mesozoic reptiles - indiana university 9... · natural history (photo by p.d. polly) 328 living...
TRANSCRIPT
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Gait of Plateosaurus (Mallison, 2010, Palaeontologia Electronica 13.2.8A)
Benton: Chapters 6 & 8
Mesozoic reptiles
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Lab Tomorrow: Please bring laptop computers if you have them. Lab assignment will use online DigiMorph data, thus it will be convenient if you have your own computer.
If you do not, computers will be available across the hall from the classroom. You will also have the option of completing the assignment on your own over the coming week.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Pangeathe Late Permian
(260 mya) Single continentMassive global extinction
Reconstruction by Ron Blakeyhttp://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/index.html
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
60% 57% 82% 53%
47%
Permo-Triassic extinctionca. 251 million years ago
Marine diversity
Tetrapod diversity
83%
Bernard et al, 2010. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 55: 229-239
Nearly 95% of the Earth’s species became extinct.
Eruption of Siberian traps peaked 251 mya, covering at least 1.6 million square km, an area the size of Europe, with 400 to 3000 m of flood basalt, lasting 600,000 years.
Oxygen isotope data suggest rapid global rise in temperature of 6C, which, combined with Pangea’s continent configuration, reduced ocean circulation and dissolved oxygen to create anoxic conditions on the floor.
Carbon isotope excursions indicate that CO2 increased in atmosphere through production by the Siberian Traps, which raised global temperature enough to melt gas hydrate deposits, which further increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature... “runaway greenhouse effect”.
Tetrapods were hard hit, with the dicyondont Lystrosaurus being one of the few found in fossil record for millions of years after extinction. Forest communities absent until Middle Triassic.
Siberian traps - basalt formations left by surficial lava flow
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Mesozoic - 251 to 65.6 mya
Large continentsHot and Dry
High sea, smaller continentsHot and Moist
Higher sea, smaller continentsHigh atmospheric CO2Very Hot and MoistTropics extended nearly to the polesSea surface temperature at equator as high as 36°C (97°F)Anoxic ocean waters
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
c. Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Triassic geography (230 mya)The breakup of Pangea
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Stanley, Earth Systems Process
Triassic geography (230 mya)Extensive deposits in what are today New Mexico and Arizona (Chinle Formation), as well as along east coast (Newark Supergroup)
Phytosaur
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Stanley, Earth Systems Process
Jurassic geography (170 mya)Extensive marine and terrestrial deposits in the west, especially (Morrison Formation)
Active marginCollision & orogeny
Passive marginrifting
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Stanley, Earth Systems Processes
Morrison Formation (Jurassic)
Camarasaurs lentus from DInosaur National Monument
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
c. Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Cretaceous geography (75 mya)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Stanley, Earth Systems Process
Cretaceous geography (70 mya)
Hell Creek FormationTerrestrial sediments, Montana
Mancos Shalemarine sediments, Utah
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
AmniotaReptilia
Syna
psid
a
Test
udin
es (t
urtle
s)
Capt
orhi
nida
e
Youn
gini
form
es
Icth
yosa
uria
Lepi
dosa
urifo
rmes
Ples
iosa
uria
Plac
odon
tia
Arch
osau
ria
Diapsida
* tabular small or absent* large post-temporal fenestra* single coronoid bone
* Upper and lower temporal fenestrae* suborbital fenestra* complex tibio-astragalar joint
Lepidosauromorpha* supratemporal absent
Sauropterygia* lacrimal absent* upper temp fenestra large
Phylogeny of reptilia
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Testudines - Turtles (aka Chelonia)
Archelon in the Vienna Museum of Natural History (Photo by P.D. Polly)
328 living species
Shell is composed of elongated and flattened ribs, covered with keratin plates
Pectoral and pelvic girdles are inside rib cage, teeth lost (in living groups), number of skull bones reduced
Oldest turtle: Odontochelys semitestacea, 220 mya (Late Triassic) of ChinaTeeth, plastron (lower shell) and partial carapace (upper shell)
Odontochelys semitestacea (from Li et al., 2008, Nature, 456: 497-501)
Odontochelys semitestacea (from Li et al., 2008, Nature, 456: 497-501)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Kuritani et al., 2001, Evolution and Development, 13: 1-14
Evolution of turtle development
Text
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Icthyosaurus from the Early Jurassic. (Romer, 1966 , Vertebrate Paleontology)
IcthyosaursReptiles convergent on dolphins
Originated 245 mya (mid Triassic), became extinct 90 mya (Cretaceous)
Live birth
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology
Sauropterygia - Plesiosaurs and PlacodontsReptiles convergent on Loch Ness Monster
Originated 245 mya (early Triassic), extinction 65 mya (end Cretaceous)
Loss of lacrimal bone
Placodus skull (placodont)
Plesiosaurs
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology
Mosasaurs - marine lepidosaursOriginated early Cretaceous, extinct end Cretaceous
Loss of quadratojugal
Tylosaurus
Tylosaurus
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Sphenodon - the tuataraSister-group to Lepidosauria
“Lizard” that retains full diapsid condition
Curtis N, et al. 2011. PLoS ONE 6(12): e29804.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Archosauria
Avesuchia
Euparkeria
Croc
odyl
omor
pha
(incl
. liv
ing
croc
s)
Pter
osau
ria
Avematatarsalia
* Antorbital fenestra* laterally flattened teeth with serrations* laterial mandibular fenestra
* forelimbs relatively short* pubis elongated* absence of osteoderms* metatarsals 1-4 appressed
Phyt
osau
ridae
Stag
onol
epid
ae(in
cl. a
etos
aurs
)
Crurotarsi* cervical ribs short and stout* mobile joint between astrag- alus and calcaneum* osteoderm sculpture
Din
osau
ria(in
cl. b
irds)
* loss of palatal teeth* reorganization of ankle
Archosaur phylogeny
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(photo from B. Weinert and L. Ferguson-Weinert)
Crocodiles and relativesCrocodylia - originated 84 mya in Late Cretaceous, still extant
Crocodylomorpha - originated in Late Triassic
Originally cursorial, living crocodiles and alligators have secondarily sprawling postures
Saltoposuchus, crocodylomorph from Upper Triassica
Phytosaur
Aetosaur
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Benton, Vertebrate Paleontology
PterosauriaWinged archosaurs closely related to dinosaurs
Originated 220 mya in Late Triassic, extinct 65 mya at end Cretaceous
Ranged from small bird size to the largest flying creature ever, Quetzalcoatalus with wingspan of 11 meters (33 feet)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Dinosauria
Saurischia
Orn
ith
op
od
a
(in
cl. h
ad
rosa
urs
)
Sa
uro
po
do
mo
rph
a
* Quadrate exposed on lateral side
* perforatd acetabulum
An
kylo
sa
uri
a
Ce
rato
psia
Ornithischia
* cheek teeth with low crowns
* muscular cheeks
* pubis positioned posteriorlyTh
ero
po
da
(in
cl. b
ird
s)
* lacrimal exposed on skull roof
* additional cervical vertebrae
Ste
go
sa
uri
a
Dinosauria Dinosaur pelvis
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
From Holtz and Brett-Surman, in Farlow and Brett-Surman, The Complete Dinosaur (illustrations by Tracy Ford)
Skull of tyrannosaurids
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Reconstruction of Edmontosaurus (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae) chewing
http://palaeo-electronica.org/2008_2/132/fig_9.htm
From Rybczynski et al., Palaeontologia Electronica, 11.2.9A
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Scientific papers for further readingKuratani, S., S. Kuraku, and H. Nagashima. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution and Development, 13: 1-14.
Li, C., X-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L-T. Wang, and L-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle form the Late Triassic of southwestern China.
Rybczynski, N., A. Tirabasso, P. Bloskie, R. Cuthbertson, and C. Holliday. 2008. A three-dimensional animation model of Edmontosaurus (Hadrosauridae) for testing chewing hypotheses. Palaeontologia Electronica, 11.2.9A, 14 pp.
Sereno, P. C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science, 284: 2137-2147.