Metacomet was a Wampanoag chief in the mid 1600s. In 1675 he launched an attack on

the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Colony over land claims. The size of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew in the 1640s and 1650s. To

accommodate the burgeoning population and to meet their resource needs, the colonists moved westward into Wampanoag territory. With the Europeans moving onto their land, depleting resources, and forcing the Wampanoags further inland, King Philip and his fellow warriors launched an attack to defend their traditional homeland and assert their rights.

This drawing shows an artist’s take on a meeting between Metacomet and the colonists.

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TITLE: [King (Metacomet) Philip, Sachem of the Wampanoags, d. 1676, full length, standing at treaty table with white men]

CALL NUMBER: LOT 4711 D [item] [P&P] Check for an online group record (may link to related items)

REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-49461 (b&w film copy neg.) No known restrictions on publication.

MEDIUM: 1 item.

CREATED/PUBLISHED: c1911.

NOTES:

Reprod. of ptg., copyrighted by S.N. Wood.

This record contains unverified, old data from caption card.

Caption card tracings: PI; Shelf. Wampanoag Indian.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

DIGITAL ID: (digital file from b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a49566 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a49566

CARD #: 2006686936

Native Americans and Europeans had different beliefs about how land should be used. The Native Americans believed that people had a special relationship with the land and did not own it, but instead simply used it responsibly. In contrast, the Europeans believed land was meant to be used, exploited, and owned by people. So when they saw how Native Americans used the land, they believed that they could take it because the Native Americans did not “own” it.

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Map Collections

Pascaert van Nieuw Nederlandt Virginia, ende Nieuw-Engelandt verthonendt alles wat van die landin by See, oft by land is ondect oft Bekent. Vinckeboons, Joan. CREATED/PUBLISHED [1639?] NOTES Shows northeast coast of the United States from New England to Virginia including coastal features and other geographical entities. Pen-and-ink and watercolor. Attributed to Joan Vinckeboons by comparison with his other Dutch maps in Henry Harrisse collection. Described in Terrae incognitae, v. xvi, 1984. Richard W. Stephenson's The Henry Harrisse collection ... , p. 40; the second volume has binder's title "Manuscript maps Atlantic Coast and California drawn by Joan Vingboons in 1639." Scale [ca. 1:7,000,000]. SUBJECTS Atlantic coast (North America)--Maps, Manuscript--Early works to 1800. Coasts--New England--Maps--Early works to 1800. Coasts--Middle Atlantic States--Maps--Early works to 1800. Coasts--Virginia--Maps--Early works to 1800. North America--Atlantic coast. United States--New England. United States--Middle Atlantic States. United States--Virginia. RELATED TITLES [Henry Harrisse collection ; v. 2, map 7] MEDIUM 1 ms. map : col., paper backing ; 48 x 69 cm. CALL NUMBER G3291.S12 coll .H3 Vault : Harr vol. 2, map 7 REPOSITORY Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA DIGITAL ID g3300 ct001068 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ct001068 RELATED DIGITAL ITEMS (About the Collection)

During the Revolutionary era, a cultural, economic, and political divide between people

who lived in the city and people who lived in frontier country emerged. Each group of people had their own economic systems (agriculture in the frontier and the beginnings of a diverse merchant economy along the coast), different social interactions (people on the frontier were often interacting with Native Americans and people along the coast with a variety of travelers, sailors, and merchants), and different political structures in place.

A main cause of this divide was the growth of cities along the eastern seaboard. Cities like Boston, Newport, Hartford, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, DC, and Charlestown all grew in physical size and population during the Revolutionary era. With the help of surveyors like Benjamin Banneker, who worked on the city plans for Washington, DC, the Revolutionary era cities laid the foundations for urban life which would become a major part of the United States in the 19th century.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov09.html

Bannecker became famous for his Almanac, seen here. His skills as a mathematician,

scientist, and astronomer helped make his Alamanac one of the most popular of its time.

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African American Odyssey

View this item

Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris, for the Year of Our Lord 1792.

CREATED/PUBLISHED Baltimore: William Goddard and James Angell, 1791.

SUBJECTS Almanacs, American--Maryland.

RELATED NAMES Banneker, Benjamin, 1731-1806 American Almanac Collection (Library of Congress)

MEDIUM 48 p.

