG signals, 69electrical brain activity, 111experimental conditions, 72fMRIbilingual semantic memory, 105–21latency, 84levels of analysis, 70–2L2 learners, 116MEG techniques, 99prerequisites, 69–70revealing independently functioning processing
modules, 68scalp topography, 78semantic memory functional modularity,
65–100semantic priming studies, 112single word vs. sentence processing, 114source localization, 99task performance, 331typical topography analysis, 73
Evolutionary essential itemsknowledge systems, 341
Evolutionary hypothesis, 260Evolutionary significance
information stored in categorical organisation,341
Evolutionary view, 249Exception word naming
lexical mechanism, 166Excitatory stimulation, 235Executive attention, 224Extrastriate, 281
Facesaction verbs, 37distributed representation, 309–11fusiform gyrus, 310
fusiform gyrus bilateral activity, 310neural processing substrates, 335
Factorial design, 71–2Factorially manipulatedsemantic category, 195
Factors interact at some sites, 79–81False localizationsemantic memory, 334
False positive responsesschizophrenia, 140
Familiarity, 11associated, 269brain damage, 273vs. imageability, 172
Famous proper namesvs. common proper namesrefractoriness, 9
Farnsworth-Munsell Color Perception Task, 308Far spreading activation theoryFTD, 135
Feature-based accountsemantic memory, 183
Feature-based modelsemantic memory, 196–7
Feature-based object retrievalsemantic memory, 142
Feature bindingelectrodes, 349thalamus, 348
Feature distinctiveness, 269Feedback, 252, 280Femalesfruit and vegetables, 44
Final-word concreteness main effectstopographies, 87
Fine graincategory specific deficits, 10, 13PET, 309semantic organisation within broad categories,
10–3Firing rateadaptation effects, 21presynaptic neuron, 22
Flow language symptomsacute cerebral blood, 223
Fluency, 110Fluent aphasicsanomic patients, 34
fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)
Fodorian central process, 97Fodor’s modules, 82Foodsemantic information, 338
Formal thought disorder (FTD), 133, 250, 255ACC, 136clinical assessment tool, 134disorganisation, 142DLPFC, 136far spreading activation theory, 135fMRI, 139inferior frontal gyrus, 136
367 Index
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84870-1 - Neural Basis of Semantic MemoryEdited by John Hart and Michael A. KrautIndexMore information
Formal thought disorder (cont.)negative vs. positive, 134neuroimaging studies, 135–6overbinding, 142PET, 136semantic memory, 134–5semantic network associational activation, 135semantic object recall neural correlates, 138–42semantic priming, 135STS, 136symptoms, 133–4, 138
Frontal lobeobject, 350verb activation, 37
Frontalvs. temporal activationL2 semantic tasks, 120
Fronto-parietal areas, 46Fruits and vegetables
females, 44temporal lobe lesions, 44visual attributes, 47
FTD. See Formal thought disorder (FTD)Full sentences
all-English experiments, 115Function
vs. manipulation, 190Functional attributes
biological entities, 41results, 87
Functional brain imaging, 46, 184conceptual knowledge, 316conceptual structure account, 265object properties and categories, 304–6tool and action processingfuture directions, 196
Functional independence, 82Functional information
vs. visual information, 39Functional knowledge
acceptation, 49vs. manipulation, 190–1
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),294
abstract words, 158AoA, 118–20basal ganglia, 239basic-level naming, 289bilingual language processing, 105category judgment task with word pairs, 336concrete words, 158domain-level naming, 289FTD, 139imageability, 156moving geometric forms, 322multimodal integration, 198naming pictures of animals, 305nonsense syllables, 225nonwords, 158object categories, 315picture naming, 334regional brain activity, 251semantic decisions, 282
semantic object memory, 346SORT, 138subtraction, 66task performance, 331visual lexical decision task, 158word generation, 225words and nonwords, 155
Functional modules, 66multiple comparisons, 83–5
Functional propertiesconfounding, 49
Functional similaritysemantic memory revealedstatistical considerations, 82–5
Fusiform gyrusanimal and tools pictures, 316animals, 311bilateral activityfaces, 310category-related patterns, 310color word generation, 308conceptual processing, 316–8electrical interference, 345faces, 310mental imagery, 155nouns, 210object, 306, 314object color, 308repetition-related reductions in hemodynamic
responses, 317tools, 313top-down vs. bottom-up processes, 321visual object images, 317word imageability, 164
Fusiform tool region, 194
GABA, 221, 222Gamma rhythm
cortexmemory, 341
Genderanimals, plant life, artefacts, 44category interaction biological
categories, 44familiarity factorsanimals vs. plants, 45living categories identification, 43living vs. non-living things, 44non-living categories identification, 43
Gender-related familiarity effects, 38Generalized brain/behavioral organisation
principlesobject memory, 332
Generation tasksLPMT, 189
Geographical domainknowledge base, 15
Geographical informationexperiments, 15
