mercurio roberto and francesco scarfò* · 2013. 1. 23. · dr. for. francesco scarfò (phd)...

Mercurio Roberto and Francesco Scarfò*Dip. GESAF – Forest Management Department

Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on

FOREST SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTMiercurea Ciuc, ROMANIA, January 2011

Dr. For. Francesco Scarfò (PhD) – [email protected]

First step…

As a result of recurrent environmental disasters

and loss of human lives, certainly in part

attributable to the state of forest degradation,

the media and public opinion evoke a new forest

management strategy and implementation of

appropriate measures.

(Mercurio 2010)


SummaryPART 11) GESAF activities

2) The Mediterranean Basin

• Human impact• Disturbance regime• Biodiversity, Climate changes

3) Forest restoration

4) Helsinki Conference: what bring to mind?

5) The Forest Management Plan

PART 21) The case study of the Serra San Bruno FMP

• Area study • Environmental constraints

2) Social, economic and environmental objectives

3) Methodological approach

• Data base• Historical data base• Forest type classification

4) Results

• The GIS• Selvicoltural approach• Guide lines

5) Conclusion


GESAF - Mediterranean Un.


Sicily

Etna volcano


The Mediterranean Basin

300 Milion people (+ 110 Milion tourists per year)

Original Extent (km 2) 2 085 292

Vegetation Remaining (km 2) 98 009

Endemic Plant Species 11 700

Endemic Threatened Birds 9

Endemic Threatened Mammals 11

Endemic Threatened Amphibians 14

Extinct Species† 5

Human Population Density (people/km 2) 111

Area Protected (km 2) 90 242

Area Protected (km 2) in Categories I-IV* 28 751

Data from: http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/mediterranean/Pages/default.aspx


DEGRADATION OF

FORESTS IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN BASIN

DEGRADATION OF

FORESTS IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN BASIN


Human settlements of various forms have existed in the area for at

least 8 000 years. The greatest impacts of human civilization have

been deforestation, intensive grazing and fires, and infrastructure

development, especially on the coast. Historically, Mediterranean

forests were burned to create agricultural lands and intensification has

especially affected European countries.

Human Impact

MAN “farmer / cattle farmer”


(Mercurio 2010)

The Mediterranean BasinMain disturbances on forest ecosystems

Fires

Grazing

Insect out-breaks

Pathogenic disease

Urbanization, tourists, harvest


(Del Favero 2008; Scarfò et al. 2008; both in Italian)

The Mediterranean BasinMain disturbances on forest ecosystems

A. No disturbed forest – leader species

B. Disturbed forest

C. High disturbed forests

D. Anthropogenic forests



Taxonomic Group Species Endemic Species Endemism (%)

Plants 22 500 11 700 52.0

Mammals 226 25 11.1

Birds 489 25 5.1

Reptiles 230 77 33.5

Amphibians 79 27 34.2

Freshwater Fishes 216 63 29.2

Biodiversity


Forest restorationA large part of Mediterranean forests is degraded by the joint action

of several factors.

Loss of Biodiversity

Conservation

Decreased function

Landscape

Human health

As a result of recurrent environmental disasters and loss of human lives,

certainly in part attributable to the state of forest degradation, the media

and public opinion evoke a new forest management strategy and

implementation of appropriate measures.

(Mercurio 2010)


Helsinki Conference: what bring

to mind?

“a development that meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds” (WCED,1987)

“forest resources and forests lands should be sustainably managed tomeet the social, economic, ecological, cultural and spiritual humanneeds of present and future generations” (UNCED,1992, Agenda 21Cap.11).

H1: General guidelines for the sustainable management of forests inEurope

H2: General guidelines for the conservation of the biodiversity ofeuropean forests

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Sustainable Forest DevelopmentSustainable Forest Development

Helsinki Conference (1993)Helsinki Conference (1993)


Sustainable Forest Management

Environment

EconomySociety

Sustainability of…

…purposes


What is the practical tool for the

SFM?

He is thinking NOT sleeping!!!


STUDY AREA


Social, economic and

environmental characteristics

- Touristic place

- Presence of a ancient monastery

-Stakeholders (environment association, foresters, citizen

of the area)

- Depopulation

Social


Environment


environmental characteristics- Regional Park of Serra

- SIC Bosco di Stilo Bosco di Archiforo (IT9350121)

-Abies alba M. (var. appennina) at the southern limit of

its distribution area in Europe

- Carbon sink improvement

- Biodiversity and conservation


Environment


environmental characteristics

Species: Abies alba Miller

var.: apennina, Giacobbe (1928, 1949, 1950, 1969, 1973, 1974)

subsp.: apennina, Brullo et al. (2001)

Ecotype as being isolated from the rest of the european silver fir for long time.

