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MENARCHEAL AGE AND BREAST DEVELOPMENT
IN PURWOKERTO
ARVINA OKTAVIANI
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2014
STATEMENT ABOUT UNDERGRADUATE THESIS,
INFORMATION SOURCES, AND ACT OF SPILLING OVER
COPYRIGHTS*
By this writing I clarify that the undergraduate thesis Cognitive Style and
Working Memory of the First Year Undergraduate IPB Student is my own work
under the supervisions of the advising committee and hasn’t been proposed for
any institution. Copied information source of published and unpublished writing
of other author has been mentioned in the text and incorporated in the references
at the last part of this thesis.
By this writing I hand over the copyright of my thesis to Bogor Agricultural
University.
Bogor, April 2014
Arvina Oktaviani
NIM G34090077
ii
ABSTRACT
ARVINA OKTAVIANI. Menarcheal Age and Breast Development in
Purwokerto. Supervised by BAMBANG SURYOBROTO and PUJI RIANTI.
Puberty is a transition from childhood into adulthood. It occurs as a result of
the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis activity which stimulates the central
inhibitory feedback and lifts the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). The
activation of GnRH increasingly stimulates the secretion of Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. Both of
these hormones stimulate the production of estrogen, which allows for menarche
and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The aim of this research
is determine the menarcheal age and breast development in Purwokerto. I used 99
individual subject aged 8-14 years old which contained 28 menarche subjects. The
result showed that the menarcheal age average in Purwokerto was 12.4 years old.
In this study, the breast measurement showed three stages of breast development.
The youngest and the average age of Tanner stage two were 9 and 10 years old.
The youngest and average age of Tanner stage three were 10.8 and 12.5 years old.
Based on the result, menarche has correlated with the breast development stage
three. The present study had similar result between Bogor, Jakarta, but differ with
Pekalongan. This maybe because the samples from Purwokerto, Bogor, and
Jakarta came from urban areas whereas samples from Pekalongan came from rural
area.
Keywords: breast development, menarche, nutrition status, puberty, and
socioeconomic status
ABSTRAK
ARVINA OKTAVIANI. Menarcheal Age and Breast Development in
Purwokerto. Dibimbing oleh BAMBANG SURYOBROTO and PUJI RIANTI.
Pubertas adalah masa transisi dari kanak-kanak menjadi dewasa. Hal ini
terjadi sebagai akibat dari aktivitas hipofisis gonad sumbu hipotalamus yang
merangsang umpan balik hambat pusat dan menstimulasi Gonadotropin Releasing
Hormone (GnRH). Aktivasi GnRH merangsang sekresi Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) dan Lutenizing Hormone ( LH ) dari kelenjar pituitari. Kedua
hormon ini merangsang produksi estrogen yang memungkinkan untuk menarke
dan perkembangan karakteristik seksual sekunder. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk
menentukan umur menarke dan perkembangan payudara di Purwokerto. Saya
menggunakan 99 subyek usia 8-14 tahun yang terdiri dari 28 subjek yang telah
menarke. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata usia menarke di
Purwokerto adalah 12.4 tahun. Pengukuran payudara menunjukkan tiga tahap
perkembangan payudara. Usia termuda dan rata-rata Tanner tahap dua adalah 9
dan 10 tahun. Usia termuda dan rata-rata Tanner tahap tiga adalah 10.8 tahun dan
12.5 tahun. Berdasarkan hasil, menarke berkorelasi dengan perkembangan
payudara tahap tiga. Penelitian ini memiliki hasil yang sama antara Bogor dan
Jakarta tetapi berbeda dengan Pekalongan. Hal ini mungkin karena sampel
Purwokerto, Bogor, dan Jakarta berasal dari daerah perkotaan sedangkan sampel
Pekalongan berasal dari daerah pedesaan.
Kata kunci: menarke, perkembangan payudara, pubertas, status nutrisi, status
sosial ekonomi
iii
An Undergraduate Thesis
Intended to Acquire Bachelor Degree
In Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science
MENARCHEAL AGE AND BREAST DEVELOPMENT
IN PURWOKERTO
ARVINA OKTAVIANI
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2014
iv
v
Undergraduate Thesis Title : Menarcheal Age and Breast Development in
Purwokerto
Name : Arvina Oktaviani
NIM : G34090077
Approved by
Dr Bambang Suryobroto
Supervisor I
Puji Rianti, MSi
Supervisor II
Acknowledged by
Dr Ir Iman Rusmana, MSi
Head of Department Biology
Pass Date:
vi
FOREWORDS
All praise to Allah SWT for all the hope and gift I’ve got this far. This
research is made through an experiment entitled Menarcheal Age and Breast
Development in Purwokerto City and Surroundings which was conducted from
February until June 2013 on IPB.