Geographical knowledgeglobal comprehension deficit, 14organisation, 14–6
368 Index
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spoken word-written word matching task, 14Geographical proximity, 14
English city name identification, 14Geometric forms
fMRI, 322German
PETverbs and pseudo-verbs, 214
Geschwind’s model, 47Global analysis, 87Global comprehension deficit
geographical knowledge, 14Global level
language context, 115Globus pallidus
operative procedures, 219Glutamate, 220, 222Grammatical category
cognitive defect, 35hypothesis, 36
Grammatical judgmentAoA, 119
Grasping objectspremotor and intraparietal regionstools, 314
Gratingshemodynamic responses, 311
Group averaged hemodynamic responsesmoving humans and tools, 313
Gyrus, 284semantic judgment, 345
Hand manipulationsvs. whole body movements, 189perceptual level,
Hemisphereword-generation tasks, 227
Hemisphere X Anterior-Posterior, 94Hemodynamic responses
moving gratings, 311repetition-related reductions infusiform gyrus, 317
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE), 37, 49, 275,277, 333
category-specific semantic impairments,276
Hierarchical object processing system, 286–93High property target word, 280Houses
distributed representation, 309–11neural processing substrates, 335
HSE. See Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE)Human figures
vs. toolslateral temporal cortex, 314
Human motionvs. toolsMTG, 312
Humans and toolsgroup averaged hemodynamic responses, 313
Huntington’s disease, 240Hybrid semi-connectionist networks, 67
Hyperdirect loop, 221semantic priming suppression, 236–8
HypoperfusionACC, 136VLPFC, 136
Identificationartefacts, 37body parts, 37
IFG. See Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)Imageability, 150Imagesvs. familiarity, 172fMRI, 156lexical and semantic decisions, 167, 169lexical decision, 156–7low-frequency exception word naming, 166nouns and verbs, 206–8positive effects, 155semantic decision, 160–1static vs. movingSTS and MTG, 312vs. task difficulty, 165word naming, 166–8
Imaging studiessemantic processing tasks, 159
Inanimate objectscategory-specific deficit, 302
Inanimate stimuli, 10Indirect loopsemantic priming suppression, 236–8
Indirect priming, 135Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)abstract words, 163FTD, 136increasing task difficulty, 165L1 phonological processing, 119
Inferior frontal regionactivation, 160
Inferior parietalactivation, 188
Inferior temporal cortex (IT), 187Inferotemporal lobe (ITL), 45, 293Information processingarchitecture, 67neural processors, 71separate parallel stream, 80
Insulaincreasing task difficulty, 165
Integrated object conceptsemantic memory, 351
Integration, 91, 96–7implications, 96
Intentionbasal ganglia, 223–4
Interactionismvs. modularity, 66–8
Interaction-yielding processor, 97Internal structure, 273Intracranial potentials, 71Invariant, 76IT. See Inferior temporal cortex (IT)
369 Index
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Italian-speaking patientmirror deficit, 211
Item frequency, 11ITL. See Inferotemporal lobe (ITL)
Judgments, 253concrete and abstract nouns triads, 161
Knowledgedomains, 15, 266, 268, 303explicitly expressed, 304expression and representation, 303–4neural substrates, 28systemsevolutionary essential items, 341
L1 activation during L2 processingprimes, 115
Languageclinical and neurosurgical research, 117global level, 115lexical formsbilingualism, 107selectivity, 115semanticsbasal ganglia, 219–40switching, 115systemexpression, 303
Late learners, 112Latency
ERP, 84Late positive complex (LPC), 86Lateral occipitotemporal sulcus (LOTS)
T1-weighted scan, 292Lateral temporal cortex
animate objects and artefacts, 321complex motion processing, 312human figures vs. tools, 314motion properties, 311–4object, 305, 306verb generation and activation, 306
L2-concept connectionsbilinguals, 111
LDT. See Lexical decision tasks (LDT)Leaky modularity, 84Learners
late, 112Learning
dependent modulationobject category-related activity, 315–6neural circuitry, 320related changesrepetition suppression, 317speedarchitecture, 68
Left posterior middle temporal region (LPMT),188
action-selectivesensory experience, 191action-selective effects, 192activation, 189, 190
decision or generation tasks, 189manipulationsemantic tasks or written words, 189stimulus, 191tool category and action retrieval, 193
Lemma level, 110Lexical access, 335
vs. semantic knowledge, 336Lexical ambiguity priming
associative strength, 236Lexical concepts, 108, 109Lexical decision tasks (LDT), 32, 109, 162, 165
abstract words, 165concrete and abstract words, 170imageability, 167effects, 156–7normal semantic priming, 134primed, 115semantic knowledge, 156visual-perceptual knowledge, 164
Lexical formslanguagebilingualism, 107
Lexical impairmentliving beings, 43
Lexical item retrievalbasal gangliaword generation, 225–7
Lexical levelcognitive defect, 35RHM, 114word generation, 233–4
Lexical links, 111Lexical mechanism
exception word naming, 166Lexical-semantic memory, 205, 333
for objectsperceptual featural organisation, 336
Lexiconorthographic and phonological, 166whole-word phonological representations, 166