Confirmed by findings of Vendramin et al.(1995), Vicario et al. (1995) and Ducci et al.(2000) which showed high genetic distancesfrom the European northern populations andfrom the closest Aspromonte silver fir andfrom the Abies nebrodensis relic population.


In many cases better conditions for fir

regeneration occur in mixed forests than

in pure forests (Jaworski and Zarzycki,

1983; Matic, 1988; Kelty et al., 1992;

Schutz, 1994).

Environment


Economic


environmental characteristics- Timber production

- Secondary services (mushrooms, biomass energy,

etc.)

-3 Harvest enterprises

- Abandonment of the ancient local traditions and

productions


Methodological approach

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT


- Old knowledge in silviculture- custom treatment based on the local knowledge

-Previous FMP:- PAGLIARO 1902-1912

- VOLPINI 1957-1966

- PRINCIPE 1974-1983

-Historical cutting summary (m3)

- Old knowledge in silviculture- custom treatment based on the local knowledge

-Previous FMP:- PAGLIARO 1902-1912

- VOLPINI 1957-1966

- PRINCIPE 1974-1983

-Historical cutting summary (m3)

Methodological approachThe historical data base

INPUT


- Dendrometric analysis:- 42 plots (height, dbh, volume, biomass )

- Ecological data (permanent plots):- PAR (Photosintetic Active Radiation)

- Regeneration (distribution, age classes)

- Dead Wood (SDT, CWD)

- Forest road system

- Geographic Information System- collecting data (old maps, GPS point, etc.)

- verification in the field by mobile GIS

- Dendrometric analysis:- 42 plots (height, dbh, volume, biomass )

- Ecological data (permanent plots):- PAR (Photosintetic Active Radiation)

- Regeneration (distribution, age classes)

- Dead Wood (SDT, CWD)

- Forest road system

- Geographic Information System- collecting data (old maps, GPS point, etc.)

- verification in the field by mobile GIS

Methodological approachThe data base

INPUT


Methodological approachForest type classification

Example for the Silver fir forestsTipology INFC EFT Corine Biotopes Habitat Natura 2000

For. category Code Name Code Name Code Habitat name

Silver fire

forests

3.Boschi di

abete bianco6.3.2

Subalpine

montane

spruce and

montane

mixed spruce-

silver fir forest

42.15

Southern

Apennine

Silver fir

Forests

9510

Southern

Apennine Abies

alba

Italian National Forest Inventory (2008)

European Forest Type (European Environmental Agency 2007)

Corine Biotopes (EU Commission 1991)

Habitat Nature 2000 (EU Commission 2000)


Forest Compartments Map

Look at the Regional Forest Policy

prescription…


Forest Compartments Mapold VS new methodology

FMP Principe

1974-1983

FMP Scarfò

2010-2029

SMALL surface, based on topographic boundaries

(roads, river, etc.), a lot of compartments.

BIG surface

based on

- Topographic

boundaries

- Forest types;

- Economic

suitability

Few compartments

simple management


Compartments Suitability Map


ResultsTotal wood commission ha-1 in the forest types in 2010.

Forest types Total surface (ha) Total volume (m³) Volume (m³ ha-1)

Mixed beech-silver fir forests 683.73 531 564.96 777.45

Pure silver fir forests 34.53 26 141.97 757.01

Conifer afforestations 43.87 26 419.12 602.94

Chestnut afforestations 64.15 24 670.19 384.59

Chestnut forests 35.31 10 286.65 291.34

TOTAL 861.54 619 082.89 718.58

Forest compartments surface.F.C. (n.) Surface (ha) F.C. (n.) Surface (ha) F.C. (n.) Surface (ha)

1 17.77 15 29.78 29 26.64

2 17.46 16 25.14 30 24.34

3 20.54 17 25.48 31 12.51

4 15.89 18 19.37 32 18.99

5 17.62 19 22.38 33 21.63

6 20.00 20 30.23 34 9.23

7 24.97 21 29.19 35 22.02

8 19.92 22 23.13 36 27.03

9 12.45 23 14.73 37 10.21

10 31.41 24 18.03 38 28.24

11 17.63 25 39.58 39 10.71

12 20.21 26 12.74 40 19.69

13 23.18 27 16.39 41 12.18

14 26.21 28 15.84 42 29.72

Average surface

21 ± 6.7 ha


Forest Cutting Map


Cutting plan 2010-2029

Cutting in the period 2020-2029.