Biggest acknowledgements are sending to Dr Bambang Suryobroto and Puji
Rianti, MSi as my supervisor for the advice and supervisions. Special
acknowledgment are sending to Mama, Bapak, Vandavinaz, Yujum, Bunda,
Panda, Tante Danti, Om Agus, Mas Yaya and Ade, and also to all of big family in
Purwokerto for all their love and support. To Mas Iyo, Mba Tita, Ayoy, Dobreg,
Nessa, Mayo for the patience to keep give me strength and support. To,
Temaram’s girl, Mba Kanchee, Kak Sarah, Mita, Kak Nunuz, Kak Nengnong,
Ziah, Okta and Heca for the emotional support. To all of my friends in Biologi46
and ZooCorner family for the spirit this far.
At last, I hope this research will be helpful for all the readers.
Bogor, April 2014
Arvina Oktaviani
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES viii
INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS 2
Time and Place 2
Sampling 2
Informed Consent 2
Determination 2
Menarcheal Age 2
Statistical Analysis 3
RESULTS 3
CONCLUSION 6
REFERENCES 6
APPENDIXES 9
CURRICULUM VITAE 13
viii
LIST OF TABLES
1 Categories of food expenditures 3 2 Total subject who has or has not menstruate per age group 4 3 Correlation of menarcheal age and family food expenditure 5 4 Comparison of menarcheal age with other areas 5
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Estimation of menarcheal age 4 2 Breast development 4
LIST OF APPENDIXES
1 Example of informed consent 10 2 Example of research questionnaires 11
1
INTRODUCTION
Background
Puberty is a transition from childhood into adulthood. It occurs as a result of
the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis activity. This activity stimulates the
central inhibitory feedback and lifts the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
(GnRH) pulse generator. For girls, the activation of GnRH increasingly stimulates
the secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone
(LH) from the pituitary gland. Both of these hormones stimulate the production of
estrogen, which allows for menarche (first menstruation) and the development of
secondary sexual characteristics (Rosen 2004). Menarche is the milestone that
indicates the capacity to reproduce (Rees 1993; Burt and McCartney 2010). This
event occurs mid to late puberty, after developmental events of secondary sexual
characteristics have occurred (Mansfield and Stubbs 2004).
Development of secondary sexual characteristics includes the growth of
pubic and axillary hairs, and development of breasts (Fox 2002). Breasts develop
through accumulation of fat and other connective tissues. Breast development can
be classified into five stages (Marshall and Tanner 1969). The first stage is called
pre-adolescent or pre-pubertal stage. In this stage, elevation of bud is occurring
only in the papilla. The second stage is called thelarche, where elevation occurs in
breast and papilla as a small mound and the areola diameter becomes large. In this
stage, puberty occurs. In the third stage, further enlargement of breast and areola
occurs without separation of their contours. In the fourth stage, the areola and
papilla are forming a secondary mound above the level of the breast. The last
stage is the mature stage, in which projection only occurs in the papilla, due to
recession of the areola to the general contour of the breast (Marshall and Tanner
1969). Fat accumulation relates to nutrition which fulfills needs of the body
(Hoffman et al. 2006).
Nutrition and socioeconomic status are some of determinants in the
menarcheal age (Karapanou and Papadimitriou 2010). Both of these determinants
are correlated. In Nigeria, the menarcheal age of girls with better socioeconomic
status were significantly earlier than those with the lesser socioeconomic status
(Ikaraoha et al. 2005). Similar studies have been conducted in other cities in
Indonesia which were Bogor, Pekalongan, and Jakarta, and other countries which
were Canada, France, Iran, and Kuwait. The urban living environment is
associated with better nutrition and living conditions, whereas a rural living
environment is associated with malnutrition and less good living conditions
(Kawulur et al. 2010).
There are many urban areas in Indonesia which have not been studied yet,
for examples Purwokerto. Purwokerto is the capital city of Banyumas, Central
Java. Based on the population census in 2010, the total population in Purwokerto
is 218,277 individuals consist of 111,135 men and 107,412 women (BPS 2012).
The aim of this research is to determine the menarcheal age and breast
development in Purwokerto.
