medical emergencies and first aid
TRANSCRIPT
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Medical Emergencies
and First AidPowerPoint presentation to accompany:
Medical Assisting
Third Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
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Learning Outcomes
43.1 Discuss the importance of first aid during amedical emergency.
43.2 Describe the purpose of the emergencymedical services (EMS) system and explainhow tocontact it.
43.3 List items found on a crash cart or first-aid
tray.
43.4 List general guidelines to follow inemergencies.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
43.5 Compare various degrees of burns
and theirtreatments.
43.6 Demonstrate how to help a choking victim.
43.7 Demonstrate cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR).
43.8 Demonstrate four ways to control bleeding.
43.9 List the symptoms of heart attack, shock, andstroke.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
43.10 Explain how to calm a patient who isunder
extreme stress.
43.11 Discuss ways to educate patientsabout ways to
prevent and respond to emergencies.
43.12 Describe your role in responding tonatural
disasters and those caused
by humans.
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Introduction
Emergencies
Acuteillnesses
Acute
injuries
Phone calls
frompatients with
urgent
problems
Disasters
The medical assistant must be prepared to
determine the urgency and handle any
emergencies that arise
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Understanding Medical Emerge
ncies
Any situation in which a person becomes ill or sustains an injury requiring
immediate care
Prompt action may prevent disability or death
Can occur within or outside the health-care setting
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Understanding MedicalEmergencies
Quick response usingfirst aid is vital
First aid can
Save a life
Reduce pain
Prevent furtherinjury
Reduce risk ofpermanent disability
Increase the chanceof early recovery
Patient education
First aid
Proper way to respond in anemergency
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Apply Your Knowledge
Why is it important to perform first aid in a medical
emergency?
ANSWER: First aid can: Save a life Prevent further injury
Reduce pain Reduce risk of permanent disability
Increase the chance of early recovery
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Preparing for Emergencies:Office
Establish roles
Post emergency telephone numbers
EMS if different than 911
Fire
Police
Poison control
Crash cartrolling cart with emergency supplies and equipment
Womens shelter
Rape hotline
Drug and alcoholcenter
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Preparing for Emergencies: Office (cont.)
Provide information to EMS
Your name and location
Nature of the emergency
Number of people needing help Condition of the injured or ill patient(s)
Summary of the first aid already given
Directions to your location
Do not hang up unti l the dispatcher gives
you permission to do so.
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Preparing for Emergencies: Office (cont.)
Emergency and first-aidsupplies
Crash cart / tray
Basic drugs, supplies, andequipment for medicalemergencies
First-aid kit for minor injuriesand ailments
Must be routinely checkedand restocked
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Preparing for Emergencies:Guidelines A medical emergency requires certain steps
Medical assistant provides only first aid
Patient emergencies
Assess the situation PPE
Assess patient
Six steps to initial assessment
1. General impression
2. Level of responsiveness
3. Assess ABCs
4. Urgency of condition
5. Focused exam
6. Document
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Preparing for Emergencies:Guidelines (cont.)
Telephone emergencies
Triaging
Classification of injuries according to severity, urgency of treatment, and place fortreatment
Follow office protocols
General guidelines
Stay calm
Reassure the patient
Act confidently in an organized manner
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Preparing for Emergencies:Guidelines (cont.)
Personal protection
Take precautions to reduce chance of exposure during an
emergency
Follow Standard Precautions
Keep personal protective
equipment in first-aid kit
at home and work
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Preparing for Emergencies:Guidelines (cont.)
Documentation
Assessment
Treatment given
Patient response If patient transported, location of facility
Date, time
Signature, credentials
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Apply Your Knowledge
What are the steps of the initial assessment of apatient
in an emergency?
ANSWER: The steps of the initial assessment are:
1. Form a general impression of the patient
2. Determine the patients level of responsiveness
3. Assess ABCs4. Determine the urgency of condition
5. Perform a focused exam (head to toe); vital signs; skin
color
6. Document findings / report to physician or EMT
Correct
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Accidental Injuries
Injuries requiring emergencytreatment
Bites and stings Burns
Choking
Ear and eye traumas Falls and fractures
Head injuries
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Accidental Injuries:
Bites and Stings Animal bites
Bruise, tear, orpuncture
Cleanse wound, applyointment, and dry,sterile dressing
Insect stings
Remove stinger, if
present
Wash area, apply ice
Snake bites
Poisonous bite will need antivenin
Immobilize and position below heart
Spider bites
Refer patient to physician
Wash area, apply ice, and keep
below heart level
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Accidental Injuries: Burns
Thermal
Hot liquids, steam,flame, etc.
