materi penyegaran phonology
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
1/31
MATERI PHONOLOGY
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
2/31
WHAT IS PHONOLGY AND PHONETICS?
Phonology is the scientific study of phonemes,
how to produce, transmit, and receive of
speech sounds
Phonetics: concerns with describing the
speech sounds that occur in the languages f
the world
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
3/31
Phoneme is the smallest unit of sounds that
can bring about a change of meaning
Minimal pairs are two utterances
distinguished by a single contrast
Segmental Phonemes (Vowels and
Consonants)..
Supra segmental Phonemes
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
4/31
SPEECH ORGANS
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlvA6BPF08AfVeJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=39&w=400&h=325&imgurl=steim.org/projectblog/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/illustration_mouth.jpg&rurl=http://www.steim.org/projectblog/?p=2714&size=31.8+KB&name=Mike+Edgerton+>+Orientation+http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlmA6BPB0IATmqJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=12&w=725&h=476&imgurl=www.willamette.edu/~jseibert/2009Linguistics/Images/SpeechAnatomySounds.JPG&rurl=http://www.willamette.edu/~jseibert/2009Linguistics/Phonetics/SpeechOrgans.htm&size=59.5+KB&name=Speech+Organs&p=the+speech+organs&oid=cd8e87bc6774298f3fdeaca5da60b134&fr2=&fr=slv1-&tt=Speech+Organs&b=0&ni=60&no=12&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=12e8ekmcd&sigb=12rju8i8m&sigi=12b72j7k5&.crumb=YdxpPCoCN8L -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
5/31
UVULA, HARD PALATE, SOFT PALATE
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlvA6BPF08AfVeJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=39&w=400&h=325&imgurl=steim.org/projectblog/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/illustration_mouth.jpg&rurl=http://www.steim.org/projectblog/?p=2714&size=31.8+KB&name=Mike+Edgerton+>+Orientation+ -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
6/31
SPEECH ORGANS
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlvA6BPF08AfFeJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=38&w=742&h=712&imgurl=www.abdn.ac.uk/langling/resources/midsagsectionbw.jpg&rurl=http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/intro%20page%205.htm&size=142.7+KB&name=http://www.abdn.ac.uk/langling/resources/midsagsectionbw.jpg&p=the+speech+organs&oid=35bbedf6145f55a98d352f077206a86c&fr2=&fr=slv1-&tt=http://www.abdn.ac.uk/langling/resources/midsagsectionbw.jpg&b=31&ni=60&no=38&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=11pioh19r&sigb=12rqmt30o&sigi=11l63qrg9&.crumb=YdxpPCoCN8L -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
7/31
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlvA6BPF08AgFeJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=42&w=306&h=320&imgurl=2.bp.blogspot.com/_reldA8ZqfoA/SoAENYmqaZI/AAAAAAAAABA/xfntCI2HWoM/s320/vocalTractLabels.JPG&rurl=http://giftofgab-fluentenglish.blogspot.com/&size=30.9+KB&name=Speech+Organs,+How+Important?&p=the+speech+organs&oid=55fef2d4404a9a49ed912279361ad8ba&fr2=&fr=slv1-&tt=Speech+Organs,+How+Important?&b=31&ni=60&no=42&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=11clhbabe&sigb=12ra51nag&sigi=12sl6oi4u&.crumb=YdxpPCoCN8Lhttp://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlvA6BPF08AhleJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=48&w=500&h=388&imgurl=library.thinkquest.org/C0127053/image_files/the_eng.jpg&rurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C0127053/3.4.1.htm&size=18.8+KB&name=Consonants+are+speech+%E2%80%93+sounds+in+the+production+of+which+there+is+...&p=the+speech+organs&oid=b50ddfe78c2dc11bdbce8a4b5705091f&fr2=&fr=slv1-&tt=Consonants+are+speech+%E2%80%93+sounds+in+the+production+of+which+there+is+...&b=31&ni=60&no=48&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=11ggf3sb6&sigb=12rop5sbm&sigi=11n4bqgqr&.crumb=YdxpPCoCN8L -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
8/31