2
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Time and Place
The research was held on February until June 2013. Sampling was done in
Elementary Schools and Junior High Schools in Purwokerto. Data was analyzed
in Biosystematics and Ecology of Animals, Department of Biology, Bogor, IPB.
Sampling
The subjects of this research are girls between 8-14 years old. The numbers
of subjects used in this research are 99 individuals.
Informed Consent
Subjects were asked an informed consent. Before the tests begin, the
researcher stated the purpose of the research and the form of agreement. The
informed consent was administrated to the subject parents. When they agreed, the
informed consent was signed and completed the questionnaires.
Determination
Menarcheal Age
The menarcheal age was determined using status quo and recall methods
(Karapanou and Papadimitrou 2010). The status quo method is to ask if the
subject has or has not menstruated. The memory method is used to determine
from the subject’s memory at what age the first menstruation occurred. If the
subject is only considering the age of first menstruation, then the menstruation
date is considered to be the 1st of January in the calendar year. Otherwise, if the
subject is only considering the calendar year, then the menstruation date is
considered to be the 1st of July.
Breast Development
Breast development level was determined using anthroposcopy method by
breast observation directly. The stages of breast development determined
according to the Tanner classification (Marshall and Tanner 1969). I observed the
breast on the right side and asked the subject to took off the breast cover for direct
observation.
Nutrition and Socioeconomic Status
Family food expenditure per month was used to determine the nutrition
status and socioeconomic status. It was asked in questionnaires with 4 categories
of family food expenditure.
3
Table 1 Category of family food expenditure
Category Family Food Expenditure per Month (n, Rp)
1 n ≤ Rp500 000
2 Rp500 000≤ n ≤ Rp1 000 000
3 Rp1 000 000 ≤ n ≤ Rp1 500 000
4 n > Rp1 500 000
Statistical Analysis
The percentage of subject who has or has not menstruated was calculated for
each classes of age. The statistical analysis was done using Probit-GLM method
(Venables and Ripley 1999) implemented in R program version 3.0.1. This
method was determined to discover the menarcheal age average and breast
development stages.
RESULTS
I used 99 individual subjects, aged 8-14 years old, which contained 28
menarche subjects (Table 1). The average of menarcheal age in Purwokerto was
12.4 years old. Menarcheal age was categorized into early maturers which had
probability below 11.6 years old (less than 25 percentile); average maturers which
had probability between 11.6 to 13.1 years old (26-75 percentile); and late
maturers which had probability more than 13.1 years old (76 percentile and over)
(Figure 1).
Figure 1 Estimation of menarcheal age
Pro
bab
ilit
y
Age (years)
4
Table 2 Total subject who has or has not menarche and stage of breast
development per age group
Age
(years)
Not
Menstruated
Menstruated Breast Development
1 2 3
8 3 0 3 0 0
8.5 4 0 4 0 0
9 12 0 11 1 0
9.5 7 0 5 2 0
10 7 0 4 3 0
10.5 8 0 4 4 0
11 10 2 0 11 1
11.5 7 0 0 7 0
12 4 5 0 4 5
12.5 4 7 0 5 6
13 3 4 0 3 4
13.5 2 4 0 2 4
14 0 6 0 0 6
Total 71 28 31 42 26
In this 8-14 years old study, the breast measurement showed three stages of
breast development. The youngest age of first recognizable enlargement of breasts
(Tanner stage two) occurred at 9 years old with the average age was 10 years old.
In the other hand, the youngest age of Tanner stage three was 10.8 years old with
the average age was 12.5 years old (Table 2; Figure 2). Based on the result,
menarche had correlation with the breast developmental stage three.
Figure 2 Breast development
Age (years)
Bre
ast
Dev
elopm
ent
4
5
The family food expenditure was gotten from 24 subjects of 28 menarche
subjects. These are the subjects that completed the family food expenditure
question in the questionnaires (Table 2). If we use Rp1 000 000 as cut off, about
half of them were lower and half other upper socioeconomic statuses. There were
no correlation between these socioeconomic levels and menarcheal age.