Water, wet cloth, orblanket
Chemical
Remove chemical
Wash with cool water
for 15 minutes
Cover with dry, steriledressing
Electrical
Entry and exit sites Tissue damage along
currents pathway
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Accidental Injuries: Burns
(cont.) Classifications of burns
Severity determined by
Depth and extent of burnarea
Source of burn
Age of patient
Body area burned
Other illness / injuries
CategoriesMinor
Moderate
Major
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Accidental Injuries: Burns
(cont.) Classifications of burns
By depth
Superficial
Partial-thickness
Full-thickness
Estimation ofextent of a burn
Rule of nines
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Accidental Injuries: Choking
Foreign object or food blocks the trachea or
windpipe
Universal sign
Hand up to throat with a fearful look
Medical assistants should know first aid for
choking adult, child, or infant!
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Accidental Injuries (cont.)
Ear trauma
Lacerations, cuts
Severed ear wrap ear and
transport with patient
Eye trauma
Falls, blows to eye, puncture,
foreign objects
Care depends on severity
Falls
Have patient examined
before moving
Stabilize neck if injury
suspected
Minor falls, notify the
physician; document
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Accidental Injuries: Fractures andDislocations Fracture break in the bone
Dislocation displacement of a
bone end from the joint
Sprain partial tearing of ligaments
Strainmuscle injury occurring
from overexertion
Treatment
Immobilize
Ice
Monitor patient
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Accidental Injuries: Head Injuries Concussionjarring injury of the brain
Patient may lose consciousness, have temporary loss ofvision, pallor, listlessness, memory loss, or vomiting
Severe head injuries contusions, fractures, andintracranial bleeding
May requires immediate hospitalization and/or CPR
Scalp hematoma and laceration blood under theskin or break in the skin
Control swelling with ice
Control bleeding with direct pressure
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Accidental Injuries: Hemorrhaging
Heavy or uncontrollable bleeding
InternalKeep patient warm, quiet, and
calm, and get medical help
ExternalUse direct pressure, apply
additional dressing as neededElevate body part, put pressure on nearest
pressure point between wound and heart
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Accidental Injuries: Multiple Injuries
Often the result of automobile accident or fall
Assess ABCs, perform CPR if needed
Only perform first aid after ABCs ensured
Treat most life-threatening injuries first
Notify EMS / physician
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Accidental Injuries: Poisoning
Substance that produces harmful effects if it enters the body
Majority of accidental poisonings happen in children under age 5
Post poison control centernumber
Patient education prevention
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Accidental Injuries: Poisoning
(cont.) Ingested poisons
Only induce vomiting if directed
Position patient on left side
Send poison container with patient
Absorbed poisons
Remove contaminatedclothing
Wash skin, alcohol,rinse
Inhaled poisons
Get to fresh air
Loosen clothing
Check ABCs
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Accidental Injuries: Weather-
Related Injuries Hypothermia
Body temperaturebelow 95
Move patient inside,cover with blankets,give warm liquids
Frostbite
Ice crystals formbetween tissue cells
Warm with clothing orother body part
Heat stroke
Prolonged exposure tohigh temperatures andhumidity
Move to cool place,cool with whatever isavailable
Sunburn
Soak in cool water,
cold compresses
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Accidental Injuries: Closed Wounds
Injury occurring inside thebody without breaking theskin
Caused by blunt trauma
Contusionsbruises
Cold compresses
Color changes are normal
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: The patient holds his hand to his throat andlooks afraid.
1. What is the universal sign of choking?
2. A patient arrives at the clinic with severe
hemorrhaging from the left thigh. What steps should
you take to control the bleeding?
ANSWER: The steps are:1. Apply direct pressure with sterile gauze
2. Add additional dressing as necessary
3. Elevate the leg
4. Apply pressure to the left femoral artery
Yeah!
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Common Illnesses
Abdominal pain a
variety of causes
Asthma spasmodicnarrowing of bronchi
Dehydration lack of
adequate water in the
body
Diarrhea can result in
dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance
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Common Illnesses (cont.)