Linear superposition, 75Linguistic processes
abstract concepts, 171basal ganglia injury, 219
Living things, 289, 303vs. artefacts, 33brain correlates of category-specific semantic
disorders, 44category-specific semantic deficits, 183, 266,
268CSA, 277dissociation with non-living things, 9distinctive properties, 278functional properties, 49identificationgender, 43visual properties, 39identification impairment, 37vs. man-made artefact domain, 33lexical impairment, 43naming or recognizing, 38
370 Index
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84870-1 - Neural Basis of Semantic MemoryEdited by John Hart and Michael A. KrautIndexMore information
vs. non-living, 11gender, 44refractoriness, 9RT, 278priming experiment, 278semantic dementia, 48visual attributes, 47weakly correlated distinctive features, 279women, 44word-picture matching, 277
L1�L2 asymmetryin processing, 109–10
L2 learnerscontext information, 114ERP, 116
L1�L2 interactionco-ordinative bilingualism, 106
Localizing regionssemantic processing, 343
Locus of interferenceN200, 114
LOTS. See Lateral occipitotemporal sulcus(LOTS)
Low-frequency exception word namingimageability, 166
LPC. See Late positive complex (LPC)L1 phonological processing
inferior frontal gyrus, 119L2 phonological processing
phonological processing, 119LPMT. See Left posterior middle temporal region
(LPMT)L2 semantic tasks, 111
frontal vs. temporal activation, 120L2 STG activation
phonological processing, 119
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)aphasia, 223co-registered structuralwith dense electrode arrays, 99
Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 65ERP, 99
Males. See also Menanimals, 44
Manipulable objects, 38vs. non-manipulable objects, 191AIP, 184
Manipulation, 338AIPvs. function, 190vs. functional knowledge, 190–1LPMTventral premotor
Man-made artefact domain, 13vs. living beings impairment, 33
Man-made objectssensory-motor mechanisms, 46
Mappingcognitive processing, 233isolated preservation, 10
Masked vs. unmasked priming, 109
Massive structural interconnectivity, 67Mass nounscomprehension, 13
Master binder, 293Medial globus pallidus, 230Medial temporal lobe (MTL), 45, 50Alzheimer’s disease, 50
Mediating processingsynchronizing rhythms, 346
MEG. See Magnetoencephalography (MEG)Menartefacts, 44
Mental imageryfusiform gyrus, 155
Mentally visualized, 150Methylmalonic enzyme, 259Midbrain reticular activating systemincreasing task difficulty, 165
Middle cerebral arteryblockage, 223stroke, 11
Middle cortex lesionsnoun production deficits, 208
Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)motion, 312object-associated motion, 312tools, 311, 313tool vs. human motion, 312
Mid-fusiform gyrusword imageability, 161
Minimal syntactic framenoun or verb phrase, 211
Mirror deficit, 211Italian-speaking patient, 211
Misclassificationsemantic memory impairment, 249
Modalspecificity, 16–8
Modalityspecific deficitsVST, 209specific higher visual association cortex, 164specific refractory deficits, 17specific semantic storage deficits, 18specific sensory-motor systems, 149tool-selectivity, 195
Modularityvs. interactionism, 66–8sentence comprehension, 85–91
Modular organisationsemantic knowledge, 281
Moduledefinition, 66
Monkeyvs. humanneuron areas, 188
Monolingualvs. bilingualssemantic judgment, 118
Motionvs. cognitionverbs, 37
371 Index
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Motion (cont.)MTG, 312propertieslateral temporal cortex, 311–4related information, 284temporal sulcus, 311STS, 312
Motor area connectionsaction-selectivity, 191
Motor memories, 338Motor schemata, 208Motor system
signal change patterns, 338MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)MTG. See Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)MTL. See Medial temporal lobe (MTL)Multifocal cerebral tumours
refractoriness, 23Multimodal integration
action and tool categorization, 198fMRI, 198
Multimodal network model, 31Multimodal semantic processing, 341Multimodal semantic relationship
between semantic entities, 343Multiple modality-specific semantic systems
hypothesis, 31parsimony principle, 31
Multiple selective impairments, 10
N200locus of interference, 114single word and sentences, 114
Naminganimal and tools pictures, 315animalsfMRI, 305ventral premotor cortex, 316cognitive science, 205compromised, 16living things, 38performance, 275toolsventral premotor cortex, 316visuo-verbal disconnection, 46
Natural categoriessemantic information, 338
Natural complex human movements, 190Naturally-formed categories, 252Natural response pace, 5N400 component, 87, 91, 112
semantic priming, 112Network
CSA, 270Neural activity, 69
automatic semantic priming, 318Neural and cognitive information processing
questions, 99Neural basis of bilingual semantic memory,
116–18Neural circuits
learning, 320
object property information, 318–20property-basedobject categories, 309
Neural foundationsconceptual representations, 302–25
Neural hybrid modelof semantic memory, 331–53
Neural instantiationCSA, 281–4