Table 3 Correlation of menarcheal age and family food expenditure
Food Expenditure per Month
(n, Rp)
Menarcheal age Total
Subject
Percentage
(%) 10 11 12 13
n ≤ Rp500 000 1 3 1 1 6 25
Rp500 000 ≤ n ≤ Rp1 000 000 0 3 4 0 7 29.2
Rp1 000 000 ≤ n ≤ Rp1 500 000 1 1 3 0 5 20.8
n > Rp1 500 000 0 3 2 1 6 25
Total 2 10 10 2 24 100.00
DISCUSSION
Puberty is a transition from childhood into adulthood marked by changes in
reproduction ability and development of secondary sexual characteristics. The
average of menarcheal age in Purwokerto was 12.4 years old. It is similar with
Bogin’s statement (1999) that menarcheal age occurred in the median age of 12.1–
13.5 years old. The comparison between present result with other areas showed
that the oldest menarcheal age is in Nigeria (Ikaraoha et al. 2005). (Table 4).
Table 4 Comparison of menarcheal age with other areas
Author Years Area (Urban/ Rural) Average Age at
Menarche
Ikaraoha et al. 2005 Nigeria (rural) 13.2
Suhartini 2007 Bogor (urban) 12.4
Ulinnuha 2008 Pekalongan (rural) 13.3
Alchoiriah 2010 Jakarta (urban) 12.4
Al-Sahab et al. 2010 Canada (urban) 12.7
Gaudineau et al. 2010 France (urban) 12.8
Golchin et al. 2012 Iran (urban) 12.6
Al-Awadhi et al. 2013 Kuwait (urban) 12.4
Oktaviani Present study Purwokerto (urban) 12.4
Menarche is the first external indicator of reproduction ability although
breast starts to develop prior to this event. The youngest age of thelarche was at 9
years old. The thelarche (Tanner stage two; Marshall and Tanner 1969) is onset of
breast development, recognized by visible elevation of areola and papilla
mammae. Menarche usually occurred in the breast development stage three.
6
Likewise the result on this study, menarche occurs in correlation to breast
development stage three. Breast develops through accumulation of fat and other
connective tissues (Hoffman et al. 2006) and brought about primarily by the
influence of estrogens. Fat is deposited and functions as a matrix allowing
epithelial glandular proliferation. It is proposed that fat mass is a facilitator for the
timing of puberty in girls (Garcia-Mayor et al. 1997). Fat will be accumulated in
breast during more or less 2.4 years before menarche. This result similar with
previous study in Iran which is the duration is 2.4 years (Rabbani et al. 2010).
This accumulation related to nutrition which fulfills the needs of body. If nutrition
is excessive, fat will be more formed. On the other hand, if nutrition is lack, fat
will be less formed.
Nutrition and socioeconomic status are some of determinants in
menarcheal age (Karapanou and Papadimitriou 2010). Normal growth pattern can
be obtained from healthy subject with a good nutrition and good family
socioeconomic background. Nutrition and socioeconomic status can be seen from
family food expenditure (Suhartini 2007). Based on Keputusan Gubernur Jawa
Tengah no 561.4/58/2012, the minimum wage of Banyumas is Rp 877,500.00.
About half of population spent food expenditure at less than minimum wage. It is
shown that girls with low family food expenditure could grow normally and did
not lack nutrition; however, present sample was too small to draw any conclusion.
The present study had similar result between Bogor (Suhartini 2007) and
Jakarta (Alchoiriah 2010) but differ with Pekalongan (Ulinnuha 2008) (Table 4).
This maybe because of the samples from Purwokerto, Bogor, and Jakarta came
from urban areas whereas samples from Pekalongan came from rural area. This
comparison also conducted between present study in Purwokerto with other
countries, which were Nigeria (Ikaraoha et al. 2005), Canada (Al-Sahab et al.
2010), France (Gaudineau et al. 2010), Iran (Golchin 2012), and Kuwait (Al-
Awadhi et al. 2013). The comparison showed that the youngest menarcheal ages
are in Indonesia (Purwokerto) and Kuwait. Meanwhile, the oldest menarcheal age
was in Nigeria (Table 4). These differences occurred because the studies in
Indonesia, Kuwait, Iran, Canada, and French came from the urban environments
(Etemadifar et al. 2006; Wilson et al. 2009; Gaudineau et al. 2010; Al-Awadhi et
al. 2013) which had better socioeconomic status whereas samples from Nigeria
came from poor country (Ifinedo 2006) which had lesser socioeconomic status.
Girls who lived in urban area got menarche earlier than whom lived in rural area.
CONCLUSION
The average of menarcheal age in Purwokerto was 12.4 years. Thelarche
and breast development stage three occurred at the average age of 10 and 12.5
years. Menarche occurred in the breast development stage three.