Fainting syncope: partial orcomplete loss of consciousness
Fever usually indicates infection
Hyperventilation breathing toorapidly and too deeply
Nosebleed epistaxis
Tachycardia heart rate greater
than 100 bpm
Vomiting can result in
dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance
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Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
___ Syncope A. Nosebleed
___ Pulse > 100 bpm B. Fainting
___ Spasmodic narrowing of bronchi C. Dehydration
___ Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance D. Tachycardia
___ Epistaxis E. Diarrhea / vomiting
___ Rapid and deep breathing F. Asthma
___ Lack of adequate water G. Hyperventilation
ANSWER:
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
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Less Common Illnesses
Anaphylaxis
Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction
Check ABCs, perform CPR if needed
Bacterial meningitis usually a
complication of another bacterial
infection Diabetic emergencies
Insulin shock severe hypoglycemia
Diabetic coma severe hyperglycemia
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Less Common Illnesses (cont.)
Seizures
Convulsions
Patient safety a
priority
Shock
Life-threateningstate related tofailure of the
cardiovascularsystem
Hypovolemic
Septic
Stroke cerebrovascularaccident due to impairedblood supply to brain
Toxic shock syndrome acutebacterial infectionoriginating in the uterus
Viral encephalitis
inflammation of thebrain due to a virus
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CPR Provides ventilation and
circulation for an arrest victim
Assess responsiveness, call EMS (911)
Assess ABCs
If available, connect patient to the automated external defibrillator (AED)
Start CPR
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Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
___ Hypo- or hyperglycemia A. Stroke
___ Myocardial infarction B. Diabetic emergencies
___ Vomiting blood C. Seizures
___ Impaired blood supply to brain D. Hematemesis
___ Convulsions E. Shock
___ May be hypovolemic or septic F. Heart attack
F
E
D
C
ANSWER:
B
A
S
U
P
E
R!
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Common PsychosocialEmergencies
Alcohol, spousal, child,
and elder abuse
Report per state law
Provide information on
community resources
Overdose on drugs
Requires emergency
care
Call EMS
Violent behavior
Office protocols
Document
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Common Psychosocial
Emergencies (cont.) Suicide
Allow patient to verbalize
Report suspicions to physician
Always take patient seriously
Rape
Provide privacy
Contact authorities and local
rape hotline
Follow protocol for chain of
custody of specimens
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Apply Your Knowledge
Mrs. Jamison tells you that she is very tired of being ill and often
thinks of ending it all. She then laughs and says she was just
kidding. What is/are your responsibilities in this matter?
ANSWER: You should allow her to talk about her feelings and
despite the fact that she said she was just kidding you
should take her seriously. The physician should be told of
her comments. You may be asked to provide her with
information on community services available. You shoulddocument her comments and your actions.
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The Patient Under Stress
People react differently
to emergency situations
Detect stress
Behaviordifferent from
normal
Unable to focus
or follow
directions
Keep victims and
family calm
Challenges
Non-English speaking
Visual impairments
Hearing impairments
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Educating the Patient
How to prevent and handle medicalemergencies
Encourage patients and familiesto learn first aid and CPR
Provide first-aid kit checklist
How to access EMS and to keep emergencynumbers by the phone
How to childproof homes
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Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
___ All people react the same during an emergency.
___ Patients should be encouraged to learn CPR and first aid.
___ Challenges to dealing with patients during an emergency
include visual and hearing impairments and English-
speaking people.
___ Patients should be instructed how to prevent emergencies.
___ It is not important to keep the victim of an emergency
calm.
ANSWER:
F
F
F
T
T
differently
non-
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Disasters
Be familiar with standard protocols for responding to disasters
Participate in fire or other disaster drills to familiarize yourselfwithemergency procedures
Triagevictims are tagged to classify the victim
Emergentneeding immediate care
Urgentneeding care within several hours
Nonurgentneeding care when time is not critical, or dead
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Bioterrorism
Intentional release of a biologic agent with the intent to harm individuals
Biologic agent = weapon
Easy to disseminate
High potential for mortality
Cause public panic or social disruption
Requires public health preparedness
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Apply Your Knowledge
1. What are the categories for triaging patients?
ANSWER: They are:emergentneeding immediate care;
urgentneeding care within several hours; nonurgent
needing care when time is not critical, or dead
2. What criteria does a biologic agent have to meet to be
a biological weapon?
ANSWER: It must be easy to disseminate, have a high
potential for mortality, cause public panic, and
require public health preparedness.
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In Summary
Medical emergencies can occur anywhere
Notify physician or EMS
Do not perform procedures out of your scope of practice
Assess and provide first aid
Remain calm and communicate clearly
Educate patients about how to prevent and respond to
emergencies
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End of Chapter
In the sick room, ten cents' worth
of human understanding equals
ten dollars' worth of medical
science.
~ Martin H. Fischer