PART OF African American Odyssey

REPOSITORY Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division. Washington, D.C. 20540

DIGITAL ID rbcmisc ody0214

RELATED DIGITAL ITEMS (Benjamin Banneker, Mathematician)

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/aaodyssey:@field(NUMBER+@band(rbcmisc+ody0214))

In the early and mid 1800s, American society in the Northeast was becoming increasingly “modern.” Factories appeared throughout the region, providing many jobs. Cities grew bigger and bigger. New inventions like the steam engine and railroad allowed people to travel more easily. Life in general seemed to be moving away from the more traditional style, of small farms and country living to a newer, city-based model.

In this era of rapid social and economic change, a group of writers, artists, and activists worked to remember and promote the more traditional lifestyle. They believed it was important to live simply, close to nature, and without all the hassle and stress that the new factory-based city life brought with it.

One of these people was Margaret Fuller. Margaret Fuller was a writer and activist who strongly believed in living close to nature. She worked with fellow writer Ralph Waldo Emerson on a newspaper dedicated to the subject of nature, called The Dial. She was also one of the first women’s rights activists and wrote extensively on the subject.

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American Women: A Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States

Margaret Fuller. CREATED/PUBLISHED: [between 1840 and 1880] SUMMARY: Margaret Fuller, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing left. NOTES: Published in: American women : a Library of Congress guide for the study of women's history and culture in the United States / edited by Sheridan Harvey ... [et al.]. Washington : Library of Congress, 2001, p. 47. SUBJECTS: Fuller, Margaret,--1810-1850. Portrait prints--1840-1880. Engravings--1840-1880. MEDIUM 1 print : engraving. CALL NUMBER BIOG FILE - Fuller, Margaret, 1810-1850 (Marchioness Ossoli) [item] REPRODUCTION NUMBER LC-USZ62-47039 DLC (b&w film copy neg.) SPECIAL TERMS OF USE No known restrictions on publication. REPOSITORY Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID ( b&w film copy neg. ) cph 3a47196 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a47196

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lhbum&fileName=01714//lhbum01714.db&recNum=12 This is a page from Summer on the Lakes, one of Margaret Fuller’s books about nature. In it, Fuller paints an idealized view of nature. She describes some “buildings” around Niagara Falls, and argues that although people protested their presence, nature’s beauty is even stronger than these industrial buildings. Her praise of nature was common among other philosophers and activists at that time in history.

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Pioneering the Upper Midwest: Books from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, ca. 1820-1910 Summer on the Lakes, in 1843. By S.M. Fuller. Ossoli, Sarah Margaret Fuller, marchesa d', 1810-1850. CREATED/PUBLISHED: Boston, C. C. Little and J. Brown; New York, C. S. Francis and company, 1844. SUMMARY: Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli (1810-1850), better known as Margaret Fuller, was a writer, editor, translator, early feminist thinker, critic, and social reformer who was associated with the Transcendentalist movement in New England. This is her introspective account of a trip to the Great Lakes region in 1843. Organized as a series of travel episodes interspersed with literary and social commentary, the work displays a style common to the portfolios, sketch books, and commonplace books kept by educated nineteenth-century women. In addition to her own thoughts about natural landscapes and human encounters, Fuller includes stories, legends, allegorical dialogues, poems, and excerpts from the works of other authors. When she traveled to the Midwest, Fuller was exhausted by her work as editor of the Dial, the Transcendentalist journal she edited with Ralph Waldo Emerson. Accompanied during part of the journey by her friends James Clarke and Sarah Clarke, who created the book's etchings, Fuller traveled by train, steamboat, carriage, and on foot in a circle from Niagara Falls north to Mackinac Island and Sault Ste. Marie, west to Milwaukee, south to Pawpaw, Illinois, and back to Buffalo. Fuller discusses Chicago in some detail, and laments the unjust treatment of Native Americans. She comments on the difficulties of pioneer life for women and on the degradation of the region's beautiful and exhilarating natural environment. She speaks favorably about the British-American agrarian visionary, Morris Birbeck, and includes a short story about an old school friend, Mariana, who dies because her active mind cannot adapt to the restrictive codes of behavior prescribed for the era's elite women. SUBJECTS: Great Lakes--Description and travel. Northwest, Old--Description and travel. CALL NUMBER F551 .O84 DIGITAL ID lhbum 01714 http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbumbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(lhbum+01714))

John Muir was one of America’s leading scientific figures in the late 1800s. Trained as a botanist, Muir traveled throughout the country before settling down in California near what is now Yosemite National Park. There he used his knowledge of the earth’s natural processes and his love of nature’s beauty to argue for the protection of the country’s natural resources. He became the nation’s foremost conservationist. He met and befriended President Theodore Roosevelt, who would use Muir’s ideas to advocate for the establishment of a federal agency to oversee national parks.

Seen here sitting on a rock looking pensive, Muir was one of the earliest advocates for federal protection of America’s natural beauty.

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TITLE: [John Muir, full-length portrait, facing right, seated on rock with lake and trees in background] CALL NUMBER: BIOG FILE - Muir, John, 1838-1914 <item> [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-52000 (b&w film copy neg.) MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED/PUBLISHED: c1902. NOTES: H20557 U.S. Copyright Office. SUBJECTS: Muir, John, 1838-1914. FORMAT: Portrait photographs 1900-1910. Photographic prints 1900-1910. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b00011 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b00011 VIDEO FRAME ID: LCPP003B-00011 (from b&w film copy neg.) CARD #: 95514008

In the image here, Muir stands alongside President Teddy Roosevelt in Yosemite. Muir’s friendship with the President helped further his cause. The President supported Muir’s ideas and supported laws to protect the environment.

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By Popular Demand: Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present

[Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California]. Underwood & Underwood, copyright claimant. CREATED/PUBLISHED c1906. NOTES Published in: Eyes of the nation: a visual history of the United States/Vincent Virga and curators of the Library of Congress ; historical commentary by Alan Brinkley. New York : Knopf, 1997. SUBJECTS Roosevelt, Theodore,--1858-1919--Journeys--California--Yosemite Valley. Muir, John,--1838-1914,--Journeys--California--Yosemite Valley. Portrait photographs--1900-1910. Group portraits--1900-1910. Stereographs--1900-1910. Photographic prints--1900-1910. MEDIUM 1 photographic print : stereograph. CALL NUMBER Item in PRES FILE - Roosevelt, Theodore--Misc. Political and Social Activities <p&p> REPRODUCTION NUMBER LC-USZ62-8672 DLC (b&w film copy neg. of half stereo) LC-USZC4-4698 DLC (color film copy transparency) LC-USZ62-107389 DLC (b&w film copy neg.) REPOSITORY Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID (b&w film copy neg. of half stereo) cph 3a11256 (color film copy transparency) cph 3g04698 (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c07389 http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/presp:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3c07389))

http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3c00000/3c07000/3c07900/3c07991v.jpg Rachel Carson was a leading environmentalist and supported the protection of nature in the 1950s and 1960s. She wrote a famous book entitled Silent Spring that warned about the danger of using pesticides, chemicals sprayed on plants to protect them from disease. Here Carson holds a copy of Silent Spring.

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TITLE: How silent the spring CALL NUMBER: NYWTS - BIOG--Carson, Rachel--Author <item> [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-107991 (b&w film copy neg.) Publication may be restricted. For information see "New York World-Telegram ...," (http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/res/076_nyw.html) SUMMARY: Rachel Carson, half-length portrait, standing, facing front, holding her book, Silent Spring. MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1963. NOTES: Associated Press photo. New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection. SUBJECTS: Carson, Rachel, 1907-1964. FORMAT: Publicity photographs 1960-1970. Photographic prints 1960-1970. DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3c07991 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c07991 CARD #: 93506538 Large image taken from link on: http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/womenswords/alternative.html

Rachel Carson (1907 - 1964) Marine biologist and author Those who dwell, as scientists or laymen, among the beauties and mysteries of the earth are never alone or weary of life.

These loggers are sitting next to an old-growth Redwood in California. Thanks to the efforts of Rachel Carson in the 1950s and 1960s, environmental protection issues, like banning the use of harmful pesticides and preserving forests like those seen here, have become issues of national importance. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/ca/logging_1

California

Falling an old-growth redwood, 1985

Timber and Forests A Local Legacy Can you think of an issue in your community where people feel so strongly that they take sides and protest? In northern California, there is a big timber industry, and the people who work in that industry often conflict with the people who want to keep the trees from being cut down -- the environmentalists.

In order to learn about both sides of the conflict, 90 high school students from Humboldt County interviewed loggers, a small landowner, timber company executives, a biologist, and environmental activists. Their project documents the logging boom and the environmental movement of the California north coast, how this conflict affects the local community, and what the future holds for timber and forests.

The timber industry has had a great influence on the economy and ecology of the northern California coast, so this was a good project for these students to study. They learned firsthand about the timber and logging industry and how the federal government manages the national forests. They also learned how environmental activism changed the way national forests are managed and the events that led to the preservation of the Headwaters Forest in 1999.