methodology of educational research and...

Methodology�of�Educational�Research�And�StatisticsDEDU404

^METHODOLOGY OF EDUCATIONAL

RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

Copyright © 2012 Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.All rights reserved

Produced & Printed byLAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

113, Golden House, Daryaganj,New Delhi-110002

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

Sr. No. Content

1 Educational Research – concept, need and scope, Approaches to research- Qualitative

vs. Quantitative, Types of research – basic, applied research and action research.

2 Selection and identification of research problem, sources of research problem, Review

of related literature, need and sources.

3 Methods of research: descriptive method, Survey method, Correlation Studies,

Developmental Studies, Experimental research, Ex post-facto research, Experimental

Designs, Historical research.

4 Tools and techniques of data collection; Observation and observation schedule,

Questionnaire, Rating scale, Case study, Interview and Interview Schedule.

5 Population, sample and sampling design, Probability and non-probability sampling

techniques,

6 Hypothesis – concept, characteristics, sources, Formulation of hypotheses, testing of

hypotheses, Quantitative data – collection, scoring, analysis and interpretation,

Qualitative data – collection, scoring, analysis and interpretation, Preparation of

research report and dissemination of findings.

7 Statistical methods: frequency distribution and graphical representation, Measurement

of central tendency- Mean, Median, Mode, Measures of variability- SD, MD, QD.

8 Probability: Normal Probability Curve and its Uses.

9 Correlation- rank difference, product moment method

10 Chi-square test, T-test, F-test.

gkmeqw (SYLLABUS)

ftfdne y'i gqDkbh ns/ nzeVk^ftfrnkB (Methodology of Educational Research and Statistics)

T[d/P

y'i dhnK nkXkoG{s XkoDktK, nB[;zXkB gqfefonktK ns/ gfoebfgsK B{z ;wMDK.

ftfGzB gqeko dhnK y'i ;wZf;nktK B{z u[DB dhnK seBheK B{z ;wMDK.

y'i gq;skt fsnko eoB dh :'rsk gqkgs eoBk.

Objectives

To understand the basic concepts of research, research processes and designs.

To understand the techniques of selecting different types of research problems.

To acquire skills of preparing the research proposal.

ftPk^t;s{ fJekJh (Units) (CONTENTS) gZBK ;zfynk (Page No.)

1H

ftfdne y'i (Educational Research)

2H y'i d/ gqeko L w{bG{s, fttjkfoe ns/ fefonkswe y'i (Types of Research: Basic, Applied

and Action Research)

3H y'I ;wZf;nk dh u'D, eEB ns/ ;o's (Selection, Statement and Source Research

Problem)

4H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk, io{os ns/ ;o's (Review of Related Literature Need and

Sources)

5H y'i dhnK ftXhnK (Methods of Research)

6H toDkswe y'i (Descriptive Research)

7H ftek;kswe ns/ G{s^nB[bkrh y'i (Developmental and Ex-Post Facto Research)

8H fJfsjkf;e y'i (Historical Research)

9H gq:'rkswe y'i (Experimental Research)

10H gq:'rkswe gfoebfgs (Experimental Design)

11H BohyD ns/ BohyD :'iBk (Observation and Observation Schedule)

12H nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD d/ T[geoD ns/ seBhe (Tools and Techniques of Data Collection)

13H gqPBktbh (Questionnaire)

14H fBoXkoD wkg (Rating Scale)

15H ;kePkseko ns/ ;kePkseko :'iBk (Interview and Interview Schedule)

16H e/; nfXnB ftXh (Case Study Method)

17H izB;zfynk, fBnkdoP ns/ fBnkdoP^u'D dhnK ftXhnK (Population, Sample and Sampling

Design)

18H ;zGtsk ns/ n;zGtsk u'D ftXhnK (Probability and Non-Probability Sampling Techniques)

19H gfoebgBk L XkoDk, ftP/PsktK ns/ ;o's (Hypothesis: Concept, Characteristics and

Sources)

20H gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD ns/ BohyD (Formulation and Testing of Hypothesis)

21H r[Dkswe ns/ ;zfynkswe nzeV/ (Qualitative and Quantitative Data)

22H nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftXhnK (Statistical Methods)

23H e/Adoh goftosh d/ wkge^wZXwkB, wZXnze, pj[nze (Measurement of Central Tendency-

M, Md, Mo)

24H ;zGktBk L ;XkoD ;zGktBk teo ns/ gq:'r (Probability : Normal Probability Curve and its

Uses)

25H ftubD d/ wkge L e:{vh, n?wvh, n?;vh (Measures of Dispersion QD, MD, SD)

26H ;fj^;zpzX L eownzso ftXh, r[DB nkx{oD ftXh (Correlation: Rank Difference Method,

Product Moment Method)

27H ekJh tor N/;N (Chi-Square Test)

28H Nh^N/;N (T-Test)

29H n?c^N/;N (F-Test)

30H y'i ypo dk b/yB (Preparation of Research Report)

fJekJh^1L ftfdne y'i

fJekJh^1L ftfdne y'i (Educational Research)

B'N

ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)

ikDekoh (Introduction)

1H1 ftfdne y'i dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Educational Research)

1H2 f;Zfynk y'i dh io{os (Need of Educational Research)

1H3 ftfdne y'i dk y/so (Scope of Educational Research)

1H4 y'i dhnK ftP/P Gkth io{osK (Distinctive Future Need of Educational

Research)

1H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

1H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

T[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXnB d/ pknd ftfdnkoEh :'r j'Dr/L

ftfdne y'i B{z ikDB ftZul

ftfdne y'i dh io{os B{z ikDB ftZul

ftfdne y'i dh gqkEfwesk B{z ikDB ftZu. ikDekoh (Introduction)

ftfdne y'i s'A Gkt T[; y'i s'A j[zdk j?, fijVh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ehsh iKdh j?. T[; dk T[d/P f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK, nk:kwK, gqfefonktK nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu BthB frnB dh f;oiBk, toswkB frnkB dh ;Zs:sk dk gqhyD, T[; dk ftek; s/ Gkth :'iBktK dhnK fdPktK dk fBoXkoD eoBk j[zdk j?. No?to; B/ f;Zfynk^y'I B{z fJZe nfijh fefonk wzfBnk j?, fi; dk T[d/P f;Zfynk^;pzXh ftfPnK s/ y'I eoe/ frnkB dk ftek; ns/ ;zrmB eoBk j[zdk j?. ftP/P o{g s'A ftfdnkoEhnK d/ T[jBK fttjkoK d/ ftP/ ftZu frnkB fJeZso eoBk, fiBQK dk ftek; ehsk ikDk f;Zfynk dk Xow ;wfMnk iKdk j?, f;Zfynk^y'i ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk j?. No?to; d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;zrfms ftfrnkBe^g[zi dk ftek; nfs io{oh j?, feT[Afe T[;h d/ nkXko s/ f;Zfynk d/ bJh fJj fBoXkfos eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu io{oh fttjkoK d/ ftek; ;pzXh fe; gqeko dh f;ybkJh ns/ f;Zfynk go;fEshnK dk fBowkD eoBk io{oh j't/rk.

1H1 ftfdne y'i dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Educational Research)

f;Zfynk d/ eJh ;pzXs y/so ns/ ftP/ jB, fit/A^f;Zfynk dk fJfsjk;, f;Zfynk dk ;wkiPk;so, f;Zfynk dk wB'ftfrnkB, f;Zfynk^doPB, f;ybkJh^ftXhnK, f;Zfynk^ftXhnK,

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

ftfdne y'i gqDkbh ns/ nzeVk^ftfrnkB

B'N f;Zfynk seBheh, nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkoEh, w[bnzeD, wkordoPB, f;Zfynk d/ nkofEe nkXko, f;Zfynk^gqpzXB, f;Zfynk dh w{bG{s ;wZf;nktK nkfd. fJBQK ;ko/ y/soK ftZu pdbd/ j'J/ gfot/P ns/ gfotofss go;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b toswkB frnkB d/ ;ZukJh ns/ t?Xsk^gqhyD dh fBozso io{os pDh ofjzdh j?. fJj ekoi f;Zfynk^y'i d/ d[nkok jh ;wgzB j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk^y'i f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu toswkB ns/ g{ot;fEsh frnkB dk gqhyD ns/ ;ZukJh ns/ Bt/A frnkB dk ftek; eoB dk sohek, fJZe gqfefonk j?. f;Zfynk d/ jo/e y/so ftZu eJh soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK ;w/A^;w/A s/ ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK jB. T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB y'iDk th io{oh j[zdk j?. fJj eko th f;Zfynk^y'I d/ d[nkok jh ;zGt j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe"D s'A f;Zfynk^y'i f;Zfynk dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB gqkgs eoB dh fJZe ftP/P gqfefonk j?. f;Zfynk^;pzXh eJh nDT[Zsoh gqPBK d/ T[Zso gqkgs eoB dk wkfXnw th f;Zfynk y'i j?. fezB/ jh ftP/PZrK B/ f;Zfynk^y'i dhnK gfoGkPktK gq;s{s ehshnK jB.

fGNBh (1954) d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk^y'i f;Zfynk^y/so dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD dk gfonk; eodk j? ns/ fJ; ekoi dh g{osh ;pzXh T[; ftZu ftfrnkBe, dkoPfBe ns/ ;wkb'uBkswe ebgBk^gqXkB fuzsB^ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK ftfrnkBe y'i ns/ gZXshnK B{z f;Zfynk^y/so dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB d/ bJh bkr{ eoBk ftfdne y'i ejkT[Adk j?.

e'oB/b dk wzBDk j? fe ftfdnkb/ d/ pkbeK, ftfdnkfbnK, ;wkfie YKu/ ns/ f;ZyD tkfbnK d/ bZSDK ns/ fJBQK d/ ftZu j'D tkbh nzsofefonk d/ ftP/ ftZu eowpZX o{g s'A ;{uBktK fJeZso eoBk f;Zfynk^y'i j?.

:[B/;e' d/ fJZe gqekPB d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk^y'i s'A Gkt j? T[jBK ;kfonK gfonk;K s'A fijV/ oki ns/ ftnesh ns/ ;z;EktK d[nkok ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ fiBQK d/ T[d/P ftfdne ftXhnK ns/ ftfdne ekoiK ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[Adk j[zdk j?. 1H2 f;Zfynk y'i dh io{os (Need of Educational Research)

f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j?. T[; dk w{bG{s T[d/P ftnesh ftZu nfij/ gfotosB fbnkT[Dk j[zdk j?, fijV/ ;wkfie ftek; ns/ ftnesh d/ ihtB B{z T[BzsPhb pDkT[D d/ fdqPNhe"D s'A io{oh j[zd/ jB. fJ; T[d/P dh g{osh w[Zy o{g s'A f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk s/ fBoGo eodh j?. i/eo f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk :'r ns/ gqGktPkbh j't/ sK ftnesh ftZu T[; d/ d[nkok T[go'es io{oh gfotosB fbnkT[Dk ;ob ns/ ;zGt j't/rk BjhA sK BjhA. fJ; gqeko f;Zfynk dh gqw[Zy ;wZf;nk j? fe T[; dh gqfefonk B{z wip{s gqGktPkbh ns/ :'r fet/A pDkfJnk ikt/. fJ; ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB ;pzXh y'i io{oh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' y'i d/ d[nkok jh T[jBK ftXhnK, gZXshnK, gof;EshnK dh y'I ;zGt j?, i' f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z ;pb pDkt[D ftZu ;fj:'r d/ ;edhnK jB. fJ; fdqPNhe"D Bkb y'I dk f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZst j?.

f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk fJZe pj[sZsh gqfefonk j?. T[; d/ eJh nkXkoG{s sZs jB. ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqse go;fEshnK, rqfj^gfot/P, ftfdnkb/ dk tksktoD ns/ T[;dhnK eJh ftP/PsktK, f;ybkJh ftXhnK, gkm^;wZroh, f;ybkJh dh ;jkfJe ;wZroh, nfXnkge ns/ T[;dhnK eJh ftP/PsktK, ftfdnkoEh ns/ T[; dhnK eJh ftP/PsktK, f;Zfynk^gqfefonk nkfd eJh uoD jB, fijV/ f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. fJBQK ;kfonK dhnK e[ZM ftP/PsktK nfijhnK j' ;edhnK jB, fiBQK d/ ftP/ ftZu j[D sZe fe;h B{z e'Jh ikDekoh BjhA j?. T[jBK dh y'i nB[;zXkB d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh ;zGt j?. Bkb jh fiBQK uoDK dh y'i ehsh ik u[Zeh j?, T[jBK d/ ftP/ ftZu fJj ikDBk ns/ fBPfus eoBk io{oh j? fe f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z wip{s pDkT[D ftZu jo/e fezBk wjZstg{oD j? ns/ T[; dk gqfefonk ftZu dyb

2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


fe; gqeko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, T[; d/ gq:'r B{z fe; soQK finkdk gqGktPkbh pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A f;Zfynk^y'I dk ftP/P wjZst j?, feT[Afe T[; d/ d[nkok jh T[go'es ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB ;zGt j' ;edk j?.

;wkfie^nkofEe go;fEshnK f;Zfynk d/ gq;ko, T[; dh r[DtZsk, T[; d/ BshfinK ns/ T[; dh gqfefonk B{z gqGkfts eodhnK jB. fJ; gqeko fJBQK d/ ;pzX ftZu f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ns/ T[; dh ftt;Ek dk nfXnB ehsk ikDk th pj[s io{oh j?. fJ; gqeko dhnK go;fEshnK fe; soQK f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts eodhnK jB, fJj y'i d[nkok jh fBoXkfos ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb f;Zfynk^y'i dk ngDk wjZst j?.

ftfdnkEhnK d/ ftnefsZst dhnK ftP/PsktK th f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z gqGkfts eodhnK jB. eJh nfijhnK ftP/PsktK d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB ehsk frnk j?, gozs{ Bshik n;zfdrX ns/ fJZe' fij/ gqkgs BjhA j'J/ jB. e[ZM ftP/PsktK dk nfXnB sk BKj d/ pokpo jh j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; y/so ftZu th y'i dh pj[s io{os j?. fJBQK nfXnBK B{z finkdk ;[;zrfms ns/ t?X ftXhnK d[nkok ;zgzB ehs/ ikD dh io{os j?. fgSb/ e[ZM ;kbK ftZu pj[s ;kohnK BthnK^BthnK f;ybkJh^ftXhnK dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK dh T[g:'rsk ns/ gqGktesk dk v[zx/ ;so s/ nfXnB eoB dh io{os j?. Bkb jh j'o th ftP/P ftXhnK dh y'i ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJ; y/so ftZu y'i wjZstg{oD G{fwek fBGk ;edk j?. jo ;kb ftZu pj[s ;ko/ f;ybkJh^gqshwkBK (models to teaching) dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j? gozs{, fJBQK dk io{oh gqhyD BjhA j' gkfJnk j?. f;Zfynk^y'i d[nkok fJBQK d/ gqhyD dh io{os j?. fJ; soQK ekoieowpZX f;Zfynk (programmed learning), ;[yw^f;ybkJh (micro-teaching), f;w[b/fNe f;ybkJh dh T[g:'rsk dk nfXnB th io{oh j?.

T[dkjoD nfXnkge nkgD/ nkg f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD xNe j?.

nfXnkge ftnefsZst dhnK ftP/PsktK, T[; d/ frnkB, T[; d/ fttjko dk ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ftek; s/ pj[s v[zxk gqGkt g?Adk j?, gozs{ fJj fejVhnK ftP/PsktK jB, fet/A nkgDk gqGkt gkT[AdhnK jB, fe; soQK dk gqGkt gkT[AdhnK jB nkfd nfij/ gqPB jB, i' j[D sZe nDT[Zsoh jB. f;Zfynk^y'i d[nkok fJBQK d/ fBPfus T[Zso gqkgs eoBk io{oh j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb f;Zfynk ftZu y'i dh pj[s io{os bZrdh j?.

jo/e ftnesh nkgD/ gfot/P dhnK go;fEshnK s'A gqGkfts j[zdk j?. ftfdnkoEh fBozso rqfj^gfot/P ns/ ftfdnkb/ gfot/P d/ ftZu ftuodk j?. rqfj^gfot/P ns/ ftfdnkb/^gfot/P B{z fejVhnK go;fEshnK ns/ ftP/PsktK, T; d/ f;Zfynk ns/ ftek; B{z fe; soQK gqGkfts eodhnK jB, f;Zfynk^y'i d[nkok fJ; dk fBoXkoD pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. fJ; y/so ftZu f;Zfynk^y'i dh pj[s io{oh j?.

f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk d/ dkfJo/ s'A jNe/ j'o ;zdoGK ftZu th f;Zfynk^y'i dh pj[s finkdk io{os gqshs j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk^szso nkswfBoGo ns/ ;[szso BjhA j?, T; dh ftt;Ek ns/ rshftXhnK s/ ;wki d/ eJh d{i/ szsoK (systems) dk gqGkt g?Adk j?. okifBsh, ;wkfie^ftt;Ek, noEftt;Ek, seBheh ftek;, Xow, iks nkfd eJh sZs f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. f;Zfynk ns/ fJBQK ;kfonK d/ ftZu fBozso nzsofefonk j[zdh ofjzdh j?. fJ; soQK fJj ikDBk th io{oh j? fe fJj ;G fe; soQK fe;h d/P dh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. f;Zfynk th fJBQK szsoK B{z gqGkfts eodh j?. fJ; gqeko fJj ikDBk th wjZstg{oD j? fe f;Zfynk fJBQK B{z feZE/ sZe ns/ fe; gqeko gqGkfts eodh j?. fJ; y/so ftZu th f;Zfynk^y'i dh io{os j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb th f;Zfynk^y'i dk ftP/P wjZst j?.

fJfsjkf;e fdqPNhe'D s'A th f;Zfynk dk nfXnB ehsk ikDk wjZstg{oD j?. fJj wB[Zyh fifrnk;k ns/ T[; dh o[uh dk ftPk j?. ftfGzB ekbK ftZu f;Zfynk dk ;o{g eh fojk j?, feBQK

B'N



B'N go;fEshnK B/ T[; B{z T[j o{g fdZsk j?, nZi dhnK gof;EshnK ftZu T[; dh eh gq;zfresk j? nkfd nkgD/^nkg ftZu wjZstg{oD jB. fJBQK gqPBK d/ T[Zso f;Zfynk^;pzXh T[gbpX frnkB dhnK ;hwktK dk ft;sko eo ;ed/ jB ns/ wB[Zyh fifrnk;k B{z PKs eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko fJ; y/so ftZu th f;Zfynk^y'i dh io{os j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A th f;Zfynk^y'i dk wjZst j?.

ftfdne fB:'iB d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A th ftfdne y'i dk pj[s wjZst j?. ;zs'PiBe ftfdne fB:'iB ns/ T[; d/ w{bG{s nkXko fBoXkfos eoB d/ bJh y'i io{oh j?.

;ktXkBh ftfdne fB:'iB dh ;cbsk d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe ;z;kXBK ns/ dkfJstK dh

g{oh ikDekoh j't/.

Bkb jh ;wki d/ b'eK, T[jBK dh ;z;feqsh, T[jBK dh gko;gfoe ;wkBsktK^n;wkBsktK dh ikDekoh th io{oh j?. fJj th io{oh j? fe ;wki d/ ;zrmBK, T[jBK d/ gqGkth fB:zsoDK, T[jBK dhnK io{osK, fJZSktK ns/ ;wZf;nktK dh th nZSh ikDekoh j't/. fJj ikDekoh gqkgs eoB dk wkfXnw ftfdne y'i jh j' ;edk j?. fJ; gqeko T[; dk fdqPNhe'D Bkb th pj[s wjZst j?. fJ; ikDekoh d/ fpBK ftfdne fB:'iB ed/ th ;koEe ns/ :EkoE Bkb i[fVnk BjhA j' ;edk. eJh tko nfijk j[zdk j? fe fpBK nkXkoG{s ikDekoh d/ ftfdne :'iBktK pDk bJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ fpBK uzrh soQK ftuko ehs/ T[jBK B{z fefonktfBs eo fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ pknd ftZu gsk bZrdk j? fe T[j ;wki dhnK io{osK d/ nB[;ko Bk j'D d/ ekoB Bk sK b'eK d/ fjZs ftZu jB ns/ Bk ;wki T[jBK B{z ;theko eo gkfJnk j?. T[; ;w/A T[jBK s/ you ehsk frnk XzB ns/ iBPesh ftnoE ub/ iKd/ jB. XzB ns/ iBPesh d/ d[oT[g:'r Bkb pj[s jZd sZe pfunk ik ;edk j?, i/eo ftfdne y'i d[nkok nkXkoG{s ikDekoh gqkgs eoe/ T[; d/ nkXko s/ :'iBktK fsnko ehshnK ikD.

ftfdne :'iBktK B{z ;cbskg{oB Yzr Bkb fefonktfBs eoB d/ bJh nfij/ eosZt dh io{os j[zdh j?, i' gqGktPkbh j't/. B/so/st gqGktPkbh sK jh j' ;edk j?, id T[; B{z fJj ikDekoh j't/ fe fe; gqeko d/ ;[XkoK dh io{os j?, fe; gqeko dhnK ;wZf;nktK s'A f;Zfynkîrs d/ b'e i{M oj/ jB, f;Zfynk dh gqrsh ftZu fejV/ sZs pkXe jB, f;Zfynk^y/so d/ fe; e'B/ ftZu eh xN fojk j?, f;Zfynkîrs d/ ftfGzB ;zrmB fe; fdPk ftZu ik oj/ jB nkfd. f;Zfynk^y'i fJj ;koh ikDekoh fJeZso eoe/ B/so/st B{z :'r ns/ gqGktPkbh pDk ;edk j? ns/ f;Zfynkîrs dh ft;zrshnK B{z d{o eoB dh :'rsk T[; B{z gqdkB eo ;edk j?.

finkdkso ;ko/ ;wki o{VQhnK, fBow{b XkoDktK, eJh soQK d/ g{otrqfjK ns/ dfenkB{;h ftukoK, nzXftPtk;K ns/ fx;hnK^fgNhnK wkBsktK Bkb rqf;s ofjzd/ jB. d/P ns/ ;wki dh T[Bsh ftZu fJj pkXe j[zd/ jB. ftfdne y'I T[jBK B{z gqekP ftZu fbnkT[D dk gfonk; eodk j? ns/ T[jBK eVhnK B{z bZG e/ ;wki d/ ;kjwD/ gq;s{s eo ;edk j?, fiBQK Bkb fJj nzXftPtk; i[V/ j[zd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb fJBQK B{z fe; soQK d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJj ;[Mk nth ftfdne y'i d/ d[nkok T[gbpX j' ;ed/ jB. fet/A ;wkfie ikro[esk tX/, b'e nzXeko s'A gqekP ftZu nkT[D ns/ T[jBK ftZu ;wkfie ihtB dh uzrh ;wM dk ftek; j't/, ;wki d/ ftfGzB torK d/ ftZu fJZeî[Nsk ns/ ftuko^;kwsk dk ftek; j't/, fJBQK ;kfonK fNZfunK sZe gj[zuD d/ T[gkn, ftXhnK ns/ :'iBktK ftfdne y'i jh ;[Mk ;edh j?.

B'N; f;Zfynk y'i f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB nk:kwK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;zrfms ftfrnkBe

frnkBg[zi dk ftek; j?.



f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu y'i dk ;{sogks 1950 d/ djke/ ftZu j'fJnk, nfijk wzfBnk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu gfjbh ghHn?uHvhH T[gkXh 1943 ftZu pzpJh ftPtftfdnkb/ d[nkok gqdkB ehsh rJh ;h. T[; d/ pknd y'i d/ y/so dk ft;sko j[zdk fojk. ;zB 1943^1988 d/ ftZu i' gqrsh fJ; y/so ftZu j'Jh T[; dk toDB uko ftfdne y'i ;ot/yDK (Surveys of Research

in Education) ftZu fwbdk j?, i' eow nB[;ko 1974, 1979, 1987 ns/ 1991 ftZu gqekfPs j'J/ ;B. gfjbk ;ot/yD i' 1974 ftZu Sfgnk ;h, ftZu T[jBK nfXnBK dk toDB j?, i' 1972 s'A 1978 d/ ftZu g{o/ j'J/. fsZi/ ;ot/yD (1978) ftZu T[jBK nfXnBK dk toDB j?, i' 1978 s'A 1983 d/ ftZu ehs/ rJ/ ;B. u'E/ ;ot/yD (1991) ftZu 1988 sZe ;zgzB j'J/ nfXnBK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. gfjb/ ;ot/yD ftZu 462 ghHn?uHvhH ns/ 269 gq'i/eN ;so d/ nfXnBK dk toDB j?. d{i/ ;ot/yD ftZu 839 y'iK dk toDB j?, i' f;Zfynk d/ 17 y/soK ftZu ehs/ rJ/ ;B. fJj y/so jB L s[bBkswe f;Zfynk, gkmeow f;ybkJh ftXh, gkm^g[;seK, ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ekoe, f;Zfynk^seBheh, ftfdne gqPk;B, ftfdne noEPk;so, f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB, f;Zfynk^doPB, f;Zfynk^;wkiPk;so, wkordoPB ns/ wzsoDk, ftfdne w[bnzeD, wkgB ns/ gqhfynktK, nfXnkge f;ybkJh, f;ybkJh ns/ f;Zfynk dk fJfsjk; ns/ T; dhnK ;wZf;nktK. fsZi/ ;ot/yD (1987) B/ 1940 s'A 1983 d/ ftZu j'JhnK y'iK dk djkektko ikDekoh gq;s{s ehsh j?. ghHn?uHvhH ;so d/ nfXnBK dh ikDekoh fJ; gqeko j?^

B'N

djkektko ghHn?uHvhH nfXnB

;kb ;zfynk

1941^1950 10

1951^1960 63

1961^1970 234

1971^1980 850

1981^1983 266

e[ZbQ 1423

fJ; soQK ghHn?uHvhH d/ fJbktk fijVhnK y'iK fJBQK dPeK ftZu j'JhnK T[jBK dh ikDekoh fJ; gqeko j?^

djkektko j'o nfXnB

;kb ;zfynk

1941^1950 5

1951^1960 56

1961^1970 250

1971^1980 556

1981^1983 150

e[ZbQ 1017


;koBh 1H1

;koBh 1H2


B'N e[ZbQ 19 y/soK ftZu fJj nfXnB ;zgzB j'J/. d{i/ ;ot/yD ftZu e[ZbQ 17 y/so ;B. fJBQK ftZu GkPk f;Zfynk ns/ nDUgukfoe f;Zfynk d' ftP/ j'o i[V rJ/.

u'E/ ;ot/yD (1991) ftZu e[ZbQ 4703 y'iK dk T[b/y j? fijVhnK 29 y/soK ftZu tzvhnK j'JhnK jB. fJBQK ftZu'A 3289 ghHn?uHvhH ;so d/ ns/ 1414 j'o gq'i/eN ;so d/ nfXnB jB. fJBQK 3289 ghHn?uHvhH y'iK ftZu'A 2272 f;Zfynk ftGkrK ftZu ns/ 1017 j'o ftGkrK fit/A wB'ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so, doPBPk;so, noEPk;so nkfd ftGkrK ftZu ;zgzB j't/.

fJ; toDB s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe f;Zfynk d/ eJh y/soK ftZu y'i B{z wjZstg{oD ;EkB gqkgs j'fJnk j?. fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;zfynkswe fdqPNhe'D s'A f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu y'i dk pj[s d[ors Bkb ftek; j'fJnk j?. e[ZM f;ZfynkPk;soh fJ; B{z ft;c'Ne tkXk th wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dk wzBDk j? fe f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu E'e ftZu (mass production) ghHn?uHvhH fsnko ehs/ ik oj/ jB. u'E/ ;ot/yD ftZu fJ; tkX/ dh rsh (trend) B{z fJ; gqeko do;kfJnk j? L ;zB 1940 d/ djke/ ftZu jo ;kb fJZe, 1950 d/ djke/ ftZu gqsh 73 fdBK s/ s/ fJZe, 1960 d/ djke/ ftZu gqsh 16 fdBK s/ fJZe, 1970 d/ djke/ ftZu gqsh 41$2 fdB s/ fJZe, 1980 d/ djke/ ftZu gqsh 3 fdBK s/ fJZe ghHn?uHvhH dh T[gkXh gqdkB ehsh rJh. i/eo fJ; ftZu ghHn?uHvhH ;so d/ fJbktk d{ihnK y'iK B{z th Pkfwb eo fbnk ikt/ sK u'E/ ;ot/yD d/ nB[;ko gqsh 36 xzN/ fJZe y'i fog'oN gqkgs j[zdh j?. nZr/ fJj th fejk frnk j? fe i/eo fJjh rsh pDh oj/ sK GftZy ftZu gqshfdB fJZe y'i ;zgzB j't/rk.

Nk;e f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu y'i dh gfjb d/ nkXko s/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D gqrN eo'.

;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks):

1H ftfdne y'i HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ y/so ftZu ehsh ikD tkbh y'i j?.

2H nfXnkge nkgD/ nkg f;Zfynk dh HHHHHHHHHHHHH dk fJZe wjZstg{oD xNe j?.

3H gfjbh ghHn?uHvhH T[gkXh, 1943 ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHH ftPtftfdnkb/ d[nkok gqdkB ehsh rJh.

1H3 ftfdne y'i dk y/so (Scope of Educational Research)

f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu fe; gqeko dhnK y'iK B{z gfjb fdZsh ikt/, fJj gqPB th d' dPeK s'A pokpo T[mkfJnk ik fojk j?. ;w/A^;w/A s/ fJ; ;pzX ftZu ;z;s[shnK th ehshnK iKdhnK ojhnK jB, gozs{ P'XeosktK B/ fJ; B{z ed/ rzGhosk Bkb BjhA fbnk. fJ; dk fJZe ekoB sK fJj fojk j? fe gfjb dk nkXko eh j't/. fJ; ;pzX ftZu e'Jh fBPfus wZs BjhA pD ;fenk. fsZi/ y'i ;ot/yD (1987) d/ nkyoh nfXnkJ/ ftZu vkH fPt e/H fwZsok B/ ;[Mkn fdZsk j? fe T[jBK ;wZf;nktK B{z y'i ;pzXh gfjb fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fiBQK dh okPNoh f;Zfynk^fBshnK ftZu T[mkJhnK rJhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB T[gbpX eokT[D ;pzXh ssekb io{os j?. fJ; s'A gfjbK 1975 ftZu n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH d/ gqekPB “n?i[e/PB fo;ou n?Av fJB't/PB” ftZu fBwBfbys ;wZf;nktK B{z f;Zfynk^y'i dh gfjbh ;[uh ftZu oZfynk frnk ;h^

1H ;wki d/ rohp tor d/ pkbeK dh ftfdne io{osK dh g{osh d/ ;wkXkB bZGDk.

2H nzso;kbk y'i (interdisciplinary research).

3H gqshGktK dh y'i ns/ T[jBK d/ ftek; Bkb ;pzfXs ;wZf;nktK.

4H u'dK ;kb sZe d/ pkbeK dh io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk fi; dk Gkosh ;zftXkB dh Xkok 45 ftZu gqtXkB j?, Bkb ;pzXs ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB.



5H nB[;{fus ikshnK ns/ iB^ikshnK d/ pkbeK dh f;Zfynk Bkb ;pzXs ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB.

e[ZM j'o f;Zfynk^Pk;sohnK B/ th fJ; ;pzX ftZu ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. T[jBK ;kfonK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ f;Zfynk d/ fBwBfbys y/soK ftZu T[go'es d/ fJbktk gfjb d/ nkXko s/ y'i dh io{os gqshs j[zdh j?^

1H S'N/ pkbeK dh d/yGkb ns/ T[jBK dh f;Zfynk,

2H nDUgukfoe f;Zfynk,

3H f;Zfynk dk eko'pkoheoD,

4H gkmeow ;zP'XB,

5H ihtB^w[ZbK dh f;Zfynk,

6H f;Zfynk ftZu y/soh n;zs[bB,

7H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB,

8H f;Zfynk^gqPk;B,

9H f;Zfynk ftZu B/so/st,

10H f;Zfynk^;z;EktK d/ ekoieowK ns/ T[jBK dh gqGkftesk dk nfXnB,

11H g{ot^gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dk gkmeow ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK,

12H f;Zfynk ;z;EktK d/ tksktoD dk nfXnB,

13H nfXnkge f;ybkJh,

14H s[bBkswe f;Zfynk,

15H B?fse f;Zfynk,

16H ftfdne noEPk;so,

17H f;Zfynk ns/ ftXh Pk;so,

18H f;Zfynk ns/ okifBsh.

T[go'es y/so nfs^ft;sfos ns/ ftnkge jB. jo/e y/so ftZu eJh ;wZf;nktK nfXnB ;pzXh T[gbpX j' ;edhnK jB. fJBQK y/soK ftZu nfXnB pj[s xZN j'J/ jB. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A jh fJBQK do;kfJnk frnk j?. ftP/P ;wZf;nktK dh ;[uh d/Dk ;zGt BjhA j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwBfbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu ns/ M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State Whether the Following

Statement are True or False):

4H f;Zfynk y'i dk T[d/P f;Zfynk ;pzXh ftfPnK dh y'i eoe/ frnkB dk ftek; eoBk j?.

5H f;Zfynk fJZe nkofEe gqfefonk j?.

6H f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu y'i dk ;{sogks 1950 JhH ftZu j'fJnk.

7H ftnesh nkgD/ gfot/P dh go;fEsh s'A gqGkfts BjhA j[zdk j?.

B'N



B'N 1H4 y'i dhnK ftP/P Gkth io{osK (Distinctive Future Need of Educational Research)

f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ftZu nN[ZN ;pzX j?. wB[Zyh^ihtB ns/ T[; d/ gfot/P Bkb ;pzXs jo/e gfogq/y ehs/ Bk ehs/ f;Zfynk B{z S{zdk j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; y/so Bkb ;pzXs ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB th io{oh j?. T[jBK ftZu'A pj[fsnK dk nfXnB ftd/PK ftZu ehsk th u[Zek j?. fJBQK nfXnBK d/ nkXko s/ pj[s ;ko/ f;XKsK dk gqshgkdB th ehsk frnk j?. fJj f;XKs eJh sZEK, xNBktK, ;wZf;nktK ns/ ft;zrshnK dh ftnkfynk th eod/ jB. sK th fJBQK f;XKsK dh fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk finkdk BjhA j?. fJ; dk fJZe ekoB sK f;Zfynk^ftfrnkB d/ ftP/^y/so dk gqkshfse (Subjective) j'Dk j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; y/so ftZu fijVhnK y'iK j'JhnK jB, T[jBK d/ BshfinK ns/ nkXkfos f;XKsK dh ftnkgesk (generzlity) dk ;so pj[s T[Zuk T[Zm gkfJnk j? Gkt T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ xNBktK d/ pj[s tZv/ ;w{j ns/ pj[s finkd ftfdne go;fEshnK dh ftnkfynk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. e[ZM ftP/P gqeko dh gfogq/yK dk jh T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ io{os pj[s finkdk ftnkge f;XKsK dh j?. fJ; gqeko GftZy ftZu nfijhnK y'iK dh io{os j?, fijVhnK finkdk ftnkge jB ns/ fiBQK d/ nkXko s/ finkdk s'A finkdk gfogq/yK ns/ ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMDk ;zGt j't/.

fJ; gfogq/y Bkb ;pzXs fijV/ f;XKs (educational theories) T[gbpX jB, T[j finkdkso ftd/PK ftZu ehshnK rJhnK y'iK d/ nkXko s/ ftef;s j'J/ jB, gozs{ jo/e ;wki dh nkgDh ;wkfie ;ZukJh (social reality) j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh fJj io{oh BjhA j? fe fiBQK f;XKsK dk ftek; d{i/ d/PK ftZu j'fJnk j't/, T[j nkgd/ d/P dh ;wkfie :EkoEesk d/ th nB[;ko j'D. 1H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

f;Zfynk y'i f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu toswkB ns/ g{ot;fEs frnkB dh f;ybkJh ns/ ;fsnkgB ns/ Bt/A frnkB dk ftek; eoB dk fJZe sohek, fJZe gqfefonk j?.

:[B/;e' d/ fJZe gqekP;B d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk y'i s'A Gkt j? T[jBK ;ko/ gfonk;K s'A i' oki ns/ ftnesh ns/ ;z;EktK d[nkok ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ fiBQK dk T[d/P ftfdne ftXhnk ns/ ftfdne ekoiK ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[Dk j[zdk j?.

f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j?. T[; dk w{bG{s T[d/P ftnesh ftZu nfij/ gfotosB fbnkT[Dk j[zdk j?, i' ;wkfie ftek; ns/ ftnesh d/ ihtB B{z T[BzsPhb pDkT[D d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A io{oh j[zd/ jB.

fsZi/ y'i ;ot/yD ftZu vkH fPt e/H fwZsok B/ ;[Mkn fdZsk j? fe T[jBK ;wZf;nktK B{z y'i ;pzXh gfjb fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fiBQK dh okPNoh f;Zfynk^BhshnK ftZu T[mkJhnK rJhnK ;wZf;nktk d/ ;wkXkB T[gbpX eokT[D ;pzXh ssekb io{os j?.


1H ftfdne y'I (Educational Research) ^ fJ; dk T[d/P f;Zfynk ;pzXh ftfPnK s/ y'i eoe/ frnkB dk ftek; ns/ ;zrmB eoBk j?.

2H ftfdne fB:'iB (Educational Planning) ^ fJ; dk Gkt T[fus fJZSk gqdkB eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh :'iBk pDk e/ T[; B{z fefonktfBs eoBk j?.


1H ftfdne y'i s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<



2H f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ftfdne y'i dh io{os s/ gqekP gkU.

3H ftfdne y'i d/ y/so dk toDB eo'.

4H y'i dhnK Gkth io{osK T[Zs/ fNZgDh fby'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

1H f;Zfynk 2H gqfefonk 3H pzpJh 4H ;Zu

5H M{m 6H ;Zu 7H M{m 1H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H ftfdne y'i dh ekoigqDkbh^n?bH e"b, ftek; gpfbfpzr.

2H ftfdne y'i ftXhnK^PohB ns/ PPhebk, ftB'd g[;se wzfdo.

3H ftfdne seBheh ns/ w[bnzeD^vkH okwgkb f;zx, GZN podoI.

4H f;Zfynk seBheh^nkoHJ/H Powk, GZN podoI.

B'N



B'N fJekJh^2 L y'i d/ gqekoL w{bG{s, fttjkfoe ns/ fefonkswe y'i

(Types of Research: Basic, Applied and Action Research) .


T[d/P (Objectives)


2H1 f;Zfynk y'i dk torheoD (Classification of Educational Research)

2H2 f;Zfynk y'i d/ ekoi (Functions of Educational Research)

2H3 fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk dk ftek; (Development of Concept of Action Research)

2H4 fefonkswe y'i dk noE (Meaning of Action Research)

2H5 fefonkswe y'i dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK (Main Features of Action Research)

2H6 fefonkswe y'i dh gqfefonk (Process of Action Research)

2H7 fefonkswe y'i dh T[g:'rsk (Utility of Action Research)

2H8 fefonkswe y'i dhnK ;hwktK (Limitations of Action Research)





T[d/P (Objectives)


f;Zfynk y'i d/ gqekoK B{z ikDB ftZul

f;Zfynk y'i d/ ekoi ns/ ebgBk d/ ftek; B{z ikDB ftZul

fefonkswe y'i ns/ fJ; dh gqfefonk ns/ T[g:'rsk B{z ikDB ftZu.


f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ftfdne y'i dk wjZstg{oD ;EkB j?. f;Zfynk dh gqw[Zy ;wZf;nk j? fe T[; dh gqfefonk B{z wip{s gqGktPkbh ns/ :'r fet/A pDkfJnk ikt/. fJ; ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB ;pzXh y'i dh io{os j?. w"fbe y'iK s'A frnkB y/so ftZu tkXk ehsk iKdk j?. gq:'rkswe P'XeosktK s'A BthA f;XKsK ns/ fB:wK dk gqshgkdB ehsk iKdk j?. fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk dk iBw ;NhcB n?wH e'o/ d/ ftukoK ftZu j'fJnk. ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;kjwD/ T[; ;w/A eJh ;wZf;nktK ;B fiBQK d/ ;wkXkB T[gbpX BjhA j' oj/ jB. T[; ;w/A ;NhcB n?wH e'o/ dh g[;se „n?ePB fo;oN N{ fJzwgo{t ;e{bQ gq?efN;‟ B/ fJBQK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB dhnK fdPktK ;[MkJhnK ;B. fJjh ;[Mkn fefonkswe y'i ejkT[Adk j?. fefonkswe y'i fJZe nfijh gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok fe;h y/so d/ ekoieosk nkgDh


fJekJh^2 L y'i d/ gqekoLw{bG{s, fttjkfoe ns/ fefonkswe y'i

;wZf;nktK dk ftfrnkBe Yzr s'A nfXnB eoe/, T[; dk w[bnzeD eod/ jB. 2H1 f;Zfynk^y'i dk torheoD (Classification of Educational Research)

f;Zfynk^y'i d/ T[d/PK s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe ftfdne y'iK dk torheoD eJh gqeko s'A ehsk ik ;edk j?. gqw[Zy torheoD d/ wkBdzv nZr/ fbfys jB^

:'rdkB dh fdqPNh s'A (Contribution Point of View) L P'XêkoiK d/ :'rdkB dh fdqPNh s'A ftfdne^y'iK B{z d' torK ftZu tzv ;ed/ jK^

1H w"fbe y'i (Basic of Fundamental Research) L fJBQK P'XêkoiK d[nkok BthB frnkB dk tkXk ehsk iKdk j?^BthB f;XKsK dk gqshgkdB, BthB sZEK dh y'i, BthB ;ZuK dk gqsh;EkgB j[zdk j?. w"fbe y'iK s'A frnkB^y/so ftZu tkXk ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK T[d/PK dh fdqPNh s'A fszB torK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^

(T) gq:'rkswe P'X ekoiK Bkb BthB f;XKsK ns/ fB:wK dk gqshgkdB ehsk iKdk j?. ;ot/yD^P'X th fJ;h gqeko dk :'rdkB eod/ jB.

(n) fJfsjkf;e P'X ekoiK Bkb BthB sZEK dh y'i ehsh iKdh j?, fiBQK ftZu G{sekb dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ toswkB B{z ;wMD dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?.

(J) dkoPfBe P'X ekoiK Bkb BthB ;ZuK ns/ w[ZbK dk gqsh;EkgB ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk dk f;XKse dkoPfBe^y'iK s'A ftef;s ehsk ik ;edk j?.

2H fefonkswe y'i (Action Research) L fJ; gqeko d/ P'XêkoiK Bkb ;EkBe ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?, fi; Bkb f;ybkJh dh gqfefonk ftZu ;[Xko ns/ ftek; ehsk iKdk j?, fJBQK Bkb frnkB^tkXk BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK B{z gq:'rkswe n:kw y'i th efjzd/ jB.

P'X^nk:kw dh fdqPNh s'A (Research Approaches) L P'XêkoiK ftZu sZEK dk nfXnB eoB d/ bJh d' nk:kwK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? ^ bzpeko ;zpzXh^nk:kw (Longitudinal Approach) ns/ bzp/^dkn ekN^nk:kw (Cross-sectional Approach).

1H bzpeko ;zpzXh^nk:kw (Longitudinal Approach) L fJj Ppd tB;gsh ftfrnkB s'A fbnk frnk j?. id fe;h p{N/ dk nfXnB phi phiD s'A b? e/ cb nkT[D sZe ehsk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z bzpeko ;zpzXh^nk:kw fejk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z nk:kw th fejk iKdk j? feT[Afe nfXnB ftZu ;wK gqw[Zy xNe j? fJfsjkf;e, fJekJh ns/ T[sgZsh ;zpzXh (Genetic) y'i ftXhnK ftZu fJ;h nk:kw dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

2H bzp/^dkn ekN^nk:kw (Cross-sectional Approach) L fJj Ppd th tB;gsh ftfrnkB dk j?. id fe;h p{N/ d/ sD/, gZs/ iK iVQ ns/ j'o fe;h nzr d/ ;o{g dk nfXnB eoBk j[zdk j? sK T[; p{N/ d/ T[; nzr B{z eZN e/ nfXnB eo b?Ad/ jB, sd T[; B{z bzp/^dkn ekN^nk:kw dk BKt fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu ;w/A dk wjZst BjhA j[zdk j?. gq:'rkswe ns/ ;ot/yD ftXhnK ftZu fJ; nk:kw dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

T[dkjoD „nfXnkge^f;Zfynk d/ gqGkt d/ ekoBK‟ dk nfXnB bzpeko ekN^nk:kw Bkb ehsk ikt/rk. nfXnkge^f;Zfynk d/ BthB gqtosBK dk nfXnB bzp/^dkn ekN^nk:kw Bkb ehsk iKdk j?.

P'X^BshfinK dh P[ZXsk dh fdqPNh s'A (Precision in Research Findings)

y'i d/ BshfinK B{z P[ZXsk dh fdqPNh s'A d' torK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^

B'N



B'N 1H gq:'rkswe y'i (Experimental Research) ns/

2H ngq:'rkswe y'i (Non-Experimental Research)

gq:'rkswe^y'i d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXSk finkdk j[zdh j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu fB:zsoD, P[ZX wkg ns/ BfoyD ftP/PsktK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?. ngq:'rkswe y'i d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk xZN j[zdh j?, feT[Afe wkg finkdkso P[ZX BjhA j[zdk, BfoyD ns/ fB:zsoD th ;zGt BjhA j[zdk j?. 2H2 f;Zfynk^y'i d/ ekoi (Functions of Educational Research)

f;Zfynk^y'i d/ nZr/ fbfys gqw[Zy ekoi j[zd/ jB^

1H f;Zfynk^y'i dk gqw[Zy ekoi f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu ;[Xko ns/ ftek; eoBk j?. fJj ekoi frnkB d/ gq;ko Bkb ehsk iKdk j?.

f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk d/ ftek; d/ bJh nzdo{Bh gfonk; BthB frnkB ftZu tkXk eoBk ns/ toswkB frnkB ftZu ;[Xko eoBk j?.

y'i fe; T[d/P B{z b? e/ ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fe; gqeko ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb T[jBK ftZu go;go nzso gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;kohnK y'iK d/ T[d/P ;wkB BjhA j[zd/ ns/ Bk T[jBK dh gqfefonk jh fJZe' fijh j[zdh j?. ftfGzB gqeko dhnK y'iK dk fJZe torheoD nZr/ d/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK ;kfonK s'A fGzB fJZe y'i dk toDB ehsk frnk j?. fJ; B{z fefonkswe y'i (Action Research) dk BKt fdZsk frnk j?. 2H3 fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk dk ftek; (Development of Concept of Action Research)

fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk dk iBw ;Nhc/B n?wH e'o/ (1953) d/ ftukoK ftZu j'fJnk. eJh b/yeK B/ fJ; ebgBk B{z b/ftB Bkb i'VB dk gfonk; ehsk j?. fJZe b/ye B/, 1926 ftZu fJ; dk ftek; j'fJnk, nfijh th fbfynk j?. Bkb jh fJj th fejk j? fe fJ; XkoDk dh T[sgsh dk ;o's „nkX[fBe wB[Zyh^ftt;Ek‟ f;XKs j?. fJj ftuko Gokwe jB. fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk e/tb e'o/ dh j? ns/ T[; dh T[sgsh e/tb 1953 ftZu fbyh rJh T[jBK dh g[;se “n?ePB fo;ou N{ fJzwgo{t ;e{bQ gq?efN;” (1953) s'A jh wzBh iKdh j?. fJ; s'A gfjbK ed/ fe;h B/ fJ; Ppdktbh dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk. fJj d{ih rZb j? fe e[ZM d{i/ b/yeK d/ ftukoK ftZu e'o/ d/ ftukoK dh ;wkBsk ns/ ;kdPsk ojh j't/. w"fb d/ nB[;ko th fJ; ebgBk d/ ftek; d/ bJh e'o/ B{z jh T[sodkJh wzfBnk frnk j?. w"fb dk efjDk j? fe id'A T[go'es g[;se (1953) gqekfPs j'Jh sK nfXnkgeK B/ T[; dk pj[s ;tkrs ehsk feT[Afe T[j fiBQK ;wZf;nktK Bkb i{M oj/ ;B, T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB d/ T[gkn T[jBK B{z BjhA ;[M oj/ ;B ns/ fJ; g[;se ftZu fJBQK ;wkXkBK B{z y'iD dhnK fdPktK ;[MkJhnK rJhnK ;B. fJj ;[Mkn jh fefonkswe y'i ;h.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk dk iBw ;Nhc/B n?wH e'o/ d/ ftukoK ftZu

j'fJnk.

fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk e'o/ d/ fdwkr ftZu xo eo rJh. fJ; d/ fgZS/ T[jBK d/ nB[GtK dh iBwG{wh ;h. fijVh y'i 1950 sZe nwohek ftZu f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu j' ojh ;h, T[jBK s'A e'o/ pj[s finkdk BokI ;B feT[Afe T[jBK dh T[g:'rsk pj[s ;hfws ;h. ftfdnkbh f;Zfynk s/ T[; dk io{oh gqGkt BjhA g? fojk ;h. ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;kjwD/ eJh ;wZf;nktK ;B, gozs{ ftfdne y'i T[jBK fdBK^gqshfdB dhnK ;wZf;nktK, fiBQK s'A nfXnkge i{M oj/ ;B, d/ ;wkXkB T[gbpX eokT[D ftZu n;woZE ;B. finkdkso y'iK dk T[d/P tfojd



fBnkdoP B{z b? e/ ;{uBktK fJeZso eoe/ T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ ftnkge f;XKsK ns/ fB:wK dk gqshgkdB eoBk j[zdk j?. y'i d/ fJj Bshi/ e/tb f;XKsK sZe jh ;hfws ofjzd/ ;B. e/tb frnkB^Gzvko jh T[jBK s'A Godk ;h. f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z wip{s pDkT[D ftZu, ftfdnkfbnK dh fdB^gqshfdB dhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;[-bMkT[D ftZu, nfXnkgeK d/ ekoi dh e[Pbsk tXkT[D ftZu, ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[Bsh ftZu, fJBQK y'iK s'A e'Jh ;jkfJsk BjhA fwbdh ;h. fJ; gqeko fJBQK y'iK dh fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk BKwkso dh ;h. fJ; gqeko w{bG{s y'i dh nDT[g:'rsk s'A BokI j' e/ e'o/ B/ Bt/A Yzr Bkb y'i d/ ftP/ ftZu ;'uDk nkozG ehsk. T[jBK dk ftuko ;h fe id'A sZe nfXnkge y'i Bkb BjhA i[VBr/, y'i d/ BshfinK dk ftfdnkb/ dh ;fEsh B{z wip{s pDkT[D ftZu fefonkPhb BjhA j' ;edk. e'o/ B/ nkgDh g[;se (1953) ftZu fJZe ;EkB s/ nkgD/ nkg fbfynk j? fe gfjbK w?B{z f;Zfynk^ftP/PZrK ftZu pj[s ftPtk; ;h ns/ w?A T[jBK B{z fejk eodk ;h fe T[j ftfdnkfbnK dk nfXnB eoB ns/ dZ;D fe T[jBK B{z eh eoBk ukjhdk j?, gozs{ j[D w/ok fJj ftPtk; pj[s e[M N[ZN u[Zek j?. T[jBK dhnK ;z;s[shnK B{z f;Zfynkîrs d/ ekoieosktK d/ fttjkoK ftZu T[skoBk fJZe pj[s tZvh ;wZf;nk j? fi; dk j[D sZe e'Jh ;wkXkB T[gbpX BjhA j' ;edk j?.

;ktXkBh y'i T[jBK B{z jh eoBh ukjhdh j? fiBQK B{z nfXnB d/ BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ nkgDh

ekoi^gqDkbh ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[Dk j?.

fJ; gqeko T[jBK B{z fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk fe ftfdnkb/ dhnK fijVhnK io{osK jB, T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD ;pzXh ftfdnkb/ d/ ;so s/ jh y'i ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? ns/ fJj y'i ;XkoD o{g s'A nfXnkgeK d[nkok jh ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; s'A fe T[jBK d/ d[nkok gqkgs BshfinK dk ftfdne fefonktK B{z ;pb pDkT[D ftZu gq:'r th ehsk ik ;e/. nkgD/ fJBQK ftukoK B{z e'o/ B/ “fefonkswe y'i” dh ebgBk ftZu ;zi'fJnk ns/ T[jBK B{z ft;ef;s ehsk. id'A 1962 d/ nk;^gk; e'o/ Gkos ftZu n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH ftZu ;bkjeko (consultant) oj/, sK ;kv/ d/P ftZu th eJh ftukoK ns/ „fefonkswe y'iK‟ dh ebgBk dk gquko j'fJnk. T[jBK B{z ;kv/ fJZE'A d/ f;Zfynk^Pk;sohnK B/ th y[Ph Bkb ;theko ehsk. n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH B/ ftfdne y'i s/ T[jBK d/ g[;se (e'o/, 1962) th gqekfPs ehsh. T[; ftZu ft;sko Bkb fJ; ebgBk dh T[jBK B/ ftnkfynk ehsh. 2H4 fefonkswe y'i dk noE (Meaning of Action Research)

w"fb d/ PpdK ftZu fefonkswe y'i fJZe sZs;EkB (on the spot) nfXnB j? fi; dk T[d/P fe;h ssekfbe ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB y'iDk j[zdk j? Gkt fJj fJZe nfijh y'i j? fijVh T[E/ jh ehsh iKdh j? fiZE/ n;b ftZu ;wZf;nk T[sgzB j'Jh ns/ pDh j'Jh j?. i/eo fe;h ftfdnkb/ ftP/P d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nB[Pk;BjhDsk fJzBh finkdk j? fe f;ybkJhêkoi ;[uko{ o{g s'A BjhA uZb gkT[Adk j? sK fJ; ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB y'iD ;pzXh T[;h ftfdnkb/ ftZu T[ZE'A d/ nfXnkgeK d[nkok ehsk frnk nfXnB ns/ gfonk; fefonkswe y'i ejkJ/rk. nkgD/ nkg e'o/ (1962) d/ PpdK ftZu, fefonkswe y'i fJZe nfijk nfXnB j? fi; B{z e'Jh ftnesh nkgD/ jh ezw B{z finkdk uzr/ Yzr Bkb eoB d/ bJh eodk j?, fit/A^fJZe nfXnkge dk nkgD/ f;Zfynkêkoi B{z finkdk gqGktPkbh pDkT[D d/ T[d/P Bkb ns/ fJZe ftfdnkb/^gqPk;e dk nkgD/ gqPk;B B{z finkdk wip{s pDkT[D d/ bJh ehs/ frnk nfXnB. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fejk ik ;edk j? fe fefonkswe y'i fJZe nfijh gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok fe;h y/so d/ ekoieosk nkgDh ;wZf;nktK dk ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb nfXnB eod/ jB sK fe T[j i' fBoDk b?Ad/ jB ns/ fijVk ekoi eod/ jB, T[jBK B{z ;jh fdPk fwb ;e/, T[jBK ftZu ;[Xko ehsk ik ;e/ ns/ T[jBK dk w[bnzeD ehsk ik ;ed/.