Neural mechanismscomposite figure, 351tool and action processing, 197–8
Neural processing, 71abstract concepts, 172bodies, 335faces, 335information processing, 71
Neural regionsknowledge domains, 266
Neural semantic detector modelnonverbal sound of objects and animals, 339
Neural substratesknowledge, 28
Neural systemsaction semantic features, 183action semantics, 188–9processing tools and action semantics, 182–98sensory deprivation, 191speech production, 210
Neuroanatomical correlatescategory-specific semantic disorders, 46disorders selectively affecting nouns and verbs,
35–6disorders specifically affecting living and
non-living things, 42–3Neuroanatomical substrates, 28Neurodegenerative diseases, 275
semantic memory impairments, 248Neuroimaging studies
concrete and abstract word processing, 150–6FTD, 135–6
Neuromodulators, 22cortex, 22refractory access deficits, 21
Neuron areasmonkey vs. human, 188
Neurophysiological basissemantic refractory access disorders, 21–3
Neurophysiological studiesnon-human primates
Neuropsychological patient studiesCSA, 273–8
Neuropsychologistscognitive task study, 67
Neuroscientific investigationssemantic memory, 343
Neurosurgerybilingual, 117
Neurotransmitters, 22, 220, 222Non-cognates
abstracts words and verbs, 108Non-distinctive information, 267
372 Index
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Non-fluent aphasicsagrammatic patients, 34
Non-fluent primary progressive aphasics, 210Non-human primates
neurophysiological studiesNon-linguistic concepts
semantic forms, 108Non-living categories identification
gender, 43Non-living concepts
vs. living concepts, 11Nonliving domains, 266, 272Non-living things
category-specific semantic deficits, 183deficit, 39dissociation, 9vs. living thingsdissociation with, 9refractoriness, 9RT, 278
Non-manipulable objectsvs. manipulable objects, 191
Non-member foils, 256Nonsense syllables, 226
fMRI, 225Non-sound stimuli, 340Nonstructural design, 72–3Nonthreatening stimuli, 340Nonverbal sound
of objects and animalsneural semantic detector model, 339targets, 339
Nonwordsconcrete and abstract words, 157vs. concrete words, 159fMRI, 158letter string, 232, 234
Noradrenaline, 21Normal semantic priming
lexical decision task, 134Nouns
auditory presentation, 91fusiform gyrus, 214minimal syntactic frame, 211namingselective deficits, 211production deficitsmiddle cortex lesions, 208representing animals and tools, 284vs. verbs, 206concrete knowledge, 207
Nouns and verbs, 212aphasia, 209aphasic patients, 34cerebral cortex, 208comprehension, 34concreteness or imageability, 207core semantic structure, 213disorders in production and comprehension,
34–7distinction, 212imageability and concreteness, 206–8
objects and actions, 212semantic core approach, 213–14semantic dementia, 209semantic representation, 205–14sensory/functional approaches, 205–6visual and sensorimotor features, 208–11
Novel animal study, 258Novel category, 251Novel objectsleft lateral view, 319
N400 primingassociative words, 113categorical pairs, 113Dutch-only word, 115English-only word, 115
NT400 priming modulations, 114Null hypothesis, 82–3Number producedwords, 136
Objectsassociated color, 306–8associated motion, 306–8MTG, 312STS, 312categories, 304fMRI, 315learning-dependent modulation, 315–16color, 307fusiform gyrus, 308ventral temporal cortex, 307decisions taskssemantic degradation, 32form, 307memory, 291category-based and feature-based framework,
342neural processing substrates, 335nouns and verbs, 212phase-scrambled images, 319processing, 287propertiesneural circuits, 318–20retrieving information, 306–8recall, 139feature binding, 348semantic memory, 137thalamus, 348ventrolateral occipito-temporal cortex, 214word pairs, 317
Occipital lobesanimals, 309color, 308color perception, 308stimuli, 334
Occipitotemporal cortexbilateral ventralobjects, 304PET, 309processing stream, 287visual imagery, 316
373 Index
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Old agebreaking down, 100processing ossified, 100
On-lineidentification of objects/items producing
sounds, 340language processing, 279priming, 280
Operative proceduresglobus pallidus, 219
Optic aphasia, 47Organisation
conceptual knowledge, 303conceptual space, 12geographical knowledge, 14–16principlesabstract concepts, 171
Organized Unitary Content Hypothesis (OUCH),29
OUCH. See Organized Unitary ContentHypothesis (OUCH)
OverbindingFTD, 142
Pallidum, 230PANSS. See Positive and Negative Symptom Scale
(PANSS)Pantomime understanding, 36Parahippocampal region, 45Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models, 67,
97Parietal cortex
actions, 214Parietal lobe
abstract words, 163action observation, 188body movements, 212
Parieto-occipital cortex, 169Parkinson’s disease, 227, 235, 239
dopaminergic modulation, 238impairment site, 238
Parsimony principlemultiple modality-specific semantic systems
hypothesis, 31unitary abstract model, 31
PDP. See Parallel distributed processing (PDP)models
Perception, 28, 29conceptual knowledge, 149hand manipulations vs. whole body movementslexical-semantic memory for objects, 336moving stimuli, 186reading motion words, 186