REFERENCES
Alchoiriah R. 2010. Usia Maturasi Seksual Perempuan Betawi [skripsi]. Bogor
(ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
6
7
Al-Awadhi N, Al-Kandari N, Al-Hasan T, AlMurjan D, Ali S, Taiar A. 2013. Age
at menarche and its relationship to body mass index among adolescent
girls in Kuwait. BMC Public Health. 13:29.
Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H. 2010. Age at menarche in
Canada: National Longitudinal Survey. BMC Public Health 10:736.
Bogin B. 1999. Pattern of Human Growth. 2nd
Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
Univ Pr.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2012. Data Agregat Kependudukan Per Kecamatan.
Jawa Tengah (ID): BPS.
Burt SCM, McCartney CR. 2010. Obesity and the pubertal transition in girls and
boys. Reproduction. 140(3): 399-410.
Etemadifar M, Janghorbani M, Shaygannejad V, Ashtari F. 2006. Prevalence of
multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran. Neuroepidemiology. 27: 39-44.
Fox SI. 2002. Human Physiology. Ed ke-7. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Gaudineau A, Ehlinger V, Vayssiere C, Jouret B, Arnaud C, Godeau E. 2010.
Factors associated with early menarche: results from the French Health
Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. BMC Public Health.
10:175.
Garcia‐Mayor RV, Andrade MA, Rios M, Lage M, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF.
1997. Serum leptin levels in normal children: relationship to age, gender,
body mass index, pituitary‐gonadal hormones, and pubertal stage. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 82(9): 2849-55.
Golchin NAH, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Fakhri M, Hamzehgardeshi L. 2012. The
experience of puberty in Iranian adolescent girls: a qualitative content
analysis. BMC Public Health. 12:698.
Gubernur Jawa Tengah. Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah No. 561.4/58/2012
tentang Upah Minimum pada 35 Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa
Tengah Tahun 2013.
Hoffman WH, Barbeau P, Litaker MS, JOhnson MH, Howe CA, Gutin B. 2006.
Tanner staging of secondary characteristic and body composition, blood
pressure, and insulin in black girls. Obes Res. 13: 2195-2201.
Ifinedo P. 2006. Towards e-government in a Sub-Saharan African Country:
impediments and initiatives in Nigeria. Journal of E-Government. 3(1).
Ikaraoha CI, Mbadiwe IC, Igwe CU, Allagua DO, Mezie O, Iwo GTO, Ofori PI.
2005. Menarchial age of secondary school girls in urban and rural areas
of Rivers State Nigeria. Online J Health Allied Scs. 2: 4.
Karapanou O, Papadimitriou A. 2010. Determinants of menarche. Reproductive
Biology and Endocrinology. 8: 115.
Kawulur EIJJ, Suryobroto B, Budiarti S, Hartana A. 2010. Associations of sexual
maturation and body size of Arfak children. Hayati. 19: 124-130.
Mansfield PK, Stubbs ML. 2004. Tracking the course of menstrual life:
contributions from the society for menstrual cycle research. Women's
Health Issues. 14:174-176.
Marshall WA, Tanner JM. 1969. Variations in patterns of pubertal change in girl.
Arch Dis Child. 44: 291-303. R Development Core Team. 2012. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical
Computing. R Fondation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN
3-900051-07-0. http://www.rproject.org/. [July 30, 2013].
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Rabbani et al. 2010. Assessment of pubertal development in Iranian girls. Iran J
Pediatr. 20: 160-166.
Rees M. 1993. Menarche when and why. ProQuest Biology Journals. 342: 8884
(1375).
Rosen DS. 2004. Physiologic growth and development during adolescence. Pediatrics
in Review. 25: 194.
Suhartini R. 2007. Tahap-Tahap Kematangan Seksual Perempuan di Wilayah
Bogor [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ulinnuha DF. 2008. Usia Menarke dan Perkembangan Payudara Perempuan di
Pedesaan Kabupaten Pekalongan [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian
Bogor.
Venables WN, Ripley BD. Modern Applied Statistics with S-Plus. NewYork
(US): Springer Inc.