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlvA6BPF08AhleJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=48&w=500&h=388&imgurl=library.thinkquest.org/C0127053/image_files/the_eng.jpg&rurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C0127053/3.4.1.htm&size=18.8+KB&name=Consonants+are+speech+%E2%80%93+sounds+in+the+production+of+which+there+is+...&p=the+speech+organs&oid=b50ddfe78c2dc11bdbce8a4b5705091f&fr2=&fr=slv1-&tt=Consonants+are+speech+%E2%80%93+sounds+in+the+production+of+which+there+is+...&b=31&ni=60&no=48&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=11ggf3sb6&sigb=12rop5sbm&sigi=11n4bqgqr&.crumb=YdxpPCoCN8L -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
9/31
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlvA6BPF08Ah1eJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=49&w=567&h=387&imgurl=www.cross-kpk.ru/ims/14/files/gorlo.jpg&rurl=http://www.cross-kpk.ru/ims/14/files/chapter2.html&size=68.5+KB&name=Fig1.The+speech+organs+are:&p=the+speech+organs&oid=e53ff58fc84a53f8b8b670c68b34d77d&fr2=&fr=slv1-&tt=Fig1.The+speech+organs+are:&b=31&ni=60&no=49&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=11iem08o3&sigb=12riqcf4d&sigi=117mc24ss&.crumb=YdxpPCoCN8L -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
10/31
Alat-alat ucap
Upper lip
Lower lip
Upper teeth
Lower teeth
Tip of the tongue
Blade of the tongue
Front of the tongue
Centre of the tongue
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
11/31
Back of the tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate/velum
Uvula
Alveolar ridge/gumridge/teethridge
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharyngeal cavity
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
12/31
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Vocal cords Larynx
Root
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
13/31
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkPlmA6BPB0IAS2qJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=the+speech+organs&fr=slv1-&tab=organic&ri=9&w=355&h=324&imgurl=farm6.static.flickr.com/5217/5387100074_65bf7fe15f.jpg&rurl=http://englishphonetics4u.blogspot.com/2011/01/speech-organs.html&size=25.3+KB&name=...+Accent,Learn+English+Online,+English+Phonetics:+The+Speech+Organs&p=the+speech+organs&oid=bcc08caa247f594c03ed1f264a5d860c&fr2=&fr=slv1-&tt=...+Accent,Learn+English+Online,+English+Phonetics:+The+Speech+Organs&b=0&ni=60&no=9&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=121b95ino&sigb=12q21of6a&sigi=11mitisbe&.crumb=YdxpPCoCN8L -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
14/31
ENGLISH VOWELS
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
15/31
Vowels
Vowels are sounds when we produce them
without any obstruction the mouth
Consonants are sounds when we produce
them with an obstruction in the oral cavity
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
16/31
MINIMAL PAIRS
"A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in a singlephoneme. Minimal pairs are often used to show that twosounds contrast in a language. For example, we candemonstrate that [s] and [z] contrast in English by adducingminimal pairs such as sip and zip, or bus and buzz. Since the
only difference in these words is the [s] vs. [z], we concludethat they belong to distinct phonemes. However, a similartest would show that [a:j] and [Aj] are distinct phonemes inEnglish, since writerand riderappear to be minimal pairsdistinguished in their second elements, not their fourth."
(James Alasdair McGilvray, The Cambridge Companion toChomsky. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005)
http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phonemeterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phonemeterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phonemeterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phonemeterm.htm -
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
17/31
EXAMPLES OF MINIMALS PAIRS
HITHID CHIP CHEAP RAN RAIN
NECK KNOCK THUMB SOME WISHWITCH ROT LOT RHYME TIME ZEAL - SEAL
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
18/31
VOWELS
LONG AND SHORT VOWELS
OPEN, HALF OPEN
CLOSE, HALF CLOSE TENSE, LAX
ROUNDED, UNROUNDED/SPREAD
FRONT, BACK
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
19/31
DIPHTHONG
A diphthong (double vowels/bunyi rangkap) also known asa gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel soundsoccurring within the same syllable
(A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speechsounds-for example, the word water is composed of twosyllables: wa and ter).
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
20/31
Vowel Diphthongs
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
21/31
CLOSING AND CENTERING
In closing diphthongs, the second element is moreclose than the first (e.g. [ai]); Closing diphthongstend to be falling ([ai])
A centering diphthong is one that begins with amore peripheral vowel and ends with a morecentral one, such as [], [], and [] in Received
Pronunciation or [i] and [u] in Irish. Manycentering diphthongs are also opening diphthongs([i], [u]).
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
22/31
CLOSING AND CENTERING
closing diphthongs
centering diphthong
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
23/31
Centering diphthongs
They end with a glide towards the central vowel //:
-//The glide begins with a tongue position that is taken for /I/ and moves in
the direction of //. It is found in the words like "beer, fear".
-//It glides from a tongue position that is used for // toward the more
open type //. It appears in the words "sure, tour".
-/ e/Its glide begins in the half open front position and moves in thedirection of more open variety of //. For example, "chair, stare.
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
24/31
Closing diphthongs
They end with a glide towards/i/ or towards / /:
-/ei/
The glide begins at a point behind the front open position and moves in
direction of the position of / i/. We find it in the words "say, weigh".
-//The glide begins with tongue position that is for // and moves in the direction
of /i/, as in "toy, enjoy".
-/ai/
The glide begins at a point slightly behind the front open position, andmoves in the direction of the position associated with /i/. It occurs in
words such as "high, buy".
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
25/31
Closing diphthongs
They end with a glide towards
/i/ or towards / /:
-//Its glide begins at a central position of // and moves in the
direction of the / /. It appears in the words "go, hello".
-/a/The glide starts at a point between the back and front open
position, and moves in the direction of the //. As in "house,now, found".
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
26/31
TRIPHTHONG
a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in one syllable (asin fire, power), or three vowel characters representing the sound of a
single vowel (as in b eau).or
A combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable, forming a
simple or compound sound; also, a union of three vowel characters,representing together a single sound; a trigraph;
eye, -ieu in adieu, -eau in beau.
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
27/31
TRIPHTHONG
Peter Roach (English Phonetics and Phonology, 4th ed., CUP 2009, p. 18-19) puts it like this:
The most complex English sounds of the vowel type are thetriphthongs. They can be rather difficult to pronounce, and very difficult
to recognise. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and thento a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption.
He lists the triphthongs e, a, , , a (later giving the examplewords
layer, player; liar, fire; loyal, royal; lower, mower; power, hour) andcontinues
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
28/31
TRIPHTHONG
The most complex English vowel-type sounds
A glide from one vowel to another and then to a third one
Produced rapidly and without interruption
Composed of: closing diphthongs + //
/e/ /a/ / / // /a/ + //layer liar royal lower hour
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
29/31
Place of articulation
Bilabial: two lips
Labio dental: lower lip and upper front teeth
Dental: tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth
Alveolar: tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge/t,d, n, l, s, z, r/
Retroflex: tip of the tongue and back of the alveolarridge /r/
Palato alveolar: tongue blade and the back of alveolar
ridge / sh/ Palatal: front of tongue and hard palate: you
Velar: back of the tongue and soft palate
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
30/31
Manner of articulation
Plosive or stop: completely closed by twoarticulators, nasal cavity also closed, suddenlyreleased causing an explosive sound
Affricate: the same as above but released
gradually Fricative: partially obstructed, narrow space for
air, forced to go out causing friction sound
Nasal: the air passage is completely closed, airfree through the nose
Lateral: tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge,the air goes out through the sides of the tongue
-
7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology
31/31
CONSONANTS
VOICED CONSONANTS
VOICELESS CONSONANTS
ASPIRATED AND UNASPIRATED CONSONATS PLACE AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION