Marsha Ann Levine

Work Address: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge

Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK Tel: 01223-339347 / Fax: 01223-339285 Email: ml12@cam.ac.uk Nationality: Joint UK / USA Education and Qualifications: 1967-68 Syracuse University. 1968-71 Barnard College (Columbia University), BA, cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa,

Anthropology. 1969 Arizona State University (summer field school). 1971-79 University of Cambridge, PhD, Department of Archaeology,

‘Archaeozoological analysis of some Upper Pleistocene horse bones assemblages in western Europe’.

1989 Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, courses in Data Management.

Positions: 2003-10 Senior Research Associate, McDonald Institute for Archaeological

Research. 2002-03 Researcher, Golden Web. 2000-10, 1991-6 Fellow, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of

Cambridge. 1991-2010 Affiliated Researcher, Mongolian and Inner Asian Studies Unit, University

of Cambridge. 2000-02,1993-94 Consultant archaeozoologist (self-employed), Oxford Archaeological Unit. 1987-2002 Unestablished University Teaching Officer, University of Cambridge. 1996-2000 Research Associate, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 1994-96, 89-93 Database and data management consultancy (self-employed). 1991-93 Research Associate, Department of Community Medicine, University of

Cambridge, data manager. 1981-1987 Consultant archaeozoologist (self-employed). 1979-86 Consultant archaeozoologist, reorganisation and development of the

Department of Archaeology, Cambridge Archaeozoological Laboratory (self-employed).

Membership in other organisations: 2007 - Peer-reviewer, Foundation for Georgian Studies, Humanities and Social

Sciences (Rustaveli Foundation). 2008 - Society for East Asian Archaeology (SEAA). 2008 - Wild Camel Protection Foundation. 2003 - ICAZ (International Council for Archaeozoology). 2001 - Cambridge University Press Office “Media Guide” expert in archaeology. 1999 - Editorial Board of Archaeofauna. 1983 - Fauna and Flora International.

1980-2003 Association for Environmental Archaeology. Current Research Interests (details in Appendix 5): • The human occupation of central Eurasia and China from the Neolithic to Medieval times:

ecological, economic, social and cultural adaptations and change. • The change from horse hunting to herding, the evolution of horse husbandry and equestrian

pastoral nomadism; the social, demographic and ecological implications for the human settlement of central Eurasia.

• The development of methodologies for the elucidation of human-horse relationships - ie, palaeopathology, population structure, taphonomy, ethnoarchaeology, biometrics, interpretation of genetic data. Palaepathology collaboration with Katherine Whitwell, FRCVS, and Prof Leo Jeffcott (Veterinary Science, Sydney) since around 1988.

• Fieldwork already carried out in connection with these interests: Kiev (Institute of Zoology and Institute of Archaeology, Ukraine), Yerevan (Institute of Zoology, Armenia), St. Petersburg (Hermitage Museum), Ekaterinburg (Ural A M Gorky State University and Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology), Petropavlovsk (A. Kh. Margulana Institute of Archaeology, Kazakhstan), Almaty (Institute of Archaeology, Kazakhstan), Novosibirsk (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography), Kaunas (Lithuanian Veterinary Academy), Beijing (Department of Archaeology, Peking University; Department of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Xi’an (Shaanxi Archaeology Institute), Anyang (Yinxu Museum and Anyang Research Station, Henan), Yong-City Archaeological Station (Fengxiang, Shaanxi Archaeology Institute), Lanzhou (Institute of Archaeology, Gansu), Urumuqi (Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang); Turfan (Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Xinjiang), Karaganda (Saryarka Archaeological Institute, E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Kazakhstan).

Collaborative work already carried out or in progress (details on current and proposed projects in Appendix 5):

Ukraine: Dr. Y. Rassamakin (Institute of Archaeology, Kiev). Kazakhstan: Prof. V. Zaibert (Institute of Archaeology, Petropavlovsk); Dr. Valeriy Loman and Dr. Igor Kukushkin (Saryarka Archaeological Institute, E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda). Russia: Prof. G. Zdanovich, A. Kislenko, N. Tatarintseva (Arkaim Centre, Cheliabinsk); Prof. Ludmila Koryakova (Ekaterinburg). Lithuania: Prof. L. Daugnora (Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Kaunas). China: Prof. Li Shuicheng (Department of Archaeology, Beijing); Prof Yuan Jing (Institute of Archaeology, Bejing). Newmarket: K. Whitwell, FRCVS; Cambridge Dr. Mark Holmes (Veterinary Medicine), Prof. Phil Gibbard and Dr. Mike Bithell (Geography); Prof. C. Renfrew, Dr. P. Forster (McDonald Institute); Prof. M. Jones (Archaeology). Oxford: Prof. R Hedges (Research Laboratory for Archaeology). Bristol: Dr. R. Evershed (Organic Geochemistry Unit); Southampton: Dr. Debbie Goodwin (Dept. of Applied Animal Behaviour). Australia: Prof. L. Jeffcott and Dr. Paul McGreevy (Veterinary Science, Sydney).

Awards: 1972-76 Wolfson College, for dissertation research and conference attendance. 1976 British Academy ‘Major Research Project in the Early History of Agriculture’,

support for a densitometry study. 1982-83 The British Institute of Persian Studies, Fellowship to study the fauna from

Houmian and Siraf. 1987-89 Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research ($7000), for research into

the beginnings of horse domestication in Central Eurasia.

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1988-89 British Academy (£2000), for research into the beginnings of horse domestication. 1988-89 Leakey Foundation ($2000), for research into the beginnings of horse

domestication. 1991-95 McDonald Institute grants for work in northern Kazakhstan (£16,300): £1100 for

1991, £1500 for 1992, £1700 for 1993, £4000 for 1994, £8000 for 1995. 1995 Stein-Arnold Exploration Fund (British Academy) (£1750) research in northern

Kazakhstan. 1996-99 NERC grant (£167,559) with Prof. G. N. Bailey (Dept. of Archaeology, Newcastle)

and Prof. L. B. Jeffcott (Dept. of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge) for project entitled: ‘Palaeopathology of animal bone and the origin and consequences of horse husbandry’.

1999 McDonald Institute grant to carry out research and to co-organise with Prof. Colin Renfrew, international symposium, Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe.

2000 British Academy grant for fieldwork in Russia (£1906). 2001 Isaac Newton Trust grant (£50,000 as matching funds) for research on Chinese

chariot burials. 2002 AHRC grant (£315,000) with Prof. L. B. Jeffcott (Dept. of Clinical Veterinary

Medicine, Cambridge) for project entitled: ‘Palaeopathology and the origins and evolution of horse husbandry’

2005 Sino-British Fellowship Trust (£7123) with Prof. Graeme Barker for collaborative research with Prof. Li Shuicheng (Peking University).

2007 Leverhulme Trust grant (£469,940) with Prof. Graeme Barker and Dr. Mim Bower (McDonald Institute) for project entitled: ‘From chariotry to equestrian pastoral nomadism: the evolving role of the horse in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC’.

2007 McDonald Institute grant (£3500): ‘A saddle pressure study: measuring the effects of frame saddles, Scytho-Siberian pad saddles and riding bare-back’.

2009 (June) Laboratoire d'Ethologie Animale et Humaine, Rennes, invitation as Visiting Professor.

Teaching Experience: 1976 Lecturer for the University of Maryland, U. S. Air Force Base, Bentwaters, Suffolk,. 1976-90 Undergraduate supervisions in archaeological theory and methods, (Cambridge). 1980-96 Practicals in faunal analysis (Dept. of Archaeology, Cambridge). 1984-91 Research student supervision (Department of Archaeology Cambridge). 1992 Lectures for the University of Cambridge Board of Continuing Education. 1993-95 Undergraduate lectures (Department of Archaeology, Cambridge). 1996 Practicals in human osteology (Dept. of Archaeology, Cambridge). 2000-1 Informal supervision of research students. 2005 Lecturer for the University of Rennes Summer School for Horse Ethology and

Welfare. Excavation Experience (details in Appendix 6): 1969-1992 New York, Arizona, Turkey, France, England, Denmark and Kazakhstan. Archaeological Analysis Experience (details in Appendix 7): 1970-71 Undergraduate pottery and faunal analysis.

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1971-78 For PhD: horse bone and tooth assemblages from French and German Pleistocene sites.

1981 - Postdoctoral consultancy analysis of bone assemblages from sites extending from the Middle Palaeolithic to the post-Medieval periods in Greece, Iran, Sardinia, England and Tunisia

1988 - Analysis of Eneolithic to Medieval horse assemblages from central Eurasia (Ukraine, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Russia), Dereivka, Botai and Ak-Alakha and others.

1989 - Ethnoarchaeological research with Mongolian and Kazakh herders. 1996-2000 Comparison of Early Iron Age riding horse and free-living Exmoor pony skeletal

pathology for NERC project. 2003-07 Analysis of horse skeletons: modern Exmoors and Lithuanian traction horses; horses

from Chinese Spring and Autumn Period chariot burials at Fengxiang, Shaanxi; for AHRC-Newton project.

2007-10 Settlement remains and skeletons from the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan; Recreation of an Iron Age saddle from Subeixi, Xinjiang; study of skeletons and disassociated bones from Anyang (Shang dynasty, Henan, China).

Languages: French and German, intermediate reading; Russian, some reading and speaking. Laboratory Experience: 1995 Development of a database and storage system for the Department of Archaeology

(Cambridge) Archaeozoological Comparative Collection. 1979-86 Reorganisation and development of the Department of Archaeology

(Cambridge)faunal collections.

Computing and Technical Experience: 1971 - Database development and management and data analysis, using such programs as

SPSS, dBase, Foxpro, Paradox, Access, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Adobe CS3, Extensis Portfolio, Endnote as well as various translation programs (ProjectMt, Lingvo, FineReader, Power Translator).

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Appendix 1 - Recent conferences presentations and lectures: 1996: The Don-Donets Region in the Bronze Age System of the East European Steppe and Forest

Steppe, Ukrainian-Russian Field Seminar, Kapitanova (Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine): with Y. Rassamakin, “Problems related to archaeozoological research on Ukrainian Neolithic to Bronze Age sites”.

UISPP conference, Forlí: “Social and ecological aspects of horse exploitation”. 1997: McDonald Institute Seminar: “Eating horses: the evolutionary significance of hippophagy”. National Science Week Talk: “The heavenly horses”. Waltham Symposium - The Role of the Horse in Europe, Harrogate: “Investigating the origins

of horse domestication” (paper); “The palaeopathology of horse husbandry” (poster). Consuming Passions and Patterns of Consumption, Conference, McDonald Institute: “Botai and

the origins of horse domestication”. European Association of Archaeologists, 3rd Annual Meeting, Ravenna: “New approaches to the

study of the origins and development of horse husbandry and equestrian pastoral nomadism”.

1998: Department of Archaeology, University of Newcastle, Seminar: “The origins of horse

domestication: Palaeopathology and the Scythian horses from Ak-Alakha (Altai)”. Siberia Through the Millennia, Symposium, Institute of Archaeology, Novosibirsk: “A

preliminary examination of early Iron Age horse palaeopathology at Ak-Alakha 5, Kurgan 3”.

Association for Environmental Archaeology, Conference, University of Newcastle: “Preliminary examination of early Iron Age Horse palaeopathology at Ak-Alakha”.

1999: Complex societies of Central Eurasia from the Third to the First millennia BC, Conference,

Chelyabinsk State University: “The origin of horse domestication and its connection with the development of complex societies”.

European Association of Archaeologists, 5th Annual Meeting, Bournemouth: “Investigating the origins of horse domestication”.

2000: Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe, Symposium, McDonald Institute for

Archaeological Research: I co-organised this International Symposium with Prof. Colin Renfrew and Dr. Katie Boyle. A book of the same name was written by myself, Dr. Y. Rassamakin, Dr. A. Kislenko & N. Tatarintseva and introduced by Prof. Renfrew. It was published in advance of the Symposium held in Cambridge, 12-16 January 2000, and pre-circulated to the other participants to be used as the frame of reference for their own papers. I will also co-edit the post-symposium proceedings. I gave a paper at the Symposium: “Focusing on central Eurasia: East meets West”; and co-authored another with T. O’Connell & R. Hedges: “The importance of fish in the diet of central Eurasian peoples from the Mesolithic to the Early Iron Age”.

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Mongolian and Inner Asian Studies Unit Research, University of Cambridge, Seminar: “Investigating the origins of horse domestication”.

Department of Archaeology, University of Ghent (Belgium), Lecture: “Investigating the evolution of horse riding: the palaeopathological evidence from a series of Scytho-Siberian and Medieval Turkic horses”.

2001: Archaeological Science 2001, Conference, Newcastle: “Ancient DNA and the illusion of

interdisciplinarity; a case study”. Dutch Annual Archaeology Day, Eindhoven (Netherlands): “Palaeopathology and the

Domesticated Horse” 2002: Havemeyer International Workshop on the Equine Behavioural and Welfare, Iceland, June, in

connection with an invitation to write a chapter for a new book, The Behaviour of the Domestic Horse, commissioned by Cambridge University Press, I gave a talk entitled: “Domestication, breed diversification and early history of the horse”.

International Council of Archaeozoology conference papers, Durham, August: “Palaeopathology and the evolution of horse husbandry”, with Katherine Whitwell, and Leo Jeffcott. “mtDNA and horse domestication: the archaeologist’s cut”.

2003: Veterinary History Society lecture, London, April:

“Palaeopathogy and the origins of horse husbandry”, with Katherine Whitwell and Leo Jeffcott.

Department of Archaeology, University of Peking, lectures, “Some recent discoveries on the Eurasian steppe” “Investigating the origins of horse domestication”

Department of Archaeology, Jilin (China), lectures, “Some recent discoveries on the Eurasian steppe” “Investigating the origins of horse domestication”

2005: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research seminar, Cambridge,

“Chinese chariot horses and the evolution of horse husbandry” Lithuanian Veterinary Academy lecture, Kaunas, Lithuania,

“Palaeopathology and the evolution of horse husbandry”, with Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott.

Department of Archaeology, Vilnius University lecture, Vilnius, Lithuania, “Palaeopathology and the evolution of horse husbandry” , with Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott and Graeme Barker.

European Summer School on Horse Ethology, University of Rennes, France, lecture, “Research into the origins of early horse domestication and the evolution of horse

husbandry” Wolfson College, Cambridge, seminar “How to write a research proposal”, with Dr. Sally Church. 2006:

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McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research seminar, Cambridge, “Horse Palaeopathology: fashioning an analytical tool”, with Katherine Whitwell, and Leo Jeffcott.

Association for Environmental Archaeology Conference paper, Exeter, “Horse Palaeopathology: fashioning an analytical tool”, with Katherine Whitwell, and Leo Jeffcott.

2007: Asia House lecture, London,

“New research into the evolution of horse husbandry in central Eurasia and China” Society for American Archaeology conference talk, Austin, Texas,

“Horse Palaeopathology: developing an analytical tool”, with Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott.

The Ethnohistory and Archaeology of Northern Eurasia conference talk, Irkutsk, Siberia, “The evolving role of the horse on the central Asian steppe”.

Anyang Archaeological Station, Henan, China, lecture, “The evolving role of the horse on the central Asian steppe”.

International Conference of Zooarchaeology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, talk, “The evolving role of the horse on the central Asian steppe”.

2008: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research seminar, Cambridge, 13 Feb.

“From the Urals to China: the evolving role of the horse in late prehistory”. Department of Archaeology, University of York seminar, York, 26 feb.

“From the Urals to China: the evolving role of the horse in late prehistory”. Society for East Asian Archaeology, Beijing, conference talk, June 08

"Palaeopathology: a tool for investigating Chinese Bronze Age horse husbandry", with Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott, Li Shuicheng and Tian Yaqui.

Third International Conference on Turfan Studies, Turfan, Xinjiang, conference talk, October 08, invited. “The reconstruction of an Early Iron Age saddle from Subeixi (Xinjiang, China)”, with Li Shuicheng, Zhang Yuzhong, Lu Enguo, Maria Otchir-Gorieva, Chris Taylor, Mark Holmes, Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott.

2009: Mongolian and Inner Asian Studies Unit, seminar, Cambridge, February 09.

"An experimental study of technological change in Inner Asia: The reconstruction of an ancient saddle from Subeixi (Xinjiang)." , with Mark Holmes, Li Shuicheng, Zhang Yuzhong, Lu Enguo, Maria Otchir-Gorieva, Chris Taylor, Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott.

Laboratoire d'Ethologie Animale et Humaine, University of Rennes I, June. As ‘Invited Professor’, two lectures. “The origins of horse husbandry: evidence from palaeopathology – 1” “The origins of horse husbandry: evidence from palaeopathology – 2”,

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, Powerpoint presentation for Liaoning visitors to the McDonald Institute, July. “The Evolution of Horse Husbandry in China”.

UK Archaeological Sciences 2009 Conference, Nottingham, conference talk, September 09.

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“An experimental study of technological change in Inner Asia: The reconstruction of an ancient saddle from Subeixi (Xinjiang)”, with Mark Holmes, Li Shuicheng, Zhang Yuzhong, Lu Enguo, Maria Otchir-Gorieva, Chris Taylor, Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott.

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, Powerpoint presentation for representatives from the Centre for Chinese Studies Abroad, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, October. “The Evolution of Horse Husbandry in China”.

2010 (planned): Wolfson College, Cambridge, seminar, March.

“Technological change in Inner Asia: the reconstruction of an ancient saddle from Subeixi (c. 5th – 3rd century BC; Xinjiang, China)”, with Mark Holmes, Li Shuicheng, Zhang Yuzhong, Lu Enguo, Maria Otchir-Gorieva, Chris Taylor, Katherine Whitwell, Leo Jeffcott.

Ordos bronzes and early east-west cultural exchanges through the Eurasian Steppe, conference, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, China, August. “On the trail of the Late Shang dynasty horses from Anyang (Henan)”, with Yuan Jing.

”International Council of Archaeozoology conference papers, August. “Can biometrics and archaeogenetics teach us about past human-horse relationships?” “New research on the Late Shang dynasty horses from Anyang (Henan)”, with Yuan Jing.

Appendix 2 - Publications: http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~ml12/ Papers: Single Authorship (refereed) 1990 Levine, M.A. Dereivka and the problem of horse domestication, Antiquity 64: 727-40. 1998 Levine, M.A. Eating horses: the evolutionary significance of hippophagy, Antiquity 72: 90-100. 1999 Levine, M.A. Botai and the origins of horse domestication, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 18(1): 29-78. 1999 Levine, M.A. Investigating the origins of horse domestication, in The Role of the Horse in Europe: 6-14. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 28. 2003 Levine, M.A. Focusing on Central Eurasian archaeology: East meets West, in M.A. Levine, C. Renfrew & K. Boyle (ed.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse: 1-8. McDonald Institute Monograph. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp 1-7. 2005 Levine, M.A. Domestication and early history of the horse, in D.M. Mills & S.M. McDonnell (ed.), The Domestic Horse: the Origins, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 5-22. 2006 Levine, M.A. mtDNA and horse domestication: the archaeologist’s cut, in M. Mashkour (ed.), Equids in Time and Space. Proceedings of the 9th international Conference of Archaeozoology (Durham). Oxford: Oxbow, pp 192-201.

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Single Authorship (not refereed) 1976 Levine, M.A. Interpretation of macrofauna from archaeological deposits, in J.C. Miskovsky (ed.), Approche Ecologique de L'Homme Fossile: 57-61. Bulletin de l'Association Francaise pour l'Etude du Quaternaire supplement no. 47. 1982 Levine, M.A. The use of crown height measurements and eruption-wear sequences to age horse teeth, in B.Wilson, C. Grigson & S. Payne (ed.), Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites: 223-50. BAR British Series 109. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. 1983 Levine, M.A. The fauna from Filiestru, in D. Trump (ed.), La Grotta di Filiestru a Bonu Ighinu, Mara, (ss): 109-31. Quaderni 13. Turin: Ministero Dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali. 1983 Levine, M.A. Mortality models and the interpretation of horse population structure, in G.N. Bailey (ed.), Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory: 23-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984 Levine, M.A. The fauna from Houmian (Iran), Iran XXII: 25-9. 1986 Levine, M.A. The vertebrate fauna from Meare East, in J.M. Coles (ed.), Somerset Levels Papers 12: 61-71. 1986 Levine, M.A. Animal remains, in H. Hurst, Gloucester, the Roman and Later Defences: 81-4. Gloucester Archaeological Reports, Vol. 2. Gloucester: Gloucester Archaeological Publications. 1991 Levine, M.A. Nature of archaeozoological collection: control of access, in E. Henry (ed.), Guide to the Curation of Archaeozoological Collections: 83-5. Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History. 1993 Levine, M.A. Social evolution and horse domestication, in C. Scarre & F. Healy (ed.), Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe: 135-41. Oxford: Oxbow. 1994 Levine, M.A. Mammal and bird remains, in H.R. Hurst (ed.), Excavations at Carthage, the British Mission: 314-19. Vol. II/1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995 Levine, M.A. Animal bone, in J.J. Wymer & N.R. Brown (ed.), Excavations at North Shoebury: Settlement and Economy in South-east Essex 1500 BC-AD1500: 130-41. East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 75. Chelmsford: Essex County Council Archaeology Section. 1996 Levine, M.A. The palaeopathology of horse husbandry, Equinet 4. 1996 Levine, M.A. Domestication of the horse, in B.M. Fagan, C. Beck, G. Michaels, C. Scarre & N.A. Silberman (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology: 315-7. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998 Levine, M.A. Domestication and the early horse peoples, in E. Peplow (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Horse: 12-15. London: Hamlyn.

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1999 Levine, M. A. The origins of horse husbandry on the Eurasian Steppe. Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe. M. A. Levine, Y. Y. Rassamakin, A. M. Kislenko and N. S. Tatarintseva. Cambridge, McDonald Institute: 5-58. 2000 Levine, M.A. A preliminary examination of early Iron Age horse palaeopathology at Ak-Alakha 5, Kurgan 3 [Osobennosti paleopatologii loshadei epokhi rannego zheleza], in A.P. Derevianko & V.I. Molodin (ed.), The Phenomenon of the Altai Mummies [Fenomen Altaiskikh Mumii]: 243-49. Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. 2002 Levine, M.A. Cutting Edge, an Equine Inquiry, The Times Higher Education Supplement, October 4, no. 1558: 22. 2004 Levine, M.A. Exploring the criteria for early horse domestication, in M. Jones (ed.), Traces of Ancestry: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew: 115-26. McDonald Institute Monograph. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 2004 Levine, M.A. The Faunal Remains, in D. Jennings, J. Muir, S. Palmer & A. Smith, Thornhill Farm, Fairford, Gloucestershire: An Iron Age and Roman Settlement in the Upper Thames Valley: 109-132. Thames Valley Landscape Monograph No 23. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. 2005 Levine, M.A., Xunhua Ma De Qiyuan Yanjiu [Investigating the origins of horse domestication], Tulufanxue Yanjiu [Turfanological Research]，2005 (2):87-99. (in Chinese) Multiple authorship (refereed) 2000 Levine, M.A., G.N. Bailey, K. Whitwell & L. Jeffcott. Palaeopathology and horse domestication: The case of some Iron Age horses from the Altai Mountains, Siberia, in G.N. Bailey, R. Charles & N. Winder (ed.), Human Ecodynamics and Environmental Archaeology: 123-33. Oxford: Oxbow. 2002 Jansen, T., P. Forster, M. Levine, H. Oelke, M. Hurles, C. Renfrew, J. Weber, & K. Olek. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(16): 10905-10. 2002 Levine, M.A., K.E. Whitwell & L.B. Jeffcott. A Romano-British horse burial from Icklingham, Suffolk, Archaeofauna 11: 63-102. 2002 Levine, M.A. & A.M. Kislenko. New Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age radiocarbon dates for North Kazakhstan and South Siberia, in K. Boyle, C. Renfrew & M. Levine (ed.), Ancient Interactions: East and West in Eurasia: 131-4. McDonald Institute Monograph. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 2003 Dudd, S. N., R.P. Evershed & M.A. Levine. Organic residue analysis of lipids in potsherds from the early Eneolithic settlement of Botai, Kazakhstan, in M.A. Levine, C. Renfrew & K. Boyle (ed.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse: 45-54. McDonald Institute Monograph. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 2003 O’Connell, T.C., M.A. Levine & R.E.M. Hedges. The importance of fish in the diet of central Eurasian peoples from the Mesolithic to the Early Iron Age, in M.A. Levine, C. Renfrew & K. Boyle (ed.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse: 253-268. McDonald Institute Monograph.

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Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 2005 Levine, M.A., K.E. Whitwell & L.B. Jeffcott. Abnormal thoracic vertebrae and the evolution of horse husbandry, Archaeofauna, 14, pp. 93-109. 2006 McGahern, A., M. M. Bower, C. J. Edwards, P. O. Brophy, G. Sulimova, I. Zacharov, M. Vizuete-Forster, M. Levine, S. Li, D. E. MacHugh and E. W. Hill. "Evidence for biogeographic patterning of mitochondrial DNA sequences in Eastern horse populations." Animal Genetic, 37, 494–497. 2008 Goodwin, D., M. Levine, P. McGreevy. “Preliminary investigation of morphological differences between ten breeds of horses suggests selection for paedomorphosis.” Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 11 (3), pp 204-212. Multiple authorship (not refereed) 1996 Levine, M.A. & Y. Y. Rassamakin. Problems related to archaeozoological research on Ukrainian Neolithic to Bronze Age sites, in The Don-Donets Region in the Bronze Age System of the East European Steppe and Forest Steppe: 25-9. Vol 2. Russian-Ukrainian Conference and Ukrainian-Russian Field Seminar. Voronezh. [in Russian] 1997 Levine, M.A. & A. M. Kislenko. New Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age radiocarbon dates for North Kazakhstan and South Siberia, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7(2): 297-300. 2000 Levine, M.A., T.C. O’Connell & R.E.M. Hedges. The importance of fish in the diet of central Eurasian peoples from the Mesolithic to the Early Iron Age, pre-circulated paper for the Symposium Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe held at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 12 – 16 January 2000. Monographs Edited (refereed) 2002 Boyle, K., C. Renfrew and M. Levine (ed.). Ancient Interactions: East and West in Eurasia. McDonald Institute Monograph. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 2003 Levine, M.A., C. Renfrew & K. Boyle (ed.). Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse. McDonald Institute Monograph. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Multiple authorship (not refereed) 1999 Levine, M.A., Y. Y. Rassamakin, A. M. Kislenko & N. S. Tatarintseva. Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe. McDonald Institute Monograph. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Doctoral dissertation 1979 Levine, M.A. Archaeozoological analysis of some Upper Pleistocene horse bone assemblages in western Europe. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge. In preparation Levine, M. A., Whitwell, K. E., Jeffcott, L. B. A new methodology for describing and grading osteological changes and abnormalities in modern and ancient horses: thoracic vertebrae.

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Levine, M. A., Li Shuicheng, Tien Jacqi, Whitwell, K. E. “Horse skeletons from two late Spring and Autumn Period (c. 770-475 BC) chariot pits at Feng Xiang Sunjia’nantou (Shaanxi)” Levine, M. A., Holmes, M., Li Shuicheng, Zhang Yuzhong, Lu Enguo, Otchir-Gorieva, M., Taylor, C., Whitwell, K. E., Jeffcott, L. B. "An experimental study of technological change in Inner Asia: The reconstruction of an ancient saddle from Subeixi (Xinjiang)." Unpublished "Siraf, Site M - mammals, birds and reptiles", unpublished. Davies, T., Levine, M. and Treasure, P., “Survival in bowel cancer, a pilot study”, an unpublished paper presented to the Cancer Surveillance Group of the UK Association of Cancer Registries, April 1993. Appendix 3 – Public engagement 2006 (the first year this information has been recorded)

March, Science Week, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, “The origins of horse domestication”, posters and display. November, Magazine interview for article published in Die Welt: “Auf hohem Roß durch die Steppe“, by Elke Binder. November, Journal interview for article published in San Diego-Union Tribune, by Richard A. Lovett, J.D., Ph.D.

2007 February, Leverhulme Newsletter, March, “From chariotry to equestrian pastoral nomadism: the evolving role of the horse”. March, Relay, Newsletter of Research in the School of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Cambridge, “From chariotry to equestrian pastoral nomadism: the evolving role of the horse”. “V Nachale bilo”, a short contribution to Russian horse journal, Konnii Mir, no. 8, 2007 [translated into Russian, pp. 68-71.

2009 May-June, research consultant for ITV Granada programme on the chariot burials at Yinxu (Anyang, China).

Appendix 3a – Peer review 2005:

Publication peer reviews: Journal of Archaeological Science. 2007:

Grant applications: Georgian National Science Foundation. Grant application: Swiss National Science Foundation. Phd dissertation external examiner.

2008: Grant applications: Foundation for Georgian Studies, Humanities and Social Sciences (Rustaveli Foundation). Grant application: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

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Reviewer for promotion application: Pittsburgh University. Publication peer reviews: Journal of Archaeological Science. Interview: Science Magazine.

2009: Publication peer review: Livestock Science.

2010: Publication peer review: Journal of Archaeological Science. Appendix 4 - Undergraduate and doctoral studies Undergraduate Studies: B.A. in anthropology, including archaeology, ecology, geography, Middle Eastern studies and geology. Dissertation title: "The fauna from the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Levels at Aphrodisias (Turkey)". Ph. D. Research: Title: "Archaeo-zoological analysis of some Upper Pleistocene horse bone assemblages in western Europe". The study employed intensive methods of data analysis to investigate Palaeolithic human-animal relationships. The fossil material was examined in universities and museums throughout France. The first chapters of the thesis established the practical and theoretical framework - ethnographic, ethological and taphonomic - within which the data would be interpreted. Two methods of ageing horse teeth were then set up (eruption and wear and crown height). X-rays of New Forest Pony skulls were used in the development of a height-wear ageing system. Three complementary types of data analysis were carried out: differential bone representation, bone cluster analysis and tooth age distribution. The analyses focused on sites located in Western Europe, containing relatively large quantities of carefully excavated horse skeletal material. Ten archaeological assemblages were compared with three natural assemblages and the data from all sites were compared with those from documentary sources. Appendix 5 - Current Research Interests It is arguable that in the pre-modern world the importance of the horse to humans was greater than that of any other species. It was vital to transport, trade, warfare, as food and sources of other raw materials, as a means of storing wealth (on the hoof), in ritual and as a symbol of power and prestige. The relative importance of the horse varied enormously both culturally, geographically and chronologically, but no other species, over all, has had quite the same significance for humans. Nevertheless, only relatively little detailed research has been carried out on human-horse relationships and there are huge gaps in our knowledge. Since 1971 my research has focused on the development of methodologies and the collection of data to help us to fill some of these gaps. All of these projects are connected with research I have been carrying out for over 30 years. Except for project 7, I have played the principal role in the design, development and fund raising for all these projects. Current and planned projects: 1) Horse Palaeopathology: identification, description and grading. Since 1996 to present, though less intensely at the moment. This project has involved the collection and study of both modern (Exmoor ponies, Lithuanian traction horses, modern riding ponies) and

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ancient skeletons (Chinese chariot horses, Early Iron Age and Medieval riding horses). Although all anatomical elements have been recorded, described and bony changes photographed, the study of vertebrae has been emphasised. The aim of this study is to develop an objective method of describing and coding bony changes which will help us to understand how the use of the horse as a work animal impacts not only upon its osteology, but also upon its health and welfare. My role: project designer, organiser, principal fund raiser, primary researcher, first author. Principal collaborators:

Prof. Leo Jeffcott (previously Dean of the Vet Sch, Cambridge), now Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney) Katherine Whitwell, FRCVS (Newmarket) equine veterinary pathologist.

Funded principally by NERC, AHRC, Isaac Newton Trust. 2) Saddle pressure study: reconstruction of an Iron Age saddle from Subeixi (Xinjiang). Detailed analyses of thoracic vertebrae from a wide range of contexts has revealed to us that Iron Age horses often have certain abnormalities not found, or less commonly found, in horses from other contexts. I have published detailed descriptions of these abnormalities in collaboration with Leo Jeffcott and Katherine Whitwell. Because the most salient characteristic distinguishing the Iron Age horses from the other horses we have studied is the type of saddle they wore, we decided to carry out a controlled saddle pressure study, using force-sensing array (FSA) technology to measure the pressure distribution on a horse’s back when it is ridden, using different types of saddles. My role: project designer, organiser, principal fund raiser, primary researcher, first author. Principal collaborators:

Prof. Li Shuicheng (Department of Archaeology, Peking University) principal contact and prehistorian in China. Chris Taylor, Master Saddler, made reconstruction of Subeixi saddle. Dr. Mark Holmes (Snr Lecturer in Preventive Vet Medicine, University of Cambridge) Katherine Whitwell (see above) Prof. Leo Jeffcott (see above) Prof. Zhang Yuzhong (Assistant Director, Institute of Archaeology, Urumuqi, Xinjiang) Prof. Lu Enguo (Institute of Archaeology, Urumuqi, Xinjiang), excavator of Subeixi. Dr. Maria Otchir-Goriaeva (Dept. of Archaeology, Kalmyk Institute of Humanitarian Research) specialist in Early Iron Age horse tack.

Funded principally by AHRC, Isaac Newton Trust. 3) From Chariotry to Equestrian Pastoral Nomadism; the changing role of the horse in central and east Asia in the 2n d and 1s t millennia BC. The objective of this project is to explore the evolving role of the horse in central Asia in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC, using an interdisciplinary approach. The central disciplines are archaeology, archaeozoology and archaeogenetics. My role is to collect data (including contextual information) from horse osteological material extending from the Urals to China and, wherever possible, to collect samples for aDNA analysis. So far, I have collected data from the following sites: Anyang (Henan, China), Xishanpin (Gansu, China), Yanghai (Shanshan county, Xinjiang); Ashisu, Dongal and Kudryavaya Sopka (Karaganda region, Kazakhstan). I have plans to study sites from the Trans-Urals (Russia) and eastern Siberia in due course. Participation in conferences at Irkutsk/Baikal, Beijing and Turfan, in particular, shed light on questions concerning the distribution of the domestic horse in central Asia during the Bronze Age – as did a visit to Kyrgyzstan. My role: overall project designer, primary fund raiser and, for the archaeology and archaeozoology parts of the project, primary researcher and first author for some publications.

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My principal collaborators: Prof. Li Shuicheng (as above). Prof. Yuan Jing (Director of Archaeological Science Laboratories, CASS, Beijing). Archaeozoologist and collaborator on study of Anyang. Katherine Whitwell (as above). Prof. Leo Jeffcott (as above). Prof. Lu Enguo (as above) Excavator of Yanghai. Dr. Wang Wei (Institute of Archaeology, Gansu) excavator of Xishanpin. Mr. Tian Yaqi (Institute of Archaeology, Xian, Shaanxi) excavator of Sunjia’nantou. Dr. Pavel Kosintsev (Director of Zoological Museum, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ekaterinburg, Russia), archaeozoologist. Dr. Bryan Hanks (Assistant Prof, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh), co-excavating a series of sites around Stepnoye (Sintashta culture, south Trans-Urals). Dr. Dmitri Zdanovich (Senior Researcher, Institute of History and Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Ural Branch, Chelyabinsk State University) co-excavating a series of sites around Stepnoye (Sintashta culture, south Trans-Urals). Dr. Valeriy Loman (Director, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda) excavator of Dongal and other regional sites. Dr. Igor Kukushkin (Senior Scientific Employee, Saryarka Archaeological Institute) excavator of Ashisu, Ayappergen and Kudryavaya Sopka.

Funded principally by the Leverhulme Trust. 4) The origins of the domestic horse in China: an attempt to trace routes. There has been considerable debate both within and outside China about the origins there of the domestic horse. It is widely believed that the horse and chariot probably came to China together from the west or northwest by the 13th century BC. It does seem rather odd that the horse and chariot arrived there so late. I have made a two pronged attack on this question. My primary role in this project is to collect archaeozoological and archaeological data in collaboration with local archaeologists. Additionally, I have been examining the literature, wherever it is available in a language I can read. And, more to the point, in order to understand the spread and distribution of the horse and chariot, I have been talking with local archaeologists in Kazakhstan, eastern Siberia, the Minusinsk basin, the Baikal region, Kyrgyzstan and China including Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi and elsewhere. I am collaborating on this project with a number of Chinese and Kazakhstan based specialists who are also interested in re-tracing and understanding ancient communication routes. My role: project designer, organiser, principal fund raiser, primary researcher, first author for some publications. My principal collaborators:

Prof. Li Shuicheng (as above). Routes of communication. Prof. Yuan Jing (as above). Anyang. Katherine Whitwell (as above). Prof. Leo Jeffcott (as above). Prof. Lu Enguo (as above) Turfan depression excavator. Dr. Wang Wei (as above) Gansu excavator. Dr. Valeriy Loman (as above) excavator and ceramics specialist. Dr. Igor Kukushkin (as above) excavator with particular interest in burial ritual.

Funded principally (so far) by the Isaac Newton Trust and the Leverhulme Trust. 5) The horse in Anyang (Late Shang dynasty, c. 13th-11th centuries BC).

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The earliest chariot horses in the steppe zone, dating to the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000 BC), are from the South Trans-Urals and Kazakhstan. The domestic horse and chariot seem to have spread rapidly both eastwards and westwards from this region, but appeared in China relatively and intriguingly late. Their earliest confirmed appearance was at the Late Shang dynasty capital, Yinxu (Anyang, Henan province), during the 13th century BC. Moreover, only a few other chariot burials, dating to this period, have been found in other parts of China. One of the special features of Anyang is its large number of well-preserved horse and chariot burials, associated with high status tombs. Some tombs had many horses and chariots. Others only a few. It is less well known that horses were also found from other contexts in the sites in and around Anyang. Many have been found in what have been described as sacrificial burials, mostly as articulated skeletons, but other horse bones are found disarticulated and scattered in what appear to be non-ritual contexts. We know much less about them; in fact, practically nothing. All the chariot burial horses are male, either geldings or stallions, but some female horses have been found in other contexts. Prof Yuan Jing and I have begun to investigate some of these questions and will continue to do so for some years. My role: project designer, project co-organiser, joint fund raiser, specialist in horse archaeozoology, first author for some publications. Principal collaborators:

Prof. Yuan Jing (as above). Anyang. Yinxu Museum and Anyang Research Station.

Funded principally (so far) by the Isaac Newton Trust and the Leverhulme Trust. 6) The impact of climate change on settlement, economy and environment in the south Ural and central Kazakhstan regions throughout the Bronze Age. The overall objective of this project is explore the possible impact of climate change during the Bronze Age (c.4th–1st millennia BC) on settlement, economy and environment in the south Ural steppes of Russia and the Karaganda region of central Kazakhstan. This will be the first study for this period and region in which detailed analyses of archaeological, archaeozoological, archaeobotanical and climatological data will be fully integrated and in which two ecologically separate zones will be compared. This interdisciplinary approach will allow us to address critical questions about the interrelations between changes in climate, plant and animal husbandry, human settlement and economy, and landscape and environment. It will, most particularly, enable us to test the hypothesis that climate change had a significant impact upon human behaviour in the west Asian steppes during the Bronze Age. My role: project designer, project organiser and manager, principal fund raiser, first author on some publications. Principal collaborators:

Prof. Phil Gibbard (Geography, Cambridge) sedimentological analyses. Dr. Bryan Hanks (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) archaeological materials. Dr. Mike Bithell (Geography, Cambridge), environmental modelling. Dr. Viktor Valdaiskykh (Urals State University - Ekaterinburg) soils analysis. Dr. Pavel Kosintsev (Ekaterinburg, Russia) archaeozoology. Dr. Dmitri Zdanovich (Cheliabinsk, Russia) archaeology. Dr. Elena Kuzmina (Ekaterinburg, Russia) small mammals. Dr. Dustin White (Oxford, UK) malacology. Katherine Whitwell, FRCVS (Newmarket, UK) equine palaeopathology. Prof. Dongya Yang (Vancouver, Canada) ancient DNA. Dr. Andrew Bush (Alberta, Canada) climate modelling. Prof. Karen Hardy (Barcelona, Spain) dental calculus.

Funding is currently being sought for this project. Other collaborators will join us.

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7) Behavioural paedomorphosis in horses. Paedomorphosis is the retention of juvenile morphology at maturity. It can contribute to the generation of evolutionary change. In dogs, behavioural paedomorphosis accompanies morphological paedomorphosis and can have implications for management and welfare of breeds. The current project explores the possibility of the same occurring in horses. When behaviour of four morphologically diverse breeds of horse was compared during controlled trials, social interactions and foraging behaviour showed significant differences. This may help to inform breed-specific management and training strategies and might also help us to better understand the process of domestication. Comparison of modern breeds with the ancestral horse is confounded by its extinction. My role in this project will be to compare physical characteristics of modern horses with skeletal remains from pre-domestication and early stage domesticated horses. My role: archaeozoological analyses, data interpretation, general knowledge about horses. Principal collaborators, project designers and organisers:

Dr. Debbie Goodwin (Lecturer, Applied Animal Behaviour, University of Southampton), specialist in horse behaviour and welfare. Dr. Paul McGreevy (Veterinary Science, University of Sydney), specialist in veterinary behavioural medicine.

I will use data already collected from projects funded by the NERC, AHRC, Isaac Newton Trust, Leverhulme Trust, the Leakey Foundation, British Academy, Wenner-Gren Foundation, McDonald Institute and other organisations. 8) Livestock husbandry and environmental change on the central Asian steppe. This project, which is in its planning stages, is in part a continuation of work I carried out in the 1990s. During that period I carried out detailed interviews of horse herders and breeders from Mongolia and northern Kazakhstan, in order to develop models which could be used for the interpretation of archaeozoological assemblages. The current plan is to extend this project to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, Russia and elsewhere, resources permitting. Additionally, detailed information will be recorded for all major livestock (equids, cattle, caprines, camels) and other data collected (for example, regarding plant food production and consumption, hunting, use of landscape, type of settlement, economy, social and political context) for the various ecological zones sampled. This information will allow us to construct models that will help us both to interpret data from the past and to predict responses to environmental change in the future. My role: project development, preparation of questionnaires, interviewing and recording informants, photography, interpretation and publication of results. Principal collaborator (others may join us):

Dr. Mike Bithell (Department of Geography, Cambridge), specialist in the construction of multi-agent simulation models of population dynamics and the emergence of structure in complex systems; the generation of robust models for socio-economic systems and their relation to environmental change.

Appendix 6 - Excavation Experience 1969 Columbia University Field Archaeology course at Worts Farm, N. Y., under Dr. S.

Gorenstein. 1969 Arizona State University Summer Field School, under Dr. A. E. Dittert.

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1970 Chalcolithic and Bronze Age mounds at Aphrodisias in western Turkey, site assistant supervisor under Mrs. B. Kadish (New York University).

1971 The Neolithic mound, Erbaba (central Turkey), site assistant supervisor under Dr. J. Bordaz (University of Pennsylvania).

1974 Solutré, French Palaeolithic, excavation and planning under Dr. Jean Combier (Director, Ministere d'Etat-Affaires Culturelles).

1975 Prudhoe Castle (Northumberland), a Medieval site under Dr. D. Thackray and Mr. L. Keen.

1976 Monk Moors (Eskmeals, Cumbria), a Mesolithic site, under C. Bonsall. 1977 Ringkloster (a Mesolithic bog site) and Norsminde (a Mesolithic and Neolithic shell-

midden site) in Denmark under the direction of Dr. S. Andersen (University of Aarhus). 1992 Botai (Eneolithic, settlement site) northern Kazakhstan, with Prof. V. Zaibert, A.

Kislenko and N. Tatarintseva. Appendix 7 - Archaeological Data Analysis Undergraduate: 1970 Pottery analysis of Mesoamerican wares at Columbia University. 1970 Course in faunal analysis, Columbia University, taught by Dr. Dexter Perkins, including

the analysis of the fauna from an Iranian site. 1970-71 Analysis of the fauna from Aphrodisias (Turkey). Analyses for Doctoral Dissertation: 1970-78 Collection and analysis of data from the following Pleistocene sites: • Combe Grenal (Dordogne) at the University of Bordeaux. • Pech de l'Aze (Dordogne) at the University of Bordeaux. • Le Morin (Gironde) at the University of Bordeaux. • Chatillon-Saint-Jean (Drome) at the University of Lyon. • Jaurens (Correze) at the University of Lyon. • La Fage-Aven I and II (Correze) at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Lyon). • Roc de Marsal (Dordogne) at the Institute de Paleontologie Humaine (Paris). • Gönnersdorf (Neuwied, Germany) at the Laboratoire d'Anatomie Comparee, Museum National

d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. • Le Blot (Haute-Loire) at the Laboratoire d'Anatomie Compare, Museum National d'Histoire

Naturelle, Paris. • Arlay (Jura) in Lons-le-Saunier. • Gigny-sur-Suran (Jura) at the University of Bordeaux. • Solutré (Saone-et-Loire), the fauna from the new excavations, at the Centre de Recherche de

Solutré. Postdoctoral Fieldwork: 1981 Kastritsa, a Greek Palaeolithic site (excavated by E. S. Higgs), identification of the equid

bones and teeth. 1981 Houmian, a Persian Mousterian site (excavated by Dr. C.McBurney), analysis of the

bones. 1981-82 Filiestru, a Sardinian site, Neolithic to Bronze Age (excavated by Dr. D. Trump), analysis

of the fauna.

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1983 Shoebury North (Essex), Bronze Age to Saxo-Norman (excavated by John Wymer), the analysis of the fauna.

1983 Meare Village East (Somerset), Iron Age (excavated by Prof. J. Coles), analysis of the fauna.

1983-85 Siraf (Iran), Medieval (excavated by Dr. D. Whitehouse), analysis of the fauna. 1987 Carthage (Tunisia) Roman (excavated by Dr. Henry Hurst), analysis of the fauna. 1988-91 Analysis of horse material from the Ukraine (the Chalcolithic site of Dereivka) and

Armenia (Lchashen, 2nd millennium BC; Mochrablur, early 4th millennium BC; Tzamakabert and Hairivan, end of 4th or beginning of 3rd millennium BC).

1989 An ethnoarchaeological interview with Mr. B. Damdin (Department of Foreign Languages, Ulan Bator University, Mongolia).

1990 An ethnoarchaeological interview with G. Jambalsuren (Institute of Language, Ulan Bator University, Mongolia).

1991 The study of: two Scythian horse skeletons from the tombs at Bashadar (6th c. BC, Altai); horse teeth from the Iron Age (VII-III c. BC) settlement site, Malii Vishnevii I and the Bronze Age (XV-X c. BC) settlement site, Alabuga I, (West Siberian Transurals); horse bones and teeth from the Eneolithic (circa 3500 BC) settlement site, Botai (northern Kazakhstan).

1992 Continued study of the horse bones from Botai. Study of the horse bones from the Early Bronze Age settlement site, Sergeevka (northern Kazakhstan). Ethnoarchaeological research at Botai.

1993-96 Study of all taxa from the Late Iron Age/Roman site, Thornhill Farm (Thames Valley, Gloucestershire).

1993-96 Continued study of the horse bones and teeth from Botai. Ethnoarchaeological research in northern Kazakhstan.

1996 Study of the horse bones and teeth from 4 Ukrainian sites: Desyatiny (Early Bronze Age), Molyukhov Bugor (Neolithic and Eneolithic), Semyonovka (Neolithic and Eneolithic) and Lisovichi (Scythian, Iron Age).

1997 Study of 3 Scythian horse skeletons from Ak-Alakha (Altai). 1998 Study of 2 Turkic and 1 Scythian horse skeleton from Ak-Alakha (Altai) 1996-00 Comparison of Early Iron Age riding horse and free-living Exmoor pony skeletal

pathology. 2000 Study of horse skeleton from Icklingham, Suffolk. 2000-02 Continuation of Thornhill Farm (Iron Age/Roman, Thames Valley) faunal analysis. 2004 The analysis of 4 modern free-living Exmoor ponies and 2 modern Lithuanian traction

horses. 2004-10 The study of 12 chariot horses from Feng Xiang Sunjia’nantou cemetery (Shaanxi,

China), Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC). 2005 The study of 3 Medieval Lithuanian horses from Kernave and Marvelė. 2007-10 Study of material from China: Anyang (Late Shang Dynasty, c. 13th-11th centuries BC;

Henan), Xishanpin (Late Western Zhou / Early Spring and Autumn period; Lixian county, Gansu), Subeixi (preserved saddle; c. 5th-2nd c. BC; Shanshan county, Xinjiang) and Yanghai (skulls; c. 3rd century BC; Shanshan county, Xinjiang). Study of Early Iron Age saddle from Subeixi with Chris Taylor, Master Saddler, for recreation and experimentation.

2008-10 Study of material from Kazakhstan (Karaganda region): Ashisu, Dongal and Kudryavaya Sopka; material from China: Anyang (Henan).

2008-10 Saddle pressure experiment on reconstructed Subeixi saddle with Chris Taylor and Mark Holmes.

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