Wilson DM, Truman CD, Thomas R, Fainsinger R, Kovacs-Burns K, Froggatt K,
Justice C. 2009. The rapidly changing location of death in Canada, 1994-
2004. Social Science Medicine. 68: 1752-1758.
9
APPENDIXES
10
Appendix 1 Informed Consent
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN
ALAM
DEPARTEMEN BIOLOGI
Gedung Fapet Lt.2 Wing 5 Jl. Agatis Bogor 16680 Telp/ Fax (0251)
622833
Hal : Permohonan Izin
Lampiran : 1 Lembar
Kepada
Yth. Orangtua/ Wali Murid
Di Tempat
Dengan hormat,
Sehubungan akan diadakannya penelitian untuk penyusunan skripsi oleh:
Nama : Arvina Oktaviani
NRP : G34090077
Institusi : Departemen Biologi, FMIPA IPB
Judul : Usia Pubertas Perempuan di Kota Purwokerto
Maka saya memohon izin untuk menjadikan putri Bapak/ Ibu sebagai
probandus (orang yang diteliti). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui waktu
terjadinya pubertas atau maturasi seksual pada perempuan di Kota Purwokerto
berdasarkan usia menarche dan perkembangan payudara, sehingga diperoleh pola
pertumbuhan dan tahap-tahap kematangan seksual remaja perempuan khususnya
di Kota Purwokerto. Aplikasi dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan status
gizi dan kesehatan anak perempuan. Prosedur penelitian ini meliputi pengambilan
data pribadi, data orang tua, dan pengamatan langsung perkembangan payudara.
Data hasil penelitian dijamin kerahasiaannya, tidak seorangpun
mengetahui kecuali peneliti dan tidak akan digunakan atau disebarluaskan selain
untuk pendidikan dan ilmu pengetahuan. Selain itu, keseluruhan data akan
disatukan untuk dianalisis sehingga data secara individu tidak jelas. Terima kasih
atas kerjasamanya.
Pernyataan persetujuan :
Sehubungan membaca penjelasan surat penelitian diatas, maka kami orang
tua/ wali murid dengan sadar dan sukarela tidak keberatan jika putri kami
dijadikan probandus penelitian selama pelaksanaan tidak menyimpang dari
maksud dan tujuan yang telah disampaikan.
Purwokerto, …………………..2013
Menyetujui
Orang Tua/ Wali Murid
10
11
Appendix 2 Example of research questionnaire
KUISIONER PENELITIAN
USIA MENARKE DI KOTA PURWOKERTO DAN SEKITARNYA
DATA PRIBADI
Nama :
Tempat & Tanggal Lahir :
Anak ke- : dari : bersaudara
Alamat lengkap :
Kelurahan :
Kecamatan :
Telepon/ HP :
Pemberian ASI sampai usia :
Penyakit (jika ada) :
Frekuensi makan per hari :
Menarche (menstruasi pertama) : sudah/ belum, jika sudah pada usia tahun
DATA ORANGTUA
Ayah
Nama :
Tempat & Tanggal Lahir/ Usia :
Suku :
Pekerjaan :
Pendidikan tertinggi :
Penyakit (jika ada) :
Tinggi Badan :
Suku kakek dari pihak ayah :
Tempat lahir/ asal kakek dari ayah :
Suku nenek dari ayah :
Tempat lahir/ asal nenek dari ayah :
Ibu
Nama :
Tempat & Tanggal Lahir/ Usia :
Suku :
Pekerjaan :
Pendidikan tertinggi :
Penyakit (jika ada) :
Tinggi Badan :
Suku kakek dari pihak ibu :
Tempat lahir/ asal kakek dari ibu :
Suku nenek dari ibu :
Tempat lahir/ asal nenek dari ibu :
Pengeluaran keluarga per bulan untuk makan (pilih salah satu):
1. n ≤ Rp500 000
2. Rp500 000 ≤ n ≤ Rp1 000 000
3. Rp1 000 000 ≤ n ≤ Rp1 500 000
4. n > Rp1 500 000
Keterangan: n= jumlah pengeluaran keluarga per bulan untuk makan
12
DATA HASIL PENGUKURAN
Tanggal :
Waktu :
Pengukur :
Probandus :
Tahap Payudara :
12
13
CURRICULUM VITAE
Writer was born on 22th
of October 1991 as the third child of five from the
parent H. Untung Suroso and Hj. Dewi Andri Astuti. In 2009, writer graduated
from SMAN 6 Jakarta and entered the Department of Biology, Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Science, Bogor Agricultural University by USMI
selection. In 2011, writer conducted the Field Study with the research title
Serangga Pembentuk Puru in Hutan Pendidikan Gunung Walat (HPGW) and in
2012, writer conducted the Field Work on PD. Central Agro Mikro Potatoes with
the title Manajemen Seleksi dan Pemeliharaan Bibit Kentang Varietas Granola.
The writer also became laboratory assistance for Human Biology and Animal
Development on year study 2013-2014.