Forest typesSufarce

(Ha)

Total cutting

(m³)

Cutting

(m³ ha-1)

Cutting

(%)

Mixed beech-silver fir forests 683.73 936 33.02 136.94 19.5

Pure silver fir forest 34.53 4 790.19 138.71 19.8

Conifer afforestations 43.82 5 476.37 124.98 20.0

Chestut afforestation 64.15 1 387.65 21.63 15.0

Chesnut forests 35.31 4 692.22 132.90 62.5

TOTAL 861.54 109 979.41 127.66 20.1

Cutting in the period 2010-2019.

Forest typesSufarce

(Ha)

Total cutting

(m³)

Cutting

(m³ ha-1)

Cutting

(%)

Mixed beech-silver fir forests 683.73 105 521.37 154.33 19.9

Pure silver fir forest 34.53 5 085.56 147.27 19.5

Conifer afforestations 43.87 5 028.47 114.76 19.0

Chestut afforestation 64.15 20 712.77 322.89 84.0

Chesnut forests 35.31 6 630.77 187.80 64.5

TOTAL 861.54 142 978.94 165.96 23.1

Cutting operations on the same forest compartment occur every 10

years and involve < 20% in standing volume, they include both the

harvesting of mature trees and the thinnings of the intermediate

size classes.


FC Map and RP of Serre zones

Look at the Regional

Park prescription…


FC Map and SIC (Nat2000)

Look at the art. 6 of the

Management Manual of

Nat2000 sites


Silver fir decline

After 120 years most silver firs lose their vitality rapidly

because of root decay.


Selvicoltural approach

: Gap size of 200 (300) m2

Silvicultural system ranging from selection cutting to gap cutting

leadings to heterogeneous structure even at small spatial scales.

Standing volume after cutting >350 m3 ha-1.

Close-to-nature silviculture


Selvicoltural approach

Standing volume after cutting >350 m3 ha-1

Close-to-nature silviculture


Big treeconservation withdbh >80 cm

Soil and

water

conservation

(buffer area

50 m around

the rivers)

Selvicoltural approachBiodiversity conservation


Selvicoltural approachBiodiversity conservation


Information to the stakeholders

Partecipative conference with the invitation of the

stakeholders…

Call 1…

Call 2…


Information to the stakeholders

Partecipative conference with the invitation of the

stakeholders…


Future approaches and strategies

Forest certification (PEFC, FCS)

Carbon accounting (started now by Scarfò et Mercurio 2008, Carbon credit accounting using CO2Fix

model)

Biomass production

Participative improvement



Only one forest was certificated in Calabria with the PEFC

scheme (Scarfò 2007)

Forest of San Vito sullo Ionio

or or…?


Future approaches and strategiesCarbon accounting

(data from Scarfò et Mercurio 2008)

Carbon SINK

Pickup

4.45 ± 4.47 ha

of Beech Forest20 000 km y-1

190g CO2 km-1

3.19 ± 2.94 ha

of Beech Forest20 000 km y-1

125g CO2 km-1

CO2Fix MODEL


Future approaches and strategiesBiomass energy production

Need of feasibility and

suitability studies



FACEBOOK

TWITTER

…?All suggestions are well accepted

Partecipatory approach


Conlusions1. We have technical tools and knowledge for optimizing

the economic and the environmental objectives but

2. we have not the tools for monitoring and control the

society that has a great influence on the two first

objectives of the SFM.

3. The risk is that the FMP guide lines remains not well

understood and applied

4. We need tools and action for improving the society

(stakeholder, landowners, etc.) participation and tools

and action for disseminating and educating the

modern concept of Sustainable Forest Management.


Conlusions

A lot of paper was produced and

a lot of money was spent about

the Sustainable Forest

Management and participatory

approach…

NOW IT’S TIME TO APPLY

Find solutions!!!


Many thanks for your attention.

[email protected]

mercurio roberto and francesco scarfò* · 2013. 1. 23. · dr. for. francesco scarfò (phd)...

Documents