B'N



B'N

B'N; fefonkswe y'i fJZe nfijh ;[ftt;fEs ns/ nBt/PDkswe fefonk j?, fi; dk

T[d/P T[jBK ftneshnK d[nkok i' ;[Xko ns/ gfotosB Bkb ;zpzfXs jB, ehs/ ik oj/ toswkB gfonk;K dk nfXnB eoBk ns/ T[jBK ftZu ;zouBkswe gfotosB fbnkT[Dk j[zdk j?.

fefonkswe y'i dh gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK dk T[b/y fBZu/ ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK d/ d[nkok T[; dk noE j'o finkdk ;gPN j' ikt/rk. 2H5 fefonkswe y'i dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK (Main Features of Action Research)

fefonkswe y'i dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK fJ; gqeko jB^

1H w{bG{s y'i s'A fGzB

fefonkswe y'i dh ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[j eJh fdqPNhe'DK s'A w{bG{s y'i (fundamental research) s'A fGzB j[zdk j?. w{bG{s y'i dk T[d/P ;XkoDsktK (generalizations) ns/ fB:wK (laws) dh y'i eoBk j[zdk j? fiBQK d/ nkXko s/ T[;h gqeko dhnK eJh xNBktK dh ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;e/. fJ; bJh T[; ftZu fJZe tZvh izB;zfynk (large population) s'A gqshfBXh fBnkg{oB SKNe/ T[; B{z nfXnB dk nkXko pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnB ftZu ;wK pj[s bZrdk j?. T[; dh nfXnB^ftXh, T[; d/ T[geoD ns/ ftPb/PD^ftXhnK ;G s'A finkdk w[Pfeb j[zdhnK jB. fJ; d/ T[bN fefonkswe y'i ftZu T[d/P pj[s ;hfws j[zdk j?. ;kXkoD o{g s'A, fB:wK dh y'i ns/ f;XKsK dk gqshgkdB nkfd i' w{bG{s nfXnB d/ gqkD j[zd/ jB, fefonkswe y'i d/ T[d/P BjhA j[zd/. fefonkswe y'i dk T[d/P sK pj[s finkdk fttjkfoe j[zdk j?. toswkB ekoi^gZXsh ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[Dk, fe;h ssekfbe ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB y'iDk, fe;h gquZbs fB:w ns/ ftXh dh gqGktesk ns/ T[; dh ;cbsk d/ ekoBK B{z y'iDk nkfd T[; d/ T[d/P j[zd/ jB. w"fb d/ PpdK ftZu, fefonkswe y'i fJj ikDB d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j? fe fe;h ftP/P ;wZf;nk B{z ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh eh edw T[mkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

d{ik nzso nfXnB d/ ;EkB ns/ fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A j[zdk j?. w{bG{s y'i dk nkXko fJZe tZvk ;wkt/P ns/ T[; d[nkok u[fDnk frnk gqshfBsh^fBnk;zrs j[zdk j? fi; dhnK fJekJhnK (units) fJZe ft;sfos y/so s'A u[DhnK iKdhnK jB. T[jBK dh u'D gqfefonk th ftP/P j[zdh j?. fefonkswe y'i ftZu Pwkt/P ns/ fBnk;zrs dk gqPB BjhA T[mkT[Adk. fJj y'i sK T[;h ftfdnkb/ ns/ ;z;EkB ftZu ehsk iKdk j? fiZE'A dh ;wZf;nk nfXnBrs j?. T[E'A nfXnB ;pzXh E'Vh fijhnK iK ;kohnK fJekJhnK dh u'D ehsh iKdh j?. fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk pj[s finkdk j'D io{oh BjhA j[zdk. wzB fbU ;wZf;nk j? fJZe ftfdnkb/ dh nZmthA iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk rfDs ftZu pj[s ewI'o j'Dk. fJ; ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB y'iD d/ bJh gfjb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh fJ; ewi'oh d/ ekoBK dk gsk brkT[D d/ bJh y'i dh io{os j't/rh. fJj ekoi T[; iwks dk rfDs dk nfXnkge jh eo/rk. sZs;zpzXh ikDeko gqkgs eoB dk ;o's th T[; dh iwks d/ ftfdnkoEh j'Dr/. T[; iwks s'A pkjo nfXnB^;wZroh fJeZso eoB d/ bJh T[; B{z ikD dh io{os BjhA j't/rh. nfXnB T[; iwks sZe jh ;hfws oj/rk. fJ; gqeko fefonkswe y'i ;hfws ns/ ;EkBe j[zdk j? idfe w{bG{s iK P[ZX (pure) y'i ft;sfos, ftnkge ns/ d{otosh j[zdk j?.

fsZik nzso BshfinK dh gqkgsh d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A j[zdk j?. w{bG{s y'iK d/ fijV/ Bshi/ T[gbpX j[zd/ jB, T[j e/tb frnkB d/ tkX/ sZe jh ;hfws j[zd/ jB. fiBQK go;fEshnK ftZu b'e ezw eod/ jB T[jBK ftZu T[jBK dk gq:'r xZN jh j' gkT[Adk j?. frnkB d/ bJh frnkB, f;oc



fJ;h ;so s/ T[j mfjo/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[bN fefonkswe y'i d/ BshfinK dk T[d/P jh T[jBK dk fefonkBt:B j[zdk j?. T[jBK BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ sZs;zpzXh ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB eoBk jh T[jBK dk coI j[zdk j?. rfDs ftP/ ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ewI'oh d/ ekoBK dh y'i d[nkok gsk brke/ T[jBK ekoBK B{z d{o eoB d/ gfonk; eoBk jh T[jBK dk gow fNZuk j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko fefonkswe y'i fttjkfoe j[zdk j? idfe w{bG{s y'i f;XKse j[zdh j?. fefonkswe P'Xeosk pj[s finkdk fttjkfoe ftnesh jz[dk j?. T[j ;EkBe ;so s/ toswkB ;wZf;nk dk T[g:'rh ;wkXkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ftfrnkBe y'i dh em'osk ns/ ifNbsk B{z fsnkrDk g;zd eodk j?. toswkB ;wZf;nk jh T[; d/ fXnkB dk gqw[Zy e/Ado j[zdh j? feT[Afe T[j ;wMdk j? fe fijVh ;wZf;nk nZi j? T[j eZb th oj/rh ns/ T[; dh y'i d/ Bshi/ T[g:'rh j[Dr/ feT[Afe T[j n;b fJekJhnK s/ nkXkfos jB.

B'N

Nk;e w{bG{s y'i, fefonkswe y'i s'A fGzB j?, fJ; s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnesh eo'.

fJZe j'o ;so w{bG{s y'i ns/ fefonkswe y'i d/ ftZu fJj j[zdk j? fe fefonkswe y'i nfXnkge, ftfdnkb/ dk gqukoe ns/ f;Zfynk^irs dk e'Jh th ekoieosk i' ;wZf;nk s'A fe;h soQK i[fVnk j?, eo ;edk j?. T[; d/ bJh y'i d/ soQK ftP/PZr dh io{os BjhA j[zdh feT[Afe T[; dh g{oh gqfefonk pj[s ;ob j[zdh j?. w{bG{s y'i dh gqfefonk ns/ T[; dk nkebg ifNb j[zdk j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko ekoi eoB d/ bJh ftP/P frnkB, ftP/P :'rsk dh io{os j[zdh j?.

w{bG{s y'i ftZu finkdkso y'i dhnK go;fEshnK s/ io{oh fB:zsoD oZfynk iKdk j? feT[Afe T[; dk T[d/P ;kXkoD ns/ fB:wK dk gqshgkdB eoBk j[zdk j?, gozs{ fefonkswe y'i ftZu fB:zsoD, ebgBktK dk fBowkD, nkXko ;wZroh dk ftPb/PD nkfd pj[s finkdk ifNb BjhA j[zdk. fiBQK go;fEshnK ftZu ;wZf;nk w"i{d j?, T[jBK d/ ftZu jh y'i dh g{oh fefonk ysw j[zdh j?.

fefonkswe y'i fttjkfos y'i (applied research) s'A th fJZe fdqPNhe'D s'A th fGzB j[zdk j?. T[d/P d'jK dk ;wkB j[zdk j?, gozs[ P'Xeosk e'D j? fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A d'jK ftZu nzso j[zdk j?. b/jw?B ns/ w/jo/B d/ nb[;ko, fefonkswe y'i th fJZe gqeko s'A fttjkfos y'i jh j[zdh j?, gozs{ d'jK ftZu fJzBk finkdk nzso j[zdk j? fe fefonkswe y'i ftZu i' P'Xeosk j[zdk j? T[jh P'X d/ BshfinK dk T[gG'rsk th j[zdk j?. T[jh T[BQK BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ fBoDk b?Adk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z fefonkPhb th eodk j?. fJ; gqeko fefonkswe y'i dh fJZe ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[; ftZu P'Xeosk ns/ P'X^BshfinK dk T[gG'rsk fJZe jh ftnesh j[zdk j?.

2H fJZe ftfrnkBe ns/ uzrh soQK rfms ekoi^gqDkbh dh ftXh

fefonkswe y'i dh d{ih ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[j fB:ws ekoi^gqDkbh dk jh fJZe sohek j?. fe;h ;z;Ek ftZu ekoi eoB tkb/ ftnesh B{z gqshfdB ;wZf;nktK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j?. T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB ;zpzXh T[jBK B{z fBoD/ th b?D/ g?Ad/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z fefonkPhb th eoBk g? Adk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fJBQK fBofDnK dk e'Jh m'; ftfrnkBe nkXko BjhA j[zdk. T[j nkgDh p[ZXh, ;XkoD frnkB, nB[GtK d/ nkXko s/ fJj fBoDk b?Ad/ jB i' eJh tko fefonkPhbsk d/ pknd nDT[fus f;ZX j[zd/ jB. fefonkswe y'i fJ; gqeko d/ fBoDk b?D d/ t;s{fBPm, ftfrnkBe ns/ m'; nkXko gqdkB eodk j?. wzB fbU fe;h ftfdnkb/ ftZu iwksK ftZu ftfdnkoEh BjhA nkT[Ad/, fJj fJZe ;XkoD fPekfJs nfXnkgeK dh j?. ftfdnkb/ d/ w[Zyh nfXnkgeK dh p?me p[bkT[Ad/ jB ns/ ;oG;zwsh Bkb fBoDk b?Ad/ jB fe fijV/ pZu/ iwksk ftZu BjhA nkT[Ad/ T[jBK B{z noEdzv d/Dk j't/rk. fJ; fBoD/ dk e'Jh m'; nkXko BjhA j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; dh fefonkPhbsk Bkb ;fEsh ftZu e'Jh ;[Xko BjhA nkJ/rk. d{ih ftfrnkBe ftXh j? fe gfjbK gsk brkfJnk ikt/ fe ftfdnkoEhnK dk iwksK ftZu Bk nkT[D dk ekoB eh j?. fJZe S'Nk fijh fefonkswe y'i fJ; d/ bJh io{oh j't/rk. wzB fbU fJ; y'i d/ nkXko s/ gsk bZr/ fe nfXnkge nkgD/ nkg jh iwksK ftZu BjhA nkT[Ad/. j[D fBoDk d{ih soQK dk j't/rk fe jo/e nfXnkge B{z nkgDh iwks ftZu io{o ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ brB d/ Bkb gVQkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.



B'N fJ; gqeko, fefonkswe y'i fB:fws ekoigqDkbh B{z ;[uko{ ns/ finkdk gqGktPkbh pDkT[D ns/ fBofDnK B{z fJZe ftfrnkBe nkXko d/D dk sohek j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb T[; B{z ;z;Ekrs ekoieowK dk nfGzB nzr ;wMDk ukjhdk j?^fJZe y'i^nkXkfos ;o{g, fdB^gqshfdB dh ;wZf;nktK, fttXkBK, efmBkJhnK nkfd d/ ;wkXkB gqkgs eoB dk fJZe y'i^nkXkfos Yzr j?.

3H ftfdnkfbnK dh ;fEsh ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[D dh ftP/P ftXh

fefonkswe y'i dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk fJj j? fe ftfdnkb/ dh ;fEsh ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[D dh fJj fJZe ftXh j?. e'o/ dh fJ; ebgBk dk e/Ado^fpzd{ jh “ftfdnkbk^;[Xko” (to improve

schools) ;h. fJ; gqeko fJ; d/ nB[;ko fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j? fe ftfdnkb/ ;zpzXh S'NhnK^S'NhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z b? e/ y'i ehsh ikt/ fiBQK d/ Bshi/ finkdk t;s{fBPm ns/ :'r j'D ns/ fiBQK dh fefonkPhbsk Bkb ftfdnkb/ d/ gqPk;B, ftfdnkb/ dh f;ybkJh^gZXshnK, ftfdnkoEhnk d/ fttjkoK, nfXnkgeK d/ fttjkoK B{z io{oh o{g Bkb pdbD ns/ ftfdnkb/ d/ bJh f;Zfynk^;wZroh fJeZso eoB ns/ T[; d/ fB:'iB ftZu T[fus ;jkfJsk fwb ;e/.

4H ;zg{oD f;Zfynk^gqfefonk dh wjZstg{oD eVh

e'o/ dh fefonkswe y'i dh ebgBk ;zg{oD f;Zfynk^gqfefonk dh fJZe nfGzB eVh j?. T[; B{z f;Zfynk^gqfefonk s'A nbZr dh fefonk BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fit/A nfXnkgeK dk fB:fws T[sodkfJst gVQkT[Dk ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ftek; d/ gfonk; eoBk j?, T[;h soQK nkgD/ fJ; T[sodkfJst B{z j'o finkdk gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb eoB d/ bJh fefonkswe y'i eoBk th T[jBK dk T[ZsodkfJst j?. fJj T[jBK d/ T[; ekoi ftZu Pkfwb j?, fit/A^f;Zfynk dh fe;h finkdk gqGktPkbh ftXh dk gq:'r eoBk fJZe nZS/ nfXnkge dk Xow j[zdk j? T[;h soQK jh fefonkswe y'i d[nkok nkgD/ fttjkoK, nkgDh f;Zfynk^ftXhnK, nkgD/ frnkB B{z wip{s ns/ finkdk gqGktPkbh pDkT[Dk th T[;dk Xow j?. nfXnkge d/ fejV/ fttjko ftfdnkoEhnK s/ io{oh gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB, feBQK fttjkoK s'A ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu n;zs'P g?Dk j[zdk j?, fe; f;Zfynk^ftXh dk gq:'r eoB Bkb ftfdnkoEh finkdk f;Zyd/ jB, fe; T[wo ftZu fe; gqeko dh nzdo{Bh gq/oDktK finkdk gqpb j[zdhnK jB nkfd e[ZM nfijhnK rZbK jB fijVhnK S'N/^S'N/ t;s{fBPm nfXnBK s'A gsk bZr ;edhnK jB ns/ fJj ikDekoh nfXnkge B{z nkgDk T[ZsodkfJst finkdk gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb fBGkT[D ftZu pj[s ;jkJh j' ;edh j?. fJjh rZb ftfdnkb/ d/ w[Zyh d/ ftP/ ftZu th ;jh j?. T[j nkgD/ ezw B{z gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb eoB ;zpzXh fefonkswe y'i d/ wkfXnw s'A io{oh ikDekoh gqkgs eo ;ed/ jB fijVh T[jBK d/ fBofDnK, :'iBktK, ekoitkjhnK B{z t;s{fBPm ns/ m'; nkXko gqdkB eodh j?.

5H fefonkswe ns/ fttjkfoe (applied) y'i dh s[bBk

fefonkswe y'i ns/ fttjkfoe y'i d/ ftZu finkdkso Pzek (confusion) T[sgzB j[zdh j? feT[Afe d'jK dk T[d/P T[BQK f;ZfNnK dh ;EkgBk j[zdk fiBQK dk ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB ns/ ekoi^gqDkbhnK B{z ;w{Bs pDkT[D ftZu gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ d'jK ftZu pj[s nzso j?. fttjkfoe y'i tZvh izB;zfynk (large population) s/ nkXkofos j[zdh j?, T[; d/ Bshi/ finkdk ftnkge j[zd/ jB. Bkb jh j'o eJh soQK dhnK UgukfoesktK Bkb T[j pzfBnk j[zdk j?. fefonkswe y'i ;wZf;nk tkbh iwks ns/ ftfdnkb/ dhnK ;hwktK sZe jh ;hfws ofjzdh j? ns/ T[; d/ Ugukfoesk d/ pzXB pj[s fYZb/ j[zd/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H fefonkswe y'i ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.

2H w{bG{s y'i dk T[d/P ;XkoDsktK ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh y'i eoBk j?.

3H e'o/ dh ebgBk dk e/Ado fpzd{ HHHHHHHHHHHH ;h. 16 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


2H6 fefonkswe y'i dh gqfefonk (Process of Action Research)

fefonkswe y'i dh gqfefonk ns/ j'o soQK dhnK y'iK dh gqfefonk ftZu e'Jh w{bG{s nzso BjhA j[zdk. brGr T[jh gdêow fJ; dh gqfefonk ftZu ofjzdk j? fijVk j'o gqeko dhnK y'iK dh gqfefonk ftZu ofjzdk j?. nzso fJzBk j[zdk j? fe gqfefonk d/ jo/e ;so s/ fijVk ekoi ehsk iKdk j? T[j ;hfws, buhbk ns/ em'osk ns/ UgukfoesktK s'A w[es j[zdk j?. fJBQK ;kohnK gqfefonk^gdK dk ft;sko Bkb toDB gfjbK jh ehsk ik u[Zek j?. fJZe/ ;zy/g ftZu fefonkswe y'i d/ gfogo/y ftZu jh fJBQK dk T[b/y ehsk ikt/rk. fJ; y'i dh gqfefonk B{z th ftfrnkBe o{g d/D ;zpzXh j/m fby/ gdeow dk gkbD ehsk iKdk j?.

1H ;wZf;nk dh u'D, eEB ns/ gfoGkPk

y'i d/ bJh fJj ;G s'A gfjbh io{os j?, gozs{ fefonkswe y'i ftZu ;wZf;nktK B{z y'iDk BjhA g?Adk. T[j sK nfXnkgeK d/, gqPk;eK d/ d?fBe nB[GtK ftZu Pkfwb ofjzdhnK jh jB. fijVhnK efmBkJhnK, o[ektNK, gq/PkBhnK, n;zrs BhshnK ns/ gqEktK T[jBK d/ ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK jB, T[jh fefonkswe y'i dhnK ;wZf;nktK j[zdhnK jB. edhêdh nfijk th ;zGt j[zdk j? fe e'Jh ezw eoB dh finkdk :'r gqDkbh fe;h nfXnkge ns/ gqPk;e d/ fdwkr ftZu nkT[Adh j? sK T[; dk N/;N th fefonkswe y'i dh ;wZf;nk j' ;edh j?. ;wZf;nk B{z y'iD d/ bJh ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk nfXnB eoBk ns/ fJj ftuko eoBk fe T[j ;wZf;nk w"fbe ns/ BthB j? iK BjhA nkfd io{oh BjhA j[zdk. jK! T[; ;wZf;nk dk ;jh Yzr Bkb eEB eoBk ns/ T[; B{z T[;h soQK gfoGkfPs eoBk io{oh j[zdk j? fit/A fe j'o soQK dhnK y'iK ftZu ehsk frnk j?.

2H T[d/PK dk fBoXkoD ns/ eEB

fJj fefonkswe y'i d/ gdêow dh d{ih eVh j?. T[d/PK dk fBoXkoD th T[;h soQK jh ehsk iKdk j? fit/A j'o y'iK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk wjZst ns/ io{os th T[jh j[zdh j? fijVh j'o y'iK ftZu j[zdh j?. fefonkswe y'iK ftZu fJj T[d/P e/tb frD/û[D/ ns/ ;ob jh j[zd/ jB.

3H ebgBktK dk fBowkD ns/ eEB

T[d/PK B{z jh ebgBktK d/ o{g ftZu pdb fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko fefonkswe y'iK dhnK ebgBktK th pj[s ifNb BjhA j[zdhnK. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fe;h iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu'A e[ZM ftZu finkdk nB[Pk;BjhDsk dk j'Dk, e[ZM dk fe;h ftP/ ftZu finkdk fgSfVnk j'Dk, e[ZM dk iwks ftZu nfB:ws o{g s'A T[g;fEs ofjDk nkfd ;wZf;nktK d/ ekoB y'iD ;zpzXh jo/e Bkb ;zpzXs e[ZM ebgBktK dk fBowkD eo b?Dk finkdk T[fus j't/rk. sK jh T[g:'rh ns/ ;zpzXs ikDekoh gqkgs eoe/ T[jBK dk N/;N th ;zGt j' ;e/rk. fJjh ftfrnkBe ftXh dh gqfefonk j[zdh j?.

4H ebgBktK dk N/;N ns/ nfXnB^ftXh

fJ; gdêow d/ nB[;ko eJh rZbk nkT[AdhnK jB, fit/AîzB;zfynk dh gfoGkPk, fBnk;zrs dh u'D, uoBK dh gfoGkPk, T[jBK dk wkg, ;{uBktk dk ;zrqfj ns/ T[jBK dk toDB. gozs{ fefonkswe y'i ftZu finkdkso izB;zfynk dh gfoGkPk ns/ fBnk;zrs dh u'D dk gqPB BjhA T[Zmdk feT[Afe T[jBK dk T[d/P tZvh izB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;XkoBheoD (generalization) eoBk BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh T[jBK dh y'i^ftXh fe;h ifNb y'i nkebg (complex research design), fi; ftZu nfXnB ;zpzXh fB:zsoD nkfd ehsk iKdk j?, s/ nkXkfos BjhA j[zdh. Bk jh ;{uBk^;wZroh d/ toDB ;zpzXh nfs^ftP/P nzeVk ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. T[; ;w/A th e[ZM wjZstg{oD ekoi fijV/ fJ; ;so s/ eoB j[zd/ jB, T[j fJ; gqeko jB^

(i) ebgBkrs uoBK Bkb ;zpzXs ikDekoh gqkgs eoBL fJBQK ;{uBktK B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh P'Xeosk ;kePkseko, ;t?^fBows gqhfyfnktK, gqPBktbhnK, nB[;{uhnK, gq/yDK (observations) nkfd dk ;jkok b? ;edk j?. ;kXkoD (standardized) N/;N tK dk gq:'r th eo ;edk j?.

B'N



B'N (ii) gqkgs ;{uBktK dk toDBL gqkgs ;{uBktK r[Dkswe (qualitative) ns/ ;zfynkswe (quantitative) d'jK gqeko dh ns/ d'jK ftZu'A fe;h fJZe gqeko dh j' ;edh j?. fJj ;XkoD o{g s'A pj[s ft;sfos BjhA j[zdhnK. fJBQK dk toDB T[jBK fB:wK d/ nB[;ko ehsk ik ;edk j? fiBQK dk T[b/y nfXnkJ/^7 ftZu ehsk frnk j?. ;XkoD gqeko dh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK ns/ nktosh ftsoD fsnko eoBk, o/ykfuZsoK d[nkok ;wZroh dh gq;s{sh, wZXwkB, wZXnze^wkB frnks eoBk, gqwkg^ftubB (S.D.) dh rDB, nB[pzX r[DKe eZYDk nkfd ftZu'A fe;h dk th gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. i/eo P'Xeosk ukj/ sK Nh^N/;N dk th gq:'r eo ;edk j?.

(iii) Bshik^;EkgBkL T[go'es toDB d/ nkXko s/ P'Xeosk BshfinK dh ;EkgBk eodk j? i' fe e/tb ;wZf;nk, T[; dh iwks ns/ T[; d/ ftfdnkb/ s/ jh bkr{ ;wM/ iKd/ jB.

5H BshfinK dh fefonkPhbsk

fJj fefonkswe y'i gqfefonk dh nkyoh eVh jzdh j? fijVh j'o gqeko dhnK y'iK dh gqfefonk ftZu ;XkoD o{g s'A BjhA gkJh iKdh. w{bG{s y'iK ns/ fttjkfoe y'iK ftZu P'Xeosk d/ bJh fJj io{oh BjhA j[zdk fe T[j nkgD/ d[nkok ;Ekfgs BshfinK dk fefonkBt:B th eoB, gozs{ fefonkswe y'i ftZu fJj io{oh j[zdk j? fe fijV/ Bshi/ nkJ/ jB T[jBK B{z ;wkXkB ;zpzXh fefonktfBs th eoB. fJ; gqeko T[jBK BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ fBoDk b? e/ T[jBK d/ nB[;ko T[j nkgDk ekoi eodk j?. i/eo ;cb j[zdk j? sK mhe j?, BjhA sK d[pkok d{ih ebgBk dk fBowkD eoe/ d{ih y'i eodk j?. fJ; gqeko fJj fefonk fBozso uZbdh ofjzdh j? id'A sZe ;wZf;nk dk ;jh ;wkXkB T[gbpX BjhA j[zdk iKdk.

e[ZM b/yeK B/ n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH dh gq:'fre :'iBktK (experimental projects) B{z fefonkswe y'i wzB fbnk j?. fJj ;jh BjhA j?. nfij/ eoB Bkb fefonkswe ;zebgBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu Pzek (confusion) g?dk j[zdh j?. 2H7 fefonkswe y'i dh T[g:'rsk (Utility of Action Research)

fJ; ftZu PZe BjhA fe fi; T[d/P B{z b? e/ fefonkswe y'i dh ;zebgBk ouh rJh ;h T[; gfogq/y ftZu T[; dh T[g:'rs j?. e[ZM sZE i' fefonkswe y'i d/ gZy ftZu iKd/ jB, fJ; gqeko jB^

1H y'i B{z fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk Bkb i'Vdk j?

fefonkswe y'i fJZe nfijh y'i j? fijVh y'i B{z :EkoEsk, T[g:'rsk Bkb i'Vdk j?, T[; ykJh B{z gkVdk j? sK w{bG{s y'i ns/ ;z;EktK ftZu ekoios ftneshnK d/ ftZu pDh j'Jh ;h. w{bG{s ns/ fttjfos (applied) y'ieosktK dk fJj nko'g ;h fe tk;sfte go;fEshnK ftZu ekoios ftnesh, fit/A^ftfndkfbnK d/ nfXnkge ns/ gqPk;e T[jBK dh em'o fwjBs d[nkok ehshnK rJhnK y'iK d/ BshfinK dk nkgD/ ekoi^y/soK ftZu gq:'r BjhA eod/. d{i/ gk;/ fJBQK nfXnkgeK ns/ gqPk;eK dk fJj th nko'g j[zdk ;h fe fJj y'ieosk ;kvhnK ;wZf;nktK tZb fXnkB BjhA fdzd/ ns/ T[jBK dhnK y'iK dh gqfefonk ns/ Bshi/ fJzB/ ifNb j[zd/ jB fe ;kvh ;wM ftZu BjhA nkT[Ad/. fJBQK d/ finkdso f;XKsK ns/ ftnkge ;kXkoDsk d/ o{g ftZu j[zd/ jB, fttjkfoe BjhA j[zd/. fJ; gqeko, y'i ns/ tk;sfte go;fEshnK ftZu T[jBK dk gq:'r d'B'A nbZr^nbZr fJZe jh fysi d/ d' gkf;nK s/ ;fEs ;B. fJ; gqeko f;ZFynk dh gqfefonk B{z wip{s pDkT[D ftZu y'i dk e'Jh :'rdkB BjhA j' gk fojk ;h idfe T[; dk gqw[Zy T[d/P fJjh ;h. nkgD/ nkg e'o/ B/ pj[s tko fejk fe fJj y'ieosk “ftfrnkBe j'D dk rot eod/ jB ns/ tk;sfte fttjkfoe go;fEshnK Bkb i'V B{z wjZstg{oD BjhA ;wMd/.” fefonkswe y'i, y'i B{z fJ; nko'g s'A w[es eokT[Adk j? ns/ T[; B{z fttjkfoesk, T[g:'rsk Bkb i'Vdk j? feT[Afe fJj y'i T[jBK jh ftneshnK d[nkok ehshnK iKdhnK jB fijV/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ekoi eod/ jB ns/ T[jBK jh ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB



y'iD ;zpzXh ehs/ iKd/ jB fiBQK s'A i{M oj/ j[zd/ jB. ;[Gkfte j? fe fijV/ Bshi/ T[jBK B{z fJ; y'i d[nkok T[gbpX j'Dr/ T[jBK dk T[j nkgDh ekoi^gqDkbh ftZu T[g:'r th eoBr/. fJ; gqeko, fefonkswe y'i nfXnkgeK ns/ ftfdnkbk^gqPk;eK d/ d?fBe ekoi^ebkg dk jh fJZe nzr pD frnk j? fijV/ ftfdne^fBofDnK ns/ f;ybkJh gZXshnK B{z ftfrnkBe, nB[Gtrs ns/ soeg{oD nkXko gqdkB eodk j? ns/ ;zg{oD ftfdne gqfefonk B{z gqGktPkbh pDkT[D ftZu ;fj:'r fdzdk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A fefonkswe y'i B{z f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu pj[s bkGekoh ns/ wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

2H nfXnkgeK dh ;'u ns/ wkBf;e fdqPNhe'DK ftZu gfotosB

id'A nfXnkge ns/ gqPk;e nkgD/ ekoi^y/soK ftZu io{oh gfotosB fbnkT[D ;zpzXh y'i eod/ jB sK T[; ftZu fijV/ nB[Gt T[jBK B{z j[zd/ jB T[; s'A T[jBK d/ nzdo e[ZM wB'ftfrnkBe gfotosB j[zd/ jB, T[jBK d/ ;'uD d/ Yzr, T[jBK dh nGho[uhnK, nGhftoshnK pdbhnK jB. fJ; nzdo{Bh gfotosB d/ cb;o{g T[jBK d/ fttjko th pdbd/ jB. nzs ftZu T[Zj f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk d/ Bkb nzdo{Bh o{g Bkb i[V iKd/ jB. fJj fefonkswe y'i dk nfs^wjZstg{oD bkG ;wfMnk iKdkk j?. w{bG{s ns/ j'o gqeko dhnK y'iK d/ gqsht/dBK, ;ko nzPK ns/ ;z;s[shnK dk f;oc nfXnB eoB s/ nfijk BjhA j' gkT[Adk. id'A nkgD/ nkg jh T[j nkgDh y'i eod/ jB nkgDh ;wZf;nk B{z wjZstg{oD ;wMd/ jB. fJ; gqeko fJ; y'i d[nkok gqkgs BshfinK B{z nkgDh wjZstg{oD T[gbpXh wzBd/ j'J/ T[; d/ BshfinK B{z fttjkfoe go;fEshnK ftZu, nkgDh ekoi^gqDkbh ftZu gq:'r eoB ns/ T[jBK dh ;ZukJh, gqGkftesk dh iKu eoB ftZu T[jBK dh ;[Gkfte o[uh j[zdh j?. fJBQK BshfinK B{z wB s'A fefonkPhb eoB dk T[j gfonk; eod/ jB. nkgD/ d?fBe ekoieowK ftZu fJ; gqeko fBozso r[Dkswe gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu T[jBK dh o[uh ftef;s j' iKdh j?. Bkb jh T[jBK d/ frnkB ftZu th tkXk j[zdk j? feT[Afe y'i eod/ j'J/ y'i d/ ftP/ ftZu y'i dh ;wZf;nk d/ ftP/ ftZu pj[s e[Zm gVQBk th g?Adk j?. fJBQK ;kfonK dk Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe nfXnkge ns/ gqPk;e i' th fefonkswe y'i Bkb i[Vdk j?, g{oh soQK pdb iKdk j?, fJZe T[Zu e'Nh dk gqGktPkbh nfXnkge pD iKdk j?.

fJj io{oh BjhA j? fe fe;h ;wZf;nk s/ e'Jh fJZe nfXnkge, fJZe gqPk;e jh ekoi eo/. e[ZM fJZe nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkb/ dk w[Zyh fwb e/ fJZe Nhw d/ o{g ftZu th ekoi eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu T[; Nhw d/ ;ko/ ;dZf;nK ftZu T[j gfotosB j' ;eDr/ fiBQK dk T[b/y T[Zgo ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko ;zg{oD ;z;Ek ftZu ifrqsh fbnkJh ik ;edh j?, ;zg{oD ;z;Ek B{z nzd'bs eo e/ T[; B{z T[Bzs pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb fefonkPhb y'i B{z pj[s finkdk T[g:'rh wzfBnk iKdk j?.

3H ftfdne gqfefonk ftZu r[Dkswe gfotosB dh ;zGktBk

fefonkswe y'i d/ wkfXnw Bkb f;Zfynk ftZu r[Dkswe gfotosB fbnkT[D dh ;zGktBk th gqpb j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk dh r[Dkswe T[Bzsh s'A Gkt j[zdk j? ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu io{oh frnkB d/ Bkb^Bkb T[jBK d/ ftnefsZst dk th ftek; eoBk. fJ; d/ bJh io{oh j? fe T[jBK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMDk ns/ d{o eoBk fijVhnK fJ; tor ftZu o[ektN T[sgzB eodhnK jB. fJBQK ;wZf;nktK B{z ftfrnkBe ns/ t;s{fBPm Yzr s'A ;wMD ftZu fefonkswe y'i dh G{fwek fBPfus ns/ wjZstg{oD ;wMh iKdh j?. ftfdnkoEhnK dk gVQB ftZu wB Bk bZrDk, iwks ftZu fB:fws o{g Bkb T[g;fEs Bk ofjDk, fe;h ftP/ ftZu ftP/P ekoB s'A fgZSfVnk j'Dk, nB[Pk;BjhD j'Dk, j'o ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Bkb ;fj:'r Bk eoBk, ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu n;wkfie fttjkoK dk j'Dk, T[jBK dk rqfj, ;wki, f;js, f;Zfynk, ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK Bkb ro;s ofjDk nkfd nfijhnK o[ektNK jB fijVhnK T[jBK dh f;Zfynk dh gqrsh B{z o[edhnK jB. fJj ;G T[j go;fEshnK jB, fiBQK B{z ;wM e/ T[jBK B{z d{o eoB d/ gfonk; eoBk f;Zfynk ftZu r[Dkswe gfotosB fbnkT[D d/ bJh io{oh j?, gozs{ e[ZM ;ekokswe gfonk; T[jBK fdPktK ftZu eoBk th io{oh j[zdk j? fiBQK tZb ftfdnkoEhnK B{z w'VBk T[jBK d/ fjZs ftZu j[zdk j?, fit/A^T[jBK frnkB T[gbpXh ;zpzXh gq/os eoBk, gVQB^fbyD ns/ frnkB^gqkgsh ftZu T[jBK dh o[uh ns/ brkt s/ ftek; eoBk, uzr/ fttjkoK ns/ ;z;ekoK B{z rqfjD eoBk nkfd. T[; gqeko

B'N



B'N dhnK ftXhnK B{z y'iDk fiBQK d/ d[nkok fJj ;G ;zGt j[zdk j?, fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK fJBQK ;wZf;nktK B{z nfXnkge ns/ gqPk;e feZE'A sZe uzrh soQK ;wMd/ jB. fJBQK B{z ;wMD ns/ T[jBK gqGktPkbh ftXhnK B{z ftef;s eoB ftZu fefonkswe y'i nfXnkgeK ns/ gqPk;eK B{z io{oh ;jkfJsk gqdkB eo ;edk j?.

4H w{bG{s y'i d/ f;XKsK d/ N/;N dk wkfXnw

fJZe j'o bkG fefonkswe y'i dk fJj j? fe T[; d/ d[nkok w{bG{s y'iK d/ BshfinK ns/ f;XKsK dk N/;N th ehsk ik ;edk j?. fe;h tk;sfte go;fEsh ftZu feZE'A sZe fJj f;XKs ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB gq;s{s eoB ftZu ;cb j[zd/ jB, fJ; dk N/;N ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, phHn?cH ;feBo dh „nkg'o/AN ezvhPfBzr fEUoh nkc bofBzr‟ (Operant conditioning theory of learning) dk fJZe ;XkoD (generalization) j? fe „ftnesh T[jh fttjko f;Zydk j? fi; B{z g[o;eko Bkb ;zBwkBs ehsk iKdk j?.‟ fefonkswe y'i d[nkok fJ; dh ;ZukJh dh e'Jh th nfXnkge iKu eo ;edk j?. i/eo T[; d/ N/;N ftZu ns/ T[; dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu fJj yok T[Zsodk j? sK fBPfus jh nfXnkge nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ io{oh fttjkoK B{z pdbD ns/ io{oh fttjkoK B{z T[jBK ftZu ftef;s eoB ftZu T[; dk gq:'r eoBk ukj/rk. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb th fefonkswe y'i bkGekoh ns/ wjZstg{oD j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

pj[^ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions):

4H fefonkswe y'i dh HHHHHHHHHHH d/ iBwdksk ;Nhc/B n?wH e'o/ jB.

(T) ftt;Ek (n) ;zebgBk (J) ;ot/yD (;) T[d/P

5H fefonkswe y'i, y'i B{z :EkoEsk ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bkb i'Vdk j?.

(T) w"fbesk (n) ;wkfiesk (J) T[g:'rsk (;) fttjkfoesk

6H 1962 d/ nk;^gk; e'o/ Gkos ftZu n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH d/ HHHHHHHHHHHH oj/.

(T) ;bkjeko (n) ftnkfynkeko (J) nfXnkge (;) ;zgkde 2H8 fefonkswe y'i dhnK ;hwktK (Limitations of Action Research)

T[go'es gzeshnK ftZu fJj fejk frnk j? fe fefonkswe y'i pj[s T[g:'rh j?, gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE fpbe[b BjhA j? fe T[j jw/PK jh jo/e go;fEsh ftZu T[g:'rh pD ikJ/rh. fJ; ftZu Pze BjhA fe i/eo ;kohnK go;fEshnK nB[e{b j'D sK T[j io{o fJZe pj[s finkdk T[g:'rh fefonk j't/rh. fJ; gqeko fefonkswe y'i dh T[g:'rsk e[ZM go;fEshnK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJj nB[e{b go;fEshnK ;XkoD o{g s'A ftfdnkfbnK ftZu T[gbpX BjhA j[zdhnK. f;oc fJjh fefonkswe y'i dhnK ;hwktK, w[PfebK, T[; dh T[g:'rsk d/ wkor d/ nto'X jB. fJBQK dk eow nB[;ko T[b/y fBZu/ ehsk frnk j?.

1H y'ieosktK ftZu seBheh frnkB ns/ e"Pb dh ewh

id fefonkswe y'i dh T[g:'rsk B{z n;hA ;theko eod/ jB sK fJj th wzB e/ uZbd/ jK fe y'ieosk Gkt nfXnkge ftZu y'i ;zpzXh io{oh frnkB ns/ e[PbsktK jB gozs{ finkdkso nfijk j[zdk BjhA. ftfndkb/ d/ nfXnkgeK B{z finkdkso y'i d/ ;zpzX ftZu Bk sK ikDekoh j[zdh j? ns/ Bk T[jBK ftZu T[j e"Pb j[zd/ jB fiBQK dh y'i eoB ftZu io{os g?Adh j?. finkdkso nfXnkge phHn?vH j[zd/ jB. phHn?vH ;so s/ T[jBK B{z y'i d/ ;zpzX ftZu e[ZM BjhA gVQkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; fdPk ftZu edw oZyD dh Bk sK T[j fJZSk eod/ jB ns/ Bk j'A;bk.



2H nfXgnkeK s/ ekoi^Gko dh pj[bsk

d{ih w[Pfeb fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fJj nkT[Adh j? fe nfXnkgeK s/ f;Zfynk ns/ f;Zfynk^;zpzXh ekoi dk gfjbK s'A jh Gko ofjzdk j?. y'i ;zpzXh ;wK eZYDk T[jBK d/ bJh brGr n;zGt jh j[zdk j?. e[ZM fJZe d/PK B{z SZv e/ ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ d/PK ftZu fJjh ;fEsh d/yh iKdh j?. ukj[zd/ j‟J/ th ;wki d/ nfXnkgeK d/ ekoi^Gko ftZu ewh eoB ftZu ;cb BjhA j' gk oj/. fJjh ;fEsh ftfdnkb/ d/ w[ZyhK dh th j?. fJ; gqeko ftfdnkb/ d/ nfXgnkeK ns/ gqPk;eK s'A fJj fJZSk eoBk fe T[j y'i th eoB, toswkB gof;EshnK ftZu finkdk ;koEe gqshs BjhA j[zdk.

3H io{oh ;so dh r[DtZsk dh ewh

fefonkswe y'i dh fJZe w[Pfeb fJj j? fe T[; dh BshfinK dh fynksh ns/ t?Xsk pj[s fBwB ;so dh j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ eJh ekoB j[zd/ jB. y'i gqfefonk dk frnkB Bk j'D d/ ekoB fJj y'ieosk Bk sK ;wZf;nk dk ;jh Yzr s'A gfoGkPheoD eo gkT[Ad/ jB, Bk gfoebkgBktK dk fBowkD T[fus o{g s'A eo gkT[Ad/ jB, Bk P'X^;wZroh dk toDB ns/ ftnkfynk ;jh^;jh eo gkT[Ad/ jB. cb;o{g fijV/ P'X^Bshi/ T[jBK B{z T[gbpX j[zd/ jB, T[jBK d/ t?X ns/ gqf;ZX j'D dh ;zGktBk pj[s xZN ofj iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, “i/eo iwki d/ e[ZM ftfdnkoEh fe;h ftP/ ftZu fgZSV/ j'J/ jB”, fJj ;wZf;nk j? sK T[jBK d/ fgZSV j'D d/ eJh ekoB j' ;ed/ jB ns/ T[jBK ;kfonK dk frnkB P'Xeosk B{z j'Dk ukjhdk j?, sK jh T[j T[fus ebgBk dk fBowkD eo ;edk j? ns/ y'i d[nkok T[;dk N/;N eo ;edk j?. ebgBk d/ N/;N d/ bJh th nfXnB ;zpzXh uoBK B{z fB:zsfos eoBk io{oh j[zdk j? BjhA sK Bshik ;jh BjhA fBeb ;edk, gozs{ fJj ;G fet/A ehsk iKdk j?, fJ; dk frnkB P'Xeosk B{z j[zdk BjhA. fJ; gqeko fijV/ Bshi/ T[jBK dh y'i d/ fBebd/ jB T[j gqf;ZX ns/ t?X BjhA j[zd/. ;gPN j? fe T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ bJ/ rJ/ fBoD/ ns/ T[jBK dk fttjko ftZu fefonkPhb ;wZf;nk dk T[fus ;wkXkB gq;s{s BjhA eo ;ed/.

4H BshfinK ns/ f;ZfNnK dk pj[s finkdk ;hfws j'Dk

fefonkswe y'i dk nkXko e/tb nfXnkge dh nkgDh iwks iK nkgDk ftfdnkbk jh j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko Bshik th e/tb T[; iwks iK ftfdnkb/ s/ bkr{ j[zd/ jB. fe;h d{i/ ftfdnkb/ iK d{ih iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;wZf;nk dh, T[jBK d/ fttjkoK dh ftnkfynk T[j BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; gqeko i/eo T[j nfXnkge d{i/ ftfdnkb/ ftZu pdb iKdk j? sK T[; dh y'i T[; d/ bJh fBooEe j' iKdh j?. fJ; gqeko fefonkswe y'i dh T[g:'rsk pj[s finkdk ;hfws jzdh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwBfbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State Whether the Following


7H fefonkswe y'i dh ;zebgBk dk ftek; w"fb B/ ehsk.

8H f;Zfynk y'i dk w[Zy ekoi f;Zfynk gqfefonk ftZu ;[Xko ns/ ftek; eoBk j?.

9H n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH B/ ftfdne y'i s/ ;Nhc/B n?wH e'o/ dh fJZe g[;se th gqekfPs ehsh.

10H fefonkswe y'i d/ wkfXnw Bkb f;Zfynk ftZu r[Dkswe gfotosB fbnkT[D dh ;zGktBk gqpb j[zdh j?.

5H ftfdnkfbnK d/ tksktoD dk nB[e{b Bk j'Dk

fefonkswe y'i dh ;cbsk d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe ftfdnkb/ ftZu y'ieosktK B{z goPo fwb/,

B'N



B'N io{oh ;[thXktK fwbD, T[jBK d/ ekoi fe;h Bk fe;h o{g ftZu ;zBwkBs j'D gozs{ ;kv/ d/P ftZu ftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD nfijk BjhA j? pbfe fJ; d/ mhe gqshe{b tksktoD j?. T[; ftZu T[j ;G ftnkgs j? fijVk nfXnkgeK B{z ezw Bk eoB dh fdPk ftZu XZedk j?. nkgD/ d/P ftZu ftP/P o{g s'A fefonkswe y'i d/ wkor ftZu fJj fJZe pj[s fteN o[ektN j?.

fefonkswe y'i dh T[go'es w[PfebK d/ nkXko s/ fJj XkoDk pDkT[Dk fe fBooEe j?, ;jh BjhA j't/rk pbfe fJBQK B{z fJZe u[D"sh d/ o{g ftZu b? e/ d{o eoB dk gfonk; eoBk ;ekokswe ns/ ouBkswe fdqPNhe'D j't/rk. ;kohnK w[PfebK nfijhnK jB fiBQK dk fBokeoD ;zGt j?. nfXnkgeK d/ ekoi^Gko ftZu ewh eoBk n;zGt BjhA j?. fJj d{ih rZb j? fe fJj oki d/ ;so s/ jh ;zGt j?. oki d[nkok nfXnkgeK dh ;zfynk ftZu tkXk eoe/ jh fJj ;zGt j' ;edk j?. fJ;h soQK nfXnkgeK ftZu y'i^;zpzXh frnkB ns/ e"PbK dk ftek; th eJh soQK Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?. n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH d[nkok T[jBK d/ bJh nbgekfbe f;ybkJh dh ftt;Ek ehsh ik ;edh j?. wkordoPe d/ o{g ftZu jo/e ftfdnkb/ ftZu ns/ jo/e Bro ftZu ;ko/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ nfXnkgeK d/ bJh fJZe P'X^ftP/PZr dh fB:[esh ehsh ik ;edh j? i' nfij/ nfXnkgeK B{z jo gqeko dh ;bkj ns/ ;jkfJsk d/t/rk. fJj th oki dk jh T[sodkfJst j't/rk. nfXnkgeK B{z fJ; fdPk ftZu gq/fos ns/ ;zBwkBs eoB dk T[ZsodkfJst sK ftfdnkb/ d/ w[Zyh dk jh j't/rk. eJh soQK Bkb fJj ekoi th ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fttjjkfoe fdqPNhe'D Bkb fefonkswe y'i d/ wkor ftZu fezBhnK jh w[PfebK feT[A Bk j'D, f;XKse fdqPNhe'D s'A sK fJj ;theko eoBk gJ/rk fe fefonkswe y'i f;Zfynk d/ ;so B{z T[Zuk T[mkT[D d/ fJZe gqGktPkbh ftXh j?. f;fyZnk d/ Bkb T[; dk i[VBk jo fdqPNhe'D s'A bkGekoh j?. “y'i nkXkos f;Zfynk” f;Zfynk^irs dk Gkth Bkok j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ oki B{z fJ; B{z ;cb pDkT[D d/ bJh T[fus gfonk; eoBk ukjhdk j?. 2H9 ;ko nzP (Summary)

f;Zfynk^y'i d/ T[d/PK s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe ftfdne y'iK dk torheoD eJh soQK ehsk ik ;edk j?. gqw[Zy torheoD d/ wkBdzv nZr/ fbys jB^:'rdkB dh fdqPNh s'A, P'X^nk:kw dh fdqPNh s'A, P'X f;ZY/ dh P[ZXsk dh fdqPNh s'A.

f;Zfynk^y'i dh gqw[Zy ekoi f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu ;[Xko ns/ ftek; eoBk j?. fJj ekoi frnkB d/ go;ko d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?.

fefonkswe y'i dh ;zebgBk e/tb e'o/ dh j? ns/ T[; dh T[sgZsh 1953 ftZu fbyh rJh T[jBK dh g[;se “n?ePB fo;ou N{ fJzgo{t ;e{bQ gq?efN;” (1953) s'A jh wzBh iKdh j?.

w"fb d/ PpdK ftZu, fefonkswe y'i fJZe sZs;EkB (on the spot) nfXnB j? fi; dk T[d/P fe;h ssekfbe ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB y'iDk j[zdk j? Gkt fJj fJZe nfijh y'i j? fijVh T[E/ jh ehsh iKdh j? fiZE/ n;b ftZu ;wZf;nk T[sgzB j'Jh j?.


1H y'i (Research) ^ fe;h ftP/P ftP/ iK ;wZf;nk dh y'i iK P'X eoBk.

2H fefonkswe y'i (Action Research) ^ P'X dh nfijh gqfefonk fi; ftZu ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB ftfrnkBe Yzr s'A ehsk iKdk j?, sK fe Bshi/ ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[Ad/ j'J/ T[; B{z ;jh fdPk fdZsh ik ;e/.




1H f;Zfynk y'i dk torheoD eod/ j'J/ ft;sfos toD eo'.

2H fefonkswe y'i ns/ T[; dh ;zebgBk s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

3H fefonkswe y'i dhnK ftP/PsktK dk toD eo'.

4H fefonkswe y'i dh T[g:'rsk s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

5H fefonkswe y'i dhnK ;hwktK dk toD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H ;EkBe 2H fB:wK 3H „ftfdnkb/ dk ;[Xko‟ 4H (n) ;zebgBk

5H (J) T[g:'rsk 6H (T) ;bkjeko 7H M{m 8H ;Zu

9H ;Zu 10H ;Zu 2H12 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H ftfdne seBheh^n?;Hn?;H wkE[o, GZN podoI.

2H ftfdne seBheh gqpzX ns/ w[bnzeD^ihH;hH nrotkb, GZN podoI.


B'N



B'N fJekJh^3L y'i ;wZf;nk dh u'D, eEB ns/ ;o's (Selection, Statement and Source of Research Problem) .


T[d/P (Objectives)


3H1 ;wZf;nk dh u'D, eEB ns/ gfoGkPheoD (Selection, Statement and Definition

of Problem)

3H2 ;wZf;nk u'D dh gqfefonk (Process of Problem Selection)

3H3 u[Dh j'Jh ;wZf;nk dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Selected Problem)

3H4 ;wZf;nk^eEB (Statement Problem)

3H5 ;wZf;nk dk toDB ns/ T[; dk gfoGkPheoD (Definition and Analysis of

Problem)

3H6 ;wZf;nk d/ ;o's (Sources of the Problem)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;wZf;nk u'D, eEB ns/ gfoGkPheoD B{z ikDB ftZul

u'Dh j'Jh ;wZf;nk d/ w[bnzeD B{z ;wMD ftZul

;wZf;nk d/ ;o's B{z ;wMD ftZu.


y'i Gkt/A fe;h th y/so ftZu ehsh ikt/, T[; dh gqfefonk brGr fJZe' fijh jh ofjzdh j?. ;zg{oD ekoi dh eowpZXsk ;ko/ y/soK dhnK y'iK ftZu ;wkB j[zdh j?. fttjko ftfrnkBK fit/A, wB'ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/soK ftZu sK fJj ;wkBsk brGr Ps^gqshPs jh j[zdh j?. g[;se d/ fJ; Gkr ftZu y'i^gqfefonk d/ T[jBK ftP/P uoDK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?, fiBQK dk gkbD ;ko/ fttjko^ftfrnkBK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fJBQK y/soK ftZu fBwB fbys gdeow ofjzdk j?^

1H ;wZf;nk dh u'D, eEB ns/ gfoGkPheoD.

2H ;wZf;nk^u'D dk ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk ;ot/yD.

3H gfoebkgBktK dk fBowkD.

4H y'i^;{uBktK iK dsK dk ;zebB.


fJekJh^3L y'i ;wZf;nk dh u'D, eEB ns/ ;o's

5H y'i^;wZroh (data) dk toDB.

6H BshfinK dh ;EkgBk ns/ ;XkoBheoD. 3H1 ;wZf;nk dh u'D, eEB ns/ gfoGkPheoD (Selection, Statement and Definition of Problem)

T[go'es ;wZf;nk dh u'D ;ko/ P'XeosktK d/ bJh fJZe w[Pfeb ekoi j[zdk j?. nkozG ftZu ;wZf;nk dh u'D ;zpzXh finkdkso P'XeosktK B{z fJZXo^T[ZXo GNeDk g?Adk j?. finkdkso T[j fJj fJZSk oZyd/ jB fe T[jBK d/ P'X^wkordoPe (research guides) jh T[jBK B{z nkgD/ tZb'A P'X^;wZf;nktK d/Dr/. fJ; gqeko dh ;'u T[fus BjhA j?, feT[Afe P'X^wkordoPeK d/ bJh th fJj ekoi ;ob BjhA j[zdk. T[jBK d/ e'b th u'DhnK j'JhnK P'X^;wZf;nktK BjhA j[zdhnK. T[fus ;wZf;nk dh u'D eoB ;zpzXh T[jBK B{z jh fwjBs eoBh j[zdh j?, fizBh P'Xeosk d/ bJh io{oh j?. fpBK fwjB ns/ v[zx/ nfXnB d/ u[DhnK j'JhnK P'X^;wZf;nktK finkdkso nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK s/ gfjbK jh io{os P'X^ekoi j' u[Zek j[zdk j?, i' wjZstjhD j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK d/ ;zpzX ftZu b'VhAdh ikDekoh gfjbK s'A jh T[bgpX j?, fiBQK d/ Bshi/ t?X BjhA nkfd. fJ; gqeko fJj ikDBk P'Xeosk d/ bJh pj[s finkdk io{oh j? fe P'X^;wZf;nk dh u'D fe; gqeko eoBh ukjhdh j?, fe; gqeko dhnK ;wZf;nktK P'X ;zpzXh T[fus j[zdhnK jB ns/ T[jBK dh T[gbpXsk d/ ;o's fejV/ j[zd/ jB. fJBQK ;kfonK dk T[b/y nZr/ ehs/ frnk j?.

;wZf;nk dk ;o's

B'N

B'N; P'X dhnK ;wZf;nktK eJh wkfXnwK s'A T[gbpX j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK ftZu P'Xeosk

dk ftneshrs nB[Gt, ;zdoG ;kfjs dk nfXnB, gfjbK ehshnK ik u[ZehnK y'iK dk ;ot/yD, d/P ftZu tkgo oj/ ;wkfie, seBheh ns/ ftfdne gfotosB nkfd gqw[Zy jB.

(T) ftneshrs nB[Gt

P'Xeosk nkgD/ nB[Gt d/ nkXko s/ fJj ikDB dk gfonk; eo ;edk j? fe f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ fe; y/so ftZu fe; gqeko dhnK ;wZf;nktK Pkfwb jB, fiBQK dk ;wkXkB y'iDk io{oh j?, fezB/ ns/ fe; gqeko d/ nfij/ gqPB jB, fiBQK d/ T[Zso fe;/ th EK T[gbpX BjhA jB, fezB/ nfij/ gqeoD ns/ gq;zr jB, fiBQK dh g{oh ikDekh fe;h B{z BjhA j?. i/eo T[j fJBQK y/soK ftZu ekoi eodk j? iK fJBQK ftfPnK dk ftfdnkoEh j?, sK T[; d/ nfij/ eJh nB[Gt j' ;ed/ jB, fiBQK dk ;zpzX fJ; gqeko dhnK ;wZf;nktK, gqPBK ns/ b'VhAdh ikDekoh s'A j[zdk j?. i/eo T[; d/ nB[Gt ftZu e'Jh ;wZf;nk nkT[Adh j? ns/ T[; dk nB[Gt ;wZf;nk dk e'Jh ;wkXkB ;[MkT[Adk j?, sK T[;h B{z b? e/ y'i ehsh ik ;edh j?.

T[dkjoD i/eo T[; B{z bZrdk j? fe wksk^fgsk d/ d[o fttjko d/ ekoB pkbeK ftZu nkeowesk (aggression) ns/ fuVfuVkgD nk iKdk j? sK fJjh P'X dh ;wZf;nk pD ;edh j?.

fJZe nfXnkge B{z ftfdnkb/ ftZu ezw eod/ j'J/ ftfdnkoEhnK, ;fj:'rhnK, ftfdnkb/ d/ w[Zyh nkfd d/ Bkb fBozso nzsofefonk d/ cb;o{g fijV/ nB[Gt j[zd/ jB, T[BQK d/ ftZu jh P'X dhnK ;wZf;nktK T[gbpX j' ;edhnK jB. P'XeosktK B{z wB[Zyh fttjkoK d/ ;zpzX ftZu fijV/ nB[Gt j[zd/ jB, T[jBK ftZu P'X^;wZf;nktK d/ ;ze/s fwb ;ed/ jB. ;wki^ftt;Ek ns/ ;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzXs nB[GtK ftZu P'X^;wZf;nktK T[gbpX j' ;edhnK jB. fi; EK s/ th nB[Gt ;zpzXh xNBktK, go;fEshnK, fttjko, sZE ;wZf;nk d/ o{g ftZu gqshs j[zd/ jB ns/ fiBQK d/ ;wkXkB T[gbpX BjhA jB, T[jBK B{z P'X ;wZf;nktK d/ o{g ftZu u[fDnk ik ;edk j?.