Perceptual-motor systemsconcrete concepts, 150
Perceptual primingtool-selectivity, 195
Perfect learner, 253Perirhinal cortex, 45, 291
binding, 293multimodal features, 293
PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET)
Phase-scrambled imagesobjects, 319
Phonological processingL2 phonological processing, 119L2 STG activation, 119
Picture matching taskaction, 213
Picture namingfMRI, 334PET, 334verbs, 211
Picture stimulus arraysword-picture matching, 12
Picture-word stimuli, 348Pizza-versus-quarter, 251Plants
vs. animalsgender-related familiarity factors, 45gender, 44
Position effectsrefractoriness, 8
Position X Anterior-Posterior, 94Position X Relatedness, 94Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS),
139Positron emission tomography (PET)
color, 307fine-grained category-related differences, 309FTD, 136Germanverbs and pseudo-verbs, 214occipitotemporal cortex, 309picture naming, 334subtraction, 66task performance, 331tools vs. animals, 310
Posterior mid-temporal gyrusactivation, 343
Post-lexical integration, 112Prefrontal cortex, 169, 212, 251
actions, 214body movements, 212concrete imageable concepts, 163objects, 304verb production deficits, 208
Premotor cortexaction word generation, 309grasping objectstools, 314increasing task difficulty, 165signal changes, 336stimulus, 191
Pre-SMA basal ganglia circuit, 220, 221word generation, 226, 350
Pre-SMA-dorsal caudate nucleus-ventral anteriorthalamic loop, 226
Presynaptic neuronfiring rate, 22
Primary progressive aphasiaVST
Primed lexical decision tasks, 115Prime-target relationships
374 Index
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Priming, 95controversial, 236L1 activation during L2 processing, 115living and nonliving concepts, 278masked vs. unmasked, 109semantic decision, 280SOA, 237
Probesword picture matching task, 10
Processing, 71, 77cognates vs. non-cognates, 108L1-L2 asymmetry, 109–10patterns, 256training, 256word-class effects, 108
Proficiency effects, 110–11Progressive cerebral atrophy, 23Proper names
famous vs. commonrefractoriness, 9
Proper nounscomprehension, 13
Property-based neural circuitsobject categories, 309
Property generation studies, 271Pseudowords, 156Psycholinguistic experimental methodologies, 105Psycholinguistic stimuli, 282Pulvinar connect
signal changes, 350visual cortex, 350
Reading motion wordsperception, 186
Recallbrain maps, 141
Refractoriness, 8experiments, 17multifocal cerebral tumours, 23position effects, 8response inconsistency, 8semantic relatedness, 8
Refractory access deficitsfrequency, 6–7neuromodulatory systems, 21response consistency, 6selective, 16serials position curves, 6vs. storage deficitsresponse consistency, 6storage distinctioncomputational modeling study, 21temporal factors, 5word-picture matching, 5, 8
Regional brain activityfMRI, 251
Relatedness, 94, 95semantic satiation, 91–6
Relative theoretical ambiguity, 84Relay station role, 348Repetition, 92–5
electrode site, 92
object perception, 320semantic satiation, 91–6suppression, 317learning-related changes, 317object, 320verbs, 211
Repetition X Anterior-Posterior, 93Responseaccuracysemantic relatedness, 11consistencyfrequency effects, 22inconsistencyrefractoriness, 8timevisual lexical decision task, 159
Response-stimulus interval (RSI), 4, 5Retrieving informationobject properties, 306–8
Revised Hierarchical Model, 109RHMlexical-level translation links, 114
RSI. See Response-stimulus interval (RSI)RT, 113–16in lexical decision studyactivation, 163sensitivity, 160
RulesAD, 258categorisation, 259Alzheimer’s disease, 257SD, 257semantic dementia, 257
Russian-German bilingualssemantic violation paradigm, 119
SANS. See Scale for the Assessment of NegativeSymptoms (SANS)
SAPS. See Scale for the Assessment of PositiveSymptoms (SAPS)
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms(SANS), 138
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms(SAPS), 138
Scalp, 79potentials, 69–71amplitudes, 70measurable, 69topographic distribution, 70topographies, 77weak interaction, 81
Scanningclustered acquisition, 167objects, 320
Scenesneural processing substrates, 335
Schizophreniafalse positive responses, 140semantic memory, 133–42semantic memory network over activation, 141semantic object, 136–8symptoms, 133
375 Index
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Scrambled images, 287Selective deficits
noun and verb naming, 211Selective impairment
action verbs, 10naming fruit and vegetables, 47
Selective influence, 76Semantic access
vs. semantic processes, 342word imageability, 149–72methods, 157, 162, 167results, 157–9, 162–3, 167word naming, 166
Semantically related itemsarrays, 4
Semantic and episodic memory retrieval, 307Semantic association, 19Semantic category
factorially manipulated, 195signal change patterns, 341
Semantic Category Decision task, 256, 258Semantic content
knowledge, 247stimuli, 184
Semantic core approachnouns and verbs, 213–14
Semantic decision tasksconcrete and abstract words, 163fMRI, 282imageability, 160–1, 167priming, 280task difficulty, 164temporal gyrus, 170word imageability, 164word level, 119
Semantic degradationobject decisions tasks, 32
Semantic dementia, 23, 50, 255content knowledge, 258living things, 48nouns and verbs, 209rule-based categorisation, 257temporal lobes, 50
Semantic disorder for artefactslesions, 43
Semantic distance effects, 10, 14Semantic effects
abstract word domain, 18Semantic features hypothesis, 292
brain activation complexity, 116intercorrelations among, 40–2, 51
Semantic formsnon-linguistic concepts, 108
Semantic impairment for living thingstemporal lobe, 43
Semantic information, 96food, 338neuronsstorage deficits, 21word naming task, 167
Semantic judgmentgyrus, 345
monolingual vs. bilinguals, 118Semantic knowledge, 233. See also Sensory-motor
modeldecision times, 166vs. lexical access, 336lexical decision task, 156modular organisation, 281SFT, 206
Semantic levelcategory-selective activations, 185
Semantic memoryAlzheimer’s disease, 255bilingualERP and fMRI, 105–21cognitive model, 265–94content and process, 261cortical damage, 249feature-based account, 183feature-based model, 184, 196–7feature-based object retrieval, 142FTD, 134–5functional modularityevent-related brain potentials,
65–100functional similaritystatistical considerations, 82–5impairmentmisclassification, 249neurodegenerative disease, 248original studies, 3integrated object concept, 351network over activationschizophrenia, 141neuroscientific investigations, 343objects, 137, 331, 347, 352process and content, 247–61schizophrenia, 133–42semantic network dysfunction, 138semantic representation, 352shared, 107–9subsystems, 332–42taskbottom-up approach, 137theories, 261two-level theories of, 108
Semantic modelbi-directional lexical-semantic
connections, 280Semantic network associational activation
FTD, 135Semantic network dysfunction
semantic memory operations, 138Semantic object
memoryfMRI, 346recall, 346, 349neural correlatesFTD, 138–42
schizophrenia, 136–8Semantic Object Recall from Features input Task
(SORT), 136–8fMRI, 138
376 Index
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Semantic organisationcognitive models, 182–4principles, 18–21semantic refractory dysphasia, 13
Semantic priming, 112, 231, 232basal ganglia, 233–4basal ganglia functions, 239basal ganglia in intentionally guided attention,
232–3ERP, 112FTD, 135N400 component, 112normallexical decision task, 134suppression, 236–8hyperdirect loop, 236–8indirect loop, 236–8
Semantic primitivesvs. encyclopedic knowledge, 304
Semantic processes, 141, 233basal ganglia injury, 219DLPFC, 345encoded by anatomic regions, 346imaging studies, 159irrespective of stimulus type, 342–8localizing regions, 343vs. semantic access, 342tool and biological actions, 285
Semantic refractory access, 3–24brain conceptual knowledge, 10category dissociations, 8–10description, 4–8neurophysiological basis, 21–3recognise, 16semantic organisation, 13synaptic depression, 21verbal-visual and visual-visual matching
performance, 17Semantic regions, 183Semantic relatedness, 7–8, 11, 19
access deficits, 7within array, 10categorical organisation, 13conceptual knowledge base, 13function, 12gradient, 13refractoriness, 8response accuracy, 11
Semantic representationactivation, 168nouns and verbs, 205–14semantic memory, 352
Semantic satiationrelatedness, 91–6repetition, 91–6
Semantic segregation, 197Semantic similarity, 11, 13
abstract and concrete words, 20Semantic space, 9Semantic system
analogous dissociations, 16diffuse damage
artefacts, 41Semantic tasksAoA, 118LPMT, 189
Semantic violation paradigmRussian-German bilinguals, 119
Senile dementiatarget’s resemblance to humans, 260
SensitivityRT, 160
Sensorimotor cognitive systemsobjects, 332
Sensory association cortex, 259Sensory deprivationneural systems, 191
Sensory experienceaction-selective LPMT, 191
Sensory features, 293Sensory/functional theory (SFT), 39, 42, 84implementation, 40nouns and verbs, 205–6semantic knowledge, 206visual-perceptual properties, 41
Sensory inputsconvergence, 291
Sensory-motor channels, 48semantic categories, 48
Sensory-motor image codes, 150Sensory-motor mechanismsman-made objects, 46objections, 48–51
Sensory-motor model, 183, 248, 260, 282conceptual representation, 160object, 304semantic knowledge, 51of semantic knowledge, 34, 36–7, 45, 50
Sensory-Motor-Property Model for RepresentingDomain-Specific Information, 303
Sensory-motor regions, 183, 184Sentencebilingual semantic access in, 113–16completion tasksverbs, 211comprehensionconcreteness, context, modularity, 85–91ending positivity, 95
Sentencesvs. single wordERP, 114NW00, 114
Sequentially organized modules, 97Serial position curvesrefractory access patient, 6
Serial position effectsdegenerative conditions, 6
SFT. See Sensory/functional theory (SFT)Shared semantic memory, 107–9Short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA), 234, 235automatic semantic priming, 109basal ganglia, 237dominant meaning, 237priming paradigms, 237
377 Index
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Signal changesmotor system, 338premotor region, 336pulvinar exhibit, 350semantic categorical or featural properties, 341word pairs, 336, 337
Signal-to-noise ratio, 230Similarity difference scores
concrete and abstract words, 162word triads, 162
Simple motion trajectoriestools, 312
Single wordvs. sentencesERP, 114N200, 114
SOA. See Short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA)Social and affective processes
amygdala, 321ventromedial prefrontal cortex, 321
Social interactions, 321SORT. See Semantic Object Recall from Features
input Task (SORT)Sound stimuli
animal category, 340Sparse imaging scanning, 167Spatial and action functions
dorsal stream of visual processing, 46Spatial distinctiveness, 75Spatially distributed brain activity
electrical evidence, 352Spatial representation
temporal lobe, 335Speech production
neural systems, 210Spoken word
picture matching, 9, 11written word matching task, 9English cities, 15geographical knowledge, 14
Stem and Word factors, 89, 91Stem-concreteness
topographies, 87Stem X Word interactions, 89, 90STG, 290Stimuli
category, 288characteristic dimensions, 184cognitive operation, 186features, 286frequency, 6LPMT, 191mapping cortical areasobject naming, 117neural processing substrates, 335perception, 186premotor cortex, 191samples, 253selectioncategory-specific semantic disorders for living
entities, 38semantic content, 184
semantic memory, 352typesemantic process, 342–8verb generation, 345
Storage deficitsvs. access deficits, 3, 4physiological account, 22vs. refractory accessresponse consistency, 6semantic information neurons, 21
Striatal neurons, 229Stroke
lateral projections, 344middle cerebral artery, 11transient deficits, 210
Structural design, 72Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I
Disorders, 139STS. See Superior temporal sulcus (STS)Subcortical motor system
word-word feature binding task, 348Substantia nigra pars compacta
dopaminergic projections, 222Subtraction
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),66
positron emission tomography (PET), 66pure insertion, 66
Sulcusincreasing task difficulty, 165
Superior temporal sulcus (STS), 187, 283, 290animals, 311FTD, 136motion, 312object-associated motion, 312static vs. moving images, 312
Suppression-enhancement-suppression cycleword generation, 231
Synaptic depression, 21semantic refractory access, 21
Synchronizing rhythmsmediating processing, 346
Synchronous co-activationthalamus, 353
Synonym Judgment Task, 137Syntactic level
agrammatismverb retrieval, 35
Syntactic processingAoA, 117
Systematic reviewcategory-specific semantic disorders for living
beings and artefacts, 43
Task difficultyvs. imageability, 165
Tasksblock format, 225category, 186demands, 185brain activation, 116concrete and abstract conditions, 156
378 Index
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difficultycingulate gyrus, 165IFG, 165insula, 165midbrain reticular activating system, 165premotor cortex, 165semantic decision task, 164sulcus, 165generalizationarchitecture, 68instructions, 168manipulations, 185action vs. non-action features, 185performanceactivation studies, 331ERP, 331fMRI, 331PET, 331temporal foci, 165
Temporal cortexobjects, 304top-down vs. bottom-up processes, 321
Temporal delay, 340Temporal factors, 22
access cases vs. degenerative cases, 5Temporal foci
tasks, 165Temporal gyrus, 282
electrical interference, 345semantic decision study, 170tools, 334
Temporal lobes, 289activation, 343animals, 44basic-level naming, 290category-specific disorders for animals and
plant-life, 43color word generation, 308concrete and abstract words, 160fruits and vegetables, 44functions, 45semantic dementia (SD), 50semantic impairment for living things, 43spatial representation, 335
Temporal phenomena, 233Temporal pole, 46
abstract words, 163Temporal sulcus
motion-related information, 311Temporal summation requirement, 69Temporo-parietal-occipital (TPO) junction
activation, 343Test endorsements, 257Thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections,
348Thalamus
feature binding, 348increasing task difficulty, 165object recall, 348signal change, 349synchronous co-activation, 353word-word feature binding task, 348
Thesaurusconceptual knowledge, 3
Thought, Language and Communication Scale(TLC), 134
Thought Disorder Index, 139TLC. See Thought, Language and Communication
Scale (TLC)TMS. See Transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS)Tool picturesanimal pictures, 185binocular rivalry, 192fusiform gyrus, 316
Toolsand action processing, 285functional imaging, 196neural mechanisms, 197–8vs. animalsPET, 310and animal-selective activations, 195category and action retrievalLPMT, 193category-specific deficit, 302distributed representation, 309–11fusiform gyrus, 313grasping objects premotor and intraparietal
regions, 314group averaged hemodynamic responses, 313vs. human figureslateral temporal cortex, 314vs. human motionMTG, 312MTG, 311, 313nouns, 284object nameclusters of activity, 283representations, 84selective activationsdorso-ventral dissociation, 194selective responses, 192–4selectivity, 195display, 195modality, 195perceptual priming, 195semantic content, 196visuo-motor action system, 192–4semantic information, 338semantic memory, 333simple motion trajectories, 312temporal gyrus, 334wordsanimal words, 185
TopographiesERP, 73final-word concreteness main effects, 87scalp potentials, 70stem-concreteness, 87Word X Stem interaction effect, 89
TPO. See Temporo-parietal-occipital (TPO)junction
Training pairs, 252Training trial displays, 254
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 194,213
Transient deficitsstroke, 210
Tripartite dimensional structure, 280T1-weighted scan
collateral sulcus, 292lateral occipitotemporal sulcus (LOTS), 292
Unintegrated multimodal network, 31Unitary abstract model, 31
parsimony principle, 31Unitary distributed conceptual system, 183Up state, 228Upstream input systems, 82
Vegetables. See Fruits and vegetablesVentral activation
visual properties, 161Ventral-medial temporal cortex, 169Ventral occipitotemporal cortex, 286Ventral premotor cortex, 187
manipulationnaming animals, 316naming tools, 316object, 306objects, 304
Ventral temporal cortexcolor imagery, 308concrete vs. abstract words, 161object color, 307word imageability, 161
Ventral visual pathwayactivation, 161
Ventrolateral occipito-temporal cortexobjects, 214
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)hypoperfusion, 136social and affective processes, 321
Verbal-visual and visual-visual matchingperformance
semantic refractory access deficit, 17Verbs, 284. See also Nouns and verbs
associative networksabstract concepts, 171leftward lateralization, 171category-specific deficit, 35cognitive defect, 35conceptual system, 165frontal lobe, 37lateral temporal cortex, 306minimal syntactic frame, 211motion vs. cognition, 37namingselective deficits, 211vs. nouns, 206picture naming, 211production, 207production deficitsprefrontal cortex lesions, 208production difficultiesdissociation, 207
repetition, 211sentence completion tasks, 211stimulation studies, 345
Visual complexity, 11Visual cortex
pulvinar connect, 350Visual experience
action type, 189–90Visual features, 149
fruits and vegetables, 47living things, 47nouns and verbs, 208–11
Visual imageryoccipitotemporal cortex, 316
Visual informationvs. functional information, 39
Visual lexical decision taskfMRI, 158response time, 159
Visual living stimuli, 281Visually-based semantic knowledge, 344Visual nonsemantic judgment, 118Visual object images
conceptual processing, 318fusiform gyrus, 317
Visual object representation, 45Visual-perceptual knowledge
lexical decision task, 164Visual-perceptual properties, 48
sensory-functional theory, 41Visual properties
living categories identification, 39ventral activation, 161
Visual/sensorimotor theory (VST), 209, 212modality-specific deficits, 209primary progressive aphasia
Visual similarity, 286Visual systems
data acquisition, 333Visual-visual condition, 17Visual-visual matching tests, 16Visuo-motor system, 187
action semantics, 186–8activation, 197tool-selectivity, 192–4
Visuo-verbal disconnection, 34, 47category-specific naming disorders, 46–8naming abilities, 46
VLPFC. See Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(VLPFC)
V5/MT, 198VST. See Visual/sensorimotor theory (VST)
Weak interactionscalp topographies, 81
Weinreich, Uriel, 105Wernicke sites, 89White matter tracts
body movements, 212Whole body movements
vs. hand manipulations, 189perceptual level
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Whole objects, 286Whole-word phonological representations
lexicon, 166Women
living things, 44Word and stem, 89, 90
electrode site, 88Word and Stem interaction effects
topography, 89Word-class effects
processing, 108Word factor, 90Word form level, 110Word generation
basal ganglia, 228fMRI, 225frontal activity, 227hemisphere, 227lexical item retrieval basal ganglia, 225–7lexical level of processing, 233–4pre-SMA basal ganglia circuit, 226pre-SMA region, 350suppression-enhancement-suppression cycle,
231Word imageability
conceptual processes, 150fusiform gyrus, 164mid-fusiform gyrus, 161semantic access, 149–72methods, 157, 162, 167results, 157–9, 162–3, 167semantic decision task, 164ventral temporal lobe, 161
Word levelsemantic decision task, 119
Word-like nonwords, 156Word naming
cortical distribution, 212
imageability, 166–8semantic access, 166semantic information, 167
Word-nonword contrasts, 159Word pairsobjects, 317signal changes, 336, 337
Word-picture matching, 4, 9, 275living things, 277picture stimulus arrays, 12probes, 10refractory access disorders, 5refractory access patient, 8
WordsfMRI, 155number produced, 136orthographic and phonological characteristics,
156production data, 110written and oral forms, 209
Word triadsSD scores, 162
Word-word feature binding taskcortical motor system, 348subcortical motor system, 348thalamus, 348
Word X Anteior-Posterior interaction, 88Word X Stem interaction effectstopography, 89
Word X stem interaction effectselectrode site, 88
Written verb production, 209
X Anterior-Posterior yield, 90X Electrode-Site interaction, 87X Hemisphere X Anterior-Posterioranalysis, 93test, 88
381 Index
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