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Page 1: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Chapter 7

ARP and

RARP

Page 2: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• ARP• ARP PACKAGE• RARP

Page 3: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-1

ARP and RARP

Page 4: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-2

Position of ARP and RARP in TCP/IP protocol suite

Page 5: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

A R P

7.17.1

Page 6: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-3ARP operation

Page 7: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-4

ARP packet

Page 8: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-5

Encapsulation of ARP packet

Page 9: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-6:a

Four cases using ARP

Page 10: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-6:b

Four cases using ARP

Page 11: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-6:c

Four cases using ARP

Page 12: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-6:d

Four cases using ARP

Page 13: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

An ARP request is An ARP request is broadcastbroadcast; ;

an ARP reply is an ARP reply is unicastunicast..

Page 14: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Example 1Example 1

A host with IP address 130.23.43.20 and physical address 0xB23455102210 has a packet to send to another host with IP address 130.23.43.25 and physical address 0xA46EF45983AB. The two hosts are on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames.

Page 15: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

SolutionSolution

Figure 7.7 shows the ARP request and reply packets. Note that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes, and that the individual addresses do not fit in the 4-byte boundary.

Page 16: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-7: request

Example 1

Page 17: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-7: reply

Example 1 (Continued)

Page 18: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-8

Proxy ARP

Page 19: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

ARP PACKAGE

7.27.2

Page 20: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-9ARPcomponents

Page 21: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. Hardware Addr.Hardware Addr.

R 5 900 180.3.6.1 ACAE32457342

P 2 2 129.34.4.8

P 14 5 201.11.56.7

R 8 450 114.5.7.89 457342ACAE32

P 12 1 220.55.5.7

F

R 9 60 19.1.7.82 4573E3242ACA

P 18 3 188.11.8.71

Original cache table

Page 22: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Example 2Example 2

The ARP output module receives an IP datagram (from the IP layer) with the destination address 114.5.7.89. It checks the cache table and finds that an entry exists for this destination with the RESOLVED state (R in the table). It extracts the hardware address, which is 457342ACAE32, and sends the packet and the address to the data link layer for transmission. The cache table remains the same.

Page 23: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Example 3Example 3

Twenty seconds later, the ARP output module receives an IP datagram (from the IP layer) with the destination address 116.1.7.22. It checks the cache table and does not find this destination in the table. The module adds an entry to the table with the state PENDING and the Attempt value 1. It creates a new queue for this destination and enqueues the packet. It then sends an ARP request to the data link layer for this destination.

Page 24: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. Hardware Addr.Hardware Addr.

R 5 900 180.3.6.1 ACAE32457342

P 2 2 129.34.4.8

P 14 5 201.11.56.7

R 8 450 114.5.7.89 457342ACAE32

P 12 1 220.55.5.7

P 23 1 116.1.7.22

R 9 60 19.1.7.82 4573E3242ACA

P 18 3 188.11.8.71

Cache table for Example 3

Page 25: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Example 4Example 4

Fifteen seconds later, the ARP input module receives an ARP packet with target protocol (IP) address 188.11.8.71. The module checks the table and finds this address. It changes the state of the entry to RESOLVED and sets the time-out value to 900. The module then adds the target hardware address (E34573242ACA) to the entry. Now it accesses queue 18 and sends all the packets in this queue, one by one, to the data link layer.

Page 26: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. Hardware Addr.Hardware Addr.

R 5 900 180.3.6.1 ACAE32457342

P 2 2 129.34.4.8

P 14 5 201.11.56.7

R 8 450 114.5.7.89 457342ACAE32

P 12 1 220.55.5.7

P 23 1 116.1.7.22

R 9 60 19.1.7.82 4573E3242ACA

R 18 188.11.8.71 E34573242ACA

Cache table for Example 4

Page 27: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Example 5Example 5

Twenty-five seconds later, the cache-control module updates every entry. The time-out values for the first three resolved entries are decremented by 60. The time-out value for the last resolved entry is decremented by 25. The state of the next-to-the last entry is changed to FREE because the time-out is zero. For each of the three entries, the value of the attempts field is incremented by one. After incrementing, the attempts value for one entry (the one with IP protocol address 201.11.56.7) is more than the maximum; the state is changed to FREE, the queue is deleted.

Page 28: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. State Queue Attempt Time-out Protocol Addr. Hardware Addr.Hardware Addr.

R 5 840 180.3.6.1 ACAE32457342

P 2 3 129.34.4.8

F

R 8 390 114.5.7.89 457342ACAE32

P 12 2 220.55.5.7

P 23 2 116.1.7.22

F

R 18 874 188.11.8.71 E34573242ACA

Cache table for Example 5

Page 29: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

RARP

7.37.3

Page 30: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-10

RARPoperation

Page 31: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

The RARP request packets are The RARP request packets are broadcastbroadcast; ;

the RARP reply packets are the RARP reply packets are unicastunicast..

Page 32: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-11

RARP packet

Page 33: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 7-12

Encapsulation of RARP packet

Page 34: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 7 ARP and RARP

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Alternative Solutions to RARPAlternative Solutions to RARP

When a diskless computer is booted, it needs more information in addition to its IP address. It needs to know its subnet mask, the IP address of a router, and the IP address of a name server. RARP cannot provide this extra information. New protocols have been developed to provide this information. In Chapter 17 we discuss two protocols, BOOTP and DHCP, that can be used instead of RARP.


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