B'N (n) ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk nfXnB

P'Xeosk dk nfXnB P'X^;wZf;nk dh u'D dk d{ik ;o's j?. jo y/so ftZu ftfGzB ftfPnK s/ pj[s ;kok ;kfjs T[gbpX j?. ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk nfXnB eoB s/ fJj gsk uZb iKdk j? fe T[gbpX frnkB dk feZE/ T[g:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?, T[; d/ nkXko s/ feBQK xNBktK dh ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;edh j?, feZE/ T[; ftZu ng{oDsk j? nkfd. gVQd/^gVQd/ eJh gqeko d/ gqPB th fdwkr ftZu T[Go e/ nkT[Ad/ jB, fiBQK d/ T[Zso y'iDk wjZstg{oD j' ;edk j?. jo y/so ftZu pj[s ;ko/ nfij/ f;XKs (theories), eEB, ;[Mkn j' ;ed/ jB, fijV/ b'Vtzd o{g Bkb gfoys ns/ t?X gqshs BjhA j[zd/. fJ; gqeko T[jBK B{z b? e/ P'X^;wZf;nk dk fBoXkoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. p[ZXh d/ f;XKs (theories of intelligence), f;Zfynk^f;XKs, ftneshrs^f;XKs nkfd pj[s ;ko/ f;XKsK dk fBo{gD f;Zfynk ns/ wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK d/ nkXko s/ eJh soQK d/ fttjkoK, go;fEshnK ns/ ;wZf;n;ktK dk toDB ;zGt j' ;edk j?. fJj ;zGktBktK th P'X^;wZf;nktk dk o{g b? ;edhnK jB. y'i d/ d[nkok fJBQK f;XKsK dh t?Xsk dk th gqhyD ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(J) g{oD j' u[ZehnK y'iK dk ;ot/yD

jo y/so ftZu gfjbK jh pj[s ;kohnK y'iK j' u[ZehnK jB. fJBQK y'iK dk nfXnB eoB s/ y'i dhnK BthnK ;wZf;nktK T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[dhnK jB. fJBQK y'iK dk nfXnB eoB s/ fdwkr ftZu fJj rZb T[Go e/ nkT[Adh j? fe feZE/ e[ZM nfijk S[N frnk j?, fi; dk nfXnB eoBk io{oh j?. fijVh y'i g{oD j' u[Zeh j?, T[;h B{z nZr/ th tXkfJnk ik ;edk j?, T[; ftZu d{i/ wjZstg{oD uoDK B{z i'V e/ d[pkok T[; ;wZf;nk s/ ekoi ehsk ik ;edk j?, T[;h nfXnB B{z d{i/ gfogo/y ftZu th ehsk ik ;edk j? nkfd. fJBQK y'iK dk nfXnB eoB s/ fJj th gsk bZrdk j? fe T[; y/so ftZu y'i dhnK Gkth ;zGktBktK eh j' ;edhnK jB, feT[Afe jo y'ieosk nkgD/ Ehf;; d/ nzs ftZu fJ; gqeko d/ ;[Mkn fdzdk j?. fJBQK ;[MkntK d/ nkXko s/ y'i dh BthA ;wZf;nk dh u'D ;ob j' ;edh j?. jo y/so ftZu nifj/ ;ot/yD gqekfPs j'd/ ofjzd/ jB, fijV/ g{o/ j' u[ZehnK y'iK dk ;zy/g toDB gq;s{s eod/ jB. fJBQK dk ft;sko Bkb T[b/y nZr/ ehsk ikt/rk.

(;) ;wkfie, seBheh ns/ ftfdne gfotosB

jo d/P ftZu ;wkfie, seBheh ns/ ftfdne soQK d/ eJh gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. f;Zfynk^BhshnK pDdhnK jB ns/ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ftZu gfotosB ehs/ iKd/ jB. d/P ftZu seBheh gfotosB th j[zd/ jB. ;wki ftZu th pdbkn nkT[Adk ofjzdk j?. fJBQK gfotosBK d/ ekoB pj[s ;kohnK ;wZf;nktk th T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK ;wZf;nktK dk th iBw j[zdk j?. fJBQK gfotosBK dk nkb'uBkswe fdqPNhe'D Bkb toDB eoB s/ fezBhnK jh P'X^;wZf;nktK T[gbpX j' ;edhnK jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh BthA f;Zfynk Bhsh (1986) ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g B[z pdbD d/ eJh ;[Mkn fdZs/ rJ/ jB. cb;o{g fezB/ jh Bt/A ;tkb ns/ BthnK ;wZf;nktK T[GohnK jB, fiBQK d/ T[Zso ns/ ;wkXkB y'i d[nkok jh y'i/ ik ;ed/ jB. ihtB^w[ZbK dk jok;, tZXdh j'Jh XowKXsk, b'eszso ;woEs ;[szsosk dk d[oT[g:'r ns/ fprVdk j'fJnk ;z;EktK dk tksktoD, ;z;EktK ftZu tXdk j'fJnk GoPNkuko, f;Zfynk ;z;EktK dh xNdh ;koEesk nkfd eJh nfij/ gfotosB jB, fiBQK B{z ;kv/ d/P ftZu eJh soQK dhnK ;wkiPk;soh, wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ftfdne ;wZf;nktK B{z iBw fdZsk j?, fiBQK s/ rzGhoskg{oD y'i eoB dh io{os j?.

P'X^;wZf;nktK dh T[gbpXh d/ fJj e[ZM ;ot^wzBD:'r ;o's jB, gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE fpbe[b th BjhA j? fe fJBQK d/ fJbktk ;wZf;nk^u'D dk j'o e'Jh wkfXnw BjhA j' ;edk, sK th fJj ;ko/ ;theko eod/ jB fe P'Xeosk d/ nkgD/ nkg d/ v[zx/ nfXnB ns/ wBB dk sK e'Jh ftebg j' jh BjhA ;edk. P'X^;wZf;nk dh u'D ;zpzXh sZs;zpzXh frnkB^;kro ftZu sK T[; B{z T[soBk jh j't/rk. fi; y/so ftZu y'i eoBk j?, T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu i/eo P'Xeosk B{z io{oh b'Vtzd ikDekoh BjhA j? sK T[fus P'X^;wZf;nk dh u'D ;zGt BjhA j' ;edh.



j'bw/; dk wZs j? fe fBwBfbys gqPB P'Xeosk B{z ;wZf;nk dh u'D ftZu ;jkfJsk gqdkB eo ;ed/ jB^

1H ;zpzXs y/so ftZu fijV/ ftnesh n;b ftZu ekoi eo oj/ jB, T[jBK d/ ;kjwd/ fe; soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK T[sgzB j'dhnK jB<

2H toswkB ftZu ns/ fgSb/ e[ZM ;kbK ftZu feBQK ;wZf;nktK s/ y'i ehsh rJh j?<

3H ;zpzXs y/so ftZu fijVhnK y'iK j'JhnK jB, T[jBK ftZu fe; gqeko d/ sZE, fB:w ns/ ;XkoDsk T[ikro j'JhnK jB<

4H fJBQK sZEK, fB:wk ns/ ;XkoDsktK dh fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk eh j' ;edh j?<

5H ;zpzXs y/so ftZu ehshnK rJhnK y'iK d/ BshfinK dk fttjko ftZu feZE'A sZe gq:'r ehsk frnk j?<

6H fe; soQK dhnK BthA ;wZf;nktK fJBQK y'iK d/ d[nkok T[Go e/ nkJhnK jB ns/ feBQK s/ y'i ehsh ikDh pkeh j?<

7H ;zpzXs y/so ftZu y'i ehs/ ikD d/ wkor ftZu fejVhnK^fejVhnK gqw[Zy w[PfebK jB<

8H ;zpzXs y/so ftZu y'i dhnK fejVhnK^fejVhnk seBheK ns/ gqfefonktK dk ftek; j'fJnk j?<

9H fejVhnK^fejVhnK ;zebgBktK j?, fijVhnK ;zpzXs y/so ftZu gquZbs jB<

10H ;zpzXs y/so ftZu ehshnK rJhnK ns/ ehshnK ik ojhnK y'iK ftZu fe; soQK dhnK ntXkoDktK (assumptions) dk ;jkok fbnk frnk j?<



1H T[fus ;wZf;nk dh u'D ;ko/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ bJh w[Pfeb ekoi j[zdk j?.

2H jo d/P ftZu ;wkfie, seBheh ns/ ftfdne gqeko d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB.

3H ;zGkts ;wZf;nktK B{z b? e/ P'X HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ Bkb rzGhoskg{oD ftuko^tNKdok eoBk ukjhdk j?.

3H2 ;wZf;nk^u'D dh gqfefonk (Process of Problem Selection)

P'X ;wZf;nk dh u'D dh gqfefonk ftZu ;XkoD o{g s'A fBwB fbys u'DK Pkfwb ofjzdhnK jB^

1H ;G s'A gfjbK w'N/ s'o s/ fJj fBoXkfos eoBk fe fe; y/so ftZu P'X eoBk j?. jo ftP/ dk frnkB eJh y/soK ftZu tzfvnk ofjzdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh f;Zfynk^ftP/ d/ ftP/p y/so wB'ftfrnkB, f;Zfynk^;wkiPk;so, f;Zfynk^doPB, f;Zfynk^seBheh, f;Zfynk^gqpzX, w[bnzeD ns/ wkgB, nfXnkge^f;Zfynk, f;Zfynk^gqfefonk nkfd j' ;ed/ jB. fJ;h soQK wB'ftfrnkB ftP/ d/ fJj y/so f;Zfynk, gq/oDk, fttjko^gfotosB, gq:'rkswe wB'ftfrnkB, wkgB ns/ w[bnzeD, f;oiBkswe, ntXkB, ftneshrs, ;z;Ekrs^fttjko (organizational

behaviour) nkfd j' ;ed/ jB. ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu fJj ;wkfie gfotosB, iksh^;zpzX, gfotko^ftxNB, ;z;EktK ns/ T[jBK dh ;zouBk, ;wkfie tor^G/d, ;wkfie sBkn, ;wkfie o{VhnK, nkX[fBeeoD, ;wkfie wkBsktK ns/ gozgoktK nkfd j' ;edhnK jB. nkgD/ nfXnB, frnkB ns/ o[uh d/ nkXko s/ y/so dk fBoDk eo b?D d/ pknd T[; y/so ftZu'A

B'N



B'N fJZe ;hfws ns/ wjZstg{oD ;wZf;nk dh y'i eoB ukjhdh j?. y/so, frnkB dk ft;sfos o{g j[zdk j?. T[; d/ nb[;ko eJh gfogq/y, f;XKs, nk:kw, gqPB ns/ ;wZf;nktK nkT[AdhnK jB. fJ; gqeko fJj io{oh j[zdk j? fe T[; ;ko/ frnkB;kro dk wzEB eoB d/ pknd T[; ;wZf;nk B{z y'i eZfYnk ikt/, fi; dk fBPfus ns/ fBofto'X ;wkXkB j[D sZe T[gbpX BjhA j' ;fenk j?.

2H fJZe fBPfus ns/ ;gPN ;wZf;nk dh u'D eoB ftZu d{ik edw u[D/ j'J/ y/so ftZu fijVhnK y'iK j' u[ZehnK jB, T[jBK dk ;ot/yD eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; s'A fJj gsk bZrdk j? fe T[; y/so ftZu feBQK^feBQK ;wZf;nktK B{z b? e/ fezBk ns/ fe; soQK dk P'X ekoi j' u[Zek j?. Bkb jh fJj th gsk uZbdk j? fe fejV/ gqPB j[D sZe nDT[Zsoh jB ns/ g{oh soQK T[Zsog{oD BjhA jB. fJBQK gqPBK ns/ ;wZf;nktK ftZu'A fe;h fJZe Bt/A P'X ;zpzXh u'D ehsh ik ;edh j?.

3H T[go'es gqPB ns/ ;wZf;nk dh u'D eo b?D dk noE fJj BjhA j[zdk fe P'X^;wZf;nk fwb rJh. fJ; B{z e/tb ;zGkts ;wZf;nk jh ;wMDk ukjhdk j?. uzrk fJj ofjzdk j? fe nfijhnK eJh ;zGkts ;wZf;nktK dh u'D ehsh ikt/.

4H fJBQK ;zGkts ;wZf;nktK B{z b? e/ P'X^wkordoPe d/ Bkb p?m e/ rzGhoskg{oD T[jBK s/ ftuko^tNKdok eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJj ;wZf;nk^u'D dh gqfefonk dk fsZik uoD j?. ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB y'iDk fJBQK w[Pfeb BjhA j[zdk, fizBk fe ;wZf;nk dh u'D ns/ T[; dh ;zouBk fsnko eoBk j[zdk j?. ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK s'A wkordoPe dh ;{M^p{M ns/ ;[MkntK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ nkyoh o{g s'A ;wZf;nk dh u'D fJBQK ;soK s/ j' iKdk j?. 3H3 u'DhnK j'JhnK ;wZf;nktK dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Selected Problem)

P'X ;zpzXh ;wZf;nk B{z nkyoh o{g d/D s'A gfjbK T[fus (suitability) s/ rzGhoskg{oD ftuko ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z ;wZf;nk dk w[bnzeD (evaluation of the problem) efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ nB[;ko fJj ftuko ehsk iKdk j? fe ;wZf;nk P'X ;zpzXh uzrh oj/rh iK BjhA. e'Jh ;wZf;nk ed'A uzrh iK T[fus ;wMh iKdh j?, fJ; dh fJZe e;"Nh (criterion) j[zdh j?, fi; d/ nB[;ko eJh fpzd{ nkT[Ad/ jB. T[jBK ;ko/ fpzd{nK d/ fdqPNhe'DK s'A i/eo ;wZf;nk T[fus bZrdh j?, sK jh T[; B{z uzrk ;wfMnk iKdk j? ns/ nkyoh o{g Bkb T[; dh u'D ehsh iKdh j?. coKf;; o{w/b d/ nB[;ko, fJ; e;"Nh d/ fpzd{ ns/ ;wZf;nk dhnK uko ftP/PsktK jB^(i) P'Xeosk dh T[; ;wZf;nk ftZu o[uh j'Dk, (ii) P'Xeosk ftZu T[j ;kohnK :'rsktK j'Dk fijVhnK T[; s/ P'X eoB d/ bJh io{oh jB, (iii) ;wZf;nk dk wjZstg{oD j'Dk ns/ (iv) ;wZf;nk ;zpzXh ikDekoh, ;{uBktK ns/ dZsK d/ T[gbpX j'D dh ;zGktBk j'Dk. w"bh B/ fBwBfbys gzi fpzd{nK dk toDB ehsk j?^

1H ;wZf;nk P'Xeosk dh o[uh d/ nB[;ko j'Dh ukjhdh j?L gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk j? fe o[uh d/ nB[;ko ;wZf;nk Bk j'D s/ T[; s/ P'X ehsh jhB BjhA ik ;edh. i/eo ;wZf;nk o[uh d/ nB[;ko j? sK pj[s uzrk j?, gozs{ i/eo ;wZf;nk wjZstg{oD j? sK o[uh dh ewh ftZu th T[; B{z u'fDnk ik ;edk j?. T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu nfXnB eoB, finkdk ikDekoh gqkgs eo b?D ns/ ekoi d/ nZr/ tXD d/ pknd o[uh th ftef;s j' iKdh j?.

2H ;wZf;nk w"fbe j'Dh ukjhdh j?L fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wZf;nk nfijh j't/ fe T[; s/ gfjbK T[;h soQK dk P'X^ekoi Bk j'fJnk j't/. fiBQK gqPBK d/ T[Zso y'i d[nkok gqkgs ehs/ ik u[Ze/ jB, T[jBK B{z d[pkok gqkgs eoB dk e'Jh bkG BjhA, gozs{ i/eo gfjbK ehshnK rJhnK y'iK d/ Bshi/ ;zfdrX bZrd/ jB iK T[jBK dh P'X^gqfefonk so[ZNhg{oD gkJh ikdh j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu ;wkftPN uoDK ftZu gfotosB eoe/ y'i ehsh iKdh j? sK T[; B{z th w"fbesk dh gfoXh d/ nB[;ko oZfynk ik ;edk j?.



;ktXkBh fe;h th P'X dh T[;h o{g ftZu g{oBnktosh ;w/A ns/ wB[Zyh^Pesh dk fcI{b you

jh j?.

3H ;wZf;nk P'X^;zGt (Amenable to Research) j'Dh ukjhdh j?L fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wZf;nk nfijh j't/ fe fi; s/ y'i eoBk ;zGt j't/, T[; d/ uoDK (variables) B{z wkfgnk ik ;e/, T[; d/ ftP/ ftZu io{oh ns/ b'Vtzd ikDekoh gqkgs ehsh ik ;e/, T[gbpX ikDekoh dk toDB ehsk ik ;e/ nkfd. i/eo fe;h ekoB nfij/ ;zGt Bk j't/ sK T[; ;wZf;nk B{z P'X ;zpzXh T[fus BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk.

4H ;wZf;nk wjZstg{oD j'Dh ukjhdh j?L jo y'i dk T[d/P j[zdk j? ;zpzXs y/so ftZu frnkB dk tkXk eoBk, nDT[Zsoh gqPBK d/ T[Zso T[gbpX eokT[Dk, gfjbK s'A ;Ekfgs wkBsktK ns/ f;XKsK dk ;ZfsnkgB ns/ gqhyD eoBk, ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iDk nkfd, gozs{ fe;h y'i d/ d[nkok i/eo fJBQK ftZu'A fe;h th T[d/P dh g{osh BjhA j[zdh sK T[; B{z wjZstg{oD BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk j?. eJh tko P'X^;z;EktK s[ZS (trivial) ns/ fBooEe j[zdhnK jB. t'bcb/ ns/ eJh j'o b/yeK B/ fJ; gqeko dhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z b? e/ y'i dh fsZyh fBzdk ehsh j?. n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH (BthA fdZbh) d/ fsZi/ (1986) ns/ u'E/ (1991) f;Zfynk^y'i ;ot/yDK ftZu th fJ; soQK dh nkb'uBk ehsh rJh j?. y'i dhnK wjZstg{oD ;wZf;nktK T[j ;wMhnK ikdhnK jB, fiBQK d/ d[nkok T[go'es T[d/PK dh g{osh j[zdh j? ns/ fiBQK d/ Bshi/ ;zpzXs y/so dh toswkB gqfefonktK, gqEktK, ftXhnK, seBheK, ezw d/ YzrK nkfd B{z T[Bzs pDkT[D ftZu ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. fi; y'i d/ BshfinK dh e'Jh T[g:'rsk Bk j't/, T[j wjZstjhD j?.

5H ;wZf;nk P'Xjeosk dh :'rsk ns/ ;woEktK d/ nB[;ko j'Dh ukjhdh j?L e'Jh ;wZf;nk pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD ns/ w"fbe j' ;edh j?, gozs{ i/eo P'Xeosk ftZu T[j ;kohnK :'rsktK ns/ ;woEktK BjhA jB, fijVhnK T[; y'i B{z g{ok eoB d/ bJh io{oh jB sK T[; ;wZf;nk B{z T[; P'Xeosk d/ bJh T[fus BjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJj pj[s finkdk io{oh j? fe P'Xeosk B{z T[; ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzXs sZEK, ;ezbgBktK, f;XKsK (theories) nkfd dh uzrh ikDekoh j't/. fJj th io{oh j? fe T[; ftZu ;zpzXs ;kfjs, y'i dhnK fog'oNK, ioBb nkfd B{z gVQB ns/ ;wMD dh :'rsk j't/. Bkb jh y'i dhnK seBheK, wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyDK d/ fBowkD, T[jBK d/ gqPk;B nkfd dk th T[; B{z nZSk frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. P'X^;wZroh d/ nzeVk ;zpzXh toDB dh ftXhnK dh th T[; B{z uzrh ikDekoh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. i/eo ;wZf;nk nfijh j? fe T[; s/ y'i ;zpzXh fJBQK :'rsktK dh io{os j? ns/ P'Xeosk ftZu fJBQK dh ewh j? sK T[j ;wZf;nk T[; d/ bJh T[fus BjhA j' ;edh j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;wZf;nk dh T[fussk ;wK, fwjBs ns/ XB dh T[gbpXh d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A th

iKuh iKdh j?. i/eo P'Xeosk io{oh ;wK, fwjBs ns/ XB y'i ;zpzXh fJeZmk BjhA eo ;edk sK T[j ;wZf;nk th T[; d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A T[fus BjhA ejh ik ;edh.

T[go'es fpzd{ fJZe T[fus ns/ nZSh ;wZf;nk dh e;"Nh gq;s{s eod/ jB ns/ P'X^;wZf;nk d/ w[bnzeD dk nkXko ;wM/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK jh ;ko/ fpzd{nK B{z tkB vkb/B B/ ftneshrs fpzd{ (personal consideration) ns/ ;wkfie fpzd{ (social consideration) fJBQK d' f;ob/yK d/ nB[;ko oZfynk j?. 3H4 ;wZf;nk^eEB (Statement Problem)

;wZf;nk^eEB s'A Gkt j[zdk j? ;wZf;nk B{z f;ob/y d/D ;zpzXh. f;ob/y fijVk gq;skfts y'i dh fbys o{go/yk d/ nozG ftZu fbfynk iKdk j? ns/ y'i g{oh j' ikD s/ Ehf;; ns/ T[; dh fog'oN



B'N d/ T[Zs/ fbfynk iKdk j?. ;wZf;nk B{z fe; soQK f;ob/y d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? gkt fe; soQK T[; dk eEB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu th e[Zm fB:w jB. fJj j/m nB[;ko jB^

1H tkB vkb/B d/ nB[;ko, ;wZf;nk dh gq;s{sh iK sK gqPBK d/ o{g ftZu ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? iK f;ZX/ ns/ ;ob eEBK (statements) d/ o{g ftZu ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fit/A^

eh p[ZXh pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkts eodh j?< (gqPB o{g)

p[ZXh dk pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh s/ ;ekokswe gqGkt g?Adk j?. (eEB)

2H w"fb d/ nB[;ko, ;wZf;nk dh gq;s{sh ;zy/g ns/ fBPfus o{g ftZu (precisely) ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. T[; d/ eEB ftZu fBooEe ns/ nDio{oh PpdK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. pj[s w[Peb PpdK dk gq:'r th T[fus BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk.

3H ;wZf;nk dk eEB fJ; gqeko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe T[; B{z gVQd/ jh gkme B{z fJj ;gPN j' ikt/ fe ;wZf;nk ftZu fejV/^fejV/ uoD jB, fiBQK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXk dh y'i eoBk y'i dk T[d/P j?. fit/A, “nzro/Ih wkfXnw d/ ftfdnkfbnK dk nfXnB j?”. fJ; gqeko d/ ;wZf;nkêEB ftZu e[ZM th ;gPN BjhA j[zdk fe fe; rZb dk nfXnB ehsk ikt/rk. i/eo fJ;h B{z fJ; soQK gq;s{s ehsk ikt/ “nzro/Ih wkfXnw tkb/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ pkbeK ns/ j'o ftfdnkfbnK d/ pkbek dh ftfdne gqrsh dk s[bBkswe nfXnB”, sK y'i dk T[d/P ;wZf;nk B{z gVd/ jh ;gPN j' iKdk j?.

4H ;wZf;nk dk eEB fJ; soQK ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe gVQd/ jh y'i^y/so dk ft;sko (scope) ;gPN j' ikt/. fit/A, “gVQB tkb/ pkbek dh p[ZXh dk ;ot/yD”. fJ; eEB s'A fJj ;gPN BjhA j[zdk fe fe; eEB d/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ pkbeK, fe; iwks ns/ T[wo d/ pkbeK dh p[ZXh dk ;ot/yD ehsk ikt/rk. fJ;h B{z i/eo fJ; soQK fbfynk ikt/ “w/om Pfjo d/ nZmth iwks d/ pkbeK dh p[ZXh dk ;ot/yD” sK y'i d/ y/so dk ft;sko ;gPN j' iKdk j?.

y'i ;wZf;nk d/ eEB ftZu jh y'i ekoi dh ;zg{oD o{go/yk Pkfwb j[zdh j?. T[; B{z gVQd/ jh fJj ;gPN j' ikDk ukjhdk j? fe P'X dk gqw[Zy T[d/P eh j?, P'X^;wZroh d/ toDB dh ftXh eh j't/rh.

Nk;e „;wZf;nkêEB dk Gkt j[zdk j? ;wZf;nk dk f;ob/yheoD eoBk.‟ fJ; s/

nkgDk fdqPNhe'D ftnes eo'.

3H5 ;wZf;nk dk toDB ns/ T[; dk gfoGkPheoD (Definition and Analysis of Problem)

;wZf;nk dh nkyoh o{g s'A u'D j' ikD s'A pknd T[;dk eEB (statement) ehsk iKdk j? Gkt nkyoh o{g ftZu T[; B{z fbfynk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; eEB d/ pknd ;wZf;nk dh v[zxkJh Bkb ftPb/PD (analysis) Gkt gfoGkPheoD (define) ns/ toDB (describe) ehsk iKdk j?. eJh ekoBK s'A nfijh ehsk ikDk io{oh j?. ;wZf;nk dk ftPb/PD ns/ gfoGkPheoD P'X dhnK fdPktK B{z ;gPN eodk j? ns/ fJ; rZb tZb ;ze/s eodk j? fe T[; y'i ftZu fe; soQK d/ uoD Pkfwb jB, T[jBK dk wkgB fe; soQK ehsk ikt/rk ns/ y'i dh gqfefonk eh j't/rh. fJ; gqeko y'iêkoi dk ;zg{oD wkBfuZso ;gPN ns/ fBPfus j' iKdk j?. fGNBh d/ nB[;ko, ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD s'A Gkt j[zdk j?, “;wZf;nk B{z fJZe gfoXh d/ nzdo ;hfws eoBk, T[; B{z T[jBK fwbd/î[bd/ gqPBK s'A fGzB ns/ nbZr eoBk fijV/ ;zpzXs gof;Eshnk ftZu gkJ/ iKd/ jB.” nfijk eoB Bkb P'Xeosk B{z ;gPN o{g s'A gsk bZr ikdk j? fe ;wZf;nk n;b ftZu eh j?. nozG ftZu jh ;wZf;nk dk fJ; soQK dk ftfPPNheoD ns/ fttjkfoe ;hwKeoB pj[s wjZstg{oD j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu wBo' ns/ J/AfrbjkoN dk



eEB ftP/P wjZst dk j?. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD dk noE j? “T[; dk ft;sfos ns/ ;jh^;jh ftfPPNheoD eoBk, joe/ w[Zy ns/ r"D gqPB fi; dk T[Zso io{oh j?, dk ;gPNheoD eoBk ns/ y'i dhnK ;hwktK dk fBoXkoD eoBk.” fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK d/ nB[;ko, fJj io{oh j? fe fijVhnK y'iK gfjbK j' u[ZehnK jB, T[jBK dh ;whfynk ehsh ikt/ sKfe fJj fBPfus ehsk ik ;e/ fe eh eoBk j?. edh^edh fJZe nfij/ ftfdne fdqPNhe'D ns/ f;Zfynk^f;XKs dk ftek; ns/ fBowkD eoBk th io{oh j' ;edk j? i' gq;skfts y'i B{z fJZe nkXko gqdkB eo ;ed/. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nkXkoG{s XkoDktK B{z th ;gPN eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?.

;XkoD GkPk ftZu ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD s'A Gkt T[; d/ ftfPPNheoD ns/ gPNheoD s'A jh j[zdk j?. T[; dk nkXko ;wZf;nk dk ftPb/PD ns/ ;gPN toDB j[zdk j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko fBwBfbys ekoi nkT[Ad/ jB^

1H ;wZf;nk ;zpzXh^y'i ekoi d/ ft;sko (scope) B{z ;hfws eoBk

fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wZf;nk dk toDB fJ; soQK eoBk fe T[; s'A fizB/ ekoi dk p'X j[zdk j? T[Bk ekoi P'Xeosk dh ;woEsk d/ nzdo j't/. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJZe ft;sfos ns/ ftnkge ;wZf;nk B{z eZN^SKN e/ ;hfws pDkT[Dk fJ; d/ nB[;ko nkT[Adk j?. T[dkjoD ti'A, i/eo ;wZf;nk j? „;wZf;nkswe pkbeK d/ fttjkoK dk nfXnB eoBk‟, sK fJj ;wZf;nk pj[s finkdk n;gPN, ft;sfos ns/ ftnkge j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko eJh soQK d/ ;wZf;nkswe pkbeK, fttjko d/ eJh gqeko d/ ekoBK, nfXnB dhnK BthnK ftXhnK, ftfGzB ;EkBK ns/ ftfGzB T[wo d/ pkbeK dk nfXnB nkT[Adk j?. fJBQK nfXnBK B{z g{ok eoB ftZu ;kbK bZr ikDr/ fijVh fe;h th P'Xeosk d/ bJh ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ; gqeko ;wZf;nk B{z ;hfws, ;zy/g ns/ ;ze[fus eoBk io{oh j?. fe; gqeko d/ ;wZf;nkswe pkbeK, fe; T[wo d/, fejV/ ftP/P ekoBK nkfd dk nfXnB ehsk ikt/rk, fJBQK dk fBPfus o{g s'A ns/ ;gPN o{g s'A T[b/y ehsk ikDk io{oh j?. fJjh ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD dk noE j?. w"fb d/ nB[;ko, i/eo ;wZf;nk ;gPN BjhA j? sK nZr/ uZb e/ pj[s ;kohnK w[PfebK T[sgzB j' iKdhnK jB ns/ Bshfink d/ ;koEe ns/ wjZstg{oD j'D dk sK gqPB jh BjhA T[mdk. fJ; gqeko P'X^;wZf;nk pj[s ft;sfos ns/ ftnkge (fit/A, nfXnkge f;ybkJh dh gqGktesk dk nfXnB) Bk j' e/ ftP/ d/ e[Zm wjZstg{oD ns/ ftP/P gZyK sZe jh ;hfws j'Dh ukjhdh j?. Bkb jh T[; B{z fJzBk ;zy/g ns/ ;ze[fus th BjhA pDkT[Dk ukjhdk fe T[j f;oc T[gjk; pDe/ ofj ikt/.

2H ;wZf;nk^;zpzXh ftfGzB nzrK (elements) dk ;gPNheoD ns/ toDB eoBk.

fJ; d/ nB[;ko P'Xeosk ;wZf;nk dh iBwG{wh (background) dk T[b/y eodk j?, T[; d/ f;XKse nkXko (theoretical base) dk toDB eodk j? ns/ T[jBK ntXkoDktK (assumptions) dk th ;gPNheoD eodk j? fijVhnK ;wZf;nk ftZu Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB. Bkb jh T[j T[jBK uoK, sZEK, go;fEshnK, ftneshnk nkfd dk th T[b/y eodk j?, fiBQK B{z ;wZf;nk s'A nbZr oZfynk ikDk j?. ;w{fje o{g s'A fJBQK ;kfonK gZyK dk ;gPNheoD ns/ T[b/y ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD ftPb/PD ns/ toDB d/ nB[;ko nkT[Adk j?.

3H ;wZf;nk ftZu gqkgs PpdK (terms) ns/ ;zebgBktK (concepts) d/ noEK B{z ;gPN eoBk ns/ T[jBK B{z gfoGkfPs eoBk

fJj th ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD d/ nB[;ko jh nkT[Adk j?. i/eo fJBQK d/ noE ;gPN BjhA ehs/ iKd/ jB sK fJj ;wMDk th w[Pfeb j't/rk fe ;wZf;nk j? eh. e[ZM Ppd ns/ ;zebgBktK nfijhnK j' ;edhnK jB, fiBQK d/ fGzB^fGzB ;zpzXK ftZu fGzB^fGzB noE j[zd/ jB ns/ fiBQK B{z fGzB^fGzB b/yeK ns/ ftP/PZrK B/ fGzB^fGzB gqeko s'A gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. p[ZXh, gq/oDk, wB'ftfrnkBe io{osK (needs), ftnefsZst ;zs[bB (personality adjustment), gfonktoD (climate) nkfd eJh nfijhnK ;zebgBktK jB, fiBQK d/ nbZr^nbZr noE ns/ gfoGkPktK fwbdhnK jB. fJ; gqeko P'Xeosk B{z ;wZf;nk dk gfoGkPheoD eod/ ;w/A fJj th ;gPN eoBk ukjhdk j? fe T[; dh ;wZf;nk ftZu Pkfwb fJBQK PpdK ns/ ;zebgBktK B{z fe; noE ftZu

B'N



B'N fbnk frnk j?. nfijk eoB bkb T[jBK dk ;jh Yzr Bkb wkg eoBk th ;ob j' iKdk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fJBQK B{z w{os ns/ fBPfus fttjkoK d/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk iKdk j?. ;kfjs ftZu T[jBK B{z fe;^fe; soQK Bkb gfoGkfPs ehsk frnk j?, T[jBK ;kfonK dk T[b/y eod/ j'J/ ftP/P o{g s'A fJj dZ;Dk ukjhdk j? fe gq;skfts y'i^;wZf;nk ftZu T[jBK B{z fe; noE ftZu fbfnk frnk j? ns/ T[jBK dk wkg fe; gqeko ehsk ikDk j?, fejV/^fejV/ sZs, fttjko, go;fEshnK, xNBktK T[jBK d/ goukoe (indicators) j'Dr/ nkfd. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo ftfdnkoEhnK dh “ftfdne T[gbpXh” fJZe uoD j?, sK fJj ;gPN eoBk j't/rk fe T[; dk noE ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gqhfynk nzeK, nfXnkge d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ o/fNzr ns/ gqwkgheos fBPgZsh^gqhfynktK s/ gqkgs nze nkfd ftZu'A fe;h fJZe s'A j?. fjbt/ B/ ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD ;zpzXh fBwB uko fB:wK tZb ;ze/s ehsk j?^

1H fJj fBPfus eoBk fe ;wZf;nk dk ftPk^y/so Bk sK pj[s finkdk ft;sfos j't/ ns/ Bk

pj[s finkdk ;ze[fus.

2H ;wZf;nk B{z ftP/P gqPBK d/ o{g ftZu ftnes eoBk, fi; d/ fBPfus T[Zso ;zGt j'D.

3H ;wZf;nk dk fJ; gqeko ;hwkeoD eoBk fe fiBQK gZyK ns/ sZsk dk ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzX BjhA j?, T[j ;gPN o{g s'A T[; s'A nbZr j' ikt/.

4H T[jBK ;ko/ PpdK B{z fijV/ ftP/P jB ns/ fiBQK dk gq:'r ;wZf;nk ftZu j'fJnk j?, gfoGkfPs eoBk.

T[go'es nB[;ko ;wZf;nk dk ftPb/PD ns/ gfoGkPheoD eoB s/ T[; d/ jo gZy dk fBPgZy u'D ns/ ;gPNheoD j' iKdk j?. T[; ;w/A ;wZf;nk dk eEB Gkt fJzM ejhJ/ fe T[; B{z fijVk f;ob/y fdZsk frnk j?, T[; dk n;b ftZu eh noE j?, g{oD s"o s/ fBPfus ns/ ;gPN j' iKdk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A ;wZf;nkêEB d/ pknd T[; dh ft;sko Bkb ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ;h B{z ;wZf;nk dk gfoGkPheoD eoBk efjzd/ jB. fJ;h B{z gq;skfts y'i gfo:'iBk, ;ko nzP o{g (synopsis) ns/ J/izvw (agendum) th fejk iKdkj j?, fi; B{z y'iêkoi nozG eoB s'A gfjbK jh fsnko eo fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ io{oh nzr fBwB fbys j[zd/ jB^

1H ;wZf;nkêEB.

2H ;wZf;nk dk f;XKs nkXko (theoretical framework).

3H ;wZf;nk dk wjZst ns/ ti{d.

4H seBheh PpdK dhnK gfoGkPktK.

5H nkXkoG{s ntXkoDktK.

6H y/so dk ;hwkeoD (delimitations). ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwBfbys eEBk ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State whether the following

statement are True or False): 4H ;wZf;nk dh nkyoh o{g s'A u'D j'D ikD d/ pknd T[; dk eEB ehsk iKdk j?.

5H p[ZXh pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkts BjhA eodh j?.

6H y'i d/ d[nkok fe;h th T[d/P dh g{osh BjhA j[zdh sK T[; B{z wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk

j?.

7H ;wZf;nk d/ gfoGkPheoD s'A Gkt T[; d/ ftP/Pg{oD ns/ ;gPNheoD s'A j[zdk j?. 32 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


3H6 ;wZf;nk d/ ;o's (Sources of the Problem)

i/H;hH nbwke (J.C. Almack) B/ ;wZf;nk B{z y'iD d/ fBwB fbys uko ;kXBK dh uouk ehsh j?L

1H fJfsjk;e nGhb/yK d/ Bkb i' e[ZM gsk bZrdk j?, T[; dk ftPb/PD ehsk ikt/.

2H ftnkfynk ftZu i' ewh ofj rJh j?, T[; B{z iK nzXekog{oD y/so B{z y'fink ikt/.

3H nfB:fwssktK, fto'X ;zpzXh, ws^fGzBsk d/ ;EkB ns/ nfij/ ;EkBK B{z y'i fbnk ikt/ fiBQK d/ BshfinK dh ftXhg{oD Yzr s'A iKu BjhA ehsh rJh j?.

4H ftP/ Bkb ;zpzXs r'Pmh, nfXnB ns/ fuzsB B{z ftef;s ehsk ikt/ ns/ T[jBK rZbK s/ BIo oZyh ikt/ fiBQK ftZu fefonktK finkdk j'JhnK jB ns/ ng/fyns jB. gZXsh B{z th fXnkB ftZu oZfynk ikt/. fJ; ftPb/PD s'A n;hA ;wZf;nk B{z gqkgs eo ;ed/ jK.

n?uHn?uH np/b;B (H.H. Abelson) B/ ;wZf;nk d/ ;o's d/ ;zpzX ftZu fBwBfbys uko ;[Mkn fdZs/ jB^

1H fijVk f;Zfynk gqkgs eo fojk j?, f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk dk nfXnB eo fojk j? iK fe;h soQK dk f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ekoi eo fojk j?, T[; d/ nB[Gt ftZu nzdo{Bh dtzd (conflicts in

experience) fJZe gqw[Zy ;kXB j?. fifrnk;k ns/ nzdo{Bh dtzd T[; d/ ;kjwD/ eJh ;wZf;nktK nkgD/ nkg gq;s{s eodk oj/rk.

2H d{ik gqw[Zy ;kXB P'X^gqpzXK d/ nzs ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ Gkth nfXnB ;zpzXh ;[Mkn (suggestions

for further study) jB. ;ko/ jh P'X^gqpzXK (dissertations) d/ nzs ftZu fJ; soQK d/ ;[MkntK dh fJZe ;[uh fdZsh j[zdh j? fe fJ; y/so ftZu j'o eh ekoi j' ;edk j?. fJ; d/ nfXnB d/ d[nkok th ;wZf;nk B{z y'fink ik ;edk j?.

3H y'i^ekoi i' g{ok j' u[Zek j? (Research work already completed) ns/ fJBQK dk fBu'V ns/ fJBQK dh bx{ o{go/yk B{z d/y e/ p[XhwkB ftnesh eJh ;wZf;nktK y'i fBekbd/ jB.

4H u'Ek gqw[Zy ;kXB T[jBK y/soK B{z y'iDk j? fijV/ nZi sZe ng/fyns ofj rJ/ jB ns/ fiBQK s/ ekoi j'fJnk jh BjhA j?.

e'bzphnk :{Bhtof;Nh NhuoI ekb/i d/ vpb:{ J/H w?ekb (W.A. McCall) B/ gq:'rkswe ;wZf;nktK B{z y'iD d/ fBwB gzi wkor dZ;/ jB^

1H gq:'rkswe ;wZf;nk y'iD dk ;G s'A T[Zsw T[gkn fJj j? fe fizBk ibdh ;zGt j't/, fe;h ftP/P y/so d/ fifrnk;{ ftfdnkoEh (Scholar) pD ikD ns/ T[; y/so dk v[zxk nfXnB eoB.

2H d{ik T[gkn fJj j? fe nkb'uBkswe Yzr s'A ;kfjjs dk nfXnb eoB, b'eK dh uouk ;[BD ns/ nkb'uBkswe fdqPNhe'D Bkb jh ekoi eoB.

3H ;wZf;nk B{z y'iD dk fsZik Yzr jo o[ektN B{z, fijVh fuzsB ns/ ekoi^y/so ftZu nk ojh j't/, wjZst gqdkB eoBk j?.

4H u'Eh gZXsh fJj j' ;edh j? fe y'i^ekoi nozG eoB fdZsk ikt/ ns/ fco T[; ftZu T[sgzB w[PfebK B{z fifrnk;{g{oD Yzr s'A d/fynk ikt/.

5H gzithA ftXh fJj j? fe j[D sZe T[/; y/so ftZu i' e[ZM th gqkgs j'fJnk j?, T[; g{o/ s/ nfXeko ehsk ikt/ feT[Afe T[; ftZu fJZe fdPk gqkgs j't/rh. fJ; dk Gkt fJj j? fe fijVhnK ;wZf;nktK ns/ ftuko nkJ/ jB, T[jBK dk fJZe ftt;fEs nGhb/y fsnko ehsk ikt/.

ikB vpb:{H p/;N (John W. Best) d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu ;wZf;nk d/ fBwB fbys ;o's jB^

B'N



B'N ;o's jB^

1H iwks, ftfdnkb/ ns/ ;wki nkgD/ nkg ftZu fJZe ;kXB j?. jo nfXnkge jo o'I eJh ;wZf;nktK dk ;kjwDk eodk ofjzdk j?. i' e[ZM th n;hA eo oj/ jK, T[; soQK feT[A< fijVk gkmeow gVQk oj/ jK, T[jh feT[A gVQkfJnk ikt/< eh ;kvh f;Zfynk^ftXh gqGktg{oD j?< eh ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu io{oh gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu n;hA n;woZE j' oj/ jK< i/eo BjhA sK feT[A< o[ektNK eh jB< i/eo eJh ;wZf;nktK dk ;kjwDk T[j jo o'I eodk ofjzdk j?. i/eo T[j fifrnk;{ j? ns/ T[; dh y'i ftZu o[uh j? sK fe;h s/ th ekoi eo ;edk j?.

2H gqkftfXe gfotosB ns/ ;wkfie ftek; th o'I BthnK ;wZf;nktK ns/ y'i ;zpzXh ftnkge y/so gq;s{s eo oj/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu BthnK ftXhnK, Nhfuzr wPhB, N/bhftIB nkfd d/ gq:'r feZE'A sZe f;Zfynk ftZu eqKshekoh gfotosB fbnk ;ed/ jB, fJj y'i dk ftPk j?.

3H ;Bkseh ftfdne nB[Gt d/ d[nkok y'ieosk ftZu y'ig{oD nkb'uBkswe fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; j' ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJj goftosh T[; ftZu toswkB ekoi^gZXsh d/ gqsh nkb'uBkswe fdqPNhe'D g?dk eodh j? ns/ T[; ftZu ;wZf;nk dh ikDekoh tZXdh j?. iwks d/ ftnkfynkB (class lecturers), tkd^fttkd (discussions), gfououk^gqsht/dB (seminar

reports) ns/ iwks d/ pkjo nkgD/ fwZsoK ns/ nfXnkgeK Bkb uouk d/ ftZu T[; B{z eJh ;wZf;nktK dh ikDekoh j' ;edh j?. fJBQK d/ fJbktk fifrnk;{ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh gkm^g[;seK dk nfXnB, ftP/P ekoi (special assignments), gqsht/dB (reports), Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Psychological Abstracts, The Review of Educational Research, The Journal of Experiment Education, The Journal of Educational Researches, ;BksheoD P'X^gqpzX ns/ fJBQK dh ;{uh nkfd eJh gqekPB nfij/ jB fiBQK d/ nfXnB Bkb ;wZf;nktK y'ihnK ik ;edhnK jB.

4H ;wZf;nk dh y'i dk u'Ek ;kXB T[; y/so d/ nfXekoh ftdtkBK, nfXnkgeK ns/ y'i^fBod/PeK s'A ;bkj eoBk j?. fJj b'e y'ieosk dh fJ; y/so ftZu io{oh ;jkfJsk eoe/ ;wZf;nk dh u'D ;ob eo ;ed/ jB.

„r[v, pko ns/ ;e/N;‟ (Good, Bar and Scates) dk efjDk j? fe f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu y'i d/d bJh ;wZf;nktK B{z y'iD ;zpzXh ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ;[Mkn fJj j? fe fBwBfbys rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ T[gbpX ftfdne ;kfjs dk v[zxk nfXnB ehsk ikt/^

1H f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftZu fezBk y'i^ekoi j' u[Zek j?l

2H g{oD y'i^ekoi dk nfXekoe toDBl

3H BthB goftoshnK dk ftPb/PDl

4H fe;h y/so^ftP/ ftZu gqkgs nkb'uBkswe b/y^gZso, gZsohektK ns/ fNZgDhnKl

5H f;Zfynk ;zpzXh GftZytkDhl

6H y'i, fi; s/ ekoi j' fojk j?l ns/

7H y'i dh io{os.

fJBQK rZbK dk fXnkB oZy e/ ehsk frnk nkb'uBkswe nfXnB ;wZf;nk B{z y'iD ftZu ;jkfje j' ;e/rk.

r[v ns/ ;e/N B/ y'i dh ;wZf;nk d/ fBwB ;Zs ;o's dZ;/ jB^

1H ftP/P nfXnB (Specialization),

2H ftfdne ekoieos dk nB[;oD (Pursuation of educational programme),



3H nfXnB ekoieow (Programme of reading),

4H frnkB d/ fe;h y/so dk ftPb/PD (Analysis of any area of knowledge),

5H toswkB fefonktK ns/ io{osK s/ ftuko (Consideration of existing practices and

needs),

6H y'i dh g{Bonktosh ns/ gq;ko (Repetition or extension of research),

7H y'ieosk ftfGzB y/so („Offshoots‟ of studies underway). 3H7 ;ko nzP (Summary)

P'X ;zpzXh ;wZf;nk B{z nkyoh o{g d/D s'A gfjbK T[; dh T[fussk s/ rzGhoskg{oD ftuko ehsk iKdk j?.

coKf;; o[w/b d/ nB[;ko, T[go'es ;wZf;nk dhnK uko ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB^(i) P'Xeosk dh T[; ;wZf;nk ftZu o[uh j'Dk, (ii) P'Xeosk ftZu T[j :'rsktk fijVhnK T[/; s/ P'X eoB d/ bJh io{oh jB, (iii) ;wZf;nk dk wjZstg{oD j'dk ns/ (iv) ;wZf;nk ;zpzXh ikDekoh, ;{uBktK ns/ dZsK B{z T[gbpX j'D dh ;zGktBk j'Dk.

w"fb d/ nB[;ko, ;wZf;nk dh gq;s{sh ;zy/g ns/ fBPfus o{g ftZu (precisely) ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. T[; d/ eEB ftZu fBooEe ns/ nDio{oh PpdK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. pj[s w[Pfeb PpdK gq:'r th T[fus BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk.

;wZf;nk dk ftPb/PD ns/ gfoGkPheoD P'X dhnK fdPktK B{z ;gPN eodk j? ns/ fJ; rZb tZb ;ze/s eodk j? fe T[; y'i fe; soQK d/ uo Pkfwb jB, T[jBK dk wkg fe; soQK ehsk ikt/rk ns/ y'i dh gqfefonk eh j't/rh.


1H gqhfyns ns/ t?X (Examined and Valid) ^ nfijh ;wZroh iK f;XKs fi; dh iKu ehsh ik u[Zeh j't/ ns/ fi; dh gqwkDesk f;ZX j' u[Zeh j't/.

2H y'i ;ot/yD (Research Survey) ^ ehsh rJh y'i dk d[pkok nfXnB eoB s/ T[; dh ewhnK ns/ Gkth ;zGktBktK dk gsk brkT[ADk.


1H P'X ;wZf;nk dh u'D s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

2H u[Dh j'Jh ;wZf;nk dk w[bnzeD eo'.

3H ;wZf;nk eEB s/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H ;wZf;nk ftPb/PD ns/ T[; d/ gfoGkPheoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H P'XeosktK 2H gfotosB 3H wkordoPe 4H ;Zu

5H M{m 6H M{m 7H ;Zu

B'N



B'N 3H10 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^4L ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk, io{os ns/ ;o's

fJekJh^4L ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk, io{os ns/ ;o's (Review of Related Literature Need and Sources)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


4H1 ;whfynk d/ T[d/P (Purpose of the Review)

4H2 ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk frnkB (Identification of the Related Literature)

4H3 g[;sekbk d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;{uBk d/ ;o'sK dk ;EkgB (Locating Sources of

Information Through Library)

4H4 ;zpzXs ;wZroh (Reference Manual)

4H5 y'i b/y (P'X b/y) s/ ftnkfynk (Thesis and Dissertations)

4H6 ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ftt;Ek (Organizing the Related Literature)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk d/ T[d/P ns/ frnkB B{z ;wMD ftZul

;{uBk d/ ;o'sK dk ;EkgB ns/ ;zpzXs ;wZroh B{z ikDB ftZul

y'i b/y dk toDB s/ ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ftt;Ek B{z ikDB ftZu.


fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu fszB Gkr jB. gfjb/ Gkr ftZu ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk d/ ;gPN T[d/PK dk toDB j?. d{ik Gkr y'ieosk B{z g[;sekbk ftZu T[gbpX w[Zy ns/ T[fus ;{uBk ;o'sK dk ;EkgB, u'D ns/ T[g:'r d/ bJh fdPk^fBod/P gqdkB eodk j?. nkyoh s/ fsZik Gkr T[; gqfefonk Bkb ;zpzXs j? fijVk y'ieosk d[nkok ;zpzXs ;kfjs B{z ftt;fEs o{g ftZu fJeZso eoB ftZu ngDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

;ss wB[Zyh gfonk;K s'A G{sekb ftZu fJeZso frnkB dk bkG y'i ftZu fwbdk j?. y'ieosk d[nkok gq;skfts nfXnB s'A, gqsZy iK go'y o{g ftZu, ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK s/ gfjbK ehs/ ekoi Bkb fpBK i'V/, ;[szso o{g Bkb y'i ekoi BjhA j' ;edk. fe;h th y'i nfXnB dh :'iBk d/ wjZstg{oD edwK ftZu fJZe y'i ioBbK (Journals), g[;seK, y'i toDB (dissertations), P'Xb/y (thesis) ns/ j'o ;{uBk ;o'sK dh ;ktXkBhg{oD Yzr s'A ;whfynk j?. fit/A fgSb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu do;kfJnk frnk j?, fe;h nZS/ fB:'fis y'i nfXnB s'A gfjbK ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk nfs^io{oh j?.



B'N 4H1 ;whfynk d/ T[d/P (Purpose of the Review)

B'N; ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk y'ieosk B{z, fi; y/so ftZu T[j y'i eoB tkbk j?, T[;

ftZu toswkB frknB s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j?.

;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk fBwB ftP/P T[d/P g{oD eodh j?^

1H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk s'A y'ieosk B{z nkgD/ y/so dh ;hwk fBoXkoD eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?. T[; B{z nkgDh ;wZf;nk d/ gfo;hwB ns/ T[; dh gfoGkPk eoB ftZu th ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?. nB[o{gsk d/ J/oh ns/ j'o d[nkok fdZs/ T[dkjoD ftZu y'ieosk efj ;edk j?^

“A, B ns/ C B/ w/o/ gqPB d/ pko/ ftZu fJZBk y'i fbnk j?l D dh iKu Bkb ;kv/ frnkB ftZu fJzBk tkXk j'o j'fJnk j?. w?A „D‟ d/ ekoi s'A nZr/ j/m fby/ nB[;ko Bkb ezw eoBk ukj[zdk jK.”

;zpzXs ;kfjs d/ frnkB Bkb, y'ieosk j'o ftneshnK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ ekoi s'A g{oh soQK ikD{ j' iKdk j? ns/ T[j nkgD/ T[d/PK dk ;gPN s/ ;zy/ge o{g s'A toDB eo ;edk j?.

2H ;zpzXs ;kfjs d/ nfXnB Bkb y'ieosk jkBhekoe g{oD ns/ nDT[g:'rh ;wZf;nktK s'A pu ;edk j?. T[j nfij/ y/so u[D ;edk j? fiBQK ftZu bkGdkfJe y'i j' ;e/rh ns/ T[; d/ gfonk;K Bkb frnkB ftZu ;koEe tkXk j't/rk.

3H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk d[nkok T[j gfjbK s'A jh f;ZX ekoiK B{z nDikD/ ftZu d[jokT[D s'A pu ;e/rk. i/eo nfXnB d/ BshfinK dh ;fEosk ns/ t?Xsk uzrh soQK f;ZX j' u[Zeh j? sK T[; B{z d'jokT[Dk fBooEe j?.

4H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk Bkb y'ieosk y'i gqfefonk B{z ;wMdk j? fi; s'A fJj frnkB j[zdk j? fe nfXnB fe; soQK eoBk j?. T[; B{z gfjbK nfXnBK ftZu Pkfwb :zso ns/ n"ikoK dh th ikDekoh fwbdh j? fijVh ;cb s/ T[g:'rh oj/ ;B. T[; B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dh nzsofdqPNh th fwb iKdh j? fiBQK d/ d[nkok BshfinK dh t?Xsk f;ZX ehsh iKdh j?.

5H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk eoB dk nkyoh s/ wjZstg{oD ftP/P ekoB fJj ikDBk th j? fe fgSb/ y'ieosktK B/ nkgD/ nfXnB ftZu j'o nZr/ y'i eoB d/ bJh fejVhnK nB[Pk;BsktK ehshnK ;B. 4H2 ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk frnkB (Identification of the Related Literature)

;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk ftZu gfjbk ekoi fJj gfjukD eoB dk j? fe fe; ;wZroh B{z gfVQnk s/ w[bnzeD ehsk ikt/. g[sekbk ftZu T[gbpX w[Zy ns/ r"D ;o'sK d/ gq:'r s'A fJj frnkB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

;{uBk d/ w[Zy ;o'sK ftZu, b/ye nkgD/ ekoi B{z f;ZX/ jh y'i b/y, g[;seK, fJZe ftPk ;zpzXh b/yK, y'i toDB (dissertations) iK P'Xb/y d/ wkfXnw Bkb gqsht/ds eodk j?. nfij/ ;o's j'o fe;/ EK s/ T[gbpX ;{uBktK s'A finkdk ;{uBktK gqdkB eod/ jB. w[Zy ;o'sK s'A y'ieosk B{z nfXnB d/ pko/ ftZu nkgD/ fBoD/ dk nkXko fwbdk j?. Gkt/A fe y'ieosk B{z nfij/ ;o'sK dh ;jkfJsk b?D ftZu ekch ;wK you eoBk g?Adk j?, gozs{ T[; B{z nkgDkJhnK rJhnK y'i ftXhnK d/ ftP/ ftZu nZSh ;{uBk fwb iKdh j?.

r"D ;o'sK ftZu y'ieosk j'o ftneshnK d[nkok nfXnB s'A gqkgs BshfinK B{z ;zy/ge o{g



ftZu pDk e/ T[jBK dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. T[jBK ftZu b/ye finkdkso T[/ y/so d/ ;ko/ wjZstg{oD nfXnBK d/ pko/ ftZu, „f;Zfynk dk ;z;oe yIkBk‟, „f;Zfynk ;{ueK‟, ;ko nzP, g[;seK dh ;{uh ns/ ;zpzXs ns/ T[; s'A T[bN eEBK Bkb ;zpzX d/ o{g ftZu uouk eodk j?. r"D ;o'sK s/ ekoi eoB ftZu finkdk ;wK BjhA bZrdk feT[Afe gVQB d/ bJh ;wZroh xZN j[zdh j?. fJ; ftZu ;G s'A tZvh jkBh fJj j? fe gkme nfXnB d/ wjZstg{oD s/ ;koE gZyK ftZu fe;h j'o d/ fBofDnK ns/ ftukoK s/ pzfBnk iKdk j?.

fJj fBoDk fe w[Zy s/ r"D ;o's ftZu'A fe; dk T[g:'r ehsk ikt/, y'ieosk d[nkok u[D/ rJ/ nfXnB dh gqfefosh s/ fBoGo j[zdk j?. i/eo T[j nfij/ y/so d/ pko/ ftZu fi; ftZu ekch y'i eoki j' u[Zek j? sK w[Zy ;o's dh ;whfynk jh gfjbk uoD j'Dk seo;zrs j't/rk. d{i/ gk;/ i/eo nfXnB nfij/ y/so dk j? fi; ftZu y'i eoki pj[s xZN iK fpbe[b BjhA j'fJnk j? sK r"D ;o'sK dh ;whfynk jh finkdk soe;zrs j't/rh. ;{uBktK d/ d'B'A ;o's, Gkt/A w[Zy j't/ iK r"D, g[;sekbk ftZu jh fwbd/ jB. y'ieosk B{z io{oh ;o'sK B{z, fpBK ;wK iK Pesh BPN eo/, gq:'r eoB ftZu fBg[zBsk jkf;b eo b?Dh ukjhdh j?. y'ieosk B{z ;z;kXBK B{z fJeZmk eoB, u[DB ns/ T[g:'r ftZu ;jkfJsk ti'A, T[jBK dh f;Zfynk y'i ftZu T[g:'r d/ nB[;ko, nfXnB wkordoPe gqdkB eo fdZsk iKdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH s'A y'ieosk, y'i gqfefonk B{z ;wMdk j?.

2H ;{uBktK d/ d'B'A ;o's, w[Zy j'D iK r"D HHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu jh fwbd/ jB.

3H y'ieosk io{oh ;o's dh gqshfbgh wzrD dh nkfrnk HHHHHHHHHHH d[nkok eodk j?. 4H3 g[;sekbk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ;{uBk d/ ;o'sK dk ;EkgB (Locating Sources of Information Through Library)

y'ieosk B{z g[;sekbk ftZu T[gbpX ;[thXktK ns/ ;/tktK dk g{ok frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; B{z ;wZroh d/ T[g:'r s/ gfo;zouBk d/ fB:w ns/ nXhfB:wK Bkb th ikD{ j'Dk ukjhdk j?. pj[s ;ko/ g[;sekfbnK ftZu Sg/ j'J/ fBod/P T[gbpX j[zd/ jB fiBQK ftZu bkG tkbhnK ;{uBktK fwb iKdhnK jB. fJ; ftZu fJZe BePk th j[zdk j?, fi; ftZu g[;seK d/ oZyDk ;EkB, nktfXe gZsohektK nB[Gkr, ;zpzXs nB[Gkr, nfXnB ewok, g[;seK dk ftP/P ;zrqfj, wkJheo'ekov :zso, jZEfbys rozE, S'NhnK gZsohektK d/ ;EkB fdykJ/ j[zd/ jB. fBod/P ftZu nfijh nktfXe gZsohektK dh ;{uh j[zd/ j? fijVhnK g[;sekb/ ftZu bJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ ftP/P ;{ue nzeK, ;ko nzPK ns/ j'o ;zpzXs ;wZroh d/ Bkw ;{uhpZX j[zd/ jB. ;zGkb e/ oZyD d/ ;EkBK ns/ okyth g[;seK d/ T[g:'r d/ nfXfB:w, g[;sekb/ ftZu T[gbpX ;zpzXs ;wZroh gqkgs eoB dk sohek iK fe;h j'o g[;sekb/ s'A T[Xko bJh ikD ;eD dh ftXh th fJ; fBod/P ftZu fdZs/ j[zd/ jB.

y'ieosk iK j'o gkmeK B{z finkdkso fJZe g[;sekb/ ekov d/ fdZsk iKdk j? fi; d[nkok T[j g[;seK ;zGkbD tkb/ ;EkB s/ ik ;eD. T[; g[;sekb/ eowukohnK dh ;jkfJsk iK nkgD/ nkg ;[szso o{g Bkb io{oh g[;seK s/ j'o ;zpzXs ;wZroh B{z y'i ;ed/ jB. g[;seK d/ gq:'r d/ pknd T[jBK B{z w/iK s/ SZv/ d/Dk jh io{oh j[zdk j? fi; d[nkok T[ZE'A d/ eowukoh T[jBK B{z T[jBK d/ fBoXkfos ;EkB s/ tkfg; oZy ;eD.

edh^edh e'Jh ftPk, g[;sekb/ ftZu T[gbpX BjhA j[zdk. nfijh ;fEsh ftZu gkme B{z „:{BhnB‟ ;{uh^gZso d/yDk ukjhdk j? fi; ftZu d{i/ g[;sekfbnK ftZu gqkgs ftfPnK dh ;{uh j[zdh j?. nfij/ ftP/ g[;sekb/ d[nkok fBwB ftXh d[nkok wzrtkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB^

1H nzdo{Bh^g[;sekb/ T[Xko ohs d[nkok (By inter-library loan system) L gkme d/ g[;sekb/

B'N



B'N w[Zyh B{z wzr s/ fi; g[;sekb/ ftZu T[gbpX j?, T[ZE'A T[Xko wzrk fbnk iKdk j?.

2H c'N' gqshfbgh dh wzr eoe/ (By requesting a photo-static copy) L fJ; ftZu gkme fi; gzB/ iK gzfBnK dh gqshfbgh dh io{os j?, T[jBK B{z io{oh ;o's s'A wzrkT[D dh wzr, g[;sekb/ w[Zyh B{z eodk j?.

3H fJZSs ftP/ d/ e[ZM Gkr d/ ;ko nzP iK T[bZE/ dh wzr eoe/ (By requesting an abstract

or translation of the portion of a desired reference) L e[ZM g[;sekfbnK ftZu ;ko nzP iK T[bZE/ eZYD dhnK ;[thXktK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK s'A io{oh Gkr d/ ;ko nzP iK T[bZE/ fBod/Ps youk iwK eoe/ gqkgs j' iKd/ jB.

4H wkJheo'fcbw iK wkJheo'ckJhe d/ bJh wzr eoe/ s/ (By requesting microfilm or

microfiche) L gkme fJZe wkJheo'fcbw yohd e/ g[;sekb/ d/ T[geoD s/ d/y ;edk j?. wkJheo'ckJhe, fcbw dh ukdo j[zdh j? fi; s/ Sgh j'Jh jZEfbys iK g[;se dk ;[yw gqshfpzp nzes j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ ftek; d[nkok g[;sekb/ s/ ;{uBk ;/tktK B{z fJZe nfs^wjZstg{oD :'rdkB fwfbnk j?, fi; d[nkok bzphnK^bzphnK fpibh uZbs ;wZrohnK d/ ;;s/ ns/ ;[thXkg{oD GzvkoD ns/ tzvD dh ftt;Ek fwbdh j?.

nzso^okPNoh wkBe wkJheo'ckJhe dk nkeko 105 fwHwhH % 148 fwHwhH j[zdk j? fi; ftZu 98 gqshfpzp j[zd/ jB (7 gzeshnK ftZu 14 ;[yw gqshfpzp) s/ 24 % r[Dk S'Nk eoB dh ;woZEk j[zdh j?. fJ; B{z nwoheh okPNoh wkJheo'rokfce; ;Gk B/ nB[w'fds ehsk j? idfe fpqN/B d/ wkBe wkJheo'ckJhe dk nkeko S'Nk j[zdk j? ns/ T[; ftZu 60 gqshfpzp (BS 4187 : 1973) j' ;ed/ jB.

jkb jh ftZu B?PBb e?P ofi;No dh ghH;hHn?wHnkJhH ftXh d[nkok ftef;s ;[go ckJhe ftZu 75 % xNk nB[gks j[zdh j? ns/ T[; ftZu 4˝%6˝ dh gkodoPh ekov s/ 1000 sZe Sg/ j'J/ gzfBnK dh ;wZroh j' ;edh j?.

fJ; s'A th finkdk wjZst dk ftek; nbNokckJhe j?. T[; ftZu xNk nB[gks 150% j[zdk j? ns/ T[; dh ;woZEk 3200 gzB/ gqsh ckJhe j[zd/ jB. fcbwK s/ ;[yw gqshfpzp pDkT[D ftZu ftfGzB soQK d/ e?wo/ gq:'r ehs/ iKd/ jB.

gb/B/N/oh (rqfj ;zpzXh) e?wo/ 35 fwHwhH iK 16 fwHwhH dk ;fEo e?wok j[zdk j? fijVk bzpo{gh ;szG s/ pzfBnk j[zdk j? xNk nB[gks B{z 10 % s'A 50 % sZe pdbD d/ bJh T[Zgo fBZu/ ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; tko ftZu T[; ftZu 100 c[ZN o'b fcbw brkJh ik ;edh j?. fJ; dk w[Zb finkdk BjhA j[zdk.

;N/g n?Av foghv e?wok finkdk w[Zb dk j[zdk j?. fJj nkgD/ nkg wkJheo'ckJhe s/ fJZe d/ pknd fJZe ;[yw gqshfpzp nzes eo fdzdk j?.

o'Noh e?wokL fJj gb/B/N/oh e?wo/ dh soQK o'b fcbw s/ ;[yw gqshfpzp nzes eodk j? ns/ xNk nB[gks B{z io{os nB[;ko pdbD dh ;woZEk j[zdh j?.

cb' e?wok, gb/B/N/oh e?wo/ d/ nZX/ w[Zb dk j[zdk j?. T[; dk xNk nB[gks fBPfus j[zdk j?.

fJBQK ;kfonK e?wfonK ftZu ;[yw gqshfpzp nzes eoB d/ bJh f;bto, fv:kI' iK t/;he:[bo fcbwK dk gq:'r j[zdk j?. wkJheo'fcbw iK wkJheo'ckJhe B{z gVQB d/ bJh ;XkoD o{g s'A 6 soQK d/ ohvo dk gq:'r j[zdk j?.

(i) evbh wkJheo'ckJhe ohvo fJZe ;EkB s'A d{i/ ;EkB s/ b? ikfJnk ;edk j? ns/ fJ; B{z r'd ftZu oZy e/ gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj pj[s ;;sk j[zdk j? ns/ g[;sekb/ d/ ;dZf;nK B{z fBtk; s/ gq:'r d/ bJh fdZsk ik ;edk j?.

(ii) wkJheo'fcbw s/ wkJheo'ckJhe ohvo 40 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


(iii) :{Bhto;b wPhB

(iv) ohvo$gfozNo dpkT[D tkb/ pNB tkbh wPhB j[zdh j? fijVh Bk e/tb wkJheo'fcbw s/ wkJheo'ckJhe d/ gVQB ftZu ;jkJh j? pbfe god/ s/ pDh nkfeqsh B{z g{o/ ;kJhI d/ ekrI s/ T[sko ;edh j?.

(v) gq'vePB gfozNo$n?Bbkoi gfozNoL fJj nkgD/ nkg uZb tkbh wPhB j[zdh j? fijVh wkJheo'fcbw iK T[;d/ fe;h Gkr dh io{oh ;zfynk ftZu gqshfbgh Skg ;edh j?. fJj tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ wkJheo'fcbw dh g{o/ nkeko dhnK gqshfbghnK pDkT[D ftZu gq:'rh j[zdh j?.

(vi) iho'e; ekghcb' wPhBL fJj wfjzrh wPhB j? ns/ fJ; ekoB ;XkoD g[;sekfbnK dh gj[zu d/ pkjo j?. fJj wkJheo'fcbw B{z gmBh ;kJhI ftZu Skg ;edh j?. fJ; Bkb fe;h th fJZSs b/y dh fJZe gqsh xZN you ns/ xZN ;w/A ftZu fwb iKdh j?.

g[;sekb/ ftZu ;{uh ekov (The Card Catalog in the Library)

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;{uh ekov g[;sekb/ d/ ;ko/ ;zrqfj dk ;{ue^nze j[zdk j?. eowtko gqekfPs

nktfXe gZsohektK B{z SZv e/ fJ; ftZu ;koh gqekfPs ;wZroh dh ;{uh j[zdh j?.

;XkoD o{g s'A ekov ftZu, b/ye, f;ob/y ns/ ftP/ ;zpzXh ekovK dk toDwkbk eow ftZu ftt;fEsh toDB j[zdk j?. fe;h g[;se d/ pko/ ftZu ekch ;{uBk fJBQK ekovK ftZu fwb iKdh j?. g[;se d/ f;ob/y s/ b/ye d/ Bkw d/ fJbktk fJ; ftZu b/ye iBw fwsh, ;z;eoD, gqekPB fwsh, gzfBnK dh ;zfynk ns/ gqekPe dk Bkw s/ gsk th fwb iKdk j?. ekovK ftZu j'o ;{uBktK fit/A ;zpzXs$ftPk ;zpzXh g[;seK d/ Bkw, wkBfuZso, o{gfuZso, fBdoP^fuZso, ;koBhnK, bVhnK fiBQK ftZu g[;seK gqekfPs j' ojhnK jB, g[;se dk ;zy/g toDB^eh g[;se T[bZEh rJh j? ns/ T[bZEkeko dk Bkw nkfd th nzes ofjzd/ jB.

g[;sekb/ dh torheoD ohs (Library Classification Systems)

torheoD ftXh ftZu g[;seK B{z ftXh g{oD Yzr Bkb oZyD ns/ y'iD dh gqDkbh pDkJh iKdh j?. jo/e gqDkbh nfijh ftXh s/ nkXkos j[zdh j? fijVh soe;zrs ns/ nfs^;[yw toDB tkbh j't/. T[dkjoD „nwohek ftZu g[;sekb/ ftZu torheoD dhnK d' w[Zy gqDkbhnK gquZbs

jB^‟v/t/ v/f;wb‟ gqDkBh s/ „eKro/; g[;sekb/‟ gqDkbh.

„v/t/ v/f;wb‟ gqEk ftZu dPwbt gqDkbh j? fi; ftZu ;zfynktK 001 s'A 999H99 sZe j[zdhnK jB. d{ih „eKro/; g[;sekb/‟ gqDk finkdkso tZv/ g[;sekfbnK ftZu gq:'r j[zdh j?. fJ; ftZu „v/th v/f;wb‟ gqDkbh d/ 10 torK d/ ;EkB s/ thj w[Zy tor jB. fJ; ftZu w[Zy tor d/ bJh Ppd ns/ T[gtor d/ bJh ;zfynk dk gq:'r j[zdk j?.

g[;sekb/ ftZu b/ye, ftP/ iK f;ob/y ekov d/ T[Zgoh ;Zi/ e'B/ ftZu s/ g[;se d/ fgZS/ g[;seK d/ bJh fJZe^fJZe ekb Bzpo iK Ppd j[zdk j?. fJBQK ekb BzpoK iK PpdK dk gq:'r, g[;sekb/ dhnK nbwkohnK ftZu g[;seK B{z eowtko brkT[D ftZu ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJZe tor ftZu g[;seK b/ye d/ nkyoh Bkw d/ gfjb/ Ppd d/ nB[;ko toDwkbk eow ftZu ftt;fEs ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

g[;sekb/ ftZu y'i d/ bJh fdPk^fBod/P (Library Searching Guidelines)

y'ieosk d/ bJh ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzXs ;otT[Zu T[gbpX ;o'sK dh gfjukD ns/ T[jBK ftZu'A



B'N io{oh ;{uBk eZY ;eDk fJZe nfs^wjZstg{oD ekoi j?. fJ; d/ bJh T[; B{z g[;sekb/ ftZu

y'i seBhe dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; d[nkok T[j ;w/A ns/ gfonk;K B{z puk ;e/. tkB

vb/B B/ y'ieosk d/ bJh fBwB w[ZbtkB fdPk^fBod/P ;[MkJ/ jBL

1H g[;sekb/ d/ gq:'r s'A gfjbK, nkgD/ nkg B{z T[; d/ ftfGzB GkrK, ;[thXktK ;/tktK ns/ nXhfB:wK s'A ikD{ eok b?D.

2H wkJheo'c'ow ohvo, c'N'ekgh wPhB ns/ j'o :zsoe :zsoK B{z gq:'r eoBk f;Zy b?D.

3H g[;seK B{z tkb/ ewo/, nktfXe gZsohektK, ;zpzXs g[;seK s/ okyth g[;seK ns/ ftobhnK g[;seK d/ ewo/ ftZu fJj gsk eo fbU fe fiBQK g[;seK dh finkdkso io{os j't/rh T[j fe; ;EkB s/ oZyhnK jB.

4H nkgD/ g[;sekb/ d/ ekoiekb B{z fJ; soQK fBoXkfos eo' fi; ftZu ;z;XBK ns/ ;/tktK s/ finkdk GhV Bk j't/.

5H fJZe d/ d/ ekoieow ftZu fiBQK^fiBQK g[;seK dh io{os j't/rh T[jBK d/ wzr gZsoK B{z nozG ftZu jh pDk b?D.

6H s[jkv/ bJh jo soQK dh ftt;Ek eoB ftZu g[;sekb/ w[Zyh B{z g{oD ;{uBktK dh gqsh fdU ns/ nktfXe gZsohektK dh fBod/PBh iK ekov ;{uh pzd eoB s'A gfjbK iKu fbU. i/eo e'Jh ewh ofj rJh j't/ sK T[; B{z mhe eo fbU.

7H fJZe ftP/P ftP/ B{z ysw eoB ftZu fizBk th ;wK io{oh j't/, fJZe jh tko brk e/ g{o eo'.

8H i/eo T[gbpX ;wK xZN j't/ sK nfij/ gqPBK B{z fbU fiBQK d/ T[gbpX ;zpzXs g[;seK dh ;jkfJs d[nkok ibdh^ibdh T[Zso fdZsk ik ;ed/ jB.

9H g[;sekb/ ftZu ;wZroh dh y'i nozG eoB s'A gfjbK T[jBK ;ko/ gqPBK B{z fby fbU fijV/ ;ko/ ng/fyns ;{uBktK B{z g{ok eoB. gqPBK B{z fJ; soQK g[;sekb/ d/ ewo/ dh ;fEsh d/ nB[;ko ;{uhpZX eo' fiZE'A T[jBK d/ T[Zso fwb ;ed/ jB.

10H fJZe ;{uB nfijh pDkU fi; ftZu nktfXe gZsohektK, ;z;EktK, ;oeko J/iz;hnK, y'i J/iz;hnK, nzeVk ftfrnkB ;zrqfjeosk, g[;sekfbnK, ftP/P ;zrqfjs ;wZroh d/ nikfJpxoK ns/ nkgD/ y/so d/ nfXekohnK d/ toswkB ns/ fgSb/ Bkw j'D.

11H nkgD/ ftP/P y/so dh ;otT[Zu ;zpzXs g[;seK, eow ;{uhnK, jZE fbys g[;seK, fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK s/ ftfXe ftfPnK dh fJZe ;{uh fsnko oZyD.

12H nkgD/ ftP/ dh ;otT[Zu g[;seK dh ;{uh s/ wjZstg{oD y'iK d/ nfXnBK dh gqshnK nkgDh ckJhb ftZu oZyD.

13H fJj th gsk brkT[D fe fejVh nktfXe gZsohektK fB:fws iK edh^edh ftP/ dhnK ;otT[Zsw g[;seK, ;kfjs dhnK ;whfynktK iK j'o ;zpzXs ;wZroh B{z SkgdhnK jB ns/ fJj T[jBK d/ nzeK ftZu gqekfPs j'dhnK jB.

Nk;e y'i ftZu ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzXs T[Zu T[gbpX ;o'sK dh ;{uBk gqkgs eoB d/ bJh

nkgD/ ;[Mkn fdU.





4H o'Noh e?wok, HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH e?wo/ dh soQK o'b fcbs s/ ;[yw gqshfpzp nzes eodk j?.

(T) cb' (n) gb/B/N/oh (J) ;N/g s/ foghN (;) :{Bhto;b wPhB

5H gq'vePB gfozNo^n?Bbkoi gfozNo HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH wPhB j[zdh j?.

(T) jZEfbys (n) g?ouZbs (J) ;t?uZbs (;) fpibh ofjs

6H „v/t/ v/f;wb‟ gqEk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gqDkbh j?.

(T) Iho' (n) dPwbt (J) nZyo (;) Ppd

7H ;{uh ekov g[;sekb/ d/ ;ko/ ;zrqfjK dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHH j[zdk j?.

(T) wkge (n) ;whfyne (J) fBod/Pe (;) ;{uenze 4H4 ;zpzXs ;wZroh (Reference Manual)

f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu eJh ftP/ j[zd/ jB fijV/ y'ieosk bJh T[g:'rh j[zd/ jB. nfijh ;wZroh B{z y'iD d/ bJh y'ieosk B{z fBwBfbys ;ktXkBhg{oD Yzr s'A Pkfwb g[;seK B{z gVQBk ukjhdk j?^

eK;N/B; n?wH ftBu/b^ J/ rkJhv N{ o/co/A; p[e; (A Guide to Reference Books) ^ nZmtK ;z;eoD fPekr'L nwoheh g[;sekb/ ;Gk 1967. fJj ftnkge g[;se d' ;kbK ftZu fJZe tko nB[g{oe gzB/ Skgdh j? fi; ftZu eJh GkPktK ftZu nkX[fBesw ;{uBktK j[zdhnK jB. fJ; ftZu 7500 ftfPnK dk toDb ns/ w[bnzeD j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; ftZu fJZe Gkr f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu jzdk j?.

J/bpoN i/H tkbc'ovL rkJhv N{ o/co/A; w?Nhfo:b (Guide to Reference Material) L fJj d' g[;seK ftZu tzfvnk j'fJnk j? (1) ftfrnkB s/ seBheh, (1966) ns/ (2) doPB s/ wB'ftfrnkB, Xow, ;wkfie ftfrnkB, G{r'b s/ fJfsjk; (1968).

w/oh n??Av pkoNB ns/ w/fo:' thH p/b (1962)L ;zpzXs g[;seKL o/co/A; p[e;L J/Hpohc rkJhv cko ;N[v/AN; n?Av ndo :{IoI nkc dh bkfJpo/oh (Reference Books: A Brief Guide for

Students and Other Users of the Library) L fJj gqdoPe bkGdkfJe j? gozs{ pj[s S'Nk j?.

ftfdne b/y d/ bJh nzso^okPNoh gE^gqdoPe (1955^1960)L fJzNoB?PBb rkJhv N{ J/i[e/PB v'e[w/AN/PB, (1955^1960), (International Guide to Educational Documentation) :[B/;e' 1963 fJj f;Zfynk g[;seK, g[;shektK, nktfXe^gZsohektK, nke;fwe b/yK, fcbw ns/ X[Bh foekvoK s/ fJZe yzvh nzso^okPNoh gZE^gqdoPe j?.

nkoftzv poe s/ w/oh poe, v'e[w/AN/PB fJzB n?i[e/PBL (Documentation in Education) L fJj gqdoPe f;Zfynk irs d/ ;kfjs dk nG{sg{ot gfjukD gqdkB eodk j?.

fd ;N?Avov ghoh:fveb; vkJho/eNoh (The Standard Periodicals Directory) B:{:koeL nke;pfoi gqekPB ezgBh 1964. j[ZD sZe fJ; ftZu 30,000 s'A finkdk fJekJhnK jB. ;EkBe ;wkuko gZsoK B{z SZv e/ fJ; ftZu jo soQK dh nktfXe gZsohektK dk ;wk:'iB j?. fJj jo ;kb gqekfPs j[zdh j? ns/ 200 torK ftZu ftPktko toDB j?. toDwkbk nB[;ko eow ;{uh fdZsh rJh j?.

feq;NhB n?bH thBo, rkJhv N{ o/co/A; p[e; cko ;e{bQ whvhnk ;/ANoI (Guide to Reference

Books for School Media Centres) fbfNbNB, e'b' L bkfJpo/oh nBfbfwN/v 1973. fJ;

B'N



B'N gqdoPe ftZu 2575 fJekJhnK ;zpzXs g[;seK ns/ u'D/ j'J/ n"ikoK T[Zs/ w[bnzeD fNZgDh ;fjs jB fijV/ f;Zfynk ;z;EkBK ftZu ezw nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; d/ ;{ue^nzeK ftZu b/ye, ftPk s/ f;ob/y jB.

ftPte'P (Encyclopedias) fJj ;{uBktK dk Gzvko j? fi; ftZu ftP/PZrK d[nkok fsnko nZSh uouk, u[DhnK j'JhnK g[;seK dh ;{uh fdZsh j[zdh j?. fJj ftP/ nB[;ko toDwkbk eow ftZu j[zdh j?. y'i d/ jo y/so d/ bJh ehs/ rJ/ ekoi dk eqKshekoh o{g s'A toDB gq;s{s j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb^Bkb T[j y/so ftZu io{oh y'i B{z th u[Dd/ jB ns/ fJZe toDkswe g[;seK dh ;{uh th fdzdh j?.

y'ieosktK d/ bJh f;Zfynk y/so ftZu T[g:'rh ftPte'PK dh gqshdoP ;{uh fBwBfbys j?^

J/ ;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?i{e/PB (A Cyclopedia of Education) L f;Zfynk dk ftPte'P, gkb w'Bo', 5 yzvK ftZu (B:{:koeL w?efwbB 1911^13) fJj gkb w'Bo' d[nkok ;zgkds j? fi; ftZu ftGkrh ;zgkdeK ns/ 1000 s'A tZX ftneshrs b/yeK B/ :'rdkB fdZsk j?. T[; ftZu ;otT[Zu g[;seK dh ;{uh j? ns/ fJfsjkf;e s/ ihtBh b/y ;zpzXh gq:'iBK d/ bJh nfs T[Zso j?.

fd n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?i{e/PBL (The Encyclopedia of Education) L f;Zfynk dk ftPte'P, ;zgkde bhH;hH v/NB (B:{:koe, fd w?efwbB ezH n?Av coh gq/;, 1971)L fJ; ftZu 1000 s'A finkdk b/y jB. T[; d[nkok ;z;EktK ns/ ftneshnK, ftXktK s/ T[sgkd dk fijVk f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu fwbd/ jB, frnkB j[zdk j?. b/yK ftZu fJfsjk;, f;XKs y'i, doPBPk;so ns/ f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g s/ ;fjftfBnk; d/ ftP/ Pkfwb jB.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc wkvoB n?i{e/PBL (Encyclopedia of Modern Education) L nkX[fBe f;Zfynk dk ftPte'PL j/Boh vhH fyfbB ns/ n?uH P{bo (B:{:koeL fcb';kfceb bkfJpo/oh, 1973)L brGr 200 nfXekoK dk ftnkge ekoi j/Boh vhH fyfbB s/ n?uH P{bo B/ Pkfwb ehsk j?. fJ; ftZu nZi dhnK ;wZf;nktK, goftosh, f;XKsK s/ gZXshnK T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. b/yK d/ Bkb ;zyge g[;seK dh ;{uh j? ns/ gko;gfoe ftP/ dh gqDkbh j?.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?i{e/PB fo;ouL (Encyclopedia of Educational Research) L f;Zfynk y'i dk ftPte'PL tkbNo ;e'N w'Bo' ;zP'Xs ;z;eoD (B:{:koeL w?efwbB, 1950)L fJj ftPte'P nwoheh f;Zfynk y'i ;Gk d/ sZstkXkB ftZu fsnko ehsh rJh ;h. fJ; dk fNZuk f;Zfynk y/so d/ y'i nfXnBK dk eoKshekoh w[bnzeD, ;zebB s/ ftnkfynk j?. ;ko/ b/y toDwkbk d/ eownB[;ko ftt;fEs jB ns/ T[jBK d/ Bkb g[;seK dhnK ;{uhnK jB.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?i{e/PB fo;ouL (Encyclopedia of Educational Research) L f;Zfynk y'i dk ftPte'PL u/;No j/fo; fsZik ;z;eoD (B:{:koeL w?efwbB, 1960)L fJj ftPte'P th nwoheh f;Zfynk y'i ;Gk d/ sZstXkB ftZu pDkJh rJh j?. fJj gfjb/ ;z;eoDK dk f;oc ;zP'Xs o{g Bkb j' e/ fpbe[b Bt/A f;o/ s'A fbyh rJh g[;se j? fi; ftZu ftP/ dk BtK fuZsoD ehsk j?.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?i{e/PB fo;ouL (Encyclopedia of Educational Research) L f;Zfynk y'i dk ftPte'PL okpoN n?bH J/p/b u'Ek ;z;eoD (B:{:koeL w?efwbB 1969)L fJ; ftPte'P ftZu y'i d/ ;zy/ge toDB fdZs/ jB ns/ Gkt y'i ekoi d/ bJh eJh ftP/ fdZs/ jB. b/yK ftZu nk ojhnK f;Zfynk ;wZf;nk ns/ eowe f;Zfynk ftZu fusktK dk toDB j?.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?i{e/PB fo;ouL (Enclyclopedia of Educational Research) L f;Zfynk y'i dk ftPte'PL j?okbv JhH fwI/b gzitK ;z;eoD (B:{:koeL fd coh gq/;L w?efwbB ezH dk fJZe nzr^1982) fJ; ftPte'P ftZu ftfPnK B{z 18 w[Zy f;ob/yK ftZu toDwkbk eow nB[;ko tzfvnk frnk j? fijV/ „f;Zfynk ;zpzXh J/iz;hnK ns/ ;z;EktK‟ s'A b? e/, „;bkeko‟, „f;js‟, s/ wB'ftfrnkBe ;/tktK‟, „gkmeow d/ y/so‟ nkfd s/ „nfXnkge



ns/ nfXnkgB‟ sZe c?fbnk j?. Bt/A ftuko s/ ftP/ fit/A „ezfgT{No nXkos f;Zfynk‟, „BP/ d/ d[oT[g:'r s/ f;Zfynk‟, „f;Zfynk ftZu ;wkBsk‟ „wB[Zyh iksh toDBk (Ethnography) s/ „BkVh ftfrnkB‟ th fJ; g[;se ftZu Pkfwb ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJj gqekPB ftPt ftZu nkX[fBe xNBktK ns/ T[Bzsh dk gqshfpzp j? fi; ftZu f;Zfynk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

fd fJzNoB?PBb n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?i{e/PBL (The International Encyclopedia of

Education) L Nko;N/B, j[;/B s/ NhH B/ftb g';b/Et/N (B:{:koe L gokrkwB gq/;, 1985)

ftPt dh f;Zfynk y/so dhnK ;wZf;nktK, nfGnk;K s/ ;z;EktK dh nkX[fBe fdyktN gq;s{s eoB dh fdPk ftZu fJj gqekPB gfjbk gfonk; j?. fJ; ftZu T[gbpX ;{uBktK fszB w"fbe gqPBK d/ T[Zso gqdkB eodhnK jB. f;Zfynk irs d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftZu ebk dh eh ;fEsh j?< eh^eh gqpb s/ t?X ;{uBktK T[gbpX jB< f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK s/ ns/ fe; y'i dh io{os j?<

fd n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc ezg/o/fN; n?i{e/PB n?Av B?PBb f;;NwI nkc n?i{e/PBL (The

Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education) L s[bBkswe f;Zfynk s/ f;Zfynk dh okPNoh gZXsh dk ftPte'P NhH B/ftb g';Nb/Et/N (B:{:koe L nke;c'ov gq/p, 1988)

fJj ftPte'P d' GktK ftZu j?. gfjb/ Gkr ftZu s[bBkswe f;Zfynk s/ b/yK dh bVh gq;s{s ehsh rJh j?l d{i/ Gkr ftfGzB d/PK dhnK 159 fGzB f;Zfynk gqDkbhnK dk toDB fdZsk frnk j?.

fJzNoB?PBb n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc fd ;'Pb ;kJhA;/IL (International Encyclopedia of the

Social Sciences) L ;wkfie ftfrnkB dk nzso okPNoh ftPte'P (B:{:koeL w?efwbB ezH 1968) fJj 10 ftd[s ;fwshnK d/ fBod/PB ftZu pDkfJnk frnk ;h. fJ; ;zpzXs g[;se ftZu ;ko/ jh ;wkfie ftfrnkB d/ ftfPnK s/ uouk j?.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc ukJhbve/no n?Av rkJhv/A;L (Encyclopedia of Childcare and

Guidance) L pkb d/yGkt s/ wkordoPB dk ftPte'P (rkovB f;Nh, B:{:koeL vpbv/ n?Av ezH 1968) fJ; ftZu pkb^ekb dhnK ;wZf;nk dh gqfeosh T[Zs/ g{oh uouk j?. fJ; ftZu fJBQK ;wZf;nk d/ fBokeoD$fBdkB dhnK ftXhnK B{z th ;[MkfJnk frnk j?.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc ;'PbtoeL (Encyclopedia of Social Work) L ;wkfie ekoi dk ftPte'P (B:{:koeL ;wkfie ekoieosktK dh okPNoh ;Gk, 1965) fJ; g[;se ftZu ;wkfie ekoi y/so d/ ;ko/ gfjbK s/ ft;sfos b/y fdZs/ rJ/ jB.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc fcbk;chL (Encyclopedia of Philosophy) L doPBPk;so dk ftPte'P (B:{:koeL w?erok^fjZb p[Ze ezH, 1971) fJ; ftPte'P ftZu 2000 s'A finkdk b/yeK d/ 7000 s'A finkdk b/y, ftfrnkB s/ :zsoeh, d/ ;ko/ ftfPnK T[Zs/ Pkfwb jB.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc fcbk;chL (Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (B:{:koe L w?efwbB^coh gq/;, 1967) L fJj fJZe gqkXheos s/ ftnkge ;zpzXs g[;se j? fi; ftZu d'B'A, gkPkuks s/ g{oth, ftukoXkoktK^g[oksB, wZXekbhB s/ nkX[fBe dk ;wkt/P j?.

Ppde‟P (Dictionaries) L fJj jw/PK y'ieosk B{z gE^gqdoPB dk ekoi eodhnK jB. e[ZM gquZbs Ppde'PK (dictionaries) dh ;{uh fBZu/ toDs j?^

fvePBoh nkc n?i{e/PB (Dictionary of Education) (B:{:koeL w?erok^fjZb p[Ze ezH, 1973)L fJ; ftZu 3300 seBheh s/ eko'pkoe Ppdktbh fdZsh rJh j?. f;Zfynk ftZu ftfGzB d/PK ftZu gquZbs Ppd th fdZs/ rJ/ jB.

ezgoj?Af;t fvePBoh nkc ;kJheb'fieb n?Av ;kJhe'^n?B/fbfNeb NowI (Comprehensive

Dictionary of Psychological and Psycho-analytical Terms) (B:{:koe L v/ftv w?e/ ezH) L

B'N



B'N fJ; ftZu 13000 s'A finkdk Ppdktbh fdZsh rJh j?. PpdK B{z seBheh PpdK ftZu gfoGkPs ehsk frnk j?.

o'r/I fJzNoB?PBb E/;'o; nkc tovI n?Av co/iI (Roget‟s International Thesaurs of

Words and Phrases) (B:{:koeL eokt/b, ekfb:o s/ w?efwbB)L E/;'o;, Ppde'P dk T[bN j[zdk j?. i/eo fe;h B{z Ppd d/ noE dk frnkB sK j? gozs{ gq:'r eoB d/ bJh ;Nhe Ppd BjhA j? sK E/;'o; dh ;jkfJsk bJh iKdh j?. E/;'o; ftZu Ppd d/ ;wo{g s/ T[bN noE d/ Ppd fdZs/ j[zd/ jB. y'ieosk B{z E/;'o; s/ fJZe nZS/ Ppde'P d/ Bkb gVQBk ukjhdk j? fi; d[nkok ;jh Gkt gqdoPs j' ;eD.

fJno p[e;, nkbwkBe; n?Av j?Avp[e; (Yearbooks, Almanacs and Handbooks) L f;Zfynk ;wZf;nktK, ftuko s/ gZXshnK s/ finkdkso ;wf:e ;{uBktK ;kbkBk g[;seK, e?bzvoK ns/ S'Nh g[;seK ftZu fwb iKdhnK jB. e[ZM ;kbkBk g[;seK ftZu jo ;kb ukb{ o[uh dk BtK ftPk gqekfPs j[zdk j? ns/ e[ZM j'o ftZu xNBkuZeo s/ ;XkoD ;whfynk j[zdh j?. e[ZM ;kbkBk g[;seK, e?bzvoK s/ S'NhnK g[seK dh ;{uh fBwB nB[;ko j?^

fd j?Avp[Ze nkc fo;ou nkB Nhfuzr (The Handbook of Research on Teaching) L n?BHn?bH rkr/ (fPekr/L o/Av w/eBkbh n?Av ezH, 1963) fJj g[;sek f;Zfynk s/ fJZe ftnkge y'i ;{uBk gq;s{s eodh j? ns/ Bkb jh ft;Ekog{oD rozE ;{uh th j[zdh j?.

fd ozv w/ebkbh j?Avp[Ze nkc n?i{e/PB (The Rand McNally Handbook of Education) L nkoEo vpb:{, c'P/, (fPekr'L o/Av w/eBkbh n?Av ezH, 1963). fJj nwohek ftZu f;Zfynk ;zpzXh finkdk wjZstg{oD sZEK dk ;[thXkg{oD ;o's ;zebB j?. fJ; g[;sek d[nkok do{s ;zpzX d[nkok fJzrb?Av, coK; s/ o{; ftZu f;Zfynk dh s[bBk gq;s{s j[zdh j?.

n?i{e/PB fJnop[Ze (Education Yearbook) (B:{:koe L w?efwbB ezgBh 1972^j[D sZe) fJj fJZe ;kbkBk gqekPB j?. fJ; ftZu w[Zy f;Zfynk ;wZf;nktK ns/ nzd'bBK d/ nzeVk nzeV/ fdZs/ jB ns/ Bkb jh ft;sfos rozE ;{uh s/ ;zpzXs gE^gqdoPe th jB.

w/ANb w/iow/AN fJnop[Ze (Mental Measurement Yearbook) (jkJhb?Av gkoe, B:{ io;hL rq/ckB, gq/; 1983^nZi sZe)L fJ; dk ;zebB nk;eo e/H p[o'i B/ ehsk j?. fJ; ftZu wB'ftfrnkBe wkg ns/ wkBe ehs/ j'J/ gqhyD ns/ ;{uhnK dk ;ko nzP fdZsk frnk j?. fJj uko ;kb ftZu gqekfPs j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu wkg dhnK wjZstg{oD g[;seK dh ;whfynk ns/ eko'pkoe ioBbK ftZu SghnK g[;se ;whfynktK d/ T[dXos nzP fdZs/ rJ/ jB.

fJzvhnB w/ANb w/Iow?AN j?Avp[Ze (Indian Mental Measurement Handbook) L p[ZXh s/ ;woZEk gqhyD (BthA fdZbhL okPNoh ;fwsh f;Zfynk y'i s/ f;ybkJh (NCERT), 1991)

fJj g[;se okPNoh g[;sekb/ f;Zfynk s/ wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyD dk y'ieosktK d/ bJh ehsk frnk fJZe tZvk gfonk; j? fi; ftZu wkBe gqhyDK dh ;whfynk, ftP/P eoe/ „p[ZXh‟ s/ „;woZEk‟ d/ y/soK ftZu ehsh rJh j?. fJj Gkos ftZu ftef;s gqhyDK s/ ftd/Ph gqhyDK B{z Gkosh ;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b YkbD d/ pko/ ftZu ftt;fEs ;{uBktK gq;s{s eodh j?. fJ; ftZu e/tb T[j eko'pkoe gqhyD jh BjhA nkT[Ad/ fiBQK dh gq:'reosk wzr eod/ jB iK fijV/ ;fwsh gq:'r d/ bJh T[gbpX jB, pbfe T[j gqhyD th Pkfwb jB fiBQK d/ e/tb nkdoP gqsho{g T[gbpX jB. fJ; g[;se ftZu gqhyDK dh ;whfynk th fdZsh rJh j? fi; d[nkok gkme gqhyDK dk j'o finkdk eoKshekoh w[bnzeD eo ;eD.

fd ;N[v/AN ;kJheb'fi;N; j?Avp[ZeL ftfdnkoEh wB'ftfrnkBe dh jZE^g[;seL ;o'sK dk gZE^gqdoPe (e?wpfoi, wk;L P/Aew?B gpfbfPzr ezH, 1969) fJ; g[;se ftZu wB'ftfrnkB d/ w[Zy ftfPnK dk toDB j? fi; ftZu ;{uBktK d/ ;o'sK, nzeVk ;zrqfj dhnK ftXhnK ns/ ;zpzXs ;wZroh d/ gq:'r B{z th dZf;nk frnk j?.



vkNk gq';/f;zr fJno p[Ze (Data Processing Yearbook) (v/NkokfJNL co?Ae n?uH frb/, 1952^nZi sZe)L fJ; ;kbkBk g[;se dk gqekPB nfB:fws j?. fJ; ftZu nzefVnK d/ ;z;kXB (Data processing) d/ T[geoBK, seBhe s/ fBowkD s/ b/y j[zd/ jB. fJ; ftZu nfijhnK ;z;EktK d/ Bkw j[zd/ jB fijVhnK nzefVnK d/ ;z;XkB (Data Processing) s/ ezfgT{No gkmeow gqdkB eod/ jB.

:[BkJhN/v B/PBI ;N?fN;fNeb Jhnop[Ze (United Nations Statistical Yearbook) L ;z:[es okPNo nzeVk ftfrnkB ;kbkBk g[;se (B:{:koeL :[BkJhN/v B/PBI 1949^j[D sZe) fJj ;kbkBk gqekPB j?. fJj izB;zfynk, tgko, ftZs, d{o ;zuko, f;js s/ f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu nzeV/ gq;s{s eodh j?.

tobv nbwkBe^p[Ze nkc c?eN; (World Almanac-Book of Facts) L sZEK dh ftPt e?bzvo^g[;se (B:{:koeL ;wkuko gZso T[d:'r ;Gk, 1968^j[D sZe) fJj ;zdoG gqdoPe ;kbkBk gqekPB j?. fJ; ftZu ;wkfie, f;ybkJh, okiBhfse, Xkofwe, G{r'fbe, eko'pkoe, ftZsh ns/ noEPk;so d/ y/soK ftZu xNBktK dh gqrsh ns/ ;fEshnK T[Zs/ BthBs nzeVk ftfrnkB s/ nzeV/ gq;s{s j[zd/ jB.

dh ;N?Avov n?i{e/PB nbwkBe (The Standard Education Almanac) L fJj f;Zfynk d/ brGr jo gfjb{ s/ sZEK ns/ nzeVk ftfrnkB dk b/y j?.

vkJho/eNohI n?Av fppfb:'rokchI (Dictionaries and Bibliographies) L fBod/PektK ns/ rozE ;{uhnKL id y'ieosk B{z ftZXh ;jkfjsk iK y'i ;wZroh s/ :zsoK dhnK ;{uBktK fJeZso eoBhnK j[zdhnK jB, sK ftneshnK, nktfXe gZsohektK, gqekPeK iK ;zrmBK d/ Bkw ns/ gs/ ikDB d/ bJh fBod/Pe dk gq:'r eoBk j[zdk j?. fBod/Pe dh ;jkfjsk Bkb y'ieosk B{z T[jBK ftneshnK iK ;z;EktK dk gsk uZb ;edk j? fiBQK d/ eko'pkoe fjZs T[; d/ fij/ jB iK T[; B{z T[; ;wZf;nk d/ fBokeoD ftZu wdd eo ;ed/ jB iK T[; d/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso d/ ;ed/ jB.

nwohek ns/ fpqN/B ftZu e[Zmj gqw[Zy fBod/Pe fBwB jB^

nwoheh f;Zfynk fBod/PeK dk gZE^gqdoPe (rkJhv N{ nw/oheB n?i{e/PB vkJho/eNohI)L fJ; dh fJZe g[;se ftZu 12000 s'A finkdk f;Zfynk dh s/ ;zpzXs fBod/PeK dh ;{uh j?. fJj fBod/Pe toDwkbk nZyoK d/ eow ftZu ftfPnK d/ f;ob/yK d/ nB[;ko ftt;fEs jB.

n?i{e/PB vkJho/eNohL f;Zfynk fBod/Pe (tkfPzrNBL nwoheh nkfc; f;Zfynkl w[Zyh b/yB, 1912^nZi sZe) fJj fBod/Pe jo ;kb gzi GkrK ftZu gqekfPe jz[dk j?. fJ; ftZu Bkw, f;Zfynk J/iz;hnK, nfXekoh, ;z;EktK ns/ j'o ;{uBktK j[zdhnK jB.

n?BHJhHJ/H j?Avp[Ze cko b'eb, ;N/N n?Av B?PBb n?;';hJ/PBL n?BHJhHJ/H dhnK ;EkBe, okigZXoh s/ okPNoh ;GktK d/ bJh j?Avp[Ze (tkfPzrNB vhH;hH L okPNoh f;Zfynk ;Gk, 1945^nZi sZe) fJj ;kbkBk gqekPB j?. fJ; ftZu ;wpZX ;GktK s/ ftGkrK d/ okigZXoh ns/ okPNoh^nfXekohnK dh ;{uh s/ ftnkge fog'oN j[zdh j?.

n?i{e/NoI tobv (J/Afibt[Zv, e'b'L fcPo gpfbfPzr ezH, 1972^nZi sZe)L fJj 1600 s'A finkdk f;Zfynk ;GktK, gqekPeK, y'i e/AdoK s/ nkfc;K dh ;kbkBk wkordoPe j?.

B?PBb c?ebNh vkJho/eNoh (fvN/okfJNL rkb/ fo;ou ezH, 1964^nZi sZe)L fJ; ;kbkBk gqekPB ftZu toDwkbk nZyo eow ftZu 30,000 s'A finkdk, nwohek d/ ekbiK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu ekoios, g{oDekbe ns/ nzPe^ekbe, ftGkrh ;dZf;nK s/ gqPk;eh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ekoios, g{oDekbe s/ nzPe^ekbe, ftGkrh ;dZf;nK s/ gqPk;eh nfXekohnK d/ Bkw s/ gs/ jB.

n?B;kJheb'ghvh:k nkc n?;'f;J/PB (v/N/okfJN L rkb/ fo;ou ezH, 1964^nZi sZe) fJ;

B'N



B'N fBod/Pe ftZunwohek dhnK 14,000 s'A finkdk okPNoh ;GktK dh toDwkbk nZyo eow ftZu ftt;fEs ;{uh j?. fJ; ftZu fJBQK d/ ekoigkbe ;futK dh ;dZ;sk dh ;{uBk, gs/ ns/ Bkw ns/ fJBQK ;GktK d/ T[d/P fdZs/ j[zd/ jB.

vkJho/eNoh nkc J/e;/gPBb fubvoB (p';NBL gkoNo ;koi/AN gpfbfPzr ezH, 1962^nZi sZe)L fJ; ftZu nwohek ftZu ;e{bK, e?wgK, rqfjK, dtkykBk s/ j;gskbK dk toDB ns/ ;wkfie fso;ekos, wkBf;e noXftef;s iK Pohoe ftebKr ftneshnK d/ bJh ;/tktK dk toDB fdZsk j[zdk j?.

w/ANb j?bE vkJho/eNoh (tkfPzrNB, vhH;hH L okPNoh ;z;Ek^wkBf;e f;js, ;oekoh gfozfNzr nkfc;, 1964^nZi sZe)L fJ; ;kbkBk gqekPB ftZu nwohek ftZu okPNoh, okigZXoh ns/ ;EkBe wkBf;e f;js J/iz;hnK dh ;{uh j[zdh j?/.

nw/oheB bkJhpo/oh vkJho/eNohL nw/oheh g[;sekbk fBod/Pe (B:{:koeL nkoHnkoH p"eo ezH, 1923^nZi sZe)L fJj fBod/Pe ;kb ftZu d' tko, nwohek ns/ eBkvk ftZu, fBZih ;oekoh, Bro gkfbek, ;z;Ekrs s/ ekbi g[;sekfbnK dk wkordoPB eodk j?. fJ; ftZu ftP/P ;zrqfj, j'bfvzrI dh ;zfynk, eowukohnK dh sBykj, piN ns/ ;wpZXsk ns/ ;{uBktK Pkfwb jB.

e/bh, Nkw;, f;b/eN fppfb:'rokchI nkc J/vbN n?i{e/PB fJzB rq/N fpqN/N (bzdBL okPNoh f;Zfynk ;z;EkB, 1952) L pb?et/b J/Hn?wH fpqN/B ns/ nkfJob?Av ftZu :{Bhtof;Nh dh T[Zuso fvroh d/ bJh f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB ftZu 1918 s'A j'JhnK y'iK dh ;{uh, (bzdBL B:{B; n?i{e/PB gpfbfPzr ezH, 1950).

Gkos ftZu okPNoh ;so s/ f;Zfynk y'i dh ;jkfJsk bJh pj[s jh xZN rozE^;{uhnK gqekfPs j'JhnK jB. jkb jh ftZu Gkos d/ nzdo ftPtftfdnkb/ gfoPd d[nkok, Gkosh ftPtftfdnkfbnK d[nkok 1946^48 s/ 1948^50 d/ bJh gqtkBs v'eNo/N Ehf;I fJzB ;kfJz; s/ nkoN; dhnK g[;seK dh ;{uh (fppfb:'rokch) gqekfPs j'Jh j?. fJj ftfGzB ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ nzsors, ftfPnK d/ T[gf;ob/yK ftZu fiBQK ftZu f;Zfynk th j?, ;{uhpZX jB.

fd fJzv/e;L nktfXe ;{ue^nze T[jh ekoi eodk j? fijVk fe;h g[;se dh eow ;{uh iK g[;sekb/ dk ekov ckJhb. fJj g[;se iK b/y dk ;o's, f;ob/yK d/ toDwkbk eow ftZu b/ye d/ nzsors u[Ddk j?. gkmeK B{z ;zdoG eZYD d/ bJh g[;sekb/ d/ ;ko/ fBod/PK B{z gVQ b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

e[ZM f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ;{ue^nzeK dh ;{uh fBwBfbys j?L

n?i{e/PB fJzv/e; (B:{:koeL n?uH vpb:{ fpb;B ezH, 1929^nZi sZe) f;Zfynk ;{ue^nze nfXnkgeK d/ bJh pDkJh rJh wjZstg{oD s/ ekoi pukT[D tkbh wkordoPe j?. fJj wjhBktko gqekPB j? (f;szpo^i{B) fijVk ;kbkBk fJeZso eoe/ fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ jo fszB ;kb pknd fJjh gqfefonk ngDkJh iKdh j?. fJ; ;{uh ftZu 250 s'A finkdk f;Zfynk ;zpzXh nktfXe gZsohektK, eJh ;kbkBK g[;seK, p[b/fNB s/ w'B'rokc j[zd/ jB fijV/ nwohek, eBkvk, fpqN/B ftZu gqekfPs j'J/ jB. fJ; ;{ue^nze ftZu gq'VQ f;Zfynk, tgkoe f;Zfynk, gkmeow, f;Zfynk gqpzX, f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB, f;ZFynk y'i, n;kXkoD pZu/, T[Zuso f;ZFynk, wkordoPB, f;js ns/ Pohoe f;Zfynk, nzso^okPNoh f;Zfynk, Xkofwe f;Zfynk, wXfwe f;Zfynk s/ nfXnkgeK dh f;Zfynk nkfd ftP/ Pkfwb jB.

eBkvhnB n?i{e/PB fJzv/e:L eBkvk ftZu f;Zfynk ;{ue^nze (n'Nktk, n"AN/ohUL eBkvk dh f;Zfynk y'i ;fwsh, 1965^nZi sZe) fJ; ;{uh dk gqekPB fszB wjhB/ pknd j[zdk j? ns/ ;{uh ftZu eBkvk ftZu gqekfPs nktfXe gZsohektK, g[;seK, S'NhnK g[;seK ns/ fog'oN j?.

eo/AN fJzv/e; N{ ioBbI fJzB n?i{e/PBL f;Zfynk ftZu ioBbK dh toswkB ;{ue^nzeL 48 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


(B:{:koeL w?efwbB fJzBckow/PB, 1969^nZi sZe) fJj ;{ue^nze wjhBktko gqekfPs j[zdh j? ns/ 6 wkjhB/ pknd s/ fJZe ;kb pknd fJeZso ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; ftZu 700 s'A th finkdk f;Zfynk s/ T[; Bkb ;zpzXs ioBbK s'A brGr 20,000 b/y, b/ye s/ ftfPnK d/ f;ob/yK ftZu ;{uhpZX j[zd/ jB.

J/foe n?i{e/PB v'e[w/AN; fJzv/e; (tkfPzrNB, vhH;hH L B?PBb fJz;NhfNT{N nkc n?i{e/PB, okigZXoh gqekPB nkfc;, 1966^nZi sZe). fJj ;{uh ;kbkBk gqekfPs j[zdh j?. fJj f;Zfynk y'i d[nkok e/Ado d/ ;zrqfj ftZu ;ko/ y'i b/yK dh wkordoPe j?.

fJzv/e; nkc v'eNo'b fv;oN/PBb fJzNoB?PB (n?BHnkopo, fwu L iho'e; :{Bhtof;Nh wkJheo'fcbwI, 1956^nZi sZe) L fJj jo ;kb fv;oN/PB J/p;No/e; fJzNoB?PBb dk 13t/A nze d/ o{g ftZu gqekfPs j[zdk j? fi; ftZu nwoheh, eBkvk dh s/ e[ZM :{ogh ftPtftfdnkfbnK d[nkok wkBsk gqkgs fJZe f;Zfynk ;so ftZu gqaekfPs ;kohnK ftnkfynktK (dissertations) tZb fijV/ wkJheo'fcbwI ftZu T[gbpX j[zd/ jB, T[jBK dh ;zfgzvs fJZe ;{uh j[zdh j?.

fJzNoB?PBb rkJhv N{ n?i{e/PBb v'e[w/AN/PBL (g/fo;L :[B/;e') fJj wkordoPe gqsh gzi ;kb ftZu gqekfPs j[zdk j?. fJj Nhek ;fjs g[;seK dh ;{uh pDkT[Adk j? fi; ftZu w[Zy gqekPB, g[;se ;{uh ns/ okPNoh fBodPeK fijV/ nzro/Ih, coKf;;h s/ ;g/B dhnK GkPKtK ftZu fbys j'DF, Pkfwb j[zd/ jB.

fpqfNP n?i{e/PB fJzv/e; tkb:{w I, nr;s 1954 s'A Btzpo, 1958L fJj ;{ue^nze f;Zfynk ;z;EktK d/ g[;sekb/ w[ZyhnK (bkJhpo/ohnBI) d[nkok fJeZmh ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu uko ;kb ftZu f;Zfynk ftZu Sg/ b/yK dk ;zdoG Pkfwb ofjzdk j?. fJ; ;{uh ftZu 50 s'A finkdk nktfXe gZsohektK j[zdhnK jB.

fJzv/e; N{ f;b/eN/v fpqfNP n?i{e/PB ghfo:kfve; (bhv;L bkJhpo/ohnBI nkc fJz;NhfNT{N; nkc n?i{e/PB, 1945^j[D sZe)L fJj ;{uh ;kb ftZu fszB tko gqekfPs j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu 41 f;Zfynk ;zpzXh nktfXe gZsohektK (ghohnfveb;) nzsoftPN j[zd/ jB, gozs{ gqkJhwoh f;Zfynk s/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk SZv fdZshnK rJhnK jB.

y'i nktfXe gZsohektK (Research Periodicals)

Bt/A ftukoK ns/ ftek; dhnK ;{uBktK g[;seK s'A gfjbK Gkt gZsohektK ftZu nk iKdhnK jB. f;Zfynk ns/ T[; Bkb ;zpzXs y/soK ftZu eJh nktfXe gZsohektK jB fijVhnK BthBsw y'i nfXnBK dhnK fog'oNK dh ;otT[Zsw ;o's jB. nfijhnK gZsohektK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;kXkoD gqPBK d/, g[;seK dh s[bBk ftZu, nZS/ nkX[fBesw jZb fwb iKd/ jB. T[j n;EkJh, ;EkBe iK ;hfws o[uh d/ b/y th gqekfPs eodhnK jB fit/A g[;seK ftZu BjhA j[zdk. e'Jh ;wekbh wZs s/ ;fEsh^toswkB iK G{sekbhB^ikDB d/ bJh fBPfus fwshnK tkbhnK gZsohektK jh ;otT[Zsw ;o's j[zdhnK jB.

fJj nB[wkB j? fe e/tb f;Zfynk y/so Bkb ;zpzXs brGr 2100 ioBb jB. fJBQK ;ko/ ioBbK ftZu wB'ftfrnkB, doPBPk;so, ;wkiPk;so s/ j'o ftfPnK ftZu o[uh tkfbnK B{z th b/y fwb iKd/ jB.

;ktXkBh f;Zfynk y'i ftZu ezw eo oj/ ftneshnK B{z e[ZM f;Zfynk ;zpzXh nktfXe gZsohektK

dk frnkB gqkgs eo b?Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ;{ue^nzeK B{z gq:'r eoBk th f;Zy b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

gZsohek dh T[g:'rsk dk nB[wkB T[;d/ ;zgkde d/ ;zpzXs ftZu frnkB, b/yeK d/ Bkw ns/ gqekPe, ;Gk iK ;z;EktK d/ Bkw ikDB s'A pknd, gsk brkfJnk ik ;edk

B'N



B'N :{bfoe; ghfo:fveb; vkJho/eNohL J/ ebkf;ckJhv rkJhv N{ J/ f;b/eN/v fb;N nkc eo/AN ghfo:kfveb;, ftd/Ph s/ ;td/Ph, 12tK ;z;eoD (B:{:koeL p"eo, 1967) ftZu f;Zfynk ;zpzXh gZsohektK dh ftnkge ;{uh fdZsh j?. fJ; vkfJo?eoh ftZu gZsohektK B{z ftP/ nB[;ko tzv e/, toDwkbk nZyo eow ftZu ftt;fEs ehsk frnk j?. jo goftPN ftZu f;ob/y, T[gf;ob/y, gfjb/ gqekPB dh fwsh, gqekPB dh nktosh, ;kbkBK ;{ue^nze, ;zGkb e/ oZy/ ;{ue^nze ns/ jo/ gZsohek dh wd^ftP/PsktK fdZshnK iKdhnK jB.

Gkos ftZu e[ZM ;GktK iK ;z;EktK d[nkok eJh nktfXe gZsohektK gqekfPs ehshnK iKdhnK jB. fJj f;Zfynk y'i d/ gquko ;zpzXh s/ fJ; y/so s/ ;zpzXs y/soK s/ eko'pkoK ftZu o[uh b?D tkb/ y'ieosktK, nfXnkgeK, ftdtkBK nkfd d/ nB[GtK d/ ndkB^gqdkB d/ wkfXnw d/ o{g ftZu ekoi eodhnK jB. ;ko nzP (Abstracts)

fJ; ftZu y'i nfXnB iK b/y d/ w[Zy ftP/ dk ;zy/g ;ko j[zdk j?. y'ieosk d/ bJh fJj ;G s'A finkdk T[g:'rh ;zdoG gE^gqdoPe dk ekoi eodk j? ns/ T[; B{z nkgD/ y/so s/ ;zpzXs y/soK ftZu ehsk ik oj/ ekoi Bkb g{oD ikD{ oZydk j?.

T[dkjoD „fd fot:{ nkc n?i{e/PBb fo;ou‟ fJj fJ; y/so ftZu ehs/ rJ/ ekoiK dk T[Zusw ;ot/yD gqdkB eodk j? ns/ BthBsw xNBktK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adk j?.

1931 s'A 1969 d/ wZX fJ; gqekPB d/ gqsh fsZi/ ;kb j/m fby/ frnkoK w[Zy f;Zfynk y/soK dh ;whfynk ehshL (i) gqPk;B (ii) gkmeow (iii) f;ybkJh wkg (iv) f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB (v) f;Zfynk ;wkiPk;so (vi) wkordoPB s/ ;bkj (vii) GkPk ebk, ;[yw ebk, B?;rfoe ftfrnkB s/ rfDs (viii) y'i ftXhnK (ix) ftP/P ekoieow (x) wkBf;e s/ Pohoe ftek; ns/ (xi) nfXnkge eowukoh.

i{B 1970 s'A f;Zfynk y'i ;whfynk B/ Bhsh ngDkJh fe y'i d/ ftP/, b/yeK dh fJZSk d/ j'D ns/ ;whfynktK th fJZSk Bkb gqekfPs ehshnK ikD. fJ; gqekPB dh fijVh gfjbK G{whek ojh ;h T[j j[D f;Zfynk^y'i dh ;kbkBK ;whfynk B/ b? bJh j?.

fo;ou fJzB n?i{e/PB (f;Zfynk ftZu y'i) (nkoHnkJhHJhH) nZi f;Zfynk irs ftZu y'i ;wZroh gqekfPs eoB tkbk fJj ftnkge gqekPB j?. nkoHnkJhHJhH dk gqekPB 1966 s'A wjhBktko j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; B{z (ERIC) f;Zfynk y'iK dk ;{uBk e/Ado gqekfPs eodk j? ns/ ;kbkBK ;{ue^nze pDkT[Adk j?. jo wjhB/ gqekPB fszB GkrK ftZu tzv j[zdk j?L

(i) b/y nB[Gkt (ii) :'iBk nB[Gkr (iii) f;Zfynk ;zfynk nB[Gkr.

;kJhe'b'fieb n?p;No?e;, wB'ftfrnkBe ;ko nzPL fJj T[g:'rh ;zdoG nwoheh wB'ftfrnkBe ;fwsh d[nkok 1927 s'A gqekfPs j' fojk j?. fJj gZye gqekPB j? ns/ fJ; ftZu 530 s'A finkdk ioBbK ftZu Sg/ b/yK d/ ;ko nzP, fiBQK ftZu finkdkso f;Zfynk nktfXe gZsohektK jB, j[zd/ jB. Swkjh nzeK ftZu (iBtoh^i{B, i{bkJh^fd;zpo), b/ye s/ ftP/ d'jK d/ ;{ue^nze j[zd/ jB.

f;Zfynk ;ko nzPL fJj :{B/;e' dk gqekPB j? fijVk 1949 s'A nkozG j'fJnk ns/ i{bkJh, nr;s B{z SZv e/ wjhBktko gqekfPs j[zdk j?. ;ko/ ikfDnk^gfjukfDnk fBpzX f;Zfynk d/ ftP/P gZy B{z ;wofgs j[zdk j? fi; d/ nzs ftZu T[;h ftP/ s/ ftfGzB d/PK dhnK u[DhnK j'JhnK g[;seK ns/ b/yK d/ ;zy/g j[zd/ jB.

T[go'es nktfXe gZsohektK d/ fJbktk, y'ieosk fBwB gqekPBK s'A ;bkj b? ;edk j?^



1H wB'ftfrnkB dh ;kbkBk ;whfynk (1950^j[D sZe)

2H pkb ftek; ;zy/g s/ rozE ;{uh (1927^j[D sZe)

3H wB'ftfrnkBe p[b/fNB (1904^j[D sZe)

4H ;wkfie ;zy/ge (1962^j[D sZe)

5H f;Zfynk gqPk;B ;zy/ge (1966^j[D sZe)

6H f;Zfynk ;wkfieh ;zy/ge (1964^j[D sZe)

7H wkBf;e rsho'X ;zy/ge (1964^j[D sZe)

8H nzso^okPNoh ftnkfynk ;zy/ge (1952^j[D sZe)

Gkos ftZu, ;oeko dk f;Zfynk s/ ;wki eZfbnkD wzsokfbnk (j[D wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; wzsofbnk), BthA fdZbh 1955 s'A brksko Gksh f;Zfynk ;zg/ge fsqwkjh eZYdk fojk j?. fJ; ftZu Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk s/ nzro/Ih s/ fjzdh ftZu SghnK g[;seK s/ nktfXe gZsohektK d/ ;ko nzP gq;s{s j[zd/ jB. ftfGzB nzeK ftZu brGr ;ko/ Gkosh ioBbK dh ;uh fdZsh iKdh j?. ;ko nzP fBwB ftP/^f;ob/yK d/ nzsors j[zd/ jBL f;Zfynk dk doPB (Philosophy of Education), f;ybkJh wB'ftfrnkB, wkg s/ gqhyD, gqhfynktK, ftfdnkoEh s/ ftfdnkoEh ;zrmB, f;ybkJh s/ eko'pkoe wkordoPB, nfXnkge f;Zfynk s/ f;ybkJh gkmeow, p/f;e f;Zfynk, f;js s/ Pohoe f;Zfynk, gqkJhwoh, wkXfwe, T[Zuso, eko'pkoe s/ gqkftfXe f;Zfynk s/ ;wkfie f;Zfynk.

Gkos s/ ftd/PK ftZu eJh eko'pkoe nktfXe gZsohektK s/ ;kbkBK g[;seK nkgDh bVh d/ fe;h iK ;ko/ nzeK ftZu f;Zfynk ;wZf;nktK s/ j'JhnK y'iK s/ seBheh uouk dhnK ;whfynktK th Skgd/ jB. nfij/ e[ZM gqekPBK dh ;{uh fBwB j?^

nwohekl ioBb nkc n?i{e/PB fo;ou, n?BHJhHJ/H fo;ou p[b/fNB, n?i{e/PB n?Av ;kJhe'b'fieb w/iow/AN, ioBb nkc n?e;g/fow/Anb, fo;ou etkNobh, ioBb nkc fo;ou fJzB fwT{fIe n?i{e/PB, nwoheB n?i{e/PBb, fo;ou ioBb, ohfvzr fo;ou etkNobh, ioBb nkc n?i{e/PBb ;kJhe'b'ih, ioBb nkc n?gkbJhv ;kJhe'b'ih, ioBb nkc ;'Pb ;kJhe'b'ih, ;'P'b'ih nkc n?i{e/PB, nwoheB ioBb nkc ;'P'b'ih, nw/oheB ;'P'b'fieb fotT{, ;'P'b'ih s/ ;'Pb fo;ou, jktov n?i{e/PBb foftT{, ioBb nkc Nhuo n?i{e/PB, n?bhw/ANoh ;e{bQ ioBb, fj;Noh nkc n?i{e/PB etkNobh ns/ n?i{e/PBb c'ow.

fpqN/BL fpqfNP ioBb nkc n?i{e/PBb ;kJhe'b'ih

GkosL Gkosh f;Zfynk ;whfynk, wB'ftfrnkBe y'iK dk ioBb, fttjkfoe wB'ftfrnkB dk Gkosh ioBb, fefonkswe wB'ftfrnkB dk Gkosh ioBb, f;Zfynk s/ wB'ftfrnkB dk ioBb, f;Zfynk fswkjh, f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG, f;Zfynk fB:'iB s/ gqPk;B ioBb, ftPtftfdnkb/ ;wkuko, T[Zuso f;Zfynk ioBb. 4H5 y'i b/y (P'X b/y) s/ ftnkfynk (Thesis and Dissertations)

b/yeK B{z ;Bkse s/ v'eNo/N fvroh d/D tkbk ftPtftfdnkb/ ;kXkoD o{g s'A b/yeK d/ P'X b/yK ns/ ftnkfynktK B{z nkgD/ e'b ;[oZfyns oZy b?Adh j?. edh^edh fJj nfXnB g{oD o{g iK E'V/ o{g Bkb ftfGzB f;ybkJh gZsohektK iK ioBbK ftZu gqekfPs ehsk iKdk j?. feT[Afe eJh y'i nfXnB edh th gqekfPs BjhA ehs/ iKd/, ftfGzB J/iz;hnK d[nkok eZYh rJh P'X b/yK s/ ftnkfynktK dh ;kbkBK ;{uhnK dh iKu eoBk P'X $ y'i ;kfjs ftZu ;kfonK B{z ;EkB fdtkT[D d/ bJh io{oh j' iKdk j?.

B'N



B'N nwohek ftZu v'eNo/N fvroh d/ f;Zfynk ;fjs ;ko/ y/soK ftZu P'X ftnkfynktK d/ ;zdoG ftfGzB J/iz;hnK d[nkok fJeZso ehs/ ;o'sK ftZu fwb iKd/ jB. 1912 s'A 1938 sZe d/ ;w/A ftZu bkJhpo/oh B/ nwoheh v'eNo/N d/ gqekfPs nfXnBK dh ftnkfynktK dh ;kbkBk ;{uh gqekfPs ehsh ;h. fd n?;'f;J/PB nkc bkJhpo/ohI B/ 1933^34 s'A 1954^55 sZe nwoheh ftPtftfdnkfbnK d[nkok gqtkBs v'eNo/N ftnkfynktK dh ;{uh gqekfPs ehsh. fJj ;/tk nwoheh v'eNo/N fv;oN/PBI 1956^63 dh ;{ue^nze d/ o{g ftZu uZbdh ojh ns/ T[jh nwoheh v'eN'ob fv;oN/PBI 1963^64 s'A j[D sZe d/ Bkw s'A ikDh iKdh rJh. fJ; ftZu nwoheh s/ eBkvk d/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK s/ f;Zfynk ;z;EktK d[nkok gqtkBs v'eN'ob ftnkfynktK dh ;{uh j?.

P'X b/y ;ko nzP nzso^okPNoh wJh^1970 (Dissertation Abstracts Internationals May-

1970) L fJ; ftZu wB[Zyh iksh, ;wkfie ftfrnkB, G"fse ftfrnkB s/ fJzihfBnfozr ftfPnK s/ y'i $P'X b/yK dk ;zy/g j?. fJj wjhBktko gqekPB j?. jo b/y dk 600 PpdK ftZu ;ko nzP j? fijVk y'ieosk dh io{os g{oh eoB d/ bJh ekch ;{uBk gqdkB eodk j?. i/eo e'Jh y'ieosk P'X b/y ;ko nzP nzso^okPNoh ftZu Sg/ b/y B{z g{oh soQK gVQBk ukj/ sK T[j ftPtftfdnkb/ dh wkJheo'fcbw s'A fJZe wkJheo'fcbw iK iho'e; ekch yohd ;edk j?. yohdD d/ bJh nkovo d/D d/ bJh ;zdoG ;zfynk s/ T[; dk w[Zb ;ko nzP ftZu fdZsk j'fJnk j?.

Gkos ftZu e[ZM th ftPtftfdnkb/ nkgD/ fJZXo g{o/ ehs/ rJ/ y'i b/yK d/ ;ko nzP gqekfPs eod/ jB.

e[o[eP/so ftPtftfdnkb/ (jfonkDk) B/ fJj gqekfPs ehs/L n?wHn?vH P'X b/y ;ko nzP Gkr (I), 1966l n?wHn?vH P'X b/y Gkr (II) 1967; Gkr (III), 1968; Gkr (IV), 1969; Gkr (V),

1979; n?wHn?vH P'X b/y s/ ghHn?uHvhH P'X b/y Gkr (VI), 1973.

n?wHphH p[P (;zgkde) Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk y'i ;ot/yD, f;Zfynk ;zpzXh nfXnB e/Ado pV'dkL n?wHn?;H ftPtftfdnkbk, 1973. fJ; ftZu Gkosh ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu 1972 sZe g{o/ ehs/ rJ/ ;ko/ f;Zfynk y'i nfXnB gq;s{s ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; ftZu tzv fJ; gqeko j?^462 ghHn?uHvhH nfXnB s/ 269^:'iBk y'i. ;ko/ nfXnBK B{z f;Zfynk d/ noEg{oD y/soK d/ 17 torK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?. T[j jB^ (i) f;Zfynk ftZu doPB (ii) f;Zfynk dk fJfsjk; (iii) f;Zfynk dh ;wkfieh (iv) f;Zfynk ftZu noEPk;so (v) s[bBkswe f;Zfynk (vi) ftnefsZst, nfXnB s/ gq/oDk (vii) wkordoPB s/ ;bkj (viii) gqhyD s/ wkg (ix) gkmeow, ftXhnK s/ gkm g[;seK (x) f;Zfynk seBhe (xi) T[gbpXh d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzX (xii) f;Zfynk dk w[bnzeD s/ gqhfynk (xiii) f;ybkJh s/ f;ybkJh fttjko (xiv) nfXnkge f;Zfynk (xv) f;Zfynk gqPk;B (xvi) T[Zuso f;Zfynk ns/ (xvii) nDn"gukfoe f;Zfynk.

n?wHphH p[P, f;Zfynk y'i d{ik ;ot/yD (1972^1972) pV'dkL f;Zfynk y'i s/ ftek; ;fwsh (1979) ^ fJ; gqekPB ftZu 1972^1978 d/ ;w/A ekb ftZu g{o/ ehs/ rJ/ 839 y'i nfXnBK B{z Pkfwb ehsk j? ns/ f;Zfynk y'i ;ot/yD 1973 dh soQK 17 y'i y/soK B{z ftt;fEs ehsk frnk j?. gfjb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ftek; d/ bJh y'i dk ;EkB s/ ekoi dk ft;Ekog{oD ;zdoP gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?l Bkb jh Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk y'i d/ ftek; dk fJfsjk; th fdZsk j?. fJ; d/ pknd d/ jo/e nfXnkJ/ ftZu y/so ftP/P dh y'i nfXnBK d/ ;ko nzP dh fog'oN, y'i dh nGhftosh s/ T[; ftZu ewhnK fdZshnK rJhnK jB ns/ dZf;nk frnk j? fe b/ye d/ nB[;ko y'i ftZu eh gqkEfwesktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. ;ko nzP jo/e y/so d/ bJh toDwkbk nZyo eownB[;ko ftt;fEs jB ns/ g{oh g[;se B{z fJZe eow ftZu ;zfynk fdZsh rJh j?. jo/e ;ko nzP ftZu nfXnB dk f;ob/y (ftPk), T[; d/ fNZu/ iK gfoebkgBk fiBQK dk gqhyD ehsk frnk, gqhyD ftXh^gqshdoP (sample), y'i d/ n"iko, nzeVk ftfrnkB seBhe fi; B{z gq:'r ehsk frnk ns/ Bshi/ fdZs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; gqekPB dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe f;Zfynk ;wZf;nk s/ ftPtftfdnkb/ d/ f;Zfynk ftGkr d/ fJbktk, ;wkfie ftfrnkB s/ wB[Zyh iksh ftGkrK d[nkok g{o/ ehs/ rJ/ nB/eK nfXnBK B{z th ;EkB fdZsk frnk j?. goftosh fog'oN



1972^1978 ftZu g{ohnK ehshnK y'iK s/ nkXkos Bk j' e/ 1940^1978 d/ ftZu e[ZbQ y'i fefonkebkgK s/ nkXkofos j?.

n?wHphH p[PL f;Zfynk y'i fsZik ;ot/yD 1978^1983 BthA fdZbhL n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH 1987

fJ; gqekPB ftZu 20 nfXnkJ/ jB fi; dk nkozG Gkos ftZu nfXnBK d/ r[Dkswe ns/ gfoDkswe toDB s/ nkXkfos f;Zfynk y'i d/ ;kXkoD gfotosh dh ftnkge ;whfynk s'A ehsk frnk j?. y/soK dh gfotosh (trends) dh fog'oN ftfynks f;ZfynkftdK dnkok 1943 s'A 1983 d/ wZX uko djkfenK ftZu ehs/ rJ/ nfXnBK s/ nkXkfos eoe/ fsnko ehsh rJh j?. e[ZbQ 1481 y'i ;ko nzPK B{z 17 y/soK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?. jo/e ;ko nzPK ftZu ;zy/g ftZu ;wZf;nk, nfXnB dk T[d/P, ngDkJh rJh y'i seBhe ns/ T[jBK d/ Bshi/ s/ f;ZN/ fdZs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; g[;se dh ftP/Psk „ftd/PK ftZu Gkosh f;Zfynk s/ y'i‟ f;ob/y tkbk nfXnkJ/ j? fi; ftZu 2 djkfenK ftZu nwohek ns/ fpqfNP ftPtftfdnkfbnK B{z fdZsh rJh 192 v'eNo/N d/ bJh P'Xb/yK dh ;whfynk j?. fJ; dh d{ih ftP/Psk „f;Zfynk y'i ftZu gqkEfwesktK‟ dk nfXnkJ/ j?. fJ; g[;se ftZu 1983 sZe Gkos ftZu ehshnK rJhnK f;Zfynk y'iK dh g{oh ;{uh fJZE ;EkB s/ fdZsh j'Jh j?.

n?wHphH p[PL f;Zfynk ftZu y'iL u'Ek ;ot/yD (1983^1988) BthA fdZbh n?BH;hHJhHnkoHNhH, 1991

d' yzvK ftZu Sg/ fJ; gqekPB ftZu 31 nfXnkfJnK ftZu 1988 sZe j'Jh f;Zfynk y'i d/ ;kXkoD gfotosh d/ ftnkge ;whfynk s'A nkozG eoe/, ftfynks f;Zfynks f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK B/ ;kY/ uko dPeK ftZu (1943^1988) j'J/ nfXnBK d// nkXko s/ ftfGzB f;Zfynk ftZu y/soK ftZu gfotosh dhnK fog'oNK B{z fsnko ehsk j?. e[ZbQ 1952 y'i ;ko nzP, 29 y/soK ftZu tzv e/ fdZs/ rJ/ jB. g[;se ftZu Gkos ftZu 1943 s'A j'JhnK e[ZbQ 4703 f;Zfynk y'iK dh g{oh ;{uh fdZsh rJh j?. u'E/ ;ot/yD B{z fJZe BthA ;{os fdZsh rJh j?. fJZe nfXnkJ/ ftZu Gkosh ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu n?wHfcbH ;so s/ ehshnK rJhnK y'iK dh ;whfynk fdZsh rJh j?. ;wkuko gZso s/ gZsohektK (New Papers and Pamphlets)

y'ieosk dh o[uh d/ eJh b/y ;wkuko gZsoK s/ gZsohektK ftZu fwb ;ed/ jB. toswkB gZsoK ftZu GkPDK, r'PmhnK, ;GktK, BthA gfotosh s/ nB/eK ftfPnK s/ BthBsw ;{uBktK T[gbpX j[zdhnK jB. g[okD/ ;wkuko gZsoK ftZu fgSbhnK xNBktK, nzd'bBK s/ ftukoK dk ftP/P o{g s'A fJfsjkf;e ikDekoh d/ bJh, b/yk ;[oZfynk ofjzdk j?. e[ZM g[;sekb/ nkgD/ ;zdoG nB[Gkt ftZu gZsohektK s/ ;wkuko gZsoK dh ;{uh th oZyd/ jB. ;oekoh b/y (Government Documents)

;oeko b/y th ;{uBk d/ XBh ;o's j[zd/ jB. T[jBK ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB nzeV/, y'i nfXnB, ;oeko fog'oN, fB:w nkfd nfijhnK ;wZrohnK j[zdhnK jB fijVhnK j'o ;EkBK s/ jw/PK T[gbpX BjhA j[zdhnK. fJj ;wZroh, okPNoh y/soh, okigZXoh iK ;EkBe ;so d/ ;oeko nkfc;K ftZu T[gbpX j[zdh j?.

w'B'rqkc; (Monographs)

uZb ojhnK y'iK dhnK ;{uBktK dk w'B'rqkc fJZe w[Zy ;o's j?. nwohek ftZu, ftPtftfdnkb/ s/ nfXnkgeK d/ ekbi f;Zfynk y/so d/ eJh y'i nfXnBK B{z fJZe ftPk g[;se d/ o{g ftZu gqekfPs eodhnK jB. fJ; d/ e[ZM T[dkjoD jB^;/gb/w/ANoh n?i{e/PBb w'B'rokc;, n?i{e/PBb fo;ou w'B'rokc; s/ fbzeB ;e{bQ w'B'rokc;. fJzrb?Av ftZu th ftfGzB f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ;w/A^;w/A s/ w'B'rokc; gqekfPs eodhnK jB. Gkos ftZu e/tb e[ZM ftPtftfdnkb/ ns/ P'X ;z;EktK frD/^u[D/ w'B'rokc; gqekfps eod/ jB.

B'N



B'N ezfgT{No ifBs ;zpzXs ;wZroh (Computer-generated Reference Material)

;e{bQ fo;ou fJzBckow/PB ;oft; (SRIS), vkfJo/eN J/e;/; N{ o/co/A; fJzBckow/PB (DATRIX) ns/ ;kJhe'b'fieb n?p;No?eN ;ou ns/ foNohtb ;oft; (PASAR), nwohek ftZu ezfgT{No ifBs eJh ;zpzXs ;o's gqdkB eodhnK jB fiBQK d[nkok y'ieosk d/ ;w/A ns/ gfonk;K ftZu pus j[zdh j?. SRIS fijVk ckJh v/bNk eZgk (p:{fwzrNB fJzvhnkBk) d[nkok uZbdk j?, E'V/ fij/ you d[nkok ;ko nzPK dk ezfgT{No gfozN gqdkB eo fdzdk j?. :{Bhtof;Nh wkJheo'fcbw d[nkok fBowkDs DATRIX (n?BHnkopo, fwPhrB) 1928 s'A j[D sZe d/ P'X b/yK B{z ezfgT[no d[nkok y'iD dh ;/tk gqdkB eodh j?. y'ieosk i/eo ukj/ sK g?;k d/ e/, io{oh P'Xb/y dh g{oh ekgh, :{Bhtof;Nh wkJheo'fcbwI d[nkok wkJheo'ckJhe iK i'o'rqkfce s/ eotk ;edk j?. PASAR ;/tk th wB'ftfrnkBe ioBb d/ b/yK d/ ;ko nzPK, w'B'rokc;, fog'oN ns/ g[;se d/ GkrK dhnK SghnK j'JhnK gqshnK pj[s ;kXkoD do s/ gqdkB eod/ jB. 4H6 ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ftt;Ek (Organizing the Related Literature)

;zpzXs ;kfjs dk ftnkge ;ot/yD eoB d/ pknd y'ieosk dk nbZr edw T[fus ;{uBktK ftt;fEs o{g ftZu fJeZso eoBk j[zdk j?. fJj fJ; soQK eoBk ukjhdk j? fe nfXnB s'A fJj ;gPN j' ikt/ fe T[; ftZP/ ftZu fejVhnK rZbK gfjbK jh frnks jB ns/ eh y'iDk j?. noh s/ j'o d/ nB[;ko, ebgBk, ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ftt;Ek B{z gqkXko gqdkB eodk j?. nBt/Pe d/ o{g ftZu ftnesh B[z nkgDh :ksok nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK wkBfuZso ftZu do;kJ/ y/so B{z nzfes eoe/ T[; B{z nZfrnks dk wkor nzfes eoBk j[zdk j? fi; B{z T[j y'iDk ukj[zdk j?. i/eo nfXnB d/ eJh gZy jB iK fJZe s'A finkdk ebgBktK dh iKu eoBh j?, sK jo/e d/ bJh T[jh gqfefonk ngBkT[Dh j't/rh.

y'ieosk B{z fJj bkbu fsnkr d/Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j g{o/ ;kfjs B{z ;ko nzPK dh bVh d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s eo d/t/. pbfe T[; B{z fJ; gqeko gq;s{s eo/ fe nfXnB d/ bJh fJZe ftt;fEs nkXko pD ;e/.

;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ftt;Ek d/ nzsors io{oh ;zpzXs ;wZroh d/ b/yB ns/ T[; B{z nfXnB dh gq;skfts o{go/yk d/ nB[;ko ftt;fEs eoBk j[zdk j?. ;zpzXs ;{uBktK dk b/yB (Recording Reference Information)

T[go'es ;{uBktK d/ ;kjwD/ nkT[D d/ pknd, y'ieosk B{z ;wZroh dk ;EkB y'iD ;zpzXh e[ZM io{oh ;{uBktK 3%5 fJzu d/ ;{uh ekov (Index Card) s/ nzfes eo b?Dh ukjhdh j?, fijVh ;zpzXs rozE ;{uh ekov dk ekoi eo ;e/. nkyoh fog'oN d/ b/yB B{z ;ob pDkT[D d/ bJh, fJj T[fus j't/rk fe rozE ftZu nzfes ;{uBk, nzsot;s{ s/ b/yB P?bh, mhe T[;h soQK jh j't/ fit/A nkyoh fog'oN ftZu j't/rh.

;zpzXs rozE ;{uh ekov ftZu i' io{os w[Zb ;{uBktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB T[j jB^b/ye dk Bkw^nkyoh Bkw gfjbK, b/y iK g[;se dk f;ob/y, gqekPB dk Bkw (b/yK d/ bJh), gqekPe dkBkw, gqekPB fwsh, yzv ;zfynk, gzfBnK dh ;zfynk ns/ g[;sekb/ dk ekb Bzpo (g[;seK d/ bJh). i/eo fJBQK ftZu'A e[ZM ;{uBk T[gbpX Bk j't/ sK io{oh ;EkB ykbh SZv fdZsk ikt/ sK fe ;zdoG fwb ikD T[j ;{uBk s[ozs Goh ik ;e/.

;zpzXs ;wZroh dk b/yB (Recording of Content of References)

;zpzXs rozE ;{uh ekovK ftZu io{oh ;{uBk nzfes eoB d/ pknd g[;sekb/ ftZu ;wZroh d/ ;EkB d/ nB[;ko ekovK B{z ftt;fEs eoBk io{oh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, gZsohektK d/ nB[Gkr ftZu T[gbpX ;wZroh dh nbZr ;{uh pDkJh ikt/ ns/ fJ;h soQK j'o nB[GkrK dh. fJ; d/ pknd y'ieosk B{z fJZe nB[Gkr ftZu oZyh ;wZroh dh ftXhg{oD Yzr s'A ;whfynk eoBh



ukjhdh j? ns/ ;{uh d/ jo ;zdoG dh ;whfynk d/ pknd d{ih ;{uh s/ fJjh ekoi j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

nkyoh fog'oN ftZu Pkfwb j'D tkbhnK ;zGkts ;{uBktK B{z 4˝%6˝ d/ ekov s/ nzfes eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. fJj ekov ;wZroh ekov d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk ikt/rk. ;wZroh ekov s/ nzfes j'D tkbh ;{uBk T[; ;o's s/ fBoGo eo/rh fi; s'A T[j gqkgs j'Jh j?. i/eo T[j w[Zy ;o's s'A j? sK T[; ftZu g[;seK dh ;zy/g ;{uh fi; ftZu b/ye dk nkyoh Bkwl fog'oN dk ;zy/g f;ob/yl T[jBK gzfBnK dh ;zfynktK fiBQK s/ ;{uBk T[gbpX j?l ;wZf;nk dk fJZe tke ftZu gqeEBL nfXnB dk ;zy/g toDBl y'i dk gqeEB iK Bshik iK d'B'l ekov dh e{N ;zfynk fi; d[nkok y'i dk T[j gZy ;kjwD/ nkJ/ fi; d[nkok ;wZroh dk B/Vbk ;zpzX j?, j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

i/eo ;o's r"D j? sK nzfes ehsh ikD tkbhnK ;{uBktK gqXkB ;o's s'A fGzB j'DrhnK. NoBh s/ o'p B/ r"D ;o'sK dhnK ;{uBktK nzfes eoB d/ bJh fBwB ;[Mkn fdZs/ jBL

1H ;zy/ge rozE ;{uh ;{uBk fdU (gqXkB ;o's d/ nB[o{g jh).

2H fJZe ekov s/ e/tb T[j ;{uBktK nzfes eo' fijVhnK fJZe jh f;ob/y Bkb ;zpzXs jB (i/eo ;jh ;{uBktK fJZe ekov s/ BjhA nk ;edhnK sK d{ik ekov gq:'r eo' ns/ T[; B{z gfjbK tkb/ d/ Bkb BZEh eo').

3H nfs gq;zre ftukoK B{z g{o/ gqeEB ftZu, nkgD/ Ppdk ftZu fby'. b/ye d/ f;ZX/ jtkb/ (quotations) e/tb sK jh fdU i/eo T[j ;zy/g s/ gqGktPkbh j'D ns/ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu ftnesh eoB ftZu noE jh pdb ik oj/ j'D.

4H jo gqEe gqeEB d/ pknd gzBk ;zfynk ns/ nB[S/d ;zfynk fdU fi; Bkb ;zdoG ftZu T[; d/ ;EkB dk gsk uZb ;e/ ns/ i/eo T[; B{z d[nkok ;whfynk dh io{os j't/ sK ehsk ik ;e/.

5H ekovK s/ (T[Zgoh ;Zi/ e'B/ ftZu) T[jBK ftPk nB[;ko e{n ;zfynk gk fdU fiBQK dk B/Vbk ;zpzX j?. ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh fog'oN dh fsnkoh (Preparation of the Related Literature Report)

;zpzXs ;kfjs dh fog'oN pDkT[D ftZu, y'ieosk B{z rozE ;{uh ekovK s/ ;wZroh ekovK B{z ;wZf;nk dh gq;skfts o{g o/yk d/ nB[;ko ftt;fEs eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. nfij/ ekovK dh e[N ;zfynk dh ;jkfJsk d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?.

;zpzXs ;kfjs dh fog'oN dk nkozG ikD^gfjukD ;zpzXh nB[S/d s'A j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; ftZu fog'oN dh ftt;Ek dk toDB j't/. ikD^gfjukD d/ pknd y'ieosk B{z ;wZf;nk dh gq;skfts o{go/yk d/ jo/e fpzd{ d/ ;[;zrs nfXnB B{z gq;s{s eoBk ukjhdk j?. nfij/ nfXnBK fiBQK d/ Bshi/ ;wo{g j'D iK fto'Xh j'D, B{z Bkb^Bkb fpBK finkdk ;EkB fdZs/ gq;s{s eoBk ukjhdk j?.


;ss wB[Zyh gfonk;K Bkb G{sekb ftZu fJeZso frnkB dk bkG y'i ftZu fwbdk j?. fe;h th y'i nfXnB dh :'iBk ftZu wjZstg{oD edwK ftZu fJZe y'i ioBbK (Journals), g[;seK, y'i ftnkfynk (dissertations), P'Xb/y (thesis) s/ j'o ;{uBk ;o'sK dh ;[thXkg{oD ;whfynk j?.

;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk d[nkok y'ieosk y'i gqfefonk B{z ;wMdk j? fi; d[nkok fJj frnkB j[zdk j? fe nfXnB fe; soQK eoBk j?.

;{uBk d/ w[Zy ;o'sK ftZu, b/ye nkgD/ ekoi B{z f;ZX/ jh y'i b/y, g[;seK, fJZe ftP/ ;zpzXh b/yK, y'i ftnkfynk (dissertations) iK P'Xb/y d/ wkfXnw d[nkok gqsht/ds eodk j?. nfij/ ;o's j'o fe;/ EK th T[gbpX ;{uBktK s'A finkdk ;{uBktK gqdkB eod/ jB.

B'N



B'N ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk ftnkge ;ot/yD eoB d/ pknd y'ieosk dk nbZr edw T[fus ;{uBktK ftt;fEs o{g ftZu fJeZso eoBk j[zdk j?.


1H ;whfynk (Review) ^ fe;h ;kfjs iK ftP/ dh ftnkfynk iK ;wkb'uBk eoBk.

2H y'ieosk (Researcher) ^ fe;h ftP/ iK ;wZf;nk s/ P'X iK y'i eoe/ Bshi/ eZYD tkbk.

3H nikfJpxo (Museum) ^ ;zrqjkfbnk, fwT{fInw, fiZE/ g[okDh, fJfsjkf;e ns/ nB[mh uhiK dk ;zrqfj j't/.

4H fBod/PBh (Directory) ^ fBod/P g[;se, fi; ftZu nBt/PD iK ;wZroh d/ fBod/P Sg/ j'D.


1H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ;whfynk ns/ frnkB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< toDB eo'.

2H y'i ftZu y'ieosk d/ bJh T[g:'rh ;zdoG ;wZroh (;zefbs g[;se) dk toDB eo'.

3H y'i b/y dh ftnkfynk eo'.

4H ;zpzXs ;kfjs dh ftt;Ek s/ gqekP gkU. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H ;whfynk 2H g[;sekbk 3H g[;sekbk w[Zyh 4H (n) gb/B/N/oh

5H (J) ;t?uZbs 6H (n) dPwbt 7H (;) ;{ue^nze 4H10 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;


2H ftfdne y'i dh ekoi gqDkbh^n?bH e"b, ftek; gpfbfPzr.


4H f;Zfynk seBheh^n?;Hn?;H wkE[o, GZN podoI.


fJekJh^5L y'i dhnK ftXhnK

fJekJh^5L y'i dhnK ftXhnK (Methods of Research) .

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


5H1 y'i ftXhnK dk torheoD (Classification of Research Method)

5H2 w{bG{s ns/ fttjkfoe y'i (Basic and Applied Research)





T[d/P (Objectives)


y'i ftXhnK d/ torheoD B{z ;wMD ftZul

w{bG{s ns/ fttjkfoe y'i B{z ;wMD ftZu.


jo/e y/so ftZu y'i dk ftP/P ;EkB j?. toswkB ns/ g[oksB frnkB d/ gqhyD, ;ZfsnkgB ns/ w[bnzeD dk fJj pj[s wjZstg{oD wkfXnw j?. Bkb jh BthB frnkB d/ f;oiB dk th ;Pes nkXko j?. fgSb/ d'^fszB djkfenK ftZu fttjko ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu T[; B/ e/Adoh ;EkB gqkgs eo fbnk j?. fJBQK ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu fbyhnK ik ojhnK g[;seK pj[s finkdk P'X^gqXkB j[zdhnK ik ojhnK jB. y'iK dh s/ih Bkb tZXdh j'Jh ;zfynk d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; dh r[DtZsk ftZu th tkXk j' fojk j?. ftP/P o{g s'A T[;dh ftXh ns/ gqfefonk d/ y/so ftZu fgSb/ e[ZM ;kbK ftZu pj[s finkdk T[Bzsh j'Jh j?. nZi dh finkdkso nfXnB ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK :EkoE Bkb i[VhnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB, T[jBK dh ftXh ns/ gqfefonk th finkdk ;koEb fdydh j? ns/ T[; ftZu T[Zu^;soh nzeVk ftfrnkB dk gq:'r ehsk ik fojk j?. P'XeosktK ftZu gfjbK dh s[bBk ftZu y'i dk finkdk nZSk frnkB ns/ finkdk uzrhnK e[PbsktK th gkJhnK iKdhnK jB, sK th y'i dh ftXh ns/ seBheK ftZu jkb/ pj[s ;[Xko dh io{os j?.

f;Zfynk dk y/so pj[s finkd ftPd ns/ ftnkge j?. eJh frnkB^y/soK dhnK ;hwktK dk T[;

ftZu epik ns/ ;wkt/P j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko eJh soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK T[; d/ y/so B{z

nkSkfds eodhnK jB. T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB bJh eJh gqeko dhnK y'i ftXhnK ns/ seBheK dk

gq:'r T[; d/ y/so ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

B'N; ;Zu dh y'i jh nB[;zXkBK dk coI j[zdk j?.



B'N 5H1 y'i ftXhnK dk torheoD (Classification of Research Method)

fJBQK ftXhnK dk fJZe fBPfus ns/ ;otwkB, torheoD BjhA j' ;fenk j? ns/ Bk fJj ;zGt j?. fit/A fe pko dk efjDk j? f;Zfynk^y'i dhnK ftXhnK dk eJh fdqPNhe'DK s'A torheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?, fit/A^T[d/PK d/ nkXko s/, P'X^;wZroh^;zrqfj d/ seBheK d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb, ;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/, uoBK d/ fB:zsoD dh wksok d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb, ;wZroh d/ ;o's ns/ j'o pj[s ;ko/ nkXkoK s/. fGzB^fGzB b/yeK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ Yzr Bkb fJBQK dk torheoD ehsk j?. fe;/^fe;/ B/ gq:'rPkbk ns/ y/so nkXkos, w{bG{s ns/ fttjkfoe, P[ZX (pure) ns/ fefonkswe y'i torheoDK dk gq:'r ehsk j?. T[dkjoD f;Zfynk d/ fe; y/so ftZu y'i ehsh rJh j? fJ; fdqPNhe'D d[nkok

dkoPfBe y'i, ;wkiPk;soh nfXnB, gkmeow^y'i nkfd torheoD d/ o{g j' ;ed/ jB.

fJZe nkXkoG{s torheoD p/;oN (1959) dk j? fi; ftZu f;Zfynk^y'i B{z fszB GkrK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?. fJj tor jB^ (i) fJfsjkf;e, (ii) ;ot/yD ns/ (iii) gq:'rkswe. w"fb B/ fJ; torheoD B{z ngDkfJnk j?. tkB vkb/B B/ th brGr fJ;h torheoD B{z ;theko ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ ;ot/yD d/ ;EkB s/ “toDkswe” f;ob/y dk gq:'r ehsk j?. fjbt/ (1956) B/ fJZe u'Ek tor th fJ; ftZu i'fVnk j? fijVk “e/; ;Nvh” j?. fJ; g qeko r[v ns/ ;e/N (1954) B/ ekoi^ekoB ;zpzXh fJZe^d{i/ tor B{z i'fVnk j? fi; d/ nB[;ko ekoB ;zpzXh s[bBkswe nfXnBK, ;fj;zpzXkswe nfXnBK, e/; ;Nvh ns/ ikBBh nfXnBK B{z Pkfwb ehsk j?. No?to; (1958) B/ fJZe d{i/ jh Yzr s'A fJBQK ftXhnK dk torheoD ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ fJfsjkf;e y'iK B{z fe;h tor ftZu Pkfwb BjhA ehsk j?. e"oB/b ns/ wBo' (1953) B/ gzi torK ftZu fJBQK y'i ftXhnK B{z tzfvnk j?. fJj jB^ (i) toDkswe, (ii) whNfoe, (iii) ebhfBeb, (iv) ;fj;zpzXkswe ns/ (v) gq:'rkswe. Bkb jh fJZe S/t/A tor dh ;zGktBk ftnesh ehsh j?. ;gPN j? fe f;ZfynkPk;soh y'i dhnK ftXhnK d/ torheoD d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJZe ws BjhA jB. fJj Bk io{oh j? ns/ Bk ;zGt feT[Afe torheoD dk e'Jh fJZe nkXko BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; gqeko ;[thXk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A jh fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu fJBQK ftXhnK dk torheoD ehsk frnk j?. e[ZM fJZe b/yeK B/ fi; torheoD B{z ngDkfJnk j? T[;h B{z fJ; ftZu th ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fJj torheoD j?^

1H w{bG{s ns/ fttjkfoe nfXnB

2H toDkswe y'i

(T) ;ot/yD (n) nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnB (J) ftek; ;zpzXh nfXnB

3H fJfsjkf;e nfXnB

4H gq:'rkswe nfXnB 5H2 w{bG{s ns/ fttjkfoe y'i (Basic and Applied Research)

y'i ftfGzB T[d/PK dh g{osh ;zpzXh ns/ ftfGzB ;soK s/ ehsh iKdh j?. y'i dk ;so (level) fJ; s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe P'Xeosk dk T[d/P eh j?. ;kXkoD o{g s'A y'i d/ d' ;so j[zd/ jB^

1H w{bG{s, P[ZX ns/ f;XKse (Basic, fundamental, pure or theory-oriented) ns/ 2H fttjkfoe ns/ T[g:'rh (Applied)

No?to; B/ fJBQK d'jK gqeko dhnK y'iK d/ ftZu fJ; soQK nzso ehsk j?^ “w{bG{s y'i dk T[d/P ftfrnkBe frnkB d/ ;zrms eb/to ftZu tkXk eoBk j[zdk j?. io{oh o{g s'A nfij/ Bshi/



T[gbpX eokT[Dk T[;dk ekoi BjhA j[zdk fijV/ s[ozs fttjkfoe wjZst d/ j'D. fttjkfoe y'i ssekfbe fttjkfoe ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD bJh ehsh iKdh j?. ftfrnkBe frnkB dk ft;sko eoBk T[jBK dk r"D T[d/P j[zdk j?.”

B'N

Nk;e w{bG{s y'i dhnK ftP/PsktK dZ;'.

w{bG{s y'i (Basic Research)

w{bG{s y'i dhnK fBwBfbys ftP/PsktK jB^

1H fJBQK y'iK ftZu fB:wK (laws) ns/ f;XKsK (theories) dh y'i s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. fJBQK ftZu ftfrnkBeK dh wkBsk ofjzdh j? fe ;koh ;foPNh ns/ T[; dhnK ;kohnK xNBktK fJZe fBPfus ftt;Ek ftZu pZMhnK fB:w^fB:zsfos jB. fJ; soQK T[jBK fB:wK, ftt;Ek d/ f;XKsK d/ y'i io{oh ns/ wB[Zyh^fjZs ftZu j?.

2H fJBQK y'iK dk T[d/P frnkB dk ftek; j[zdk j?. “frnkB d/ bJh frnkB” T[jBK dk Bkok j[zdk j?. y'i d[nkok T[gbpX frnkB fe; ezw ftZu ikJ/rk, T[; dh eh T[g:'rsk j't/rh, fJ; gqeko dk fuzsB fJj y'ieosk BjhA eod/.

3H ;Zu (truth) dh y'i jh fJBQK y'iK dk coI j[zdk j?. „nfijk feT[A j[zdk j?, fe; gqeko j[zdk j?‟ i/eo gqPBK d/ T[ZsoK dh y'i eoe/ ;wkB xNBktK d/ ekoBK dh ;{so o{g ftZu ftnkfynk eoBk T[jBK dk gqw[Zy fNZuk j[zdk j?.

;ktXkBh w{bG{s y'i ftXh ns/ gqfefonk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A brGr finkdk ifNb j[zd/ jB ns/

g{ok j'D ftZu pj[s ;wK b?Ad/ jB.

fttjkfoe y'i (Applied Research)

1H fJBQK y'iK dk T[d/P gqw[Zy o{g s'A T[jBK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iDk j[zdk j? fiBQK dk ftfGzB y/soK ftZu ezw eoB tkfbnK B{z gqshfdB ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j?. fJj ;wZf;nktK wjZstg{oD jB ns/ T[jBK d/ ;wkXkBK dh ssekb io{os j[zdh j?. bzp/ ;w/A sZe T[jBK d/ ;wkXkBK d/ bJh fJzsIko eo/d ofjDk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk.

2H fttjkfoe y'i dk T[d/P gqw[Zy o{g s'A f;XKs^fBo{gD (theory building) BjhA j[zdk.

3H fJBQK d/ Bshi/ e[ZM fJZe nfij/ j[zd/ jB fe T[jBK dk BhshnK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu, fBoDk b?D ftZu, fe;h ekoiftXh ns/ f;ybkJh^ftXh d/ fBoXkoD ftZu gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. Bkb jh toswkB ohsK, ftXhnK ns/ seBheK B{z fttjkfoe fJ; bJh fejk iKdk j? fe fJBQK d/ BshfinK dh fttjkfoe fdqPNhe'D s'A T[g:'rsk j[zdh j?.

T[go'es d'jK soQK d/ nfXnBK ftZu e'D T[Zu ns/ wjZstg{oD j?, fJ; rZb B{z b? e/ ftfrnkBe d' torK ftZu tzv/ rJ/ jB. e[ZM nfij/ jB fit/A je;b/ ns/ p/eB i' fttjkfoe y'i B{z y'i jh BjhA wzBd/ ns/ efjzd/ jB fe w{bG{s nfXnB jh y'i dh e;'Nh s/ yo/ T[so ;ed/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ e[ZM nfij/ th b/ye ns/ P'Xeosk jB fiBQK wzBDk j? fe y'i toswkB ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD dh ns/ wB[Zyh ns/ ;wki d/ ftek; dh gqfefonk j? (E'w;B). fJ; bJh T[; d/ BshfinK dk fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A T[g:'rh j'Dk Gkt T[;dk fttjkfoe j'Dk pj[s io{oh j?.

n;b ftZu fJj nfstkdh fdqPNhe'D jB. fJ; bJh fJ; fttkd B{z pj[s wjZst BjhA fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. d'jK gqeko d/ nfXnBK dk nkgDk^nkgDk wjZst j? ns/ finkdkso T[j fJZe^ d{i/ d/ g{oe j[zd/ jB.



B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' Ug/B j?wo B/ fJ; ;wkBekoh fdqPNhe'D dk gqshgkdB ehsk j?.

fJfsjk; rtkj j? fe w{bG{s y'i d/ wkfXnw d[nkok T[gbpX f;XKsK ns/ frnkB dk wB[Zyh ;wki dh gqrsh ftZu pj[s finkdk :'rdkB j?. ;ko/ nkX[fBe ftek; fJBQK jh f;XKsK ns/ frnkB d/ nkXko s/ j'fJnk j?, gozs{ T[; ftZu fttjkfoe y'iK dk th T[Bk jh ;fj:'r fojk j?. fJBQK f;XKsK ns/ frnkB d/ nkXko s/ fiBQK ftXhnK ns/ seBheK dk ftek; ehsk frnk T[jBK B{z fttjkfoe y'i d/ wkfXnw s'A gofynk frnk ns/ T[g:'rh f;ZX j'D s/ jh T[jBK B{z ngDkfJnk frnk. ;feBo dhnK w{bG{s y'iK d/ d[nkok fttjko d/ f;XksK dk fBo{gD ehsk frnk, gozs{ fezB/ jh j'o b'eK B/ T[jBK f;XKsK dk gq:'r eoe/ fttjko gfotosB dh seBheh ftXhnK dk fBoXkoD ehsk ns/ T[jBK B{z fttjkfoe y'iK d/ nkXko s/ gofynk, ;[Xkfonk, fteef;s ehsk. fJ; soQK ;wkiPk;soh feP'oK d/ ;wZf;nk ;zpzXh fttjkoK, p[ZfYnK dhnK ;wZf;nktK, r[nK dhnK ;wZfnktK nkfd dk nfXnB eod/ jB, gozs{ i/eo w{bG{s y'i dh fdPk ftZu iKd/ jB sK T[j fJ; rZb dh y'i eod/ jB fe T[jBK dhnK fJj ;wZf;nktK feT[A ns/ fet/A g?dk j[zdhnK jB, feBQK f;XKsK d/ nkXko s/ T[jBK dh T[sgZsh j[zdh j?. i/eo fttjkfoe y'i dh fdPk ftZu iKd/ jB sK fJj ikDB dk gfonk; eod/ jB fe fJBQK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB eh j' ;ed/ jB fiBQK d[nkok fJBQK ;wZf;nktK B{z d{o ehsk ik ;e/. gozs{ w{bG{s y'iK d[nkok T[gbpX eokJ/ rJ/ frnkB ns/ f;XKsK dk ;jkok bJ/ fpBQK T[j nfijk BjhA eo ;ed/. fJ; gqeko frnkB d/ bJh y'i (w{bG{s) ns/ ihtB d/ bJh y'i (fttjkfoe) d'B'A jh io{oh ns/ wjZstg{oD jB. d{i/ gk;/ w{bG{s y'i d/ y/so ftZu eokoi eoeB tkb/ P'Xeosk th fttjkfoe y'i s'A bkG gqkgs eod/ jB. fttjkfoe y'i d/ Bshi/ eJh tko t?ebfge T[gebgBktK B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. w{bG{s y'i T[jBK B{z b? e/ fB:zsfos go;fEshnK ftZu gq:'r eoe/ f;XKsK dk fBo{gD eo ;edk j?. fttjkfoe y'i nkXkoG{s f;XKsK d/ fBo{gD ftZu th ;jkfJe j' ;ed/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H y'i toswkB, g[oksB frnkB d/ gqhyD, ;ZukJh ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk wjZstg{oD

wkfXnw j?.

2H y'i d/ d' ;so j[zd/ jB, w{bG{s ns/ HHHHHHHHHHH.

3H w{bG{s y'i dk Bkok j[zdk j? HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.

4H ;wkBekoh fdqPNhe'D dk gqshgkdB HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ ehsk j?. 5H3 ;ko nzP (Summary)

jo y/so ftZu y'i dk ftP/P ;EkB j?. toswkB ns/ g[oksB frnkB d/ gqhyD, ;ZukJh ns/ w[bnzeD dk fJj pj[s wjZstg{oD wkfXnw j?. Bkb jh BthB frnkB d/ f;oiB dk th :'r nkXko j?.

eJh frnkB^y'soK dhnK ;hwktK dk T[; ftZu epIk ns/ ;wkt/P j[zdk j?. T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB ;zpzXh eJh soQK dhnK y'i ftXhnK ns/ seBheK dk gq:'r T[; d/ y/so ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

e[ZM b/yeK B/ fi; torheoD B{z ngDkfJnk j? T[;h B{z fJ; ftZu th ngDkfJnk



frnk j?. fJj torheoD j?^1H w{bG{s ns/ fttjkfoe nfXnB 2H toDkswe y'i (T) ;ot/yD (n) nzso;zpzXskwe nfXnB (J) ftek;kswe nfXnB 3H fJfsjkf;e nfXnB 4H gq:'rkswe y'i.


1H eb/to (Design) ^ ftfrnkBe frnkB dk ;zrms ;o{g iK YKuk.

2H f;XKs fBo{gD (Principle Formation) ^ fe;h fBPfus ws dh ftnkfynk eoe/ nkyoh Bshik s/ gj[zuDk.


1H y'i ftXhnK dk torheoD eo' ns/ fJ; ftZu gqkgs j'D tkbhnK w[Zy ftXhnK

fejVhnK^fejVhnK jB<

2H w{bG[s ns/ fttjkfoe y'i ftXhnK dk toDB eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H w[bnzeD 2H fttjkfoe 3H „frnkB d/ bJh frnkB‟ 4H Ug/B j?wo 5H6 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;




4H ftfdne y'i dh ekoigqDkbh^n?bH e"b, ftek; gpfbfPzr.

B'N



B'N fJekJh^6L toDkswe y'i (Descriptive Research)


T[d/P (Objectives)


6H1 toDkswe y'i dk ;o{g ns/ noE (Meaning and Structure of Descriptive Research)

6H2 ;ot/yD nfXnB (Survey Studies)

6H3 nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnB (Inter-relational Studies)





T[d/P (Objectives)


toDkswe y'i d/ ;o{g ns/ noE B{z ;wMD ftZul

;ot/yD nfXnB B{z ;wMD ftZul

nzso;zpzXkswe iK ;fj;zpzXkswe nfXnB B{z ;wMD ftZu.


y'i dk fJj ;G s'A finkdk gquZbs gqeko j?. f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so tZu jo/e fsZi/ nfXnB B{z toDkswe y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk ik ;edk j?. P'X d/ y/so B{z gfo;hfws eoB d/ bJh fJ; y'i ftZu th izB;zfynk Pkfwb ns/ fBnkdoP dh gfoGkPk ns/ ftXh dk ;gPNheoD ehsk iKdk j?. tkB vkb/B B/ toDkswe y'i d/ fszB gqekoK dk toDB ehsk j? T[j jB^;ot/yD, nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnB ns/ ftek;swe nfXnB. 6H1 toDkswe y'i dk ;o{g ns/ noE (Meaning and Structure of Descriptive Research)

(1) ;o{g ns/ noEL toDkswe y'i gqw[Zy o{g s'A xND, go;fEsh, ;z;Ek ns/ fe;h ftP/Psk dk e/tb toDB jh j[zdk j?. P'X g{oh j'D d/ pknd T[j fJBQK d/ ftP/ ftZu e/tb fJ; rZb dh ftnkfynk eodk j? fe “T[j eh j?<” ftrs ekb ftZu e[ZM nfijh gozgok ojh j? fe toswkB go;fEshnK d/ ftP/Psk gqkgs ns/ t?X w[bnzeD B{z toDkswe y'i d/ nzsors oZfynk iKdk fojk j?. fJ;h soQK rshwkB (dynamic) gqfefonktK d/ nB[;ko ;wfMnk iKdk fojk j?, gozs{ toswkB ftZu ftfGzB xNBktK, uoDK ns/ ;fEshnK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK B{z gsk brkT[Dk ns/ T[jBK dh ftnkfynk eoBk th toDkswe y'i d/ nzsors wzfBnk iKdk j?.

j'o soQK dhnK y'iK dh soQK toDkswe y'i dh gqfefonk dk edw^eow th fBwBfbys gqeko dk j[zdk j?^


fJekJh^6L toDkswe y'i

1H ;wZf;nk dh u'D ns/ T[; dh gfoGkPk eoBk,

2H T[d/PK ns/ „T[gebgBktK‟ dk fBoXkoD eoBk,

3H ;zpzXs ns/ io{oh ;{uBk ;wZroh (data) fJeZso eoBk,

4H ;wZrh dk ftPb/PD eoBk,

5H ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/ Bshik fBoXkfos eoBk.

P'X d/ y/so B{z gfo;hfws eoB bJh fJ; y'i ftZu th izB;zfynk ;wPNh (population) ns/ fBnkdoP (sample) dh gfoGkPk ns/ ftXh dk ;gPNheoD ehsk iKdk j?. fBodoP^u'D dhnK fijVhnK ftXhnK j'o y'iK ftZu gq:'r ftZu fbnkJhnK iKdhnK jB T[jBK ;kfonK dk gq:'r toDkswe y'i ftZu th ehsk iKdk j?.

toDksw y'i d/ gqeko ^ tkB vkb/B B/ fJ; y'i d/ fszB gqekoK dk T[b/Y ehsk j?. fJj jB^

(T) ;ot/yD nfXnB,

(n) nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnB,

(J) ftek; ;zpzXh nfXnB. 6H2 ;ot/yD nfXnB (Survey Studies)

(1) noE ns/ ;o{g ^ eofbzr d/ nB[;ko, ;ot/yD nfXnBK d/ T[d/P j[zd/ jB^

1H fe;h xNBk (incidence) dh ftnkgesk, rzGhosk, xNB dh ;zGktBk, T[; dk toDB nkfd dk gsk brkT[Dk ns/

2H ;wkiPk;soh ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe uoBK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK dk toDB eoBk.

B'N

B'N; ;ot/yD nfXnB w[Zy o{g s'AL xNBktK (phenomena), uoBK (variables) ns/

ftP/PsktK (characteristics) dh toswkB ;fEsh (status) dk toDB eod/ jB.

fe;h ftP/P wB[Zyh^;w[dkfJ, fe;h ;z;Ek, fe;h nfGnk; (practice), Bhsh (policy) s/ :'iBk dh nkb'uBkswe Yzr s'A ftnkfynk eoBk nkfd ;ko/ ;ot/yD nfXnB d/ T[dkjoD jB. edh^edh fJBQK nfXnBK d/ nzsors T[go'rs d/ toswkB ;so dh fe;h gqtkBs wkBe (standard) d/ Bkb s[bBk eoe/ ;[Xko d/ ;[Mkn d/Dk th ;ot/yD dk T[d/P j[zdk j?. ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu fijV/ ;ot/yD ehs/ iKd/ jB T[j ftXh ns/ seBhe d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A pj[s finkdk ftfrnkBe j[zd/ jB ns/ ;so^;ot/yD (status surveys) s'A ekch fGzB j[zd/ jB.

finkdkso ;ot/yD nfXnBK ftZu fBnkdoP d/ nkXko s/ ;zg{oD izB;foPNh ns/ T[; d/ tZv/ Gkr dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJZe fBnkdoP d/ nfXnB s'A fijV/ Bshi/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB T[jBK dk ;zg{oD izB^;foPNh ns/ T[; fBnkdoP s'A tZX ft;Ekog{oe fJekJh ;zfynk d/ bJh ;kXkoBheoD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; rZb s/ ftP/P pb fdZsk iKdk j? fe fBnkdoP dh u'D fJ; soQK ehskikt/ fe T[j T[; ;foPNh dh nrtkJh eodk j't/. fJ; gqeko d/ ;ot/yD^nfXnBK B{z fBnk^;ot/yD (sample surveys) fejk iKdk j?.

(2) ;ot/yD^nfXnBK d/ gqekoL ;ot/yD^nfXnBK d/ wkfXnw Bkb eJh rZbK dk nfXnB ehsk frnk j?. T[jBK dk ;gPN o{g ftZu torheoD eoBk w[Pfeb j?. sK th e[ZM fJ; soQK dk torheoD ehsk frnk j?^

1H ;z;Ekrs ;ot/yD,



B'N 2H eko'pkoK d/ ;ot/yD,

3H iB^;w[dkfJnK d/ ;ot/yD (community surveys),

4H d;skt/iK d/ ;ot/yD,

5H iBws ;ot/yD (opinion surveys),

6H iB;zfynk ;ot/yDk,

7H ;wkiPk;soh ;ot/yD (sociological surveys),

8H wB'ftfrnkBe ;ot/yD.

d;skt/IK d/ ;ot/yD B{z ftPk^t;s{ ftPb/PD (content analysis), ekoi ftPb/PD (activity

analysis) th fejk iKdk j? fijV/ fJfsjkf;e y'i Bkb pj[s fwbd/^i[bd/ j[zd/ jB. ;wkiPk;soh nfXnBK d/ e/Ado ;wkfie sZE j[zd/ jB fit/A ;wkfie XkoDktK, nGhftoshnK, b'eK dhnK nkdsK, ohth^fotkI nkfd. fJ; soQK wB'ftfrnkBe ;ot/yE nfXnBK dk T[d/P wB'ftfrnkBe uoDK (variables) d/ toswkB ;so (status) ns/ T[jBK dh tzv (distribution) s/ gqekP gkT[Dk j[zdk j?. fe;h iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh n";s p[ZXh dk gsk brkT[/Dk ns/ p[ZXh dk iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu tzv gsk eoBk wB'ftfrnkBe ;ot/yD dk fJZe T[dkjoD j?.

(3) ;ot/yD nfXnBK dh ftXh (Methodology) ^ ;ot/yD nfXnB dh ftXh ftZu fBnkdoP^u'D dh gqfefonk B{z pj[s finkdk wjZst fdZsk frnk j?. fBnkdoP dh u'D (sample design) fe; soQK ehsk ikt/ fJ; sh ft;Eko Bkb ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?. nfXnB^gqfefonk dh ;zg{oD o{go/yk fiBQK sZsK Bkb fwbe/ pDdh j?, T[j jB^

1H T[d/PK dk ftP/PheoD,

2H T[gebgBktK dk fBoXkoD,

3H ;{uBk^;wZroh fJeZso eoB dk Yzr fBPfus eoBk.

;{uBk^;wZroh (data) fJeZso eoB d/ eJh wkfXnW j[zd/ jB, fit/A^gqPBktbh, eEBktbh, wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK, ;kePkseko, ftneshrs w"i{drh (personal visits), nkb/yK dh iKu ns/ w[bnzeD nkfd. ;zg{oD gqfefonk e[ZM gqPBK d/ T[ZsoK s/ nkXkfos j[zdh j?, fit/A^ fNZuk eh j?, T[; fNZu/ dh gqkgsh ;zpzXh fe; gqeko dhnK ;{uBktK io{oh j'DrhnK, T[jBK B{z feBQK s'A, feZE'A, fe; soQK gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJ; ;{uBk^;wZroh dk ;{uheoD (tabulation) ns/ ftPb/PD (analysis) fe; gqeko ehsk ikt/rk nkfd.

;ot/yD^nfXnBK B{z eJh soQK d/ nfXnBK dh s[bBk ftZu fe;h soQK th jkBh ns/ xZN wjZst dk BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk j?. ftP/P go;fEshnK ftZu T[jBK dh pj[s T[g:'rsk j[zdh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo'L (Fill in the blanks):

1H f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu jo fsZi/ nfXnB B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHHH y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?.

2H ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu fijV/ ;ot/yD ehs/ iKd/ jB T[j ftXh ns/ seBhe dh fdqPNh s'A ;jh wksok ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j[zd/ jB.

3H ;ot/yD nfXnB ftXh ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh gqfefonk B{z pj[s wjZst fdZsk frnk j?.



6H3 nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnB (Inter-relational Studies)

fJj nfXnB ;ot/yD^nfXnBK dh s[bBk ftZu E'Vk nZr/ iKd/ jB. ;ot/yD dh soQK fJBQK dk T[d/P xNBktK ns/ sZEK d/ e/tb toDB wkso jh BjhA j[zdk. pbfe T[; T[; s'A nZr/ ik e/ sZEK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK s/ gqekP gkT[Ad/ jB. tkB vkb/B B/ fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK B{z fszB Po/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk j?. fJj jB^

1H ftPk nfXnB (Case studies).

2H ekoDtkuh^s[bBkswe nfXnB (Causal comparative studies).

3H ;fj^;zpzXkswe nfXnB (Correlational studies). 1H ftPk nfXnB (Case Studies)

fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnB dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu fJZe ;w/A ftZu e/tb fJZe fJekJh dk pj[s finkdk v[zxkJh Bkb nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. T[j fJekJh fJZe ftnesh th j' ;edk j? ns/ fJZe ;w{uh ;z;Ek iK e'Jh Bhsh, gqfefonk, gqEk nkfd th j' ;edh j?. fJ; soQK fe;h fJZe gfotko, fJZe iB^;w{j, fJZe iksh^ftP/P, Xow nkfd dk ftnkge o{g s'A ehsk frnk nfXnB th ftPk nfXnB d/ nzsors nkT[Adk j?. fJBQK nfXnBK dk T[d/P T[; fJekJh dk jo fdqPNhe'D Bkb v[zxk nfXnB eoe/ fJ; rZb s/ gqekP gkT[Dk j[zdk j? fe n;b ftZu ;wZf;nk eh j?, T[j fe; soQK T[sgzB j'Jh j?, T[; B{z iBw d/D tkb/ ekoe, sZs ns/ gqfefonktK eh jB ns/ T[j fe; gqeko rshPhb ojhnK jB. fNZu/ nB[;ko y'ieosk T[; fJekJh d/ ftfGzB gZyK Bkb ;zpzXs ns/ ftfGzB ;o'sK s'A ;{uBk^;wZroh fJeZso eodk j?. T[; ;{uBk^;wZroh dk T[fus ftXh d[nkok ftPb/PD eoe/ fNZu/ nB[;ko BshfinK dk fBoXkoD eodk j?. ;ko/ ;wZroh B{z fNZuk^e/Ados gqPBK d/ ;zpzX ftZu tzv e/ ;wk:'fis eodk j? ns/ nkb'uBkswe ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/ jh Bshi/ T[Zs/ gj[zudk j?.

ftPk nfXnB eJh gqeko d/ j' ;ed/ jB. fe;h th t;s{ ns/ xNBk dk v[zxkJh Bkb ehsk frnk nfXnB ftPk nfXnB j't/rk. fJ; nfXnB dh gqfefonk d/ edw^eow ftZu fJj fBwB ekoi Pkfwb j[zd/ jB^

1H ;wZf;nk iK gqeoD dk fBoXkoD.

2H fNZuk^fBoXkoD.

3H ;wZf;nk dk fBdkB (diagnosis).

4H ;zpzXs io{oh ;{uBktK fJeZso eoBk.

5H ;{uBktK dk torheoD ns/ ftPb/PD.

6H BshfinK dk fBoXkoD.

fJBQK nfXnBK B{z ftPk fJ; bJh efjzd/ jB feT[Afe fJZe ;w/A ftZu e/tb fJZe jh fJekJh dk v[zxk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. tfos nfXnB fJ; bJh efjzd/ jK feT[Afe nfXnB d/ nzsors ftnesh, ;z;Ek ;w[dkfJ d/ ftP/ ftZu ftrs ekb dh g{oh ikDekoh fJeZso ehsh iKdh j?. T[; d/ fJfsjk; dk th nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.

fJBQK nfXnBK B{z nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnBK d/ nzsors fJ; bJh oZfynk frnk j? feT[Afe fJBQK

ftZu ftfGzB go;fEshnK ns/ uoDK dk ;wZf;nk d/ Bkb i/eo e'Jh ;zpzX j? sK T[; s/ gqekP

gkfJnk iKdk j?.

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T[dkjoD fe;h fJZe pkbe dh u'oh eoB dh nkds d/ ekoBK dk nfXnB, fe;h ftfdnkb/ dh f;Zfynk d/ s;o dh froktN d/ ekoBK dk nfXnB, fe;h f;Zfynk^Bhsh dh gqGkftesk dk nfXnB nkfd fj; gqeko d/ nfXnBK d/ T[dkjoD j' ;ed/ jB.

fJBQK ;kfonK ftZu ekoBK dk gsk brkT[D bJh e[ZM ;zGkfts ekoe, go;fEshnK, sZsK, uoBK dh y'i ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fco fJj ikDB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? fe T[jBK dk T[go'es ;wZf;nktK d/ Bkb eh ;zpzX j?, eh T[j ;wZf;nk dk ekoB jB, i/eo jB, sK T[j fe; soQK ;wZf;nk B{z iBw fdzdhnK jB. fJ; bJh fJBQK nfXnBK B{z nzso;zpzXkswe y'i dh Po/Dh ftZu oZfynk frnk j?. ftPk nfXnBK dk f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so, noEPk;so, T[d:'rK, ;wkfie ekoi, wkordoPB nkfd y/soK ftZu pj[s finkdk gqubB j?. wkordoPB ns/ ;bkj d/ y/so ftZu ;wZf;nkswe pkbeK d/ tfos nfXnB ehs/ iKd/ jB fiBQK ftZu fJj ikDB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? fe pkbeK dhnK fJj ;wZf;nktK feT[A ns/ fet/A T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. ;wkfie ekoieosk fJj ikDB dh e'fP; eod/ jB fe e'Jh ;wkfie ;wZf;nk, tkd iK gqeoD feT[A ns/ fet/A T[sgzB j[zdk j?. T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB d/ T[j ;[Mkn th gq;s{s eod/ jB. noEPk;so d/ y/so ftZu noEBhshnK dh fefonkPhbsk dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. T[d:'rK d/ y/so ftZu fJBQK nfXnBK dk T[d/P fJj ikDB ofjzdk j? fe e'Jh T[d:'r feT[A gqrsh eo fojk j? iK feT[A n;cb j' fojk j?.

i/eo ;ot/yD nfXnBK s'A ftPk nfXnBK dh s[bBk ehsh ikt/ sK fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;ot/yD nfXnB dk ekoi fysi (horizontal) j[zdk j? ns/ ftPk nfXnBK ftZu ekoi bzpkJh tkbk (vertical) j[zdk j?. ;ot/yD ftZu eJh fJekJhnK dk e/tb toswkB ftZu jh nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? idfe ftPk nfXnB ftZu e/tb fJZe fJekJh dk toswkB ns/ ftrsekb d'jK ftZu pj[s vzxkJh Bkb nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. T[; ftZu v[zxkJh (depth) ofjzdh j? idfe ;ot/yD ftZu c?bkt ns/ u"VkJh (width) ofjzdh j?. ftPk nfXnB dk gqw[Zy T[d/P T[gukotkbk (therapeutic) j[zdk j? idfe ;ot/yD dk T[d/P ;z;EktK iK ftnesh d/ toswkB ;so, toswkB ;fEsh dk toDB eoBk jh jz[zdk j?. ftPk nfXnBK ftZu ekoe sZsK dh gko;gfoe ;zpzXK, T[jBK d/ ;wZf;nk d/ Bkb ;zpzXK nkfd s/ gqekP gkT[Dk wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk j? idfe ;ot/yD ftZu ;{uBk ;wZroh d/ torheoD, ;koBhpZX ns/ ftt;fEsheoD d/ nkXko s/ ;kXkoBheoD (generalization) s/ pb fdZsk iKdk j?. ;kXkoBheoD sK d'jK gqeko d/ nfXnBK ftZu ofjzdk j?, gozs{ ftPk nfXnBK ftZu fJj ;kXkoBheoD ;wZf;nk d/ ekoe sZsK (ekoBK) d/ ftZP/ ftZu j[zdk j? ns/ ;ot/yD ftZu fJj ftneshnK ns/ ;z;EktK dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ ftP/ ftZu j[zdk j?.

Nk;e ;ot/yD nfXnB ns/ ftPk nfXnB s/ nkgD/ s[bBkswe ftuko fdU.

e[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu ftPk nfXnB pj[s wjZstg{oD j[zd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh pkbeK dh fttjkokswe ;wZf;nktK d/ ekoBK ns/ T[jBK dh rshPhbsk (dynamics) B{z ikDB, ;z;EktK dh T[Eg^g[Eb, T[jBK dh gqGkftesk (effectiveness), ;cbsk^n;cbsk nkfd B{z ikDB ftZu fJBQK nfXnBK dk pj[s wjZst j?. fJBQK T[d/PK dh T[gbpXh d/ ;zpzX ftZu eJh soQK d/ nfXnBK s'A ezw BjhA uZbdk, gozs{ fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe fJ; nfXnB ftZu ewhnK ns/ d'P BjhA jB. b/yeK B/ ftPk nfXnBK d/ d'PK dk T[b/y fJ; soQK ehsk j?L gfjbk, fJBQK nfXnBK dh pkjoh t?Xsk (external validity) fpbe[b BjhA j[zdh. Gkt fJBQK d/ nkXko s/ gqkgs Bshi/ e/tb T[;h fJZe fJekJh sZe ;hfws ofjzd/ jB fi; dk nfXnB ehsk frnk j?. T[jBK BshfinK B{z j'o ;wkB fJekJhnK T[Zs/ bkr{ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, BshfinK dk ;kXkoBheoD ftnkge BjhA j[zdk. d{ik d'P fJBQK nfXnBK dk fJj j? fe fJBQK d/ Bshi/ ftneshfBPm (subjective) j[zd/ jB Gkt T[jBK BshfinK ftZu P'Xeosk dhnK nkgDhnK ftneshrs XkoDktK, wB'ftfrnkBe ftP/PsktK ns/ d[opbsktK dk g[N pj[s



finkdk ofjzdk j?. Bshi/ fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo j[zd/ jB fe P'Xeosk P'X^;wZroh (data) dk ftPb/PD fe; soQK eodk j?. fJZe jh P'X^;wZroh dk ftPb/PD eJh P'Xeosk fGzB^fGzB Yzr s'A eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh fJBQK P'XK d/ Bshi/ ;EkJh BjhA j[zd/. pj[s e[ZM T[j P'Xeosk dh nkgDh ;{M^p{M, nkgDh ebgBk s/ fBoGo eod/ jB, sK th nfijk BjhA fejk ik ;edk fe fJBQK nfXnBK dh e'Jh T[g:'rsk BjhA j?. i/eo T[go'es d'PK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ P'Xeosk t;s{fBPm o{g ftZu P'X^;wZroh dk ftPb/PD eodk j? ns/ nkgDhnK XkoDktK, d[opbsktK s/ g{ot^gqkshnK s'A gqGkfts BjhA j[zdk j? sK Bshik finkd gquZbs ns/ pkjoh t?Xsk gqkgs ;zs'PiBe j' ;edk j?. 2H ekoDtkuh s[bBkswe nfXnB (Causal Comparative Studies)

fJj nzso;zpzXkos toDkswe y'i dk d{ik gqeko j?. fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK ftZu th xNBk d/ ekoB dh y'i dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh T[; B{z ekoDtkuh (casual) fejk frnk j?, gozs{ ekoD dk fBoXkoD fi; ftXh d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j? T[j s[bBkswe (comparative) j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh T[; B{z ekoDtkuh^s[bBkswe nfXnB dk BKt fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb fJBQK nfXnBK B{z ekoB^gqGkt^;zpzX (cause-effect-relationship) nfXnBK dh Po/Dh ftZu th oZfynk ik ;edk j?. n;b ftZu ekoB^gqGkt^;zpzX dk nfXnB gq:'rkswe y'i (experimental research) d/ nzsors nkT[Adk j?. d'AjK gqeko d/ nfXnBK dk T[d/P ;wkB j?. e/tb nfXnB^ftXh ftZu nzso j[zdk j?. ekoDtkuh^s[bBkswe nfXnB dh ftXh s[bBkswe j[zdh j? ns/ gq:'rkswe y'i d/ fB:w ns/ e;"Nh dk T[; ftZu gkbD BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK B{z toDkswe y'i dh Po/Dh ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?.

(I) noE ns/ ;o{gL fJBQK nfXnBK dk gqw[Zy T[d/P fJj ikDBk j[zdk j? fe e[ZM fBoXkfos ns/ u'D/ j'J/ sZsK, go;fEshnK iK ekoeK ns/ P'X tkbh ;wZf;nk, ftPk iK xNBk d/ ftZu e'Jh ekoB^Bshik (cause-effect) ;zpzX j? iK BjhA. fJ; d/ bJh pj[s ;kohnK ;wkB xNBktK B{z b? e/ T[jBK d/ ftZu ;wkBsktK ns/ nzsoK dh s[bBk d/ nkXko s/ fBPfus Bshik eZfYnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A fJj nfXnB gq:'rkswe y'i Bkb pj[s fwbd/^i[bd/ j[zd/ jB feT[Afe gq:'rkswe y'i gqw[Zy o{g s'A ekoB^;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB dh ftT{^ouBk (strategy) j?, gozs{ P'X^ftXh ns/ seBhe d/ fdqPNhe'D d[nkok d'jK ftZu iwhB^nk;wkB dk nzso j[zdk j?. gq:'rkswe y'i ftZu P'Xeosk ;[szso uoD (independent variable) dk ;jh Yzr s'A gq:'r (manipulate) eoe/ nkfPqs uoD (dependent variable) s/ T[; d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eodk j?, Gkt ;[szso uoD d/ eJh ;so iK Po/DhnK pDk e/ jo d/ nkfPqs uoD s/ g?D tkb/ gqGkt dh fJZe^d{i/ d/ Bkb nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftXhnK d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk eod/ j'J/ T[jBK dk w[bnzeD eodk j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; ftZu nkfPqs uoD dk ;so iK ;fEsh g{ot^fBoXkfos BjhA j[zdh, gozs{ ekoDtkuh^s[bBkswe nfXnB ftZu nkfPqs uoD g{ot^fBoXkfos ;[Gkfte o{g s'A, :Ek;fEsh o{g ftZu nkgD/ nkg T[sgzB j'fJnk T[gbpX j[zdk j?, fJ; ftZu xNBk B{z nfXnB ;zpzXh T[; B{z e'Jh xNkT[Zdk BjhA. T[j nkgD/ nkg xNh j'Jh (naturally occurring) T[gbpX j[zdh j?. fJ; xNs xNBk B{z b? e/ P'Xeosk nZr/ tZXdk j? ns/ fJj y'iD dk gfonk; eodk j? fe fejV/ sZs, go;fEshnK, ekoe o{g ftZu T[; Bkb i[VhnK jB. fit/A^P'Xeosk ftfdnkoEhnK dh nfXnkgeK d/ gqsh Bekokswe nGhftoshnK d/ ekoB ikDBk ukj[zdk j? sK T[j e[ZM nfij/ pZu/ b?Adk j? fiBQK ftZu Bekokswe nGhftoshnK jB ns/ fco s[bBkswe ftXh dk gq:'r eoe/ T[jBK d/ ekoBK dh y'i eodk j?. fJZE/ Bekokswe nGhftoshnK fi; o{g ftZu ftef;s j'JhnK jB T[;h o{g ftZu P'Xeosk B{z nkfPqs (dependent) uoB d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eoBk j't/rk. nkgD/ tZb'A fJjBK B{z ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu T[sgzB eoBk ;zGt BjhA j't/rk. fit/A th, fi; o{g ftZu th fJj uoD T[gbpX j? T[; o{g ftZu T[; B{z b? e/ ns/ T[jBK ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb s[bBk eoe/ fiBQK ftZu nGhftoshnK Bekokswe BjhA jB iK ;ekokswe jB T[jBK d/ ekoBK dk fBoXkoD eoBk gJ/rk. d'jK ;w{jK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gfotkoe, ;wkfie, nkofEe go;fEshnK dh s[bBk eoe/ fJj fBPfus eoBk j't/rk fe fejVhnK^fejVhnK rZbK ftZu T[j ;wkB jB ns/ fejVhnK ftZu fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB. fiBQK sZsK s/ T[j fGzB gkJ/ iKd/ jB T[j sZs

B'N



B'N T[jBK Bekokswe nGhftoshnK d/ ekoe j' ;ed/ jB. fJj ftXh fwb dh ftXh s/ nkXkfos j? fi; d/ nB[;ko fejk frnk j? fe “nfijhnK d' xNBktK fiBQK ftZu'A fJZe ftZu P'X tkbh uoD Pkfwb j't/ ns/ d{i/ ftZu Bk j't/ i/eo fJZe B{z SZv e/ j'o ;kohnK ftP/PsktK s/ ;wkB j't/ sK T[j ftP/Psk fi; s/ T[jBK ftZu fGzBsk gkJh iKdh j? P'X tkbh uoD dk eoB j' ;edh j?.” fwb B/ nfij/ eJh j'o th fB:wK dk fBo{gD ehsk j? fiBQK dk T[g:'r fJBQK nfXnBK dh P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD eoB ns/ T[; s/ nkXkfos BshfinK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(II) wjZst^ fJBQK nfXnBK dk eJh go;fEshnK ftZu ftP/P wjZst j?. f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu eJh go;fEshnK nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ftZu gq:'rkswe ftXh (experimental method) dk gq:'r ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. T[ZE/ ekoDtkuh^s[bBkswe nfXnB dk jh ;jkok b?Dk g?Adk j?.

;ktXkBh ihtB dhnK n;b go;fEshnK finkdkso nfijhnK jh jB fiBQK ftZu ;[szso

uoD dk ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r (manipulation) ;zGt BjhA j[zdk.

T[dkjoD d/ bJh, ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu Bekoksw nGhftoshnK B{z nkgD/ tZb'A ftfGzB ;woK s/ T[sgzB eoBk ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ; bJh go;fEshnK ftZu e/tb ekoDtkuh s[bBkswe ftXh dk jh gq:'r eoBk g?Adk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb fJBQK nfXnBK dk nkgDk wjZst j?.

(III) fJBQK nfXnBK d/ d'P^ Gkt/A fe fJBQK nfXnBK dh nkgDh T[g:'rsk j?, sK th T[jBK d/ d'PK, ewhnK dh ikDekoh j'Dk th io{oh j?. fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu ;[szso uoD dk ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fJ; Bkb T[jBK dh T[g:'rsk xN iKdh j?. d{i/ T[jBK ftZu nfij/ uoDK B{z fB:zsfos eoBk th ;zGt BjhA j[zdk fijVh nkfPqs uoD ns/ ;[szso uoD d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzX B{z nDio{oh o{g s'A gqGkfts eod/ jB. fJBQK d' ewhnK d/ ekoB fijV/ Bshi/ fJBQK nfXnBK s'A gqkgs j[zd/ jB T[j finkdk gqf;ZX ns/ t?X BjhA j[zd/. fJBQK d/ BshfinK B{z nfXnB ;zpzX fJekJhnK s/ bkr{ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk Gkt BshfinK dh ;kXkoBheoD dh ;zGktBk pj[s ;hfws j[zdh j?. d{i/ noE ftZu, fJBQK nfXnBK dh pkjoh t?Xsk fBwB ;so dh j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko fJjBK dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk (internal validity) iK P[ZXsk (precision) th finkdk BjhA j[zdh. fJ; bJh fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu xNBk dk fijVk ekoe sZs T[Go e/ nkT[Adk j? T[; B{z p/PZe ;wfMnk BjhA ik ;edk. 3H ;fj^;zpzXkswse nfXnB (Correlational Studies)

toDkswe ns/ nzso;zpzXkswe y'i dh Po/Dh ftZu jh ;fj^;zpzXkswe nfXnB (correlational

studies) th nkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK nfXnBK dk T[d/P th uoDK d/ ftZu ;zpzX gsk eoBk j[zdk j?. uoD go;go ;zpzXs jB iK BjhA fJj sK j'o soQK d/ nfXnBK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok th ikfDnk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ ;fj^;zpzXkswe nfXnBK dh fJj ftP/Psk j? fe T[j e/tb fJj BjhA dZ;d/ fe d' iK d' s'A finkdk uoD go;go ;zpzXs jB, pbfe fJj th dZ;d/ jB fe fJj ;zpzX fezBk v[zxk iK finkdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;fj;zpzXkswe nzeVk ftfrnkB dh fJZe ftP/P ftXh s/ nkXkfos j[zdh j?

fi; d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;zpzX B{z fJZe rfDs tkbh ;zfynk d/ o{g ftZu ftnes ehsk iKdk j? fi; B{z nB[pzX r[DKe (coefficient of correlation) efjzd/ jB.

fJj r[DKe ± 1H0 dh ;hwk d/ nzdo jh j[zdk j?. r[DKe O 1H0 dk noE j[zdk j? g{oD ns/



;ekokswe ;zpzX ns/ ^ 1H0 dk noE j[zdk j? g{oD gozs{ Bekokswe ;zpzX. fJBQK d/ ftZu fijV/ r[DKe j[zd/ jB T[j g{oD s'A xZN ;ekokswe ns/ Bekokswe ;zpzX dh gfjukD tkb/ j[zd/ jB. ;ekokswe ;zpzX dk noE j[zdk j? d'jK uoDK dk fJZe jh fdPk ftZu xNBk iK tXBk. fit/A ^ p[ZXh ns/ ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ftZu i/eo ;ekokswe ;zpzX j? sK fJ; dk noE j't/rk fe p[ZXh tZXdh j? sK ftfdne T[gbpXh th tX/rh. i/eo Bekokswe iK T[bN ;fj^;zpzX j? sK ;fEsh fJj j't/rh fe i/eo p[ZXh tZXdhj? sK ftfdne T[gbpX xNdh j?.

fJj nfXnB nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK s/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB. fJBQK dk gq:'r pj[s finkdk ifNb (complex) ;zpzXK B{z gsk brkT[D ftZu th ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJBQK d/ nkXko s/ pj[^uoDh ftPb/PD (multivariate analysis) ns/ g{oteEB nfXnB (predictive studies) ehs/ iKd/ jB.

fJBQK nfXnBK dh fJZe ewh fJj j? fe fJBQK ftZu uoDK d/ ftZu d/ e/tb ;zpzX dh jh ikDekoh gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJj BjhA frnks ehsk iKdk fe fejVk fe; dk ekoB j?. fJ; bJh fJBQK ftZu ekoB^Bshi/ dk nfXnB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A fJj nfXnB gq:'rkswe nfXnBK s'A fpbe[b fGzB j[zd/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwBfbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State whether the following

Statements are True or False):

4H fe;h th xNBk iK t;s{ dk v[zxkJh Bkb ehsk frnk nfXnB ftPk nfXnB ejkT[Adk j?.

5H noEPk;so d/ y/so ftZu pkb ftek; dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.

6H ;ot/yD nfXnB dk ekoi fysi j[zdk j? ns/ ftPk nfXnBK d/ ekoi bzpeko j[zd/ jB.

7H ftPk nfXnB ftZu c?bkt ns/ u"VkJh j[zdh j?. 6H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

y'i dk fJj ;G s'A finkdk gquZbs gqeko j?. f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu jo fsZi/ nfXnB B{z toDkswe y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk ik ;edk j?.

toDkswe y'i gqw[Zy o{g s'A xNBk, go;fEsh, ;z;Ek iK fe;h ftP/Psk dk e/tb toDB jh eodk j?. P'X g{o j'D e/ pknd T[j fJBQK d/ ftP/ ftZu e/tb fJ; rb dh ftnkfynk eodk j? fe “T[j eh j?<”

toDkswe y'i d/ gqeko^tkB vkb/B B/ fJ; y'i d/ fszB gqekoK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJj jB^ (T) ;ot/yD nfXnB, (n) nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnB, (J) ftek;kswe nfXnB.


1H ;ot/yD nfXnB^ fe;h xNBk dh ftnkgesk, rzGhosk, xNB dh ;zGktBk, T[; d/ toDB nkfd dk gsk brkT[Dk.

2H ekoBtkuh^ xNBk d/ ekoB dh y'i dk gfonk; eoBk.

3H ;fj;zpzXkswe^ fJ; dk Gkt uoDK d/ ftZu ;zpzX frnks eoBk j[zdk j?. 6H6 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H toDkswe y'i s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ gqekoK dk toDB eo'.

B'N



B'N 2H nzso;zpzXkswe nfXnB dk ft;Ekog{oD toDB eo'.

3H ekoDtkuh s[bBkswe nfXnB s/ fBpzXkswe fNZgDh fby'.

4H ftPk nfXnB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H toDkswe 2H ftfrnkBe 3H fBnkdoP u'D 4H ;Zu

5H M{m 6H ;Zu 7H ;Zu 6H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;



3H f;Zfynk seBheh ns/ w[bnzeD^vkH okwgkb f;zx, GZN podoI.



fJekJh^7L ftek;kswe ns/ G{s^nB[bkrh y'i

fJekJh^7L ftek;kswe ns/ G{s^nB[bkrh y'i (Developmental and Ex-Post Facto Research)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


7H1 ftek;kswe nfXnB (Developmental Studies)

7H2 goftosh nfXnB (Trend Studies)

7H3 G{s^nB[bkrh y'i (Ex-Post Facto Research)

7H4 ;Zu gq:'r s'A nzso (Different from True Experiment)

7H5 w[bnzeD (Evaluation)





T[d/P (Objectives)


ftek;kswe ns/ goftosh nfXnB B{z ;wMD ftZul

G{s^nB[bkrh B{z ;wMD ftZul

gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'r s'A nzso ns/ w[bnzeD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


toDkswe y'i dk fsZik gqeko ftek;kswe nfXnB j?. fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK dk T[d/P j[zdk j? fJj gsk brkT[Dk fe; fe;h fBPfus iK fBoXkfos ;w/A d/ nzsokb ftZu fe;h ftnesh, ;z;Ek iK ;wkfie gqfefonk d/ ftek; ftZu fezBk ns/ fe; gqeko dk gfotosB nkfJnk j?. fJ;h d/ Bkb fJ; ftZu fJj ftnkfynk th ehsh iKdh j? fe fijV/ gfotosB T[sgzB j'J/ jB T[j feBQK ekoBK s'A ns/ fe; gqeko T[sgzB j'J/ jB. tkB vkb/B B/ fJBQK nfXnBK d/ d' gqekoK dk toDB ehsk j?^fJZe j? tkXk ns/ ftek;kswe nfXnB (growth studies) ns/ d{ik j? goftosh nfXnB (trend studies). 7H1 ftek;kswe nfXnB (Developmental Studies)

fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnB fe;h th y/so ftZu ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB, gozs{ pkbeK dk tkXk ns/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[jBK B{z ftP/P o{g s'A T[g:'rh gkfJnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; y/so ftZu T[jBK dk gqubB finkdk j?. fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu fJ; rZb s/ gqekP gkfJnk iKdk j? fe pkbeK d/ ftnefsZst dk ftek; fe; soQK j[zdk j?, fe; T[wo ftZu fe; soQK dh wB'ftfrnkBe ftP/PsktK T[jBK ftZu ftef;s j[zdhnK jB, fet/A^ T[jBK ftZu ;w/A nB[;ko gfotosB j[zdk j? ns/ fejV/^fejV/ sZs fJBQK gfotosBK B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. ftek;kswe nfXnB th d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB ^ bzp/^dkn ekN (cross-sectional) ns/ bzpeko ;zpzXh (longitudinal).



B'N

B'N; bzpeko ;zpzXh nfXnBK ftZu fJZe jh pkbe dh iK pkbeK d/ ;w{j dh fe;h

fBPfus ftP/Psk iK ftP/PsktK dk wkg fGzB^fGzB T[wo s/ eJh tko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj ikDB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? fe T[; ftZu fezBk gfotosB j'fJnk j?.

fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnB bzp/ ;w/A sZe uZbd/ ofjzd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, pkbeK d/ fJZe fBPfus ;w{j dh p[ZXh, nkdsK, ;zt/rkswe gfjukD, nksw^p'X, (self-concept), o[uhnK ns/ ftnefsZst dhnK j'o ftP/PsktK dk wkg 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ;kb dh jo T[wo s/ ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ fJj d/fynk ik ;edk j? fe fe; T[wo s/ T[jBK ftZu eh gfotosB j[zdk j?. ftfGzB T[wo^;soK s/ bJ/ rj/ wkgK dh gko;gfoe s[bBk d/ nkXko s/ fJBQK ftP/PsktK d/ eow nB[;ko ftek; dk ns/ T[jBk d/ fgZS/ do;kJ/ fB:wK ns/ f;XKsK dk toDB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

bzp/^dkn ekN nfXnBK ftZu fJZe jh ;w/A ftZu ftfGzB T[wo d/ pkbeK d/ nbZr^nbZr ;w{jK B{z u[D e/ T[jBK d/ T[go's ftP/PsktK dk fJeZm/ jh wkg ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK wkgK dh fco go;go s[bBk ehsk iKdh j? ns/ fJj ikDB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? fe fe; T[wo d/ pkbeK ftZu fejVh ftP/Psk finkdk iK xZN j?. fJ; gqeko fe; T[wo d/ pkbeK ftZu fejVhnK ftP/PsktK gqpb o{g ftZu gkJhnK iKdhnK jB, fJ; dk toDb ehsk ik ;edk j?. eJh P'XeosktK B/ pkbeK d/ ftek; dk nfXnB fJ;h soQK ehsk j?. fJj nfXnB E'V/ ;w/A ftZu jh g{oD j' iKd/ jB. bzpeko ;zpzXh nfXnBK dh soQK bzp/ ;w/A sZe BshfinK dk fJzsIko BjhA eoBk g?Adk.

T[dkjoD ftfGzB T[wo d/ pkbeK dk nfXnB eoe/ T[jBK dhnK ftP/PsktK dk fJeZm/ wkg eoe/ go;go T[jBK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j? fe; T[wo ftZu fejVhnK ftP/PsktK gqpb o{g ftZu gkJhnK iKdhnK j?.

T[go'es d'jK gqeko d/ ftek;kswe nfXnBK ftZu fejVk finkdk nZSk iK T[g:'rh j?, fJj efjDk w[Pfeb j?. jo/e d/ nkgD/ r[D^d'P jB. bzpeko ;zpzX nfXnB d/ fiZE/ e[ZM bkG jB T[ZE/ T[;d/ e[ZM d'P th jB. wB[Zyh ftek; dhnK ftP/PsktK dk fJBQK ftZu finkdk ;jh nfXnB j' gkT[Adk j?, gozs{ T[jBK dk fJj fJZe d'P j? fe Bshfink d/ bJh bzp/ ;w/A sZe fJzsIko eoBk g?Adk j?. d{ik fJzB/ bzp/ ;w/A sZe ;ko/ pkbeK B{z nfXnB j/m oZyDk w[Pfeb j' ikdk j?. T[jBK ftZu'A pj[s ;ko/ nzs sZe T[gbpX BjhA j' gkT[Ad/. fJ; dk BshfinK dh gqf;ZXh s/ d[PgqGkt g?Adk j?. fJBQK nfXnBK d/ BshfinK dh pkjoh t?Xsk th finkdk BjhA j[zdh.

bzp/^dkn ekN nfXnBK ftZu ;wK sK xZN bZrdk j? ns/ T[j ;obsk Bkb ;zgkds j' iKd/ jB fi; d/ ekoB P'Xeosk finkdkso T[jBK B{z jh ngDkT[Ad/ jB, gozs{ T[jBK dk ;G s'A tZvk d'P fJj j? fe T[jBK ftZu ftfGzB T[wo d/ fiBQK ;w{jK dh go;go s[bBk ehsk iKdh j? T[j ;wkB Bk j'D d/ ekoB s[bBk :'r BjhA j[zd/. fJ; ekoB fijV/ Bshi/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB T[j Bk finkdk gqf;ZXh gqkgs j[zd/ jB ns/ Bk t?X.

sK th d'jK gqeko d/ nfXnBK B{z wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk j?. d'jK dk gq:'r y'i d/ y/so ftZu gkfJnk iKdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks) L

1H pkbeK d/ tkX/ ns/ ftek; d/ nfXnB ftZu HHHHHHHHHH pj[s T[g:'rh j[zdk j?. 72 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


2H ftek;kswe nfXnB d' gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB^bzp/^dkn ekN ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH.

3H bzp/^dkn ekN nfXnB xZN HHHHHHHHHH ftZu g{oD j' iKdk j?. 7H2 goftosh nfXnB (Trend Studies)

fJj ftXh th ftek;kswe nfXnB dk o{g j?. fJBQK ftZu th fJ; rZb dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? fe ftek; dh goftosh fej' fijh j?, fejVh ftP/Psk fe; ;kb ftZu finkdk gkJh iKdh j? iK fe; gqeko T[; ftP/Psk dk eow nB[;ko ftek; ekbnzso ftZu j[zdk j?, gozs{ fJBQK nfXnBK dk ekoi fJ; gqeko d/ toDB sZe jh ;hfws BjhA ofjzdk. fJ; s'A nZr/ fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu fJ; rZb s/ th gqekP gkfJnk iKdk j? fe i/eo ftek; dh toswkB goftosh nfijh j? sK GftZy ftZu T[; dh eh ;fEsh j't/rh. Bkb jh T[jBK d/ BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ nfij/ ;[Mkn fdZs/ iKd/ jB fe i/eo ftek; dh goftosh fJjh ojh sK nkT[Adk tkb/ ;kbK ftZu T[; dk ;z;Ek, ;z;Ek d/ tksktoD, T[; d/ nkofEe^;wkfie gfjb{nK s/ eh gqGkt gJ/rk< T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfdnkoEh^dkfybk do dk fgSb/ dZ; ;kbK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj gkfJnk iKdk j? fe jo ;kb ftfdnkoEhnK d/ dkfybk^wzr ftZu dZ; gqshPs dk tkXk j[zdk fojk j?, sK T[; d/ nkXko s/ fJj nB[wkB brkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe ftfdnkb/ dh f;Zfynk d/ you ftZu jo ;kb iK gzi ;kbK ftZu fezBk tkXk j't/rk. T[; d/ nB[;ko fco f;Zfynk^Bhsh dk fBowkD eoBk th ;zGt j' ;edk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' goftosh nfXnB (trend studies) finkdkso GftZy^w[Zyh j[zd/ jB.

fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu P'X ;wZroh fJeZso eoB bJh j'o eJh gqeko dhnK y'iK fit/A^fJfsjkf;e, ;ot/yD nkfd nfXnBK dhnK ftXhnK ns/ seBheK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. ftfdnkfbnK dh ftfdnkoEh^dkfybk, izB;zfynk tkXk dh goftosh, eko'pkoK d/ w"e/, ;wkfie gfotosBK dh goftosh nkfd d/ nfXnB fJ; Po/Dh d/ nzsors nkT[Ad/ jB. Gkth :'iBktK d/ fBowkD d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fJ; soQK d/ nfXnBK dk pj[s wjZst j[zdk j?. 7H3 G{s^nB{bkrh y'i (Ex-post Facto Research)

fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu th xNBktK d/ ftZu ekoikswe (functional) ;zpzXK B{z gsk ehsk iKdk j? ns/ xNBktK d/ xNB d/ ekoBK B{z y'iD dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?.

noE ns/ ;o{g

G{s^nB{bkrh y'i (ex-post facto research) th fJZe nfijk nfXnB j[zdk j?. fi; ftZu ;[szso ns/ nkfPqs uoBK d/ ftZu ekoi^ekoB ;zpzX dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; B{z th gq:'rkswe y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk frnk j?, gozs{ ;Zu gq:'rK dh Pq/Dh ftZu fJ; B{z BjhA oZfynk iKdk feT[Afe gq:'rK ftZu ;[szso uoD d/ gqj;sB iK ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r dh P'Xeosk B{z ;[szsosk j[zdk j? fijVk G{s^nB{bkrh y'i ftZu BjhA j[zdk. gq:'r ftZu ;[szso uoD d/ eJh ;so pDk e/ fJekJh B{z T[B/ jh ;w{jK ftZu ;w;zGkfte ohsh d[nkok tzfvnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu s[bBk :'r ;w{j ;[szso uoD d/ nkXko s/ pDkJ/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ G{s^nB{bkrh y'i ftZu fJj ;w{j nkfPqs uoD d/ nkXko s/ pDkJ/ iKd/ jB Gkt y'i dh gqfefonk nkfPqs uoD s'A nkozG j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh w"fb B/ G{s^nB{bkrh y'i B{z “gqshtofss gq:'r” (experiment in reverse) fejk j? feT[A fe fJ; ftZu ;[szso ns/ nkfPqs uoD dk eow gq:'rnXhB eow d/ mhe T[bN j' iKdk j?. gq:'r ftZu ;[szso uoD s/ gfjbK ftuko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk :'r ;w{j pDkJ/ iKd/ jB idfe G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu nkfPqs uoD gfjbK nkT[Adk j? Gkt gfjbK T[; d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk :'r ;w{j pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. gq:'r ftZu s[bBk :'r ;w{jK dh nkfPqs uoD d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. mhe fJ; d/ T[bN G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu s[bBk :'r ;w{jK dh s[bBk ;[szso uoD d/ nkXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?.



B'N G{s^nB{bkrh d/ nkfPqs uoD s/ ;w{j n;b ftZu pDkJ/ BjhA iKd/ pbfe T[j dkfyb/ ftZu pD/^pDkJ/ T[gbpX j[zd/ jB fijV/ fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB, fit/A^w[zv/^e[VhnK, fgzv tk;h^ Bro tk;h, nwho^rohp, fBwB^T[gbpXhXkoh, T[Zu^T[gbpXhXkoh, finkdk^p[ZXhwkB^ xZN^p[ZXhwkB nkfd. fJBQK ftZu nzso^fGzBsk j'D dk ekoB y'iD bJh pknd ftZu T[gebgs uoDK (;[szso uoDK) s/ T[jBK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo ;kB{z ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh^gq/oDk d/ fBwB ;so dk ekoB gsk eoBk j't/ sK ;kB{z fBwB ;so dh gq/oDk tkb/ ns/ T[Zu ;so d/ gq/oDk tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;w{jK B{z u[D btKr/ ns/ T[jBK dh s[bBk fe;h T[gebgs uoD (fit/A, p[ZXh iK ftfdnkoEhnK dk gfotkoe gfot/P) s/ eoKr/.

G{s^nB{bkrh dk Pkpfde noE jh j? xNBk (nkfPqs uoD) d/ pknd Gkt nkfPqs uoD ;[Gkte ;fEsh ftZu T[gbpX j[zdk j?. fco T[; s'A pknd T[; d/ ekoB dk (;[szso uoD d/ Bkb ;zpzX) gsk brkfJnk iKdk j?. fit/A, T[go'es T[dkjoD ftZu xNBk gq/oDk dk fBwB iK T[Zu ;so gfjbK jh gfot/P ftZu ;[Gkfte o{g ftZu T[gbpX j?. nfij/ ftfdnkoEh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu jB jh. ekoDtkuh^s[bBkswe nfXnBK ftZu th nfijk jh ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ T[; ftZu ekoB dh y'i dh ftXh fJBQK nfXnBK dh ftXh s'A fGzB j[zdh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


4H G{s^nB{bkrh y'i ftZu xNBktK dh ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;zpzXK B{z gsk ehsk iKdk j?.

(T) nekoikswe (n) ekoikswe (J) ftebgBkswe (;) r[Dkswe

5H w"fb B/ G{s^nB{bkrh y'i B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHHH fejk j?.

(T) gfotofss gq:'r (n) ngfotofss gq:'r (J) ;ekokswe gq:'r (;) Bekokswe gq:'r

6H G{s^nB{bkrh dk Pkpfde noE j?^

(T) xNBk d/ ;w/A (n) xNBk s'A gfjbK (J) xNBk d/ pknd (;) fszB'A

7H G{s^nB{bkrh s'A pknd nfXnB dk f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHH d/ y/so ftZu pj[s wjZst j?.

(T) noEPk;so (n) ;wkiPk;so (J) nzeVk ftfrnkB (;) okiBhshPk;so 7H4 ;Zu gq:'r s'A nzso (Different from True Experiment)

gq:'rPkbk ftZu fijV/ gq:'r ehs/ iKd/ jB T[jBK s'A G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnB fBwBfbys fdqPNhe'DK s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB^

1H gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'rK ftZu uoDk dk ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r Gkt gqj;sB ;zGt j[zdk j? ns/ T[; d/ T[bN nkfPqs uoD s/ gJ/ gqGkt dk wkg ns/ nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu nkfPqs uoD d/ ftfGzB ;soK s/ ;w{j pDkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ ;[szso uoD s/ T[jBK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?.

2H gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'rK ftZu nfXnB pkjoh (extraneous) sZsK d/ gqGkt B{z ;w;zGkte ftXh (randomization) ns/ ;wkBheoD (matching) nkfd /d d[nkok fiZE'A sZe ;zGt j' ;e/ fB:zsfos eoB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? fi; d/ Bshi' ti'A ftfGzB T[gukoK (treatments) B{z ;[szso uoD d[nkok T[sgzB j'fJnk ;theko eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j?. G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu fJj fB:zsoD ed/ th ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh fJBQK d/ Bshi/ finkdk fynksh gqkgs BjhA



j[zd/. fB:zsoD dh T[go'es d'B'A ftXhnK G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu ;zGt BjhA j[zdhnK.

3H d'jK gqeko d/ nfXnBK ftZu ftfGzB ;w{jK d/ f;ouB ;zpzXh fJekJhnK dk izB;zfynk (population) ftZu'A sK ;w;[Gkfte ftXh d[nkok u'D ehsk ikDk ;zGt j?, gozs{ G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu T[jBK B{z ;w{jK ftZu fJ; ftXh d[nkok tzvDk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk idfe gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'rK ftZu fJj ;zGt j[zdk j?. G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu fJekJhnK nkgD/ nkg jh ;w{jK ftZu ;wkrs ofjzdhnK jB. nfXnB tkb/ nkfPqs uoD d/ nkXko s/ T[j nkgD/ nkg nkgD/^nkgD/ tor ftZu tzv iKdhnK jB. eofbro d/ nB[;ko, fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu “fJekJhnK” ns/ T[guko s'A jh ;w{jK ftZu tzv/ j'J/ ofjzd/ jB.

B'N

Nk;e gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'r ns/ G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnB ftZu nzso ;gPN eo'.

7H5 w[bnzeD (Evaluation)

fJBQK nfXnBK dhnK fszB gqw[Zy d[opbsktK jB^

1H ;[szso uoD d/ ;jh Yzr s'A gq:'r dh ;zGktBk dh ewh.

2H fJekJhnK dh ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok tzv dh ;zGktBk dh ewh.

3H nfXnB pkjoh uoDK d/ fB:zsoD dhnK w[PfebK.

fJBQK d[opbsktK d/ ekoB fJBQK nfXnBK dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk pj[s xZN j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh w"fb B/ fejk j? fe fJj nfXnB fJeZm/ eJh ;kohnK T[gebgBktK dk ns/ edh^edh sK fto'Xh T[gebgBktK dk th ;woEB eod/ jB feT[Afe fJBQK dh P'X^;wZroh pj[s finkdk fB:zsfos go;fEshnK ftZu fJeZso ehsh iKdh j?. fJ;h ekoB eJh t?ebfge T[gebgBktK T[; s'A fB;os j[zdhnK jB.

;ktXkBh w"fb dk efjDk fJj th j? fe fJBQK nfXnBK B{z ;ot/yD d/ nzsors oZyDk ukjhdk j?

fiBQK dh T[g:'rsk e/tb fJ; fdqPNhe'D ftZu ;wMh ikDh ukjhdk j? fe T[j T[gebgBktK B{z iBw fdzd/ jB^T[jBK T[gebgBktK B{z fiBQK dk pknd ftZu gq:'rK d[nkok ;ZfsnkgB ehsk iKdk j?.

;ko/ b/yeK ns/ ftdtkBK dk fJj wzBDk j? fe G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK ftZu nkfPqs ns/ ;[szso uoD d/ ftZu ;zpzXh dh fijVh ikDekoh T[gbpX j[zdh j? T[j gq:'r dh s[bBk ftZu pj[s xZN ftPtk;:'r j[zdh j?. gozs{ Bkb jh T[jBK dk fJj th efjDk j? fe gq:'r d/ Bshi/ Gkt/A ftPtk;:'r sK pj[s j[zd/ jB gozs{ T[jBK d/ ;kXkoBheoD (external validity) dh ;zGktBk ;hfws j[zdh j?.

fJBQK ;kohnK d[opbsktK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnBK dk f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu pj[s wjZst j? feT[Afe fJBQK y/soK ftZu finkdkso P'X^go;fEshnK nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB fe T[jBK ftZu gq:'rK dh ftt;Ek BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJBQK y/soK ftZu eJh uoD jB fiBQK dk ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r (gqj;sB) BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. p[ZXh, fuzsk, gq/oDk, ftnefsZst dhnK eJh ftP/PsktK nkfd nfij/ jh uoD jB. fJ; soQK, ;wkfie dpkn ns/ sBkn, ;wkfie nGhftoshnK, ;wkfie nkofEe ;so, iksh, Xow nkfd th nfij/ uoD jB fiBQK dk ;jh Yzr s'A gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ftfdnkfbnK dk gfot/P, nfXnkgeK dh ftP/PsktK nkfd th nfijh uoD jB. ;zy/g ftZu, pj[s xZN go;fEshnK fJBQK y/soK ftZu nfijhnK jB fiBQK ftZu gq:'rK dh ;zGktBk j' ;edh j?. fJ; bJh finkdkso



B'N go;fEshnK nfijhnK jh jB fe fiBQK ftZu G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnB jh ;zGt j' gkT[Ad/ jB. 7H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

toDkswe y'i dk fsZik gqeko ftek;kswe nfXnB j?. fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK dk T[d/P j[zdk j? fJj iDBk fe fe;h fBPfus iK fBoXkfos ;w/A d/ nzsokb ftZu fe;h ftnesh, ;z;Ek iK ;wkfie gqfefonk d/ ftek; ftZu fezBk ns/ fe; soQK dk gfotosB nkfJnk j?.

ftek;kswe nfXnB th d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB ^ bzp/^dkn ekN (cross-sectional) ns/ bzpeko ;zpzXh (longitudinal).

d'B'A gqeko d/ ftek;kswe nfXnBK ftZu fejVk finkdk nZSk j? iK T[g:'rh j?, fJj efjDk w[Pfeb j?. jo/e d/ nkgD/ r[D^d'P jB.

G{s^nB{bkrh (ex-post facto research) fJZe nfijk nfXnB j? fi; ftZu ;[szso ns/ nkfPqs uoDK d/ ftZu ekoi^ekoB ;zpzX dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; B{z th gq:'rkswe y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk frnk j?.


1H G{s^nB{bkrh^ xNBk d/ T[goKs iK pknd, xNBKtK d/ ftZu ekoikswe ;zpzXK B{z frnks eoBk.

2H goftPNh^ fe;h ;e{bQ iK ;z;Ek ftZu dkfybk iK Bkw dkfyb eoBk. 7H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ftek;kswe y'i s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

2H G{s^nB{bkrh y'i s/ gqekP gkU.

3H G{s^nB{bkrh y'i dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

1H ftek;swe y'i 2H nBtk:kwh 3 H ;wK 4H (T) ekoikswe

5H (T) gqshtofss gq:'r 6H (J) xNBk d/ pknd 7H (n) ;wkiPk;so. 7H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^8L fJfsjkf;e y'i

fJekJh^8L fJfsjkf;e y'i (Historical Research)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


8H1 fJfsjkf;e y'i dk noE ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Structure of Historical Research)

8H2 fJfsjkf;e y'i dh gqfefonk (Process of Historical Research)

8H3 fJfsjkf;e y'I dh P'X^;wZroh (Data of Historical Research)

8H4 ;wkb'uBk (Criticism)

8H5 fJfsjkf;e y'I dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Historical Research)





T[d/P (Objectives)


fJfsjkf;e y'i d/ noE ns/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD ftZul

fJfsjkf;e y'i dh gqfefonk ns/ P'X^;wroh B{z ;wMD ftZul

;wkb'uBk ns/ w[bnzeD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


f;qPNh ftZu i' e[ZM th j? T[; dk nshs th j[zdk j?, toswkB th ns/ GftZu th. e'Jh th xNBk, ;z;Ek, ftuko, XkoDk, Bhsh, nkofEe^;wkfie ftP/Psk, f;XKs ns/ gfogkNh nfijh BjhA fi; dk nshs Bk j't/, fi; dk fJfsjk; Bk j't/, Bkb jh e[ZM th nfijh BjhA j? fi; dk fJfsjk; T[; d/ toswkB ns/ GftZy Bkb Bk i[fVnk j't/. fJ; bJh fe;h th xNBk, gqfefonk ns/ gozgok B{z uzrh soQK ;wMD d/ bJh eJh tko T[; d/ nshs ftZu MKe e/ d/Dyk th io{oh j[zdk j?. d{ik, wB[Zy dh fJj fifrnk;k pj[s ;t?^;[Gkfte j[zdk j? fe i' T[; d/ nB[Gt dh ;hwk ftZu nkT[Adk j? T[j T[; d/ nshs B{z th ikDB ukj[zdk j?. fJ;h iBwG{wh ftZu frnkB d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftZu fJfsjkf;e y'i dk ;{sogks ns/ ftek; j'fJnk. f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/soK ftZu th fJj y'i wjZstg{oD ;wM/ rJ/. nZi fJBQK y/soK ftZu eJh nfij/ nfXnB T[gbpX jB fijV/ fJ; Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB. 8H1 fJfsjkf;e y'i dk noE ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Structure of Historical Research)

i' phs u[Zek j?, nshs pD u[Zek j? T[; dk toDB, b/y ns/ nfXnB fJfsjk; d/ Bkw Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu nfijk pj[s e[ZM j? fi; dhnK iVQK



B'N nshs dhnK xNBktK sZe c?bhnK jB. fJ; bJh T[; d/ toswkB ;o{g B{z g{oh soQK ;wMD d/ bJh T[; d/ fJ; nshs B{z ikDBk th io{oh j?. nfijk Bk th j't/ sK th ftfdne ns/ ;wkiPk;soh gqfefonktK ns/ gozgoktK d/ nshs nkgD/ nkg ftZu wjZstg{oD ns/ ikDB :'r j[zd/ jB. T[j nkgD/ nkg wB[Zyh fifrnk;k T[sgzB eod/ jB. eJh tko nshs d/ nfXnB GftZy ftZu io{oh gfotosBK dh fdPk tZb th ;ze/s eod/ jB. fJ; bJh fJfsjkf;e y'i dh gfoGkPk fJ; soQK ehsh iKdh j?^ “nfijhnK y'iK fiBQK ftZu T[jBK xNBktK, gqfefonktK ns/ gozgoktK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? fijVhnK nshs ftZu xNdhnK jB.” ;fwE ns/ ;fwE d/ nB[;ko, fJfsjkf;e y'i dk T[d/P nshs dk ;jh^;jh toDB eoBk j[zdk j? phs/ ;Zu dh ftd[skg{oD y'i eoBk, Gkt fifrnk;k dk T[j ;o{g fi; ftZu P'Xeosk ikDBk ukj[zdk j? fe “nshs ftZu fJ; dk o{g, fJ; dh ;fEsh fej' fijh ;h, feT[A ns/ fet/A nfijk j'fJnk”. w"fb d/ nB[;ko, fJfsjkf;e y'i dk T[d/P toswkB dhnK xNBktK B{z j'o finkdk ;gPN gfogo/y gqdkB eoBk j[zdk j?.

B'N; p'or d/ nB[;ko, fJfsjkf;e y'i “nshs dhnK xNBktK d/ ;zpzX ftZu Bshi/

T[gbpX eokT[D ns/ sZEK dk ;ZukJhg{oD eoB ;zpzXh fJfsjkf;e ;kePK dk t;s{fBPm ns/ ftXhg{oD Yzr Bkb y'fink ikDk, T[jBK dk w[bnzeD ns/ ;z;b/PD j?.”

f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu T[; d/ fe;h th gZy B{z b? e/ T[; dh ftrsekbhB ;fEsh dk nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j?. t?fde ekb ftZu r[o{^u/bk ;zpzX, w[rbekbhB f;Zfynk dhnK e[ZM ftP/PsktK, gfjbh gzi;kbk :'iBk ftZu f;Zfynk^Bhsh, t?fde ekb dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, wZXekbhB f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, w[;fbw ekb ftZu wdof;nK dh ;wkfie ftek; ftZu G{whek nkfd eJh ;wZf;nktK nfijhnK j' ;edhnK jB fiBQK dk nshs d/ ;zpzX ftZu nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj ;G nfXnB fJfsjkf;e y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB.

;ko/ fJfsjkf;e nfXnB toDkswe (descriptive) ns/ ftPb/Pdkswe (analytical) gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB. T[jBK ftZu xNBk d/ nshs dh ikDekoh d/D tkb/ gqb/yK, gqgZsoK, ;wkoeK, g[;seK, nGhb/yK, fJfsjkf;e ntP/PK nkfd dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ soQK^soQK d/ sZEK ns/ w"e/ s/ gqkgs ikDekoh B{z fJeZso ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK dk ftPb/PD eoe/ Bshi/ eZY/ iKd/ jB.

fJfsjkf;e nfXnB dk fB:'iB (Planning)

fit/A eJh soQK d/ nfXnBK d/ Bkb j[zdk j? fJBQK nfXnBK dh th ezw nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK fJZe g{oh :'iBk ftXh g{oD fsnko eoBh g?Adh j?.

;ktXkBh ;wf;nk^u'D d/ ftP/ ftZu nkyoh fBoDk b?D s'A gfjbK fJj fBPfus eo b?Dk

pj[s io{oh j[zdk j? fe T[; Bkb ;zpzXs io{oh rtkj, rtkjK d/ ;o's T[gbpX jB iK BjhA.

nfijk BjhA j't/rk sK y'i ;zGt BjhA j't/rh. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzXs ;kfjs ns/ j[D sZe ehshnK rJhnK y'iK dk nfXnB ns/ T[jBK dh ;whfynk eoBk th io{oh j[zdk j?. T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ jh nfXnB d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh ;zpzXh T[gebgBktK dk f;oiB ;zGt j' gkT[Adk j?. j/w?B d/ nB[;ko, fJ;h ;so s/ ;[;gPN T[gebgBktK dk f;oiB ns/ f;Xkse ftek; (theoretical development) dk th gfonk; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. j/w?B B/ th fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu T[gebgBk d/ wjZst B{z ;gPN o{g Bkb ;theko ehsk j?.



8H2 fJfsjkf;e y'i dh gqfefonk (Process of Historical Research)

fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK ftZu th gqfefonk dk brGr T[jh gdeow ofjzdk j? fijVk toDkswe ftXh ftZu ngDkfJnk iKdk j?. tkB vkb/B B/ fBwBfbys gzi gdK dk T[b/y ehsk j?^

(i) ;wZf;nk dk fBoXkoD, T[; dh gfoGkPk ns/ ft;sfos ftnkfynk eoBk.

(ii) nkXkoG{s ;wZroh (source material) fJeZso eoBk fi; d/ nkXko s/ ;wZf;nk ;zpzXh^P'X^;wZroh fJeZso ehsh ikDh j?, ;wZf;nk ;zpzXh ikDekoh ns/ ;{uBktK gqkgs ehshnK ikDhnK jB.

(iii) nkXkoG{s ;wZroh dk nkb'uBkswe (criticism) w[bnzeD.

(iv) T[gebgBktK dk f;oiB (formulation of hypotheses) fiBQK d/ nkXko s/ t;s{^;fEsh dh ftnkfynk ehsh ikDh j?.

(v) ;wZroh dk ftPb/PD, BshfinK dk fBo{gD ns/ YKuk fsnko eoBk.

E'V/ gfotosB d/ Bkb ns/ e[ZM fGzB PpdK ftZu fJbQK gdK dk T[b/y w"fb B/ th ehsk j?. j"e/N B/ sohgdh gqefonk dk toDB ehsk j?. fJj fszB gd jB^

(i) P'X^;wZroh fJeZso eoBk.

(ii) T[; dk w[bnzeD eoBk.

(iii) fbfys YKuk fsnko eoBk. 8H3 fJfsjkf;e y'i dh P'X^;wZroh (Data of Historical Research)

fJjfsjkf;e y'i dh P'X^;wZroh (data) fJfsjkf;e sZsK ns/ xNBktK jh j[zdhnK jB. j'oK y'iK ftZu fJ; ;wZroh dk ;o's w{b o{g s'A wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK, gqPBktbhnK, ;kePkseko nkfd j[zd/ jB, gozs{ fJfsjkf;e y'i ftZu fJj fJfsjkf;e sZEK, xNBktK ns/ ikDekoh d/ o{g ftZu j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK B{z eJh ;o'sK s'A fJeZso ehsk iKdk j?.

T[dkjoD fJfsjkf;e ikDekoh d/ nkXko s/ jh ;wZf;nk Bkb i[V/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso ns/ sZs;zpzXh T[gebgBktK dh iKu ;zpzXh rtkj gq;s{s ehs/ iKd/ jB.

w"fb B/ fJfsjkf;e ikDekoh iK rtkj d/ ;o'sK B{z d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk j?^

(i) fJfsjkf;e gqb/y (documents ,gqgZso).

(ii) fJfsjkf;e ntP/P (relics or remains).

fJZe^d{i/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb tkB vkb/B B/ fJfsjkf;e P'X^;wZroh d/ fJBQK wkfXnwK B{z gqkEfwe (primary) ns/ r'D (secondary) fJBQK d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk j?. “gqkEfwe ;o's”, tkB vkb/B d/ nB[;ko, “fJfsjkf;e y'i dh w{bG{s ;wZroh j[zdh j?.” w{bG{s ;wZroh iK r"D (secondary) ;o's pD iKdk j?. T[; ftZu gq;s{seosk d/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D, nkgDhnK XkoDktK dk g[N th ofjzdk j?. T[; ;fEsh ftZu T[; B{z e[ZM fynkshg{oD wzfBnk iKdk j? sK th T[; dk wjZst xZN BjhA j' iKdk.

gqb/y ;o's d/ nzsors ekch soQK d/ gqeko d/ nGhb/y nkT[Ad/ jB, fit/A^

(i) ;oekoh nGhb/y.

(ii) ftneshrs nGhb/y.

B'N



B'N (iii) ftfGzB gqeko d/ fuZso, BeP/, vokfJzr, c'N' nkfd.

(iv) gqekfPs ;wZroh.

(v) :zsoe ;wZroh fit/A^N/g, thvhU e?;/N nkfd.

ntP/PK d/ nB[;ko th eJh gqeko dhnK t;s{nK nkT[AdhnK jB, fit/A^

(i) ;E{b t;s{nKL fJwkosK, coBhuo, ekch soQK d/ T[geoD, gfoXkB, n"Iko, wo/ j'J/ PohoK d/ ntP/P nkfd.

(ii) gqekfPs ;wZroh.

(iii) j;sfbys ;wZroh nkfd.

T[go'es ;ko/ ;o's T[j ;kohnK ikDekohnK, ;{uBktK (data) gq;s{s eod/ jB fiBQK d/ nkXko s/ ;wZf;nk tkb/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso gqkgs ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[gebgBktK dh iKu ehsh iKdh j?, gozs{ gqf;ZX ns/ t?X Bshi/ gqkgs eoB bJh fJj io{oh j? fe rtkj d/ fJj nkXko th fynksh gqkgs j'D. j'o soQK dhnK y'iK ftZu fi; soQK fJj io{oh j? fe wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyD, gqPBktbh nkfd T[fus ns/ t?X j'D, T[;h soQK fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK ftZu T[go'es^rtkj^;o'sK dk th fynksh gqkgs ns/ t?X j'Dk io{oh ;wfMnk iKdk j? ns/ P'X^;wZroh dk ftPb/PD eoB Bkb T[; dh gqf;ZXh ns/ t?Xsk fBoXkfos eoBk wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; dh gqw[Zy ftXh rtkj^;wkb'uBk (criticism) j[zdh j?.

Nk;e fJfsjkf;e y'i dh P'X^;wZroh s/ fJZe fNZgDh fby'.



1H ;foPNh ftZu i' e[ZM th j?, T[; dk nshs th j[zdk j?, toswkB th ns/ HHHHHHHHHHH th.

2H fijVk nshs pD u[Zek j? T[; dk toDB, b/yB ns/ nfXnB HHHHHHHHHHHH ejkT[Adk j?.

3H ;ko/ fJfsjkf;e nfXnB toDkswe ns/ HHHHHHHHHHH gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB.

4H fJfsjkf;e nfXnB ftZu HHHHHHHHH d/ wjZst B{z ;gPN o{g s'A ;theko ehsk j?. 8H4 rtkj ;wkb'uBk (Criticism)

fJfsjkf;e y'i ftZu fijV/ gqb/y iK ntP/P T[gbpX j[zd/ jB T[jBK B{z fJZedw gqwkfDe wzB b?Dk mhe BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk pj[s poheh Bkb gfjbK T[jBK dh gqwkfDesk fBoXkfos eodk j?. T[j fBoXkfos eodk j? fe T[j gqb/y iK ntP/P w"fbe, n;zfdrX, n;zfdrX ns/ tk;sfte jB iK BjhA. fJ; dk fBoXkoD d' soQK dh ;wkb'uBk d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?^

1H fJZe, pkjoh ;wkb'uBk.

2H d{ih, nzdo{Bh ;wkb'uBk.

1H pkjoh ;wkb'uBkL rtkj ;wkb'uBk d/ pkjoh o{g d/ nB[;ko gqb/y iK ntP/P dh t?Xsk, ;ZukJh iK P[ZXsk dh iKu ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; ftZu P'Xeosk B{z fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso fwbdk j? fe “eh fJj T[jh j? i' fdydh j? iK fit/A w{bo{g ftZu T[sgzB j'Jh j?” ehs/ fJj T[j Bk j' e/ e'Jh X'yk sK BjhA j?< w[Zy o{g Bkb fJ; d/ nzsors gqb/y iK ntP/P d/ w{b b/ye iK ;o's dk



fBoXkoD ehsk iKdk j?. T[j fe; :[r ftZu ns/ ed'A fbfynk iK pDkfJnk frnk, fe; B/ pDkfJnk, feBQK go;fEshnK ftZu pDkfJnk frnk, eh fJjh fJ; dk w{bo{g j? nkfd gZyK s/ rtkj fJeZso eoe/ fJj fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j? fe T[j w"fbe ns/ gqwkfDe j?. b/ye d/ ftP/ ftZu ftP/P o{g s'A iKu ehsh iKdh j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' gqb/y iK T[; dh gKv{fbgh dh GkPk, ftXk, SgkJh nkfd T[; gqb/y d/ gqekPB

dh fwsh iK ;w/A B{z fBPfus eoB ftZu pj[s ;jkJh j[zd/ jB.

gqb/yK ns/ ntP/PK dh gqwkfDesk fBoXkfos eoB ftZu fJfsjk;, GkPk^ftfrnkB, o;kfJDPk;so, fBoPk;so, g[oksZs ftfrnkB, ;kfjs, ebk, GtB^fBowkD Pk;so nkfd eJh y/soK d/ uzr/ frnkB dh ;jkfJsk b?Dh g?Adh j?. fXnkB d/D dh rZb fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu e/tb fJj fBoXkfos iK ;Zfsnkgs ehsk iKdk j? fe gqb/y iK ntP/P w"fbe, tk;sfte ns/ gqwkfDe jB iK BjhA. T[; dh ftPk^t;s{ dk w[bnzeD fJ; s/ nzsors BjhA nkT[Adk.

2H nzdo{Bh ;wkb'uBkL nzdo{Bh ;wkb'uBk d/ nzsors gqb/y iK ntP/P dh ftPk^t;s{ (content), i' e[ZM T[; ftZu fejk frnk j? iK fi; gqeko dh ikDekoh T[j fdzdk j? T[; dk w[bnzeD ehsk iKdk j?. T[j ikDekoh fijVh T[; dh ftPk^t;s{ ftZu gkJh rJh j? feZE'A sZe ;koEe, ;jh ns/ T[fus j? fJj fBoXkfos eoBk nzdo{Bh ;wkb'uBk dk T[d/P j[zdk j?. b/ye B/ i' e[ZM fejk j? T[j feZE/ sZe t?X j?, T[; ftZu fezBh ;ZukJh j?, feZE/ sZe T[j t;s{fBPm j?, feZE/ sZe b/ye B/ sZEK dh ;jh^;jh ftnkfynk ehsh j? nkfd e[ZM nfijhnK ;wZf;nktK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK s/ P'Xeosk rzGhosk Bkb ftuko eodk j? ns/ fBPfus eodk j? fe gqb/y dh ftPk^t;s{ feZE/ sZe t?X ns/ T[fus j?. fJj pj[s e[ZM b/ye dh nkgDh fynksh, gd ns/ ;so d/ nkXko s/, b/ye d/ fbyD d/ Gkt, go;fEshnK fiBQK ftZu fbfynk frnk nkfd d/ nkXko s/ fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo j'o b/yeK B/ th T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu e[ZM fbfynk j? sK T[; B{z th nkXko pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

T[gebgBktK dk f;oiB

gqb/yK ns/ ntP/PK nkfd d/ wkfXnw d[nkok fijVh ikDekoh gqkgs j[zdh j? T[; dk ftPb/PD eoe/ ;wZf;nk tkb/ gqPBk d/ T[Zso iK ;wkXkB y'iD/ j[zd/ jB, gozs{ fJ; s'A gfjbK ;koh fJeZsfos sZEK dk torheoD ns/ g{BormB eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh fdPk^p'Xe ;ze/se io{oh j[zd/ jB. fJj ekoi T[gebgBktK (hypotheses) d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;zGt j[zdk j?. T[jBK fJeZso ehs/ rJ/ fJfsjkf;e sZEK ns/ ;zg{oD ikDekoh B{z fXnkBk g{oD Yzr d[nkok gVQ e/ P'Xeosk e[ZM T[gebgBktK dk fBowkD eodk j? i' ;koh fJeZsfos ;wZroh B{z ftP/P torK ftZu Pkfwb eoB ns/ T[jBK d/ ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/ BshfinK dk fBPgkdB eoB ftZu P'Xeosk dh ;jkfJsk eod/ jB. fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK ftZu th T[gebgBk dk nkgDk wjZst j?, Gkt/A fe T[jBK dk j'Dk io{oh BjhA j?. tkB vkb/B B/ fJBQK d/ wjZst s/ ;gPN o{g s'A gqekP gkfJnk j?. w"fb B/ th r"D o{g ftZu T[; d/ wjZst B{z ;theko ehsk j?. fJfsjkf;e y'i dh gqfefonk d/ gd^eow dh uouk eod/ j'J/ gd^eow (step) uko ftZu T[jBK dk fJj efjDk j? fe “fi; fe;h T[gebgBk iK f;XKs (theory) dk P'X^;wZroh ;woEB eodh j? T[; d/ ;zdoG ftZu T[; dk ftPb/PD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.” T[gebgBk d/ wjZst B{z ;theko eoBk jh j?, gozs{ fJj BjhA ;'uDk ukjhdk fe fJfsjkf;e y'i ftZu T[gebgBk dk j'Dk jo go;fEsh ftZu io{oh j?. fpBK T[gebgBk d/ th fJj y'iK ;zGt j' ;edhnK jB. fJZe rZb j'o fXnkB ftZu oZyD dh j?. i/eo T[gebgBktK dk f;oiB ehsk frnk j? sK T[jBK dh iKu Bk eoe/ e/tb T[jBK ;wZrohnK, ;{uBktK ns/ sZEK dk toDkswe ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j? i' T[gebgBk dk ;woEB eodhnK jB iK T[; B{z BekodhnK jB. T[;h d/ nkXko s/ Bshi/ eZY/ iKd/ jB.


fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo'(State whether the following Statement

are True or False):



B'N 5H fJfsjkf;e y'i dh P'X^;wZroh fJfsjkf;e sZs ns/ xNBktK j[zdhnK jB.

6H f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu T[; dh ftrsekbhB ;fEsh dk nfXnB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

7H rtkj^;wkb'uBk y'i dh ftXh BjhA j?.

8H pkjoh rtkj^;wkb'uBk d/ nzsors ntP/P dh t?Xsk ns/ ;ZukJh dh iKuh ehsh iKdh j?.

8H5 fJfsjkf;e y'i dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Historical Research)

finkdkso fJj gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe eh fJfsjkf;e y'i ftfrnkBe y'i j?. e[ZM b'e T[; B{z ftfrnkBe wzBd/ jB, e[ZM BjhA wzBd/, gozs{ ;ko/ fJj ;theko eod/ jB fe E'V/ o{g ftZu ftfrnkBe j?. j"e/N d/ nB[;ko, ftfrnkBe y'i dhnK fszB ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB^

(i) BohyD,

(ii) T[gebgBk,

(iii) gqhyD.

fJj E'V/ pj[s j/o^c/o Bkb fJfsjkf;e y'i ftZu th ftdwkB ofjzdhnK jB. e[ZM ftdtkBK dk wzBDk j? fe fJfsjkf;e y'i ftZu ekoB^ekoi (cause-effect) ;zpzX dk fBoXkoD BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh T[j ftfrnkBe y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu BjhA oZfynk ik ;edk, gozs{ pj[s ;ko/ fJfsjk;ekoK dk efjDk j? fe fJBQK y'iK ftZu xNBk d/ ekoBK dk th fBoXkoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; soQK e[ZM dk efjDk j? fe fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK ftZu GftZytkDh (prediction) ;zGt BjhA j?, gozs{ e[ZM fJfsjk;eko wzBd/ jB fe e[ZM ftP/P go;fEshnK ftZu g{oteEB iK GftZytkDh th ;zGt j?.

w"fb dk ws j? fe “fJfsjkf;e y'i B{z nftfrnkBe efj e/ BekoBk p[ZXhwkBh dh rZb BjhA j?.” T[jBK dk fJj efjDk j? fe f;Zfynk dhnK wjZstg{oD ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD bJh fJfsjkf;e y'i fJZe gfogo/y (perspective), fJZe iBw G{wh gqdkB eo ;ed/ jB. e[ZM ftdtkBK dk fJj th efjDk j? fe fJfsjkf;e y'iK d/ nkXko s/ w'N/ s"o s/ ;XkoBheoD ns/ fB:w^fBo{gD (derivation of laws) th ;zGt j?. E:{;hvkJhvo; dh soQK T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe “wB[Zyh^;[Gkn d/ nB[o{g fijVk xN u[Zek j? T[j d[pkok xN/rk jh.”

sK th eJh ekoBK s'A fJfsjkf;e y'i B{z ftfrnkBe y'i ftP/Po{g s'A gq:'rkswe y'i d/ ;kjwD/ BjhA oZfynk ik ;edk feT[Afe T[jBK d/ Bshfink dh fynksh ns/ t?Xsk n;zfdrX BjhA j' ;edh. nfXnBK dh nkgDhnK pj[s ;kohnK w[PfebK jB fiBQK B{z d{o eoBk ;ob ekoi BjhA j?. fJ; bJh fJBQK nfXnBK dhnK ;hwktK B{z ;theko eoBk jh ftt/eg{oD j't/rk. 8H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

;foPNh ftZu i' e[ZM th j? T[; dk nshs j[zdk j?, toswkB th ns/ GftZy th. fe;h th xNBk, gqfefonk iK gozgok B{z uzrh soQK ;wMD d/ bJh eJh tko T[; d/ nshs B{z MKe e/ d/yDk th io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ;h iBwG{wh ftZu frnkB d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftZu fJfsjkf;e y'i dk ;{sogks ns/ ftek; j'fJnk.

f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkPk;so d/ y/so ftZu nfijk pj[s e[ZM j? fi;dhnK iVQK nshs dhnK xNBktK sZe c?bhnK jB. fJ; bJh T[; d/ toswkB ;o{g B{z g{oh soQK ;wMD d/ bJh T[; d/ nshs B{z ikDB th io{oh j?.



;ko/ fJfsjkf;e nfXnB toDkswe (descriptive) ns/ ftPb/PDkswe (analytical) gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB. T[jBK ftZu xNBk d/ nshs dh ikDekoh d/D tkb/ gqb/yK, gqgZsoK, ;wkoeK, g[;seK, nGhb/yK, fJfsjkf;e ntP/PK nkfd dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.


1H r"D (Secondary) ^ fJfsjkf;e P'X^;wZroh d/ r"D ;o's.

2H ftrsekbhB^ fijVhnK xNBktK nshs ftZu xNs j'JhnK j'D. 8H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H fJfsjkf;e y'i d/ noE ns/ ;o{g B{z ;gPN eod/ j'J/ T[; dh gqfefonk dk toDB eo'.

2H fJfsjkf;e y'i dh gqw[Zy ftXh „rtkj^;wkb'uBk‟ dk eoB eo'.

3H fJfsjkf;e y'i dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H GftZy 2H fJfsjk; 3H ftPb/PDkswe 4H T[gebgBk

5H ;Zu 6H M{m 7H M{m 8H ;Zu. 8H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H ftfdne seBheh gqpzX ns/ w[bnzeD^vkH okwgkb f;zx, GZN podoI.


3H ftfdne seBheh gqpzX ns/ w[bnzeD^i/H;hH nrotkb, GZN podoI.


B'N



B'N fJekJh^9L gq:'rkswe y'i (Experimental Research)


T[d/P (Objectives)


9H1 gq:'rL noE ns/ ;o{g (Experiment : Meaning and Structure)

9H2 gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'r (True Experiment)

9H3 y/so^gq:'r (Field Experiment)

9H4 y/so^nfXnB (Field Studies)

9H5 gq:'rkswe f;w{b/PB (Experimental Simulation)





T[d/P (Objectives)


gq:'rkswe y'i d/ noE ns/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD ftZul

gq:'rPkbk ;zpzXh gq:'r ns/ y/so^gq:'r B{z ;wMD ftZul

y/so^nfXnB ns/ gq:'rkswe f;w{b/PD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


gq:'rkswe y'i ftZu toDkswe ns/ fJfsjkf;e y'i d/ T[bN P'Xeosk nfXnB dh fe;h go;fEsh dk fi; B{z T[j T[fus ;wMdk j? :E/u o{g ftZu gq:'r (manipulate) eodk j?. j/w?B d/ nB[;ko, T[j nkgD/ nkg fe;h go;fEsh iK xNBk B{z :E/u T[sgzB eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eodk j?. gq:'rkswe y'i dh o{go/yk ;gPN eoB d/ bJh fJj dZ;Dk pj[s io{oh j? fe gq:'r fe;/ B{z efjzd/ jB. 9H1 gq:'rL noE ns/ ;o{g (Experiment: Meaning and Structure)

;Zu iK tk;sfte gq:'r (true experiment) e/tb gq:'rPkbk ftZu jh ehsk ik ;edk j? feT[Afe T[; dh ;XkoD gqfefonk (standard procedure) dk gkbD eoBk gq:'rPkbk ftZu jh ;zGt j' ;edk j?. f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/soK ftZu fJ; ;XkoD gqfefonk dk g{oh soQK gkbD ehsk ikDk ;zGt BjhA j' gkT[Adk feT[Afe fJBQK y/soK ftZu finkdkso fiBQK B{z b? e/ nfXnB ehs/ iKd/ jB pj[s ifNb j[zd/ jB, ns/ gq:'rPkbk ftZu T[jBK dk nfXnB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

gq:'r dk gqw[Zy T[d/P pj[s finkdk fB:zsfos go;fEshnK ftZu d' ukoDK, fJZe ;[szso ns/ d{ik nkfPqs d/ ftZu fefonkswe (functional) ;zpzXK B{z frnks eoBk j[zdk j?, iK fJ; soQK


fJekJh^9L gq:'rkswe y'i

ejhJ/ fe fe;h xNBk d/ fgZS/ fijVhnK go;fEhsnK ekoe o{g ftZu ofjzdhnK jB T[jBK dh y'i eoBk gq:'r dk T[d/P j[zdk j?. eh go;fEsh „T‟ go;fEsh „n‟ dk ekoB j?< eh uoD „T‟ uoD „n‟ Bkb ;zpzXs j?< fJ; gqeko d/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso gqkgs eoB bJh gq:'r dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. fJZe w'N/ T[dkjoD d/ bJh “eh pkbeK dh p[ZXh dk ;so T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh dk ekoB j[zdk j?<” “ eh ;t/o^;t/o ukj ghD Bkb skIrh nkT[Adh j?<”

T[dkjoD “eh wksk^fgsk d/ nkg;h MrV/ T[jBK d/ pZfunK ftZu fttjko ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK T[sgzB eod/ jB<”

nfijhnK ;wZf;nktK jB fiBQK ;wkXkB gq:'rkswe y'i d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh ;zGt j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh gq:'r fJZe nfijh gqfefonk j? fi; d/ nB[;ko fJZE uoD (;[szso) d/ d{i/ uoD (nkfPqs) s/ g?D tkb/ gqGkt dk nfXnB e[ZM j'o gqw[Zy uoDK (fB:zsfos uoDK) B{z fB:zsfos eoe/ ehsk iKdk j?. fiZE/ fJj fB:zsoD pj[s em'o j[zdk j? ns/ ;[szso uoD B{z :E/u gq:'r eoB dh g{oD ;[szso P'Xeosk B{z j[zdh j? (fit/A gq:'rPkbk ftZu) T; B{z ;Zu iK tk;sfte (True Experiment) gq:'r efjzd/ jB. fit/A^fit/A fJj fB:zsoD ns/ ;[szsosk xNdh iKdh j?, nfXnB tk;sfte gq:'r dh ;fEsh s'A d{o jNdk iKdk j?. nfij/ gq:'rK B{z ng{oD iK noX;Zu (quasi experiment) efjzd/ jB. ;B"vrok;^poro^jkJhvB d/ nB[;ko, fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A ;zgzB gq:'rK ftZu pj[s fGzBsk gkJh iKdh j?. fJZe gk;/ ;Zu iK tk;sfte gq:'r (laboratory experiments) jB sK d{i/ gk;/ nfs fB:zsfos ;fj;zpzXkswe (correlational) ns/ BfoyDkswe (observational) gq:'r. fJBQK b/yeK d/ nB[;ko gq:'r dh d{ih e;"Nh dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. fJj d' sZs jB^

(i) xZN s'A xZN d' go;fEshnK iK s[bBkswe ;w{jK dk j'Dk ns/

(ii) ;[szso uoD fi; d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk ;zpzXh ;w{j pDkJ/ iKd/ jB, d/ :E/u gq:'r ns/ gqj;sB dh ;[szsosk.

;[szso uoD d/ :E/u gq:'r s'A Gkt j? fe P'Xeosk nfXnB tkbh fe;h th fJekJh B{z ;[szso uoD^nkXkfos fe;h th ;w{j, T[guko (treatment) d/ nzsors oZy ;e/. nfijk ;zGt Bk j'D dh ;fEsh ftZu P'Xeosk B{z fJekJhnK d/ ;w{jK B{z T[;h o{g ftZu ;theko eoBk g?Adk j? fi; o{g ftZu T[j tksktoD ftZu ;fEo gkJ/ iKd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh i/eo fJj nfXnB eoBk j? fe e?chB dk ftnesh dh fefonkPhbsk s/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j? sK e?chB (;[szso uoD) s/ fszB ;w{j pDkT[Ad/ jB. fJZe T[jBK ftnesh dk fiBQK B{z pj[s finkdk e?chB fdZsh iKdh j?, d{ik fiBQK B{z xZN ns/ fsZik fiBQK pj[s xZN e?chB fdZsh iKdh j?. fco T[jBK dh fefonkPhbsk dk wkg eod/ jK ns/ T[; d/ nkXko s/ fszBK ;w{jK dh s[bBk eod/ jK. i/eo fefonkPhbsk ftZu th T[jh eow fwbdk j? Gkt ;G s'A finkdk e?chB tkb/ ;w{j dh fefonkPhbsk e[ZM xN ns/ ;G s'A xZN e?chB tkb/ ;w{j dh fefonkPhbsk ;G s'A xZN gkJh iKdh j? sK fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe e?chB fefonkPhbsk B{z tXkT[Adh j? Gkt e?chB dk fefonkPhbsk s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?. fJ; ftZu fXnkB d/D eh rZb fJj j? fe P'Xeosk B{z fe;h th ftnesh B{z fe;h th ;w{j ftZu oZyD dh g{oD ;[szsosk j[zdh j?. T[j ;w;zGkfte ftXh (randomly) Bkb fe;h th ftnesh B{z ;w{j iK T[gukko d/ nzsors oZy ;edk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fe;h th T[guko (treatment) iK ;[szso uoD dh ;fEsh fi; dk T[j nkgD/ nkg f;oiB eodk j?, B{z fe;h th nfXnB tkbh fJekJh (ftnesh) s/ nko'fgs eo ;edk j?. fJ;h fefonk B{z ;[szso uoD dk gqj;sB iK :E/u gq:'r (manipulation of independent variable) efjzd/ jB. gozs{ i/eo n;hA ftneshnK dh ;zt/rkswe shotsk dk T[jBK dh fefonkPhbsk s/ gJ/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eod/ jK sK fJj :E/u gq:'r ;zGt BjhA j't/rk feT[A fe ftneshnK dh ;zt/rkswe shotsk B{z BjhA pdfbnk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z nkgDh fJZSk s'A fe;h th ;w[j ftZu BjhA oZfynk ik ;edk. fi; ftZu ;zt/rkswe shotsk pj[s finkdk j? T[; B{z e/tb pj[s shotsk tkb/ ;w{j ftZu jh oZfynk ik ;edk j?, xZN iK pj[s xZN shotsk tkb/ ;w{j ftZu BjhA. ;Zu gq:'r dh fJj ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk j? fe T[; ftZu ;[szso uoD dk gqj;sB iK :E/u gq:'r ;zGt j[zdk j? fi; d/ d[nkok gq:'r ftZu fB:zsoD tXdk j? ns/ so[Nh xNdh j?.

B'N



B'N ;Zu gq:'r dh T[go'es ftP/Psk d/ ekoB T[; d/ BshfinK dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk (internal

validity) iK ;[fBPfussk (precision) tZX iKdh j? Gkt fJj efjDk ;jh jz[dk j? fe nfXnB iK nkfPqs uoD xNDk (dependent variable) T[;h sZs (independent variable) d/ ekoB xNdh j? fi; d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB ehsk ik fojk j?.

gozs{ ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu fJj :E/u gq:'r ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. eJh go;fEshnK ftZu fJj nfttjkfoe ns/ nB?fse th j' ;edk j?. sd P'Xeosk d/ ;kjwD/ B?;rfoe o{g ftZu tksktoD ftZu ;fEs (naturally occurring) ;w{jK B{z b?D d/ fJbktk j'o e'Jh ftebg BjhA ofj iKdk, gozs{ fJ; go;fEsh ftZu ehs/ rJ/ gq:'rK B{z ;Zu gq:'r Bk wzB e/ T[jBK B{z noE^;Zu iK ;fj;zpzXkswe iK e/tb BfoyDkswe nfXnBK dh Pq/Dh ftZu jh oZfynk iKdk j?. T[jBK ftZu e/tb ;zpzX sK ;Ekfgs j[zdk j?, gozs{ ekoiêkoB dh ;EkgBk BjhA j' gkT[Adh. n;b ftZu ekoB nBt/PB dk fB:w gq:'r dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk j? fijVh w"fb d/ “fJZeûoDh fB:w” (law of single variable) s/ nkXkfos j[zdk j?, fi; dk noE j? nkfPqs uoD B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ ;ko/ uoDK B{z fB:zsfos eoe/ e/tb fJZe uoD B{z gqGkfts iK fefonkPhb ofjD fdZsk ikDk. fJj ;jh j? fe fJzBk fB:zsoD f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/soK ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ gq:'rK ftZu ;zGt BjhA j' gkT[Adk, gozs{ fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJj rZb th ;jh j? fe ;zpzXs sZsK ns/ uoDK dk gqGkt BshfinK dh P[ZXsk B{z e[gqGkfts eodk j? ns/ gq:'r ftZu so[ZNh dh wksok B{z tXkT[Adk j?.

gq:'rkswe y'i d/ gqeko

B'N; gq:'rkswe y'i dk gq:'r jh w{bG{s nkXko j[zdk j?.

gq:'r dh T[go'es ftP/PsktK ns/ fB:wK d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb gq:'rkswe y'i B{z fBwB fbys nB[;ko tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^

1H gq:'rPkbk gq:'r (True Experiment)

2H y/so^gq:'r (Field Experiment)

3H y/so nfXnB (Field Studies)

4H G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnB (Expost-facto studies)

5H gq:'rkswe f;w{b/PD (Experimental Simulation).

T[go'es ;ko/ soQK nfXnB gq:'rkswe y'i d/ nzsors nkT[Ad/ jB feT[Afe ;kfonK ftZu uoDK d/ ftZu ekoDêkoi ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoBk T[d/P ofjzdk j?, gozs{ nfXnB feZE/ ns/ fe; soQK ehsk iKdk j?, fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A T[jBK ftZu go;go nzso gkfJnk iKdk j?. jo/e dh ft;sfos ftnkfynk nZe/ ehsh rJh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment) ykbh ;EkBK dh g{os eo' (Fill in the blanks)L

1H ;Zs iK tk;sfte gq:'r e/tb HHHHHHHHHH ftZu jh ehsk ik ;edk j?.

2H gq:'r dk w[Zy T[d/P fB:zsfos go;fEshnK ftZu d' uoDK d/ ftZu HHHHHHHH ;zpzXK B{z

frnks eoBk j?.

3H ekoD^nkt/PD dk fB:w HHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ „fJZeûoDh fB:w‟ s/ nkXkfos j?. 86 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


9H2 gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'r (True Experiment)

gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehs/ rJ/ gq:'rK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok fijVhnK y'iK ehshnK iKdhnK jB, T[jBK B{z ;Zu iK tk;sfte (true) gq:'rkswe nfXnB d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk frnk j? feT[Afe nfXnB dh ;zg{oD go;fEsh pj[s finkdk fB:zsfos j[zdh j?. j'o gq:'rkswe nfXnBK s'A gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehs/ rJ/ gq:'r eJh soQK s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB^

;ktXkBh gq:'rkswe nfXnB e/tb gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehs/ iKd/ jB.

d{ik fJ; ftZu ;[szso uoD dk :E/u gq:'r, ;w;[Gkfte ftXh Bkb fJekJhnK dh ;w{jK ftZu tzv ns/ T[gukoK (treatments) B{z fJekJhnK s/ nko'fgs eoB dh g{oD ;[szsosk j[zdh j?.

d{i/ PpdK ftZu, ;[szso ns/ nkfPqs uoDK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ sZsK B{z brGr g{oD o{g s'A fB:zsfos eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j?. cb;o{g T[gbpX Bshi/ dh ftnkfynk dk fJZe jh o{g ofjzdk j? fe „T‟ ekoB j? „n‟ dk. fJ; d/ fJbktk i/eo e'Jh j'o ftnkfynk ;zGt j[zdh j? sK T[; ;hwk sZe Bshi/ B{z t?X BjhA fejk ik ;edk Gkt i/eo Bshik nfijk j ? fe „n‟ dk e'Jh j'o ekoB th ;zfdrX j? sK T[j T[fus ns/ t?X BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. fJj fJZe nkdoP ;fEsh j?. :EkoEsk fJj j? fe gq:'rkswe nfXnBK dk Ps^gqshPs t?X j'Dk pj[s w[Pfeb j?. e[ZM Bk e[ZM so[ZNh jo gq:'r ftZu ofjzdh jh j?, gozs[ gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehs/ rJ/ gq:'r fi; rZb ftZu d{i/ gq:'rkswe nfXnBK s'A fGzBsk oZyd/ jB T[j j? T[jBK dh wB[Zyh^fBofws ftt;Ek (contrived setting). eofbro d/ nB[;ko, gq:'rPkbk ;zpzXh gq:'r d/ fszB gqw[Zy fNZu/ j[zd/ jB^

(i) P[ZX ns/ d'Pofjs go;fEshnK ftZu xNBktK d/ ftZu fefonkwD (functional) ;zpzX B{z

frnks eoBk,

(ii) d{i/ nfXnBK ns/ f;XKsK d/ nkXko s/ gq;skfts GftZytkDhnK dk gqhyD eoBk,

(iii) f;XKsK ns/ T[gebgBktK dh gfoGkPk eoB, BthnK T[gebgBktK dk f;oiB eoBk ns/ f;XKse szso (theoretical system) dk fBowkD eoBk.

gq:'rkswe y'i w{b o{g s'A f;XKs^fBo{gD Bkb ;zpzXs j?. BthBsw gquZbs ns/ t?X frnkB d/ f;oiB dk pj[s finkdk T[g:'rh ns/ gqgktPkbh wkfXnw j?, gozs{ fJj rZb sK jh ;jh j[zdh j? id'A gq:'r g{oh soQK fB:zsfos Yzr s'A ehsk iKdk j? feT[Afe jo/e go;fEsh ftZu ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh e[ZM gq:'rkswe nfXnB finkdk gquZbs ns/ t?X j[zd/ jB ns/ e[ZM xZN. 9H3 y/so^gq:'r (Field Experiment)

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' id'A e'Jh gq:'r gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehsk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z gq:'rPkbk gq:'r

(laboratory experiment) iK ;Zu gq:'r (true experiment) efjzd/ jB. id'A gq:'r gq:'rPkbk s'A pkjo y[Zb/ y/so (field) ftZu ehsk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z y/so^gq:'r efjzd/ jB.

y/so gq:'rPkbk s'A pj[s fGzB j[zdk j? ns/ fJj fGzBsk y/so^gq:'r d/ ;o{g B{z th gqGkfts eodh j?. gq:'rPkbk ftZu P'Xeosk d/ bJh jo go;fEsh B{z fB:zsfos eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j?. T[j id'A ukj/ nfXnB dh ftt;Ek ftZu b'VhAd/ gfotosB eo ;edk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN y/so pj[s ft;sfos j[zdk j? T[; ftZu eJh sZs, go;fEshnK, uoD fefonkPhb ofjzd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z fB:zsfos eo gkT[Dk P'Xeosk d/ bJh ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. eJh y/soh PeshnK (field forces)



B'N fJZe^d{i/ B[z fJeZm/ gqGkfts eod/ ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK B{z fB:zsfos eoBk sK d{o fojk fJj ikDBk th ;ob BjhA j[zdk fe fe;h nfXnB dh ;fEsh ftZu fejV/^fejV/ sZs ekoi eo oj/ jB ns/ BshfinK B{z gqGkfts eo oj/ jB. fJ; bJh gq:'rpkbk s'A pkjo y/so ftZu ehs/ rJ/ gq:'r T[jBK s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB fijV/ gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK gq:'rK B{z y/so^gq:'r fejk iKdk j?.

noE ns/ ;o{g

fJBQK gq:'rK dk th skoeg{oD nkXko sK T[jh j[zdk j? fijVk gq:'rPkbk gq:'rK dk j[zdk j?. fJBQK ftZu th fJZe iK d' ;[szso uoDK dk :E/u gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK ftZu P'Xeosk ;[szso uoD d/ eJh ;so pDk e/ y'i ;zpzXh fJekJhnK (subjects) B{z nXkos ;w{jK ftZu oZy e/ nkfPqs uoD s/ T[jBK dk wkg eodk j? ns/ BshfinK dh s[bBk eoe/ Bshi/ gqkgs eodk j?. fJ; ftZu ;Zu gq:'r dh soQK s[bBk:'r ;w{j ;[szso uoD d/ ftfGzB ;soK d/ nkXko s/ pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. finkdkso sK fJj ;w{j pD/ pDkJ/ fBPfus ofjzd/ jB, Gkt fejVhnK fJekJhnK fe; ;w{j ftZu ofjDrhnK, fJj fBPfus ofjzdk j?. P'Xeosk T[jBK dh e/tb u'D eodk j?. fit/A, finkdk p[ZXhwkB ns/ xZN p[ZXhwkB d' ;w{j pDkT[D s/ finkdk p[ZXhwkB pZu/ finkdk p[ZXhwkB tor ftZu jh ofjDr/. P'Xeosk B{z T[jBK ftZu'A e[ZM B{z nfXnB bJh f;oc u[DBk jh j[zdk j?. gozs{ e[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok fJZSknB[;ko fe;h th ;w{j (T[guko) ftZu fJekJhnK dh tzv ;zGt j[zdh j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d[nkok y/so^gq:'r, gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'r d/ ;wkB jh j[zdk j?, gozs{ T[; B{z T[j fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A fGzB j[zdk j? fe T[; dh ftt;Ek, gqfefonk B{z y/so d/ B?;rfoe tksktoD ftZu fJekJhnK d/ ;[Gkte fttjkoK d/ nkXko s/ ;zgB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bjh y/so d/ tksktoD ftZu ftnkgs gkJhnK T[jBK go;fEshnK dk fB:zsoD BjhA j' gkT[Adk fi; d[nkok T[jBK d/ gfotkoe tksktoD d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk j? sk gfotkoe tksktoD (;[szso uoD) d/ nkXko s/ nB[e{b ns/ gqshe{b tksktoD ftZu ofjD tkb/ pkbeK d/ d' ;w{j pDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJZE/ fJj ;zGt BjhA j? fe pkbeK B[z ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok (randomly) fJ; iK T[; ;w{j ftZu oZfynk ik ;e/. fijVk fi; tor dk j? T[;h ftZu oj/rk. fJj sK pkbeK d/ B?;rfoe ;w{j jB fijV/ gfjbK s'A ftdwkB jB. fJj ;zGt j? fe d'^fszB j'o ;zpzXs (correlated) uoDK s/ d'jK ;w{jK d/ pkbeK ftZu ;wkBsk ;Ekfgs eo bJh ikt/, gozs{ nkgDh fJZSk Bkb ;w{jK dk fBowkD ;zGt BjhA j?.

gq:'r dh ftG/de ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[; ftZu P'Xeosk ;[szso uoD Bkb nkozG eoe/ nkfPqs uoD tZb iKdk j?, Gkt gfjbK T[j ;[szso uoD d/ ftfGzB ;so u[D e/ T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ gq:'r nXhB ;w{jK dk f;oiB eodk j?. fco T[; s'A pknd T[jBK ;w{jK d/ nkfPqs uoD nkXkfos fttjkoK dk wkg eodk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb y/so^gq:'r ns/ gq:'rpkbk ftZu ehs/ rJ/ gq:'r fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB. y/so^gq:'r ftZu ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ;[szso uoD s/ fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j pDkT[Dk, Gkt ;[szso uoD d/ :E/u gq:'r dh ;zGktBk xZN j[zdh j?. Bkb jh ;zpzXs uoDK d/ fB:zsoD dh ;w;zGktBk th T[; ftZu xZN j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'rk dh s[bBk ftZu y/so^gq:'rk d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk (precision) ns/ t?Xsk xZN j[zdh j?. nfB:zsfos uoDK d/ gqGkt d/ ekoB Bshi/ finkdk so[ZNhg{oD j[zd/ jB. fJj nzso fJ; bJh j[zdk j? fe y/so^gq:'r gq:'rPkbk d/ pkjo y/so ftZu ehs/ iKd/ jB fi; d/ eJh sZsK s/ P'Xeosk fB:zsoD BjhA eo ;ed/.

w[bnzeD

Gkt/A y/so^gq:'rK dh gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'rk dh s[bBk ftZu xZN j[zdh j? ns/ T[jBK dhnK nkgDhnK ;hwktK jB sK th f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu T[jBK dh T[g:'rsk pj[s finkdk j?. fJBQK y/soK ftZu fijV/ nfXnB ehs/ rJ/ jB T[jBK ftZu finkdkso y/so^gq:'r jh fwbDr/. fJBQK y/soK ftZu finkdkso P'X go;fEshnK nfijhnK jB fiBQK ftZu gq:'rPkbk gq:'r ehs/ jh BjhA ik ;ed/. f;oc y/so^gq:'r jh ;zGt j?. fJ; bJh fJBQK y/soK ftZu T[jBK dk ftP/P wjZst j?. i/eo u[ezBsk Bkb wZXtosh



(intervening) ns/ ;zpzXs (correlated) uoDK B{z fB:zsfos eoB dk gfonk; ehsk ikt/ sK T[jBK d/ d'PK B{z ekch jZd sZe xZN ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ gq:'rPkbk gq:'rK d/ brGr ;kjwD/ fbnkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

y/so^gq:'r fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A finkdk T[g:'rh j[zd/ jB fe T[jBK ftZu nfXnB tkbhnK fJekJhnK d/ fttjko B?;rfoe j'D d/ ekoB BshfinK dh pkjoh t?Xsk (;XkoBheoD dh ftnkgesk) tZX iKdh j? fijVh gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'rK ftZu nfsfB:zsohD nXhB j'D ns/ P'Xeosk d[nok T[sgzB ehs/ ikD d/ cb;o{g, fJekJhnK d/ fttjko n;[Gkfte j'D e/ ekoB jw/PK xZN ofjzdh j?.

d{ik bkG y/so^gq:'rK dk fJj j? fe T[jBK S'N/ ;w{jK dh rfsnkswesk ns/ ;[Gkfte ;wkfie gqfefonktK dk tXhe gqGktg{oD Yzr s'A nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j? fijV/ gq:'rPkbk d/ gq:'rK ftZu Bk sK ;zGt j[zdk j? ns/ Bk ;koEe.

fsZik bkG fJj j? fe fttjkfoe ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD ns/ f;XKsK d/ ;ZukJh ;zpzXh fJj finkdk T[fus jB. Bkb jh T[jBK dh gqfefonk finkdk buhbh j'D d/ ekoB pj[s ;ko/ gqeko dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu T[jBK dk gq:'r ;zGt j?.

fJBQK gq:'rK d/ d' jh d'P jB^fJZe sK fJBQK ftZu ;[szso uoD :E/u gq:'r (manipulation) dh ;zGktBk xZN j[zdh j? ns/ d{i/ T[jBK ftZu fJekJhnK B{z ;w;zGkfte ftXh (randomization) d[nkok ;w{jK ftZu tzvDk th ;zGt BjhA j' gkT[Adk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


4H gq:'rkswe y'i w{b o{g s'A HHHHHHHHHHH fBo{gD Bkb ;zpzXs j?.

(T) ftt;Ek (n) f;XKs (J) gq:'r (;) y/so

5H id'A e'Jh gq:'r, gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehsk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHHH gq:'r efjzd/ jB.

(T) y/so (n) nfXnB (J) ;Zu (;) BohyD

6H gq:'rPkbk tkb/ gq:'r dh s[bBk ftZu y/so gq:'r dh P[ZXsk ns/ t?Xsk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j[zdh

j?.

(T) finkdk (n) xZN (J) fpbe[b BjhA (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

7H fttjkfoe ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD ns/ HHHHHHHHHH d/ ;ZfsnkgB ;zpzXh y/so gq:'r

finkdk T[fus j?.

(T) f;XKs (n) nfXnB (J) gqhyD (;) ftt;EkgB. 9H4 y/so^nfXnB (Field Studies)

y/so^nfXnB (field studies) th gq:'rkswe y'i dh Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB feT[Afe T[jBK ftZu th ekoB^ekoi ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ fJj th gq:'rPkbk gq:'r (true experiment) (;Zu gq:'r) ns/ y/so gq:'r s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB.

noE ns/ ;o{g

eofbro d/ nB[;ko, y/so^nfXnB (field studies) G{s^nB{bkrh (expost facto studies) jh jB fiBQK dk T[d/P tk;sfte ftt;Ek ftZu fefonkwkB ;wkiPk;soh, ftfdne ns/

B'N



B'N wB'ftfrnkBe uoDK d/ ftZu ;zpzXK ns/ nzso^fefonktK dh y'i eoBk j[zdk j?. ;gPN j? fe y/so^nfXnB (i) G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnB j[zd/ jB ns/ (ii) ihtB dhnK :EkoE go;fEshnK ftZu jh Gkt fttjkoK d/ tk;sfte gfot/P (setting) fit/A ftfdnkb/, gfotko, ;w[dkJ/ nkfd ftZu jh T[jBK B{z ehsk iKdk j?. fttjko^gfot/P ftZu e'Jh j/o^c/o BjhA ehsk iKdk j? ns/ nfXnB ;zpzXh fttjko fiBQK BohyD ns/ wkg ehsk iKdk j? tk;sfte ns/ B?;rfoe j[zd/ jB. T[jBK B{z P'Xeosk d[nkok fe;h gqfefonk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok T[sgzB BjhA ehsk iKdk. pkoeo (1965) d/ nB[;ko, fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu P'Xeosk e/tb fJZe dybnzdkIh (transducer) jh j[zdh j?. fJBQK nfXnBK dh ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJBQK ftZu fttjko dk T[; o{g ftZu nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? fi; o{g ftZu T[j xfNs j[zdk j?. eofbro d/ PpdK ftZu, fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu P'Xeosk fe;h ;[szso uoD dk :E/u gq:'r (manipulation) BjhA eodk.

y/so^nfXnB ns/ y/so^gq:'r d'jK ftZu ns/ y/so^nfXnB ns/ gq:'rPkbk ;zpzXh gq:'r ftZu nzso fJj j[zdk j? fe y/so^nfXnB ftZu s[bBkse ;w{jK ftZu f;oiB nkfPqs uoD d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j? idfe pkeh d'jK ftZu T[jBK dk f;oiB ;[szso uoD d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. fit/A, i/eo p[ZXh ns/ ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ftZu ekoB^ekoi ;zpzX dk nfXnB eoBk j? sK y/so^nfXnB ftZu xZN T[gbpXh ns/ tZX T[gbpXh tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;w{j pDktKr/ ns/ d'jK ;w{jK dh p[ZXh d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk eoKr/. pkeh d'jK soQK d/ gqekoK ftZu xZN p[ZXhwkB ns/ tZX p[ZXhwkB d' ;w{j p[ZXh d/ nkXko s/ pDktKr/ ns/ fco T[gbpXh d/ nkXko s/ T[jBK dh s[bBk eoKr/.

eki B/ fJBQK nfXnBK d/ d' gqekoK dk T[b/y ehsk j?^

1H y'ig{oe (Exploratory) ns/ 2H T[gebgBk^gqhye (Hypothesis testing).

y'ig{oe nfXnBK ftZu “eh j?” dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? idfe T[gebgBk^gqhye nfXnBK ftZu uoDK d/ gkogfoe ;zpzXK B{z frnks eoB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?. ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh dh y'i, ;z;Ekrs tksktoD B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ sZsK dh y'i nkfd T[gebgBk^gqhye nfXnBK d/ T[dkjoD j' ;ed/ jB.

w[bnzeD

eobfro dk ws j? fe y/so^nfXnBK ftZu “:EkoEsk, wjZst, uoDK dh wip{sh, f;XKs w[Zysk ns/ gqPBtkue ftP/Psk finkdk j[zdh j?” feT[Afe fJj nfXnB ihtB dhnK tk;sfte go;fEshnK ftZu ehs/ iKd/ jB, fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ Bshi/ j'o ;wkB go;fEshnK s/ th bkr{ wzB/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d[nkok T[j :EkoEsk d/ ekch B/V/ wzB/ iKd/ jB. wjZstg{oD fJ; bJh wzB/ iKd/ jB fe T[jBK d/ d[nkok nfXnB ;zpzXh xNBktK d/ ftP/ ftZu pj[s ;koh ikDekoh gqkgs j[zdh j? fi; B{z b? e/ pknd ftZu pj[s ;ko/ fB:zsoDg{oD gq:'r ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. uoDK dh wip{sh s'A Gkt fJj j? fe B?;rfoe gfot/P ftZu tk;sfte fttjkoK dk nfXnB j'D d/ ekoB uoDK dh fttjkoK ftZu nGhftnesh finkdk ;gPN o{g s'A j' gkT[Adh j?. gq:'rPkbk ftZu fJj fttjko dp iKd/ jb. fJBQK ftZu uoDK dh g{oD nGhftnesh BjhA j' gkT[Adh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK dh T[gbpXh dh gq/oDk dk wkg ;e{bQ ftZu eohJ/ sK T[j finkdk T[Go e/ nkJ/rh. gq:'rPkbk ftZu T[; dh nGhftnesh T[Bh nZSh BjhA j't/rh. fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu e/tb sZEk dk jh ;zebB BjhA j[zdk, pbfe f;XKs^fBo{gD dh ;zGktBk th w"i{d ofjzdh j?. gqPBtkue j'D dk noE j? fe fJBQK nfXnBK d/ Bshi/ pj[s ;ko/ Bt/A gqPBK B{z iBw fdzd/ jB, fiBQK d/ T[Zso gqkgs eoB bJh d[pkok ns/ nfXnB eoB dh io{os j[zdh j?. fit/A, i/eo fe;h nfXnB ftZu fJj Bshik fBebdk j? fe pkbeK d/ nkswp'X (self-concepts) T[jBK d/ gfotkoe gfot/P s'A gqGkfts j[zd/ jB sK fJ; Bkb eJh Bt/A gqPB T[Go e/ nkT[Ad/ jBL eh nfijk pkbe ns/ T[; d/ wksk^fgsk d/ ftZu d/ ;zpzXK d/ ekoB j[zdk j?, eh gfotko d/ pZfunK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK d/ ekoB j[zdk j?, eh gfotko dh nkofEe^;wkfie ;fEsh fJ; dk ekoB j? nkfd.



Nk;e y/so^nfXnB dk w[bnzeD eo'.

B'N

fJBQK ;ko/ ;dr[DK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th fJBQK nfXnBK d/ e[ZM d'P th jB. T[j ;ko/ d'P fiBQK dk T[b/y G{s^nB{bkrh y'i d/ ftP/ ftZu ehsk frnk j?, y/so^nfXnBK ftZu th jB. gq:'rPkbk gq:'rK ns/ y/so^gq:'rK dh s[bBk ftZu y/so^nfXnBK d/ Bshi/ xZN gquZbs ns/ t?X j[zd/ jB. fJ; dk ekoB fJjh j? fe fJBQK ftZu Bk sK ;[szso uoD dk ;jh Yzr s'A gq:'r j[zdk j? ns/ Bk ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok fBowkD. fB:zsoD dh ewh jh fJBQK d'PK dk ekoB j[zdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwBfbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State whether the following Statement

are True or False)

8H gq:'r dk T[d/P xNBk d/ ekoBK dh y'i eoBk j?.

9H ;Zu gq:'r y[Zb/ y/so ftZu ehs/ iKd/ jB.

10H eofbro d/ nB[;ko y/so nfXnB, G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnB jh jB.

11H gq:'rkswe f;w{b/PB dk gq:'r fttjko^ftfrnkB ftZu e[ZM ;kbK gfjbK nkozG j'fJnk. 9H5 gq:'rkswe f;w{b/PB (Experimental Simulation)

fJj th gq:'rkswe y'i dh fJZe ftXh j?. e[ZM y/soK ftZu fJ; dk gq:'r pj[s gfjbK s'A j[zdk nk fojk j?, gozs{ fttjko^ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu T[; dk gq:'r ni/ e[ZM jh ;kbk s'A j'Dk nkozG j'fJnk j?.

noE ns/ ;o{g

fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu nfXnB ;zpzXh fttjkoK fiBQK ftZu nfXnB ;zpzXh uoDK dh nGhftnesh j[zdh j?, d/ gfot/P dk n;[Gkte f;oiB ehsk iKdk j? fijVk tk;sfte gfot/PK d/ pj[s ;wkB j[zdk j?. fit/A, fJj ikDB d/ bJh fe e'Jh f;Zfynk^ftXh BthA iwks B{z gVQkT[D bJh fezBh gqGktPkbh j?^ftfdnkoEh nfXnkge tk;sfte iwks ftZu T[; dk gq:'r Bk eoe/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK B{z jh fpmk e/ T[; B{z iwks 9 jh ;wMe/ gVQkT[Ad/ jB ns/ e[ZM fdB pknd f;Zfynk ftXh dk w[bnzeD eod/ jB, fJj gq:'r f;w{b/PD gq:'r ejkJ/rk. fJ; ftZu fJj io{oh j? fe n;[Gkfte go;fesh finkdk s'A finkdk tk;sfte go;fEsh d/ ;wkB j't/.

gq:'rPkbk ;zpzXh y'i dh soQK f;w{b/fNv gq:'r ftZu th uoDK dk fB:zsoD, ;[szso uoDk ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r ns/ ;w;zgkfte ftXh nkfd dk ;wkt/P ofjzdk j?. gqpzXB (management) ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu pj[s ;kohnK y/vK dk fJikd ehsk frnk j? fijVhnK gqpzXB^ftfrnkB d/ ;{soK, fB:wK nkfd d/ fefonkPhb ns/ T[jBK dh ;cbsk B{z do;kT[D d/ :'r wkfXnw jB.

w[bnzeD

f;w{b/fNv y'i fttjko^ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu finkdk gquZbs BjhA j?. ;zGt o{g s'A ekoB fJj

j? fe fttjko^ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK dh ;w;zGktBk xZN j? ns/ T[jBK

d/ BshfinK B{z tk;sfte go;fEshnK ftZu ;EkBKsoB eoB s/ T[jBK dh T[g:'rsk finkdk BjhA

gkJh j[zdh j?.



B'N nkyoh Bshik

fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu y'i dhnK S/ ftXhnK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK ftZu'A jo/e d/ nkgD/ r[D^d'P jB. fJj ;'uDk T[fus BjhA j? fe fJj ftXh ;otT[Zsw j? ns/ T[j ftXh nDT[fus j?. fejVh ;otT[Zsw ftXh j? fJj nfXnB d/ T[d/PK ns/ go;fEshnK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fttjko^ftfrnkBK Bkb ;zpzXs y'iK dh tk;sftesk fJj j? fe P'Xeosk B{z T[jBK ftZu jw/PK P[ZXsk (precision) ns/ :EkoEsk (realism) d/ ftZu, nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh t?Xsk d/ ftZu, fB:zsfos ftt;Ek ns/ B?;rfoe ftt;Ek d/ ftZu ;wM"sk eoBk g?Adk j?. fJ; gfogo/y ftZu ftukoB eoB s/ gqshs j[zdk j? fe y/so^nfXnBK ftZu ;G s'A finkdk :EkoEsk ns/ fttjkoK dh tk;sftesk ofjzdh j?. y/so^gq:'r fJBQK s'A E'Vk jN e/ uoDK d/ fB:zsoD ns/ ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r dh fdPk ftZu ub/ iKd/ jB. gq:'rPkbk ;zpzXh gq:'r fit/A dk j? T[; B{z ns/ ;[Gkte fttjko^ftt;Ek B{z g{oh soQK Beko e/ :EkoEsk s'A pj[s d{o ub/ iKd/ jB. f;w{b/fNv gq:'r :EkoEsk s'A ;G s'A finkdk d{o j[zd/ jB.

jo/e P'Xeosk B{z fJZe rZb uzrh soQK :kd oZyDh ukjhdh j? fe “:EkoEsk”, “P[ZXsk” ns/ “;XkoBheoD” jo/e nfXnB ftZu pj[s finkdk io{oh jB, gozs{ ;kfonK dk fJeZm/ jh tkXk ;zGt BjhA j?. gq:'rPkbk ;zpzXh gq:'rK ftZu P[ZXs, fB:zsoD ns/ ;jh Yzr d[nkok gq:'r, ;G s'A finkdk j[zdk j?, gozs{ eow nB[;ko f;w{b/fNv gq:'r, y/so^gq:'r ns/ y/so nfXnBK ftZu fJj fszB'A ftP/PsktK xZN j[zdhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ fJ; d/ T[bN T[jBK ftZu T[;h eow ftZu :EkoEsk ns/ ;[Gkfte fttjko^ftt;Ek tZXdh iKdh j?. fJj fszB'A ftP/PsktK P[ZXsk, fB:zsoD ns/ ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD jB, gozs{ fszBK dh fJZe jh nfXnB ftZu io{oh ;wkB tkXk ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; fpzd{ s/ nk e/ P'Xeosk fJZe tZvh T[bN go;fEsh ftZu c; iKdk j?. i/eo T[j fJZe ftP/Psk ftZu tkXk eoB dk gfonk; eodk j? sK d{ih nkgD/^nkg jh xND bZrdh j?. fJ; bJh fejVh ;jh ftXh j?, fJ; Mw/b/ ftZu Bk g? e/ T[; B{z T[; ftXh B{z ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j? fijVh nfXnB d/ T[d/PK ns/ go;fEshnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;G s'A uzrh j't/. T[; dh u'D eoe/ T[; d/ d'PK B{z ;zGt sohe/ Bkb xZN eoe/ ns/ T[; d/ r[DK B{z ;pb pDk e/ finkdk s'A finkdk T[g:'rh pDkT[Dk dk gfonk; eoBk ukjhdk j?. y'i ftXh dh u'D ftZu fJj ;G s'A nZSk ns/ ;ekokswe fdqPNhe'D gqshs j[zdk j?. 9H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

gq:'r dk gqw[Zy T[d/P pj[s finkdk fB:zsfos go;fEshnK ftZu d' uoDK, fJZe ;[szso ns/ d{ik nkfPqs d/ ftZu fefonkwkB (functional) ;zpzXK B{z frnks eoBk j[zdk j?.

fe;h th T[guko (treatment) iK ;[szso uoD dh ;fEsh fi; dk T[j ;[szso f;oiB eodk j?, B{z fe;h th nfXnB ;zpzXh fJekJh (ftnesh) s/ nko'fgs eo ;edk j?. fJ;h gqfefonk B{z ;[szso uoD dk gqj;sB iK ;jh Yzr Bkb gq:'r efjzd/ jB.

y/so^gq:'rK dh gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk gq:'rPkbsk gq:'rK dh s[bBk ftZu xZN j[zdh j? ns/ T[jBK dhnK nkgDhnK ;hwktK jB sK th f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu T[jBK dh T[g:'rsk pj[s finkdk j?.

eofbro d/ nB[;ko, y/so^nfXnB (field studies) G{s^nB{bkrh nfXnB (ex-post

facto studies) jh jB fiBQK dk T[d/P tk;sfte ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftZu fefonkwkB ;wkiPk;soh, ftfdne ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe uoDK d/ ftZu ;zpzXK ns/ nzso^fefonktK dh y'i eoBk j[zdk j?.




1H ;jh Yzr^ fJZSk d/ nB[;ko gq:'r eoBk (;[szso uoD dk).

2H f;w{b/fNv gq:'r^ nfXnB ;zpzXh fttjkoK ftZu ;[Gkfte gfot/P d/ ;wkB n;[Gkfte

gfot/p dk f;oiB.

3H B?;rfoe^ gqfefosh, ;[Gkfte. 9H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gq:'rkswe y'i s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' ns/ fJj fezB/ soQK d/ j[zd/ jB<

2H y/so gq:'r s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< toDB eo'.

3H y/so nfXnB s/ gqekP gkU.

4H gq:'rkswe f;w{b/PD s/ fNZgDh fby'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H gq:'rPkbk 2H fefonkwkB 3H fwb 4H (n) f;XKs

5H (J) ;Zu 6H (n) xZN 7H f;XKsK 8H ;Zu

9H M{m 10H ;Zu 11H ;Zu 9H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^10L gq:'rkswe gfoebfgs (Experimental Design)


T[d/P (Objectives)


10H1 gq:'rkswe gfoebfgs dk torheoD (Classification of Experimental Design)

10H2 ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg (True Experimental Design)

10H3 noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg (Quasi True Experimental Design)

10H4 J/eb ftnesh nfXnBL e[ZM w[PfebK (Individual Study: Some Challanges)

10H5 J/eb ftnesh y'i gfoebkgL nkyoh w[bnzeD (Individual Research Design:

Final Evaluation)





T[d/P (Objectives)


gq:'rkswe gfoebkg d/ torheoD B{z ;wMD ftZul

;Zu ns/ noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg B{z ;wMD ftZul

J/eb ftnesh nfXnB dhnK w[PfebK ns/ w[bnzeD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


y'i^ekoi nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK T[; dh fJZe ft;sfos o{go/yk fsnko eoBk io{oh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. T[; d/ nzsors y'i d/ T[d/P, T[;dhnK T[gebgBktK, fBnkdoP^u'D dh ftXh, P'X^;wZroh fJeZso eoB d/ ;kXB, P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD dhnK ftXhnK nkfd dk fBPfus T[b/y ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ft;sfos o{g o/yk B{z y'i dk gfoebkg (design) efjzd/ jB. jo/e gqeko dh y'i dh fJZe ft;sfos o{g o/yk, fJZe gfoebkg j[zdk j?. gq:'rkswe y'i ftZu gfoebkg dk ftP/P wjZst j[zdk j? ns/ g[;seK ftZu T[; dk gq:'rkswe gfoebkg (experimental designs) f;ob/y d/ nzsors toDB ehsk frnk j?. g[;seK ftZu fJj toDB d' fGzB y/soK ftZu tzfvnk fwbdk j?^

1H gq:'rkswe y'iK dhnK ;zouBktK (lay-out), ns/

2H gq:'rkswe y'iK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebkg (statistical designs)

;zouBktK d/ nzsors fJ; rZb dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? fe y'i B{z fe; gqeko ehsk ikt/, T[; ftZu fezB/ ;w{j j'Dr/, T[jBK dh y'i ftZu ftt;Ek fe; gqeko dh j't/rh, fJZe jh ;w{j oj/rk iK Bkb fB:zsfos ;w{j th oZfynk ikt/rk nkfd. T[jBK d/ r[D^d'PK dh uouk th Bkb


fJekJh^10L gq:'rkswe gfoebfgs

jh ofjzdh j?. nzeVk gfoebkg d/ nzsors gq:'rkswe P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD dhnK pj[s ;kohnK ftXhnK dk T[b/y ehsk iKdk j?. gq;s{s nfXnB ftZu ;zouBk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoebkg d/ torheoD ns/ gqekoK dk toDB ehsk frnk j?.

gq:'rkswe y'i d/ fgSb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsh rJh ftnkfynk s'A ;gPN j' frnk j't/rk fe gq:'rkswe y'i dh gqfefonk fezBh w[Pfeb j?, fezBhnK rZbK dk T[[; ftZu fXnkB oZyDk g?Adk j?. fJ; bJh nfijk e'Jh th gfoebkg, e'Jh th t:{j^ouBk BjhA j' ;edh fi; ftZu T[jBK ;kfonK fB:wK B{z fefonkPhb ehsk ik ;e/, i' ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu ;otT[Zsw j't/. y'i dh jo/e go;fEsh ftP/P j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh T[; d/ nB[o{g jh gfoebkg dh u'D eoBh j[zdh j?. ftfGzB gqeko d/ gfoebkgK dk T[b/y g[;seK ftZu ehsk frnk j? T[jBK ;kfonK d/ nkgD/^nkgD/ bkG ns/ d'P jB. 10H1 gq:'rkswe gfoebfgs dk torheoD (Classification of Experimental Design)

gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK dk torheoD eJh fdqPNhe'DK s'A ehsk ik ;edk j?. fBwB fbys torheoD finkdk T[fus bZrdk j?^

1H gq:'rkswe ns/ ngq:'rkswe gfoebkg.

2H fJZe fse'Dh torheoD.

3H g{otgqhyD^pknd ftZu ehsk gfoyD gfoebkg.

4H ;fj;zGkfte ns/ ;fj;zpzXs ;w{j gfoebkg.

5H nub ns/ ub ;w{j gfoebkg.

jo/e dk ft;Eko Bkb toDB fBZu/ ehsk frnk j?^ 1H gq:'rkswe ns/ ngq:'rkswe gfoebkg

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' gq:'rkswe (experimental) ns/ ngq:'rkswe (non-experimental)

gfoebkgK B{z ;Zu (true) ns/ noX^;Zu (quasi-experimental) gfoebkg th efjzd/ jB.

;Zu gfoebkg y'i dh T[j ;fEsh j? fi; ftZu y'ieosk d/ bJh fJj ;zGt j't/ fe T[j y'i ;zpzXh fJekJhnK dk ;w;zGkfte ftXh Bkb u'D eo ;e/ ns/ fJ;h ftXh Bkb y'i nXhB ;w{jK ftZu T[jBK B{z tzv ;e/. eofbro dk efjDk j? fe i/eo fe;h y'i dh ;fEsh ftZu P'Xeosk B{z T[go'es ;[szsosk iK nfXeko BjhA j? sK T[j y'i gq:'r sK j' ;edk j?, gozs{ ;Zu gq:'r BjhA j' ;edk. ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg dhnK d' io{oh PosK jB^

(i) ;w;zGkfte ftXh (randomization), ns/

(ii) ;[szso uoD dk gqj;sB (manipulation).

eofbro d/ nB[;ko, ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg ftZu xZN s'A xZN fJZe ;[szso uoD dk gqj;sB io{oh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ekob ;fwE, n?b;oE ns/ nko'A;B dk efjDk j? fe gq:'rkswe nfXnB j'o soQK d/ nfXnBK s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB feT[Afe T[jBK ftZu nfXnB dhnK go;fEshnK dk P'Xeosk nkgD/ nkg f;oiB eodk j? idfe pkeh nfXnBK ftZu B?;rfoe o{g s'A gfot/P ftZu T[gbpX go;fEshnK s/ fBoGo eoBk g?Adk j?. gq:'rkswe nfXnB ftZu P'Xeosk B{z nfXnB dhnK



B'N go;fEshnK ftZu gfotosB eoB dh g{oD ;[szsosk j[zdh j?. ;Zu gq:'r dh ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ftP/Psk fJj j[zdh j? fe T[; ftZu P'Xeosk dk nfXnB dhnK go;fEshnK ns/ nfXnB ;zpzXh uoDK s/ io{oh fB:zsoD ;zGt j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko^

(i) ;[szso uoD dk gqj;sB (manipulation)

(ii) fJekJhnK dh u'D ns/ T[jBK dh ;w{jK ftZu tzv ;w;zGkfte ftXh dk gq:'r (randomization) ns/

(iii) nfXnB ;zpzXh uoDK dk fB:zsoD.

fJj fszB soQK dhnK ftt;EktK ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg dh gfjukD, T[; d/ nkdoP ns/ nkXko j[zd/ jB. fJj fszB ftP/PsktK d/ ekoB jh fJj efjDk ;zGt j[zdk j? fe uoD s/ ;w{jK d/ ftZu fijV/ nzso nkT[Ad/ jB T[j ;[szso uoD d[nkok T[sgzB j[zd/ jB iK ;[szso uoD nkfPqs uoD d/ ekoB jB. fJ; gqeko fJBQK gfoebkgK d/ nkXko s/ ;[szso ns/ nkfPqs uoDK d/ ekoi^ekoB ;zpzXK d/ ftP/ ftZu finkdk gquZbs ns/ t?X eEB ehsk ik ;edk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJBQK gfoebkgK d/ wkfXnw s'A T[gbpX Bhsi/ finkdk ftP/P (specific), P[ZX (precise) ns/ ;zrs (relevant) j[zd/ jB. ;zy/g ftZu, ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK dhnK ftP/PsktK fBwB fbys j[zdhnK jB^

1H P'Xeosk^nkXkfos nfXnB^ftt;Ek (setting), Gkt B?;rfoe ftt;Ek dh pikfJ wB[Zyh^fBofws (contrived) ftt;Ek.

2H nfXnB ;zpzXh uoDK fB:zsoD.

3H ;[szso uoDk gqj;sB (manipulation).

4H ftXh d[nkok T[jBK dh ;w{jK ftZu tzv ns/ fJ;h ftXh Bkb T[gukoK (treatments) dk ;w{jK s/ nko'gD.

5H ekoi^ekoB (cause-effect) ;zpzXh dh ;EkgBk.

T[go'es ftP/PsktK d/ ekoB fJBQK gfoebkgK d/ fBwB fbys bkG j[zd/ jB^

1H Bshi/ finkdk P[ZX ns/ gquZbs j[zd/ jB feT[Afe BshfinK dh so[ZNh^ftubBsk pj[s xZn j' iKdh j?.

2H ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK T[Zs/ nkXkfos nfXnBK dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk ;G s'A finkdk j[zdh j?.

3H fJBQK d/ BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ nkfPqs uoD d/ ekoB dh ;EkgBk n;zfdrX ofjzdh j?.

gozs{ fiZE/ ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK d/ T[go'es bkG jB, T[E/ T[jBK d/ e[Zm d'P th jB. ;G s'A tZvk d'P fJj j? fe fJBQK dk gq:'r y'i dh fJBQK go;fEshnK ftZu BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fiBQK ftZu ;[szso uoD dk gqj;sB ;zGt BjhA j?. wB'ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu eJh nfij/ uoD jB fiBQK dk gqj;sB ;zGt BjhA j?, fit/A^fbzr, ;wkfie, nkofEe ;so, ;z;efose, iBwG{wh, ftnefsZst dhnK ;kohnK ftP/PsktK, ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK T[gbpXhnK nkfd, gozs{ fJBQK d/ gqGkt ftnkge j[zd/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk nfXnB th io{oh j[zdk j?. fttjko^ftfrnkBek ns/ P'XeosktK d/ ;kjwD/ i/eo fJBQK uoDK Bkb ;zpzXs gqPB jB sK T[Zso gqkgs eoB bJh T[jBK B{z gq:'rkswe (non-experimental) gfoebkgK dk jh ;jkok b?Dk gJ/rk. gq/w, fxoDk, fJoPk, wB'o'r, wB'ftfrnkBe T[gukoK dh gqGktPhbsk, fttjko^;wZf;nktK d/ ekoB, f;ZyDk iK f;Zfynk, pkbeK ftZu GkPk dk ftek; nkfd eJh nfij/ uoD ns/ go;fEshnK jB fiBQK B{z gq:'rPkbk ftZu T[sgzB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk ns/ fJ; bJh T[jBK dk ;Zu gq:'rkswe^gfoebkgK d/ wkfXnw Bkb nfXnB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.



T[jBK dk nfXnB sK B?;rfoe go;fEshnK ftZu jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJBQK go;fEshnK ftZu ngq:'rkswe y'i gfoebkg jh finkdk T[g:'rh f;ZX j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d[nkok ngq:'rkswe y'i^gfoebkgK dk th wjZst xZN BjhA j[zdk. fJj rZb ;jh j? fe fJBQK gfoebkgK T[Zs/ nkXkfos Bshi/ T[B/ gquZbs BjhA j[zd/ fizB/ ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg d/ j[zd/ jB, sK th fttjko^ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu y'i ;zpzXh finkdkso gq:'r fJBQK jh gfoebkgK dk j[zdk j?.

ngq:'rkswe y'i gfoebkgK ftZu th pj[s ftfGzBsk gkJh iKdh j?. e[ZM pj[s ;XkoD j[zd/ jB fiBQK ftZu fe;h gqeko dk e'Jh fB:zsoD BjhA j[zdk, sK e[ZM ftZu io{oh fB:zsoD ofjzdk j? ns/ T[j ;Zu gq:'rkswe y'i Bkb E'Vk jh nzso oZyd/ jB. n;b ftZu, ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg ns/ ngq:'rkswe y'i iK noX^;Zu gfoebkgK ftZu nzso fB:zsoD d/ nkXko s/ jh ehsk iKdk j?.

T[dkjoD ngq:'rkswe gfoebkgK ftZu fB:zsfos ;w{j B?;rfoe ns/ g{ot;fEs j[zd/ jB idfe ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK ftZu T[[jBK B{z P'Xeosk d[nkok gqj;sB d/ nkXko s/ pDkfJnk iKdk j?.

;gPN j? fe fe;h y'i gfoebkg ftZu ;[szso ns/ nfXnB ;zpzXh uoDK s/ fizBk finkdk fB:zsoD j't/rk ns/ nkfPqs uoD d/ wkg dhnK ftXhnK ns/ go;fEshnK fizBhnK gqwkfDe (standardized) j'DrhnK T[Bk jh T[j ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg d/ B/V/ j't/rk.

eofbro B/ ngq:'rkswe gfoebkgK B{z noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg (quasi-experimental

design), d'Pg{oD gq:'rkswe gfoebkg (faulty designs) ns/ ng{oD (inadequate) gfoebkgK dk BKt fdZsh j?, gozs{ noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe f;ob/y jh g[;seK ftZu finkdk d/fynk frnk j?. G{s^nB{bkrh y'iK B{z th eofbro B/ ng{oD y'i gfoebkgK dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk j?. T[; B/ T[jBK B{z d'Pg{oD (faulty) gfoebkg th fejk j?.

fJ; fdqPNhe'D d[nkok gq:'rkswe y'iK dh gfoebkgK B{z fBwB d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^

1H ;Zu gq:'rkswe y'i gfoebkg ns/

2H noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe y'i gfoebkg.

Gkt fit/A tkB vkb/B B/ fejk j?, T[j gfoebkg fiBQK ftZu fB:zsoD w[Pfeb j[zdk j? ns/ T[j fiBQK ftZu fB:zsoD p/b'VhAdk j[zdk j?. 2H fse'Dh torheoD

b/th^toro^jkJhvB B/ gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK dk torheoD fszB nkXkoK s/ ehsk j?^

1H ;[szso uoDK dh ;zfynk,

2H ;[szso uoDK d/ ;so (levels) ns/

3H fJekJhnK dk xZN ;zGkfte iK g[Botfofsnkswe tzv.

;[szso uoDK dh ;zfynk d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb, (i) fJZeuoDh, (ii) d'^uoDh ns/ (iii) pj[uoDh gfoebkg j[zd/ jB. ;[szso uoD d/ ;soK d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb gfoebkgK B{z ;so % T[guko (levels x treatment) gfoebkg iK c?eN'ohnb gfoebkg d/ Bkw s'A p[bkfJnk iKdk j?. fJekJhnK B{z ;w{jK ftZu ;w ;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok tzfvnk frnk j? sK T[jBK gfoebkgK B{z ;w ;zGkfte ;w{j gfoebkg (randomized groups design) efjzd/ jB. i/eo fJekJhnK dk fJZe jh ;w{j ftfGzB T[gukoK d/ bJh tofsnk iKdk j? sK T[jBK B{z g{oBotfofsnkswe iK g{Bowkg (repeated measures) gfoebkg efjzd/ jB. fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB eoe/, T[jBK dh tzv ;w{jK

B'N



B'N ftZu eoB Bkb T[; gfoebkg B{z ;wkB ;w{j gfoebkg (matched group design) efjzd/ jB. i/eo fJZe uoD s/ fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB eoe/ ns/ d{i/ s/ ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok tzfvnk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z fwPfos (mixed) gfoebkg efjzd/ jB.

T[go'es gqekoK B{z gfjbK tkb/ fse'Dh nk:kwK s/ tzvD s/ eJh gqeko d/ :'r pDd/ jB ns/ jo/e dh P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD ;zpzXh fGzB gqeko dhnK nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r j[zdk j?. fJj fBwB fbys T[dkjoD s'A ;gPN j' ikt/rk^

(T) fJZe ;[szso uoD^ (i) fJZe ;[szso uoDO;w ;zGkfte ;w{jO;[szso uoD d/ d' ;so^fJ; ftZu Nh^N/;N (;[szso ;w{j) tkbh ftXh dk gq:'r j't/rk.

(ii) fJZe ;[szso uoDO;wkB iK g{Botfofsnkswe wkgOd' ;so^fJ; ftZu th Nh^N/;N (gozs{ ;fj;zpzXs ;w{j) tkbh ftXh dk gq:'r j't/rk.

(iii) fJZe ;[wzso uoDO;w ;zGkfte ;w{jOd' s'A finkdk ;so^fJ; ;fEsh ftZu J/eb fdPh ftubB^ftPb/PD ftXh (ANOVA) = one way ftXh dk gq:'r j't/rk.

(iv) fJZe ;[szso uoDO;wkB iK g{Botfofsnkswe wkgO;[szso uoD d/ d' s'A tZX ;so^fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th fJZe fdPh ftubB^ftPb/PD gozs{ ;w;zpzXh ;w{jK iK g{Botfofsnkswe wkg ftXh dk gq:'r j't/rk.

(n) d' ;[szso uoD^ (i) d' uoDO;w ;zGkfte ;w{j iK nzso fJekJhnK (between subject) d'BK uoDK s/Od' ;so.

fJ; ;fEsh ftZu g{oh soQK ;w^;zGkfte (completely randomized) d'^fdPh ftHftH (ANOVA) dk gq:'r j't/rk.

(ii) d' uoDOg{Botfofsnkswe wkg Gkt nzdo{Bh fJekJh (within subject) gozs{ ;w;zGkfte ;w{j Gkt nzsofJekJh (between subjects) d{i/ s/.

fJ; ;fEsh ftZu d'^fdPnh ftHftH (mixed ANOVA) dk gq:'r j't/rk.

(iii) d' uoDO;w ;zGkfte ;w{j fJZe uoD s/, gozs{ g{oBtfofsnkswe wkg ;w{j d{i/ s/.

fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th d'^fdPnh fwPos ftHftH dk gq:'r j't/rk.

(iv) d' uoDOg{Botfofsnkswe wkg ;w{j d'jK s/.

fJ; ;fEsh ftZu g{oh soQK g{Botfofsnkswe wkg ;w{j s/ bkr{ j'D tkb/ d'^fdPNh ftHftH dk gq:'r j't/rk.

fJ; gqeko nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh ftXh dh u'D eoB s'A gfjbK fJj ikDBk io{oh j[zdk j? fe gfoebkg T[go'es ftZu'A fe; gqeko dk j?. 3H g{ot^gqhyD^pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD gfoebkg

fJj gfoebkgK d/ torheoD dk fsZik gqeko j?. fJj torheoD fJ; rZb s/ nkXkfos j? fe nkfPqs uoD dk wkg ed'A ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo ;w{j iK ;w{jK s/ nkfPqs uoD s/ gfjbK wkg eoe/ T[; d/ pknd T[jBK B{z T[guko nXhB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[guko dh ;w/A^;hwk ysw j'D d/ pknd d[pkok T[jBK d/ nkfPqs uoD s/ wkg bJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ gfjb/ s/ nkyhob/ wkgK d/ nzso d/ nkXko s/ ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j? sK fJ; B{z g{ot^gqhyD^pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD gqeko dk gfoebkg efjzd/ jB.



B'N

B'N; ;w{jK d/ T[guko d/ pknd e/tb fJZe tko jh wkg ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[;h d/ nkXko s/

ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j? sK fJ; B{z e/tb pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD (post-test only) gfoebkg efjzd/ jB.

fJBQK gfoebkgK B{z (before-after) ns/ (after only) gfoebkg th efjzd/ jB. 4H ;w^;zGkfte ns/ ;fj;zpzXh ;w{j gfoebkg

i/eo s[bBkswe ;w{jK ftZu fJekJhnK dh tzv ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ehsk iKdk j? ns/ ;ko/ ;w{jK dhnK fJekJhnK tZy^tZy ofjzdhnK jB sK T[; gfoebkg B{z ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j gfoebkg (randomized groups design or between groups design) efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[bN i/eo T[jh fJekJhnK ;ko/ ;w{jK ftZu pDdhnK ofjzdhnK jB iK fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB eoe/ ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j? sK T[; gfoebkg B{z nzdo{Bh ;w{j (within groups) ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j (correlated groups) iK g{Botfofsnkswe wkg (repeated mesure) gfoebkg efjzd/ jB. fJ; Pq/Dh ftZu fwPos (mixed) gfoebkg th nkT[Adk j? fi; ftZu fJZe uoD ;w{j ;fj^;zGkfte j[zd/ jB ns/ d{i/ s/ ;fj^;zpzXs j[zd/ jB.

5H nub (static) ns/ ub (rotational) ;w{j gfoebkg

nub gfoebkg ftZu ;w{jK ftZu tZy^tZy fJekJhnK ofjzdhnK jB. fJ; gqeko fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j pDk e/ T[jBK B{z T[guko nXhB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[guko d/ pknd nkfPqs uoD s/ T[jBK dk wkg ehsk iKdk j? fi; d/ nkXko s/ T[jBK d/ go;go s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. d' ;w{jK dk fJ; gqeko dk fJZe T[dkjoD fJj j' ;edk j? fe fJZe ;w{j B{z T[guko fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ d{i/ B{z BjhA, iK fJZe B{z fJZe T[guko fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ d{i/ B{z d{ik. T[; d/ pknd fJBQK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; d/ T[bN ub ;w{j gfoebkg ftZu ;w{jK B{z fJ; gqeko gfoGokwh iK uZeokeko (rotate) ehsk iKdk j? fe jo/e ;w{j B{z jo T[guko fwb ;e/. T[dkjoD d/ bJh fJZe ;w{j (T) B{z ftXh^1 Bkb ns/ ;w{j (n) B{z ftXh^2 Bkb gVQkfJnk ikt/, T[; d/ fJZe wjhB/ pknd ;w{j (n) B{z ftXh^1 Bkb ns/ ;w{j „T‟ B{z ftXh^2 Bkb gVQkfJnk ikt/. fJ; soQK jo/e ;w{j B{z d'jK ftXhnK Bkb gVQ e/, nzs ftZu gqhfynk b? e/ ftXh^1 ns/ ftXh^2 d/ wkgeK dh s[bBk eoBk.

Gkt/A fe gq:'rkswe ftXhnK d/ eJh ;z:'iB (combinations) j' ;ed/ jB, gozs{ w"fb dk efjDk j? fe w{bG{s (basic) gfoebkg uko soQK d/ j[zd/ jB^

1H fJZe uoDh gfoebkg,

2H ;wkBKso ;w{j (parallel groups) gfoebkg,

3H ub ;w{j gfoebkg ns/

4H eowr[fDs gfoebkg (factorial design).

fJ; gqeko ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK s'A gfoebkgK dk torheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE BjhA j? fe fJZe gfoebkg d{i/ gqeko dk BjhA j' ;edk. fJj ;ko/ gqeko nfBzB (exclusive) BjhA j?. fJZe gfoebkg dhnK eJh ftP/PsktK j' ;edhnK jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJZe gfoebkg fJZe uoDh noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe, g{ot^gqhyD, pknd ftZu ehsk gqhyD iK fB:zsfos ;w{j g{otgqhyD^pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD nkfd fe;h dk th j' ;edk j?. fJ;h gqeko fJj ;w;zGkfte fB:zsfos ;w{j g{ot ns/ pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD dk th j' ;edk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ ;z:'iB d/ nkXko s/ jh T[jBK B{z BKt, Bkw fdZsk iKdk j?, gozs{ feT[Afe T[jBK dh ;zfynk



B'N pj[s j' ;edh j? fJ; bJh fe;h Bk fe;h gqeko d/ torheoD B{z ngBkT[Dk ;[thXkiBe j[zdk j?. ;G s'A finkdk gquZbs torheoD^(i) ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg ns/ (ii) noX;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg jB. nZr/ e[ZM nfij/ ftfPP gfoebkgK dk toDB ehsk frnk j? fijV/ fJBQK d' Pq/DhnK d/ nzsors nkT[Ad/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H y'i eko nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK fijVh ft;sfos o{go/yk fsnko ehsh iKdh j? T[; B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHH efjzd/ jB.

2H gq:'rkswe y'iK d/ gfoebkg d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB^;Zugq:'rkswe y'i gfoebkg ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHH gfoebkg.

3H fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB eoe/, T[jBK dh tzv eoB s/ T[jBK B{z HHHHHHHHHHH gfoebkg efjzd/ jB.

10H2 ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg (True Experimental Design)

fJj T[j gfoebkg j[zd/ jB fiBQK ftZu uoDK dk fB:zsoD pj[s em'o j[zdk j?. feq;N/B;/B fJjBK B{z jh T[fus (appropriate) gfoebkg wzBdk j?. eofbro fJBQK B{z w{bG{s (basic) ns/ T[jBK d/ o{gKso (variants) wzBdk j?. w"fb B/ fJBQK ftZu'A e[ZM B{z “w{bG{s gfoebkg” dh Pq/Dh ftZu jh oZfynk j?. feq;N/B;/B dk toDB ;jh o{g s'A ft;sfos ns/ ftnkge j?. fJ; bJh fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK dk toDB feq;N/B;/B d/ torheoD d/ nB[o{g jh ehsk frnk j?. fiBQK gfoebkgK dk T[jBK B{z fJ; tor d/ nzsors toDB ehsk j? T[j jB^

1H e/tb pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD (after only) gfoebkg

fJ; gfoebkg dh ;zouBk d/ nB[;ko, fJekJhnK B{z gq:'rkswe (experimental) ns/ fB:zsfos (control) ;w{jK ftZu ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok tzfvnk iKdk j?, T[; d/ pknd gq:'rkswe ;w{j B{z T[guko fdZsk iKdk j?, gozs{ fB:zsfos ;w{j fit/A j? T[;h soQK SZv fdZsk iKdk j?. T[; B{z e'Jh T[guko BjhA fdZsk iKdk. T[guko dh ;w/A^;hwk ysw j'D s/ d'jK ;w{jK dk nkfPqs uoD s/ wkg ehsk iKdk j?. wkgeK d/ ftZu gqkgs nzso dh ;koEesk gsk eoe/ Bshik eZfYnk iKd j?. :kd j't/ fe ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK ftZu ;wo{g fB:zsfos ;w{j io{o ofjzdk j?. fJj gfoebkg nub ;w{j gfoebkg dh soQK j?. f;oc nzso fJzBk j? fe fJ; ftZu d'jK ;w{jK ftZu fJekJhnK dh tzv ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?, idfd nub ;w{j gfoebkg ftZu d'jK ;w{jK dh ;wkBsk io{oh BjhA j?.

fttjko^ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu y'i ;zpzXh fJ; gfoebkg dk pj[s finkdk gq:'r j[zdk j?. fJ; dh b'egqf:sk d/ ekoB jB^

(i) fJ; d/ eJh gqeko d/ o{gKsoB j' ;ed/ jB fiBQK dk ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(ii) ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok fJekJhnK dh ;w{jK ftZu tzv fJ; dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk j? fijVh so[ZNh^ftubB (error variance) B{z xZN eo fdzdk j?.

(iii) fB:zsfos ;w{j dk gqktXkB j'D d/ ekoB gqkgs nzso dk w[bnzeD ;zGt j[zdk j?.

(iv) fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB eoe/ ;w;zGkfte ftXh Bkb T[jBK dh ;w{jK ftZu tzv eoB s/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk j'o th tXkJh ik ;edh j?.



(v) fJ; ftZu pkjoh t?Xsk ;zs'PiBe j[zdh j? fi; B{z ft;sfos iB^;foPNh ftZu'A fJekJhnK dh u'D eoe/ j'o th ftnkge pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

(vi) fJ; dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk th ;jh o{g s'A pj[s j[zdh j?.

2H g{ot^gqhyD ns/ pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD gfoebkg

fJ; gfoebkg ftZu fJekJhnK B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh Bkb d' iK d'A tZX ;w{jK ftZu tzv eoe/ nkfPqs uoD s/ T[jBK dk wkg eo fbnk iKdk j?. fco gq:'rkswe ;w{j B{z T[guko fdZsk iKdk j?, gozs{ fB:zsfos ;w{j B{z e'Jh T[guko BjhA fdZsk iKdk. T[guko ysw j'D d/ pknd d'BK ;w{jK B{z d[pkok T[;h nkfPqs uoD s/ wkg ehsk iKdk j?. d'jK ;w{jK d/ g{ot^gqhyD ns/ pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD d/ wkgeK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. s[bBk gqrsh d/ nkXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?. gq:'rkswe ;w{j dh gqrsh (GE) ns/ fB:zsfos ;w{j dh gqrsh (GC) eZY e/ GE-GC dk nzso eZfYnk iKdk j?. i/eo gq:'rkswe ;w{j dh gqrsh finkdk j[zdh j? sK T[; B{z ;[szso uoDk dk gqGkt wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z fJZe ;o/PM ns/ finkdk T[fus gfoebkg wzfBnk iKdk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu pj[s ;ko/ nfXnB j/m uoDK fit/A^fJfsjk;, gq'VQsk, wkg^so[ZNh, gqrshwB, u'D ;zpzXh so[ZNh nkfd dk fB:zsoD j' iKdk j?, gozs{ fJ; dk fJZe d'P th j? fe fJ; ftZu ;[szso uoD d/ gqgkt dk w[bnzeD (GE-GC) pj[s ;jh BjhA j[zdk. eo"Bpke ns/ coph (1970) dk efjDk j? fe fFJBQK gqrsh wkgeK (change scores) dk gq:'r T[fus BjhA. T[jBK B{z gqrshwB^gqrsh wkge nze (regression gain scores) d/ gq:'r ns/ gqrshwB ftPb/PD (regression analysis) ns/ ;fj^ftubB^ftPb/PD (analysis of covariance) ftXhnK dh ;zs[sh ehsh j?, gozs{ fJBQK dk gq:'r ;jh ifNb j?. d{ik d'P fJ; gfoebkg dk fJj j? fe g{ot^gqhyD d/ ekoB ;w{j pkjoh t?Xsk ;zfdrX j' iKdh j?.

3H g{ot^gqhyD pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD u"Ek ;w{j gfoebkg

;'b'wB (1949) B/ fJ; gfoebkg B{z gq;s{s ehsk ;h. e?Agp/b (1957) B/ fJ; d/ gq:'r dh i'odko PpdK ftZu f;ckfoP ehsh j? ns/ fejk j? fe “;wki^ftfrnkfBeK d/ bJh fJZe Bt/A nkdoP d/ o{g ftZu T[Gfonk j?.” fJ; gfoebkg ftZu uko ;w{j j[zd/ jB^fJZe gq:'rkswe ns/ fszB fB:zsfos (fBH^1, fBH^2, fBH^3). fJ; dh ;zouBk B{z fBZu/ do;kfJnk frnk j?^

T HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH n HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gq:'rkswe ;w{j

T[guko

T HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH n HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fBH 1

T[guko ofjs

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH n HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fBH 2

T[guko

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH n HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fBH 3

T[guko ofjs

T[go'es ftZu „T‟ g{ot^gqhyD dk wkXwkB ns/ „n‟ pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD dk wZXwkB j[zdk j?.

T[go'es o/yk fuZso ftZu ;gPN o{g s'A fJj fdykfJnk ik ;edk j? fe fJj gfoebkg g{otrs d'jK gfoebkgK dk ;z:'iB (combination) j?. gq:'rkswe ;w{j ns/ gfjb/ fB:zsfos ;w{j B{z fwbk e/ d/yhJ/ sK g{ot^gqhyD pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg j' iKdk j?. i/eo fBH 2 ns/ fBH 3 B{z fwbk fdzd/ jK sK e/tb pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD gfoebkg pD iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; gfoebkg ftZu fgSb/ d'jK gfoebkgK d/ bkG ;wkBfjZs j' iKd/ jB. eofbro d/ nB[;ko, uko

B'N



B'N ekoBK s'A fJj fJZe :'r gfoebkg pD iKdk j?. fJj uko ekoB jB^

(i) gfjbhnK d' gzeshnK ftZu ns/ nkyhobh d' gzeshnK d/ nkXko s/ ;w{jK d/ ftZu s[bBk dh wzr nZSh soQK g{oh j' iKdh j?.

(ii) ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok fJekJhnK dh tzv d/ ekoB ;w{jK dk ;wo{g j'Dk ;zGt j' iKdk j?.

(iii) gfjbhnK d' gzeshnK d/ d[nkok fJfsjk; ns/ gq'VQsk fB:zsfos j' iKdh j?.

(iv) gfjbhnK fszB gzeshnK d[nkok g{ot^gqhyD dk gqGkt fB:zsfos j' iKdk j?.

(v) T ns/ n d/ ftZu d/ n;fEo ns/ ;wekbhB gqGkt th u"Eh gzesh i'V d/D Bkb fB:zsfos j' iKdhnK jB.

eofbro dk efjDk j? fe gq:'rkswe ;w{j dk „n‟ i/eo fBH^1 d/ „n‟ s'A finkdk j? ns/ fBH^2 dk „n‟ ;w{j fBH^3 d/ „n‟ ;koEe o{g s'A finkdk jB ns/ fJj Bshi/ nfto'X o{g s'A (consistently) fwbd/ jB sK fJ; B{z y'i T[gebgBk d/ ;Zu j'D dk :'r rtkj ;wMDk ukjhdk j?. ;'b'wB ns/ b/;ke (1949) dk wzBDk j? fe ftek;kswe gqfefonktK d/ nfXnB ftZu fJ; gfoebkg dk gq:'r pj[s T[fus j' ;edk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu g{ot^gqhyD d/ gqGkt ns/ gq:'rkswe T[guko d/ gqGkt d'jK dk w[bnzeD ;zGt j[zdk j?.

sK th fJ; gfoebkg d/ gq:'r dhnK e[ZM w[PfebK sK jB jh. gfjbh sK fJj j? fe uko ;w{jK dk f;oiB eoB ftZu pj[s finkdk fJekJhnK dh io{os j[zdh j? ns/ gq:'r B{z g{ok eoB ftZu pj[s ;wK bZrdk j?. fJ; B{z d'P Bk th ejhJ/ sK fJZe gqeko s'A fttjkfoe w[Pfeb sK j? jh. d{ih w[Pfeb fJj j? fe S/ gqkgs wkg nzeK B{z fJeZm/ b? e/ T[jBK d/ ftPb/PD dh e'Jh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh T[gbpX BjhA j?. fJ; w[Pfeb B{z ;'b'wB (1949) B/ th ;theko ehsk j?. e?Agp/b ns/ ;N?Bb/ (1963) B/ fJ; ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB gq;s{s ehsk j?. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe d'^fdPh, ftubB^ftPb/PD (two = way analysis of variance) dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? fi; ftZu ukoK ;w{jK d/ uko pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD^wkg nzeK B{z b? e/ ;szGK d/ wZXwkB ns/ gzeshnK d/ wZXwkB dh s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j?. ;szGK d/ wZXwkBK dh s[bBk T[gukoK d/ gqGkt B{z gqekP ftZu fbnk ;edh j? ns/ gzeshnK d/ wZXwkBK dh s[bBk g{ot^gqhyD d/ gqGkt B{z do;kJ/rh. ;'b'wB (1949) B/ uko „n‟ wkg nzeK B{z b? e/ 2^2 c?eN'ohnb ftubB^ftPb/PD nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dk gq:'r eoB dk th ;[Mkn fdZsk j?. fJBQK ;kfonK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th eofbro dk ws j? fe fJj gfoebkg “y'i^fuzsB dk ;o/Pm T[dkjoD j?, gfoebkg ns/ ftPb/PD dh fJZe ;[zdo ;whfynk j?.”

4H fse'Dh^;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD gfoebkg

fJ; gfoebkg dk T[b/y eofbro B/ ehsk j?. ;'b'wB d/ us[o;w{j gfoebkg dhnK gfjbhnK fszB gzeshnK d[nkok fJ; gfoebkg B{z do;kfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; gfoebkg ftZu g{ot^gqhyD dh nzsofefonk d/ cb;o{g T[sgzB gqGkt B{z d{i/ fB:zsfos ;w{j d[nkok (shih gzesh) d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?. i/eo gq:'rkswe ;w{j dk wZXwkB gfjbK fB:zsfos ;w{j (d{ih gzesh) d/ wZXwkB s'A ;koEe o{g s'A finkdk j? sK fJ; B{z ;zfdrX o{g s'A T[guko dk gqshcb BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk feT[Afe fJj g{ot^gqhyD d/ gqGkt d/ ekoB th T[sgzB j' ;edk j?, gozs{ i/eo d{i/ fB:zsfos ;w{j (shih gzesh) dk wZXwkB gfjb/ ;w{j (d{ih gzesh) d/ wZXwkB s'A ;koEe o{g s'A finkdk j? sK fJj fBPfus j' iKdk j? fe g{ot^gqhyD dk gqGkt Iho' j? ns/ T[guko dk gqGkt g{ot^gqhyD d/ gqGkt s'A pj[s finkdk j?.

5H ;XkoD ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j gfoebkg

fJj e/tb pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD dk gfoebkg j? fi; ftZu ;[szso uoD d/ fJZe s'A finkdk ;so (levels) ofjzd/ jB. edh^edh y'i dh go;fEsh nifjh j[zdh j? fe ;[szso uoD B{z eJh



;soK ftZu tzv e/ T[jBK d/ nkfPqs uoD s/ nbZr^nbZr gqGkt dk s[bBkswe nfXnB eoBk j[zdk j?. fit/A^ftfGzB gqeko d/ ;so dh fuzsk ns/ fBwB ;soh fuzsi ns/ g[o;ekoK (fBPfus XzBokPh, gqPz;k, g[;seK nkfd) ek pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh T[Zs/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j? fJ; dk nfXnB. fJ;h gqeko f;Zfynk dhnK fszB iK uko ftfPPN ftXhnK dk ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh s/ gJ/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk. fJ; ftZu ;ko/ ;w{jK ftZu fJekJhnK dh tzv ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok eoe/ jo/e ;w{j B{z io{oh T[guko fdZsk iKdk j?. e[ZM ;w/A pknd T[jBK ;ko/ ;w{jK dk nkfPqs uoD s/ wkg eoe/ wkg nzeK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. s[bBk ;zpzxh ftubB^ftPb/PD ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;zg{oD ;zouBk B{z fBwB fbys gqeko s'A do;kfJnk ik ;edk j?^

;w{j T[guko nkfPqs uoD s/ gqkgs nze

1H fB:zsfos ;w{j BjhA HHHHHH nkH1

2H gq:'rkswe ;w{j^1 T[H^1 HHHHHH nkH^3 ;kfonK dh

3H gq:'rkswe ;w{j^2 T[H^2 HHHHHH nkH s[bBk

4H gq:'rkswe ;w{j^3 T[H^3 HHHHHH nkH^4

fJ; gfoebkg ftZu fJZe fB:zsfos ;w{j dk j'dk io{oh j?. fJ; ftZu fJZe ;[szso uoD j[zdk j?, gozs{ T[; d/ ;so fezB/ jh j' ;ed/ jB. ftubB^ftPb/PD ftXh dk gq:'r P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD ;zpzXh ehsk iKdk j?/.

6H eqwr[fDs^gfoebkg (Factorial Design)

fJj gfoebkg th fJZe gqeko s'A pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD dk ft;sko ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ fJ; ftZu fJZe s'A finkdk ;[szso uoDK ns/ jo/e d/ fJZe s'A tZX uoDK dh ;wkftPNh ofjzdh j?. fJ; ftZu fJZe s'A finkdk ;[szso uoDK d/ nkfPqs uoD s/ nbZr^nbZr gqGktK ns/ T[jBK d/ fJZe^d{i/ d/ Bkb nzsofefonk eod/ j'J/ gqGktK dk nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j?. eofbro d/ PpdK ftZu, fJj gfoebkg “nfijhnK P'X^;zouBktK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ftZu d' iK d' s'A tZX ;[szso uoDK dk ;zfBXkB (juxtaposition) ofjzdk j? ns/ nkfPqs uoD s/ T[jBK d/ nbZr^nbZr ns/ nzsofefonkswe (interactive) gqGkt dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.” wzB fbU fe pkbeK d/ ftneshrs ;wk:'iB dk nGhGkte^pkbe ;zpzXK, pbeK d/ nkswp'X ns/ T[jBK dhnK wkBf;e :'rsktK d/ ;zdoG ftZu nfXnB eoBk j?. fJ; ;wZf;nk ftZu fszB ;[szso uoD (factors) jB. nkfPqs uoD ftneshrs ;wk:'iB j?. j[D wzB fbU jo/e ;[szso uoD d/ d' ;so (T[Zu ns/ fBwB) bJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ; gfoebkg B{z 2%2%2 fJ; soQK ftnes ehsk ikt/rk. ;gPN j? fe 3 ;[szso uoD j? ns/ jo/e d/ d' ;so jB. fJ;h soQK 3%2%3 gfoebkg dk noE j't/rk ;[szso uoD, gfjbK d/ fszB ;so, d{i/ d/ d' ns/ shi/ d/ fszB ;so. fJ;h soQK 3%3%3, 2%3%3%3, 3%2%3%2 nkfd nB/e gqeko d/ fJj gfoebkg j' ;ed/ jB fiBQK B{z ;[szso uoDK dh ;zfynk ns/ T[jBK d/ ;soK d/ o{g ftZu T[go'es gqeko s'A fbfynk iKdk j?.

fJZe 2%2%2 gfoebkg ftZu S/ ;w{j (cells) pDd/ jB. fJekJhnK dh fJBQK ;w{jK ftZu tzv ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?. T[jBK dk wkg nkfPqs uoD s/ ehsk iKdk j? ns/ wkg nzeK B{z ;{uh ftZu ftt;fEs eoe/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh s'A T[jBK dk ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/ nkfPqs uoD s/ fszB uoDK d/ fszB w[Zy iK ;[szso gqGktK dk, 3 gfjb/ eow (first order) iK d'^sZsh (two factor) nzsofefonkswe gqGktK dk ns/ fJZe d{ik^eow (second order) iK soh^sZs (three-factor) nzsofefonkswe gqGkt dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. ftPb/PD^ftXh dk toDB g[;se d/ d{i/ Gkr ftZu ehsk frnk j?. nzsofefonkswe gqGkt dh ;zebgBk B{z ;wMDk E'Vk w[Pfeb j?. T[; dh ftnkfynk th g[;se d/ d{i/ Gkr ftZu ehsh rJh j?.

fJBQK gfoebkgK dh wjZstg{oD io{oh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJj ihtB dh :EkoEsk d/ pj[s B/V/

B'N



B'N j[zd/ jB. n;bhns fJj j? fe ihtB dh fe;h th go;fEsh ftZu wB[Zyh^fttjko fe;h fJZe sZs, fJZe go;fEsh iK fJZe uoD d/ d[nkok fBoXkfos BjhA j[zdk, pbfe jo/e fttjko Gkt/A T[j fezBk jh ;XkoD feT[A Bk j't/, eJh^eJh sZsK d/ Bkb fwb e/ ekoi eoB d/ cb;o{g T[sgzB j[zdk j?. fttjko eJh gqeko d/ sZsK dh gko;gfoe nzsofefonk dk gqshcb j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fttjko d/ ekoe sZsK dk nfXnB th fJ;h ;zdoG ftzu j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ftfGzB ekoe sZs id'A fJZe^d{i/ d/ Bkb fwb e/ ekoi eod/ jB (nzsofefonk) sK T[jBK d/ gqGkt io{oh o{g s'A T[;h soQK jh BjhA pD/ ofjzd/ fit/A^nbZr^nbZr w{b o{g ftZu j[zd/ jB.

;ktXkBh fe;h sZs d/ w{b gqGkt B{z ikDB d/ Bkb^Bkb fJj ikDBk th io{oh j? fe fejV/

sZs fe; sZs d/ Bkb fe;h gqeko dh nzsofefonk eodk j?.

fJ; bJh e[ZM sZsK B{z fB:zsfos eoe/ d{i/ sZsK d/ nkfPqs uoD s/ pV/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk n;[Gkfte ns/ :EkoEsk s'A go/ dh rZb j?. finkdk ;koEe, ;zrs ns/ T[g:'r j? ftfGzB ;zdoGK ftZu finkdk s'A finkdk sZsK d/ gko;gfoe nzsofefonk gqGktK B{z ikDBk. gq:'rkswe y'i d/ sZsh gfoebkgK (factorial designs) ftZu fJj ;zGt j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh T[j :EkoE Bkb i[V/ ns/ finkdk fttjkfoe wzB/ iKd/ jB.

fJZe w[Pfeb i' fJBQK gfoebkgK d/ gq:'r eoB ftZu nkT[Adh j?, fJj j? fe fJBQK d/ gq:'r ftZu pjj[s tZv/ fBnkdoP dh, pj[s ;kohnK fJekJhnK dh io{os g?Adh j?, gozs{ fJZE/ fJBQK gfoebkgK dk d'P BjhA fejk ik ;edk. d{ih w[Pfeb T[; ;w/A T[sgzB j[zdh j? id'A ;[szso uoDK dh ;zfynk eJh j' iKdh j? ns/ jo/e d/ d' s'A finkdk ;so j[zd/ jb. T[; ;fEsh ftZu d'^sZsh nzsofefonk gqGktK dh ;zfynk tZX iKdh j? ns/ T[jBK dh ftnkfynk w[Pfeb j' iKdh j?. fsZih w[Pfeb soh^sZsh (third order) nzsofefonk gqGktK dh ftnkfynk eoB ftZu nkT[Adh j?. fJBQK B{z ;koE ns/ p'Xe pDkT[Dk pj[s w[Pfeb j[zdk j?.

fJBQK w[PfebK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th sZsh gfoebkg pj[s gquZbs jB ns/ pj[s ;kohnK y'iK ftZu T[jBK dk gq:'r j[zdk j?. fJ; dk ekoB T[jBK dhnK e[ZM ftP/PsktK jh jB. T[go'es d/ fJbktk fJZe bkG fJBQK dk fJj j? fe fJBQK ftZu eJh ;[szso uoDK dk fJeZm/ nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ eJh T[gebgBktK dk fJeZm/ gqhyD ehsk ik ;edk j?. d{ik bkG fJj j? fe fJBQK ftZu v"o^G"o (confounded) uoDK d/ fB:zsoD dh ftt;Ek th j' iKdh j?. fsZik bkG j? fe fJBQK d/ Bshi/ fJZe^uZeoh gfoebkg dh ng/fynk finkdk P[ZX j[zd/ jB. u"Dk bkG fJj j? fe nzsofefonkswe gqGktK d/ o{g ftZu nkfPqs uoD d/ ekoeK^;zpzXs nfX;{uBk fJBQK ftZu gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJj th gsk j[zdk j? fe fJZe ;[szso uoD ftfGzB ;soK s/ nkfPqs uoD B{z fe; soQK gqGkfts eodk j? fijVk fJZe ;soh gfoebkg ftZu ;zGt BjhA j[zdk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' y'i ekoi nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK T[; dh fJZe ft;sfos o{go/yk fsnko

ehsh iKdh j?, T[; B{z jh y'i gfoebkg efjzd/ jB.

7H ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j gfoebkg

fJ; B{z nzdo{Bh fJekJh (within subject) gfoebkg th efjzd/ jB. fJ; dh ;zouBk fJ; gqeko dh j[zdh j? fe nkfPqs uoD s/ ;w{jK d/ wkge nzeK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX T[sgzB j' iKdk j?. nfijk T[; ;w/A j[zdk j? id'A fe;h nfij/ uoD s/ i' nkfPqs uoD d/ Bkb ;fj^;zpzX oZydk j?, ;w{jK dhnK fJekJhnK d/ gqkgs nzeK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX j[zdk j?. id'A fJZe jh fJekJhnK B{z ftfGzB ;w{jK ftZu oZfynk iKdk j? iK fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB eoe/ ;w{jK ftZt tzfvnk iKdk j? sK fJj ;fj^;zpzX xfNs j' iKdk j? ns/ fJBQK ;w{jK B{z ;fj^;zpzXs ;w{j fejk iKdk j?. fiBQK gfoebkgK ftZu nfij/ ;w{jK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, T[jBK B{z ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j gfoebkg



(correlated groups designs) efjzd/ jB. fJj gfoebkg fJZe ;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg d/ jh ;wkB j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z g{Bowkg gfoebkg (repeated measures

design) th efjzd/ jB. fJ; ftZu fJekJhnK d/ fJZe jh ;w{j B{z ftfGzB T[gukoK ;zpzXh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fe;N/B;B dk efjdk j? fe fijV/ d'P fJZe^;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg d/ j[zd/ jB, T[j fJ; ftZu gkJ/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ fJ; ftZu nfXnB bJh fJZe iK d' uoDK dk fB:zsoD ;zGt j' iKdk j? fi; d[nkok T[gukoK d/ gqGkt finkdk ;gPN j' iKd/ jB. fJ; dh ;zouBk dh o{go/yk e[ZM fBwB gqeko dh j[zdh j?^

B'N

Subject T-1 T-2 T-3

1 Y-1 Z-1 X-1

2 Y-2 Z-2 X-2

3 Y-3 Z-3 X-3

: : : :

n Y-n Z-n X-n

Sums Y Z X

T[go'es ;{uh dh ;wZroh dk ;fj^;zpzXs ;w{j ftubB^ftPb/PD (correlated groups

ANOVA) ftXh d[nkok ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftXh dk ft;sfos toDB g[;se d/ Gkr^2 ftZu ehsk frnk j?.

8H fwPos ;w{j gfoebkg

id'A d'^uoDh gfoebkg ftZu ;w{jK dk f;oiB fJZe ;[szso uoD s/ ;w^;zGkfte ftXh Bkb ns/ d{i/ s/ ;fj^;zpzXs ftXh Bkb ehsk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z fwPos ;w{j (mixed groups) iK ;fj^;zpzXs^;w^;zGkfte ;w{j (correlated-randomized groups) gfoebkg efjzd/ jB. fJ; B{z sZsh ;fj^;zpzXs^;w{j gfoebkg (factorial correlated groups design) th efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[jh bkG jB fiBQK dk T[b/y sZsh gfoebkgK d/ nzsors ehsk frnk j?. Bkb jh fijV/ bkG ;fj^;zpzXh^;w{j^gfoebkgK d/ j[zd/ jB T[jBK dk th ;wkt/P fJBQK ftZu j' iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk j' tZX iKdh j?. 10H3 noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg (Quasi True Experimental Design)

fJ; tor ftZu nkT[D tkb/ gfoebkgK B{z fGzB^fGzB b/yeK B/ nbZr^nbZr Bkw fdZs/ jB. eofbro B/ T[jBK B{z “d'Pg{oD gfoebkg” (faulty designs) fejk j?. tkB vkb/B B/ T[jBK B{z “nfs fBT{B fB:zsoD tkb/ gfoebkg” (designs with minimal control) fejk j?. fe;N/B;B e?Agp/b ns/ ;N?Bb/ (1966) ns/ j'o e[ZM B/ T[jBK B{z “noX^;Zu gfoebkg” fejk j?. ekob;^;fwE^J/b;toE^nko'B;B T[jBK B{z “gq:'rkswe gfoebkg” (non-experimental

designs) d/ nzsors oZyd/ jB.

e?Agp/b d/ nB[;ko, gq:'rkswe y'i ftZu id'A fB:zsoD dhnK io{osK (requirements) g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK sK T[jBK B{z noX^;Zu gfoebkg efjzd/ jB. fttjko^ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu y'i dhnK nB/e go;fEshnK nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ftZu fB:zsoD d/ em'o fB:wK dk ns/ gq:'rkswe ftXh dh gqwkfDesk gqfefonk dk gkbD eoBk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fit/A fe fe;N/B;B dk th efjDk j?, B?;rfoe ftt;EktK (naturally settings) ftZu fiZE/ pj[s ;ko/ nfB:'fis ns/ fB:'fis gqGkt xfNs j[zd/ jB, fJj ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk fe fJekJhnK B{z


;{uh 10H1


B'N ;w{jK ftZu ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok tzfvnk ikt/ ns/ Bk fJj jh ;zGt j? fe nfXnB ;zpzXh uoDK d/ gqGkt B{z d{ihnK seBheK d/ wkfXnw s'A fB:zsfos ehsk ikt/. fJBQK go;fEshnK ftZu P'Xeosk e[ZM xZN gqwkfDe y'i ;zouBktK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok T[gukoK d/ gqGktK B{z ikDB d/ bJh wip{o j[zd/ jB fiBQK T[j „noX^;Zu gfoebkgK‟ dk BKt fdzd/ jB. ekoBtkue Bshi/ fJBQk gfoebkgK iK y'i^;zouBktK d/ nkXko s/ th eZY/ ik ;ed/ jB, Gkt/A fe fJj T[B/ P[ZX ns/ t?X BjhA wzB/ iKd/ fizB/ fe ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK d/ wkfXnB s'A gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A ;kohnK xNB tkbhnK y'iK noX;Zu gfoebkgK dh Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[AdhnK jB. eofbro B/ ft;Eko Bkb xNBT[Zso nfXnBK ns/ ;Zu gq:'rkswe y'i d/ nzso dk toEB ehsk j? ns/ fejk j? fe xNBT[Zso nfXnBK ftZu fJekJhnK ns/ T[gukoK B{z ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? feT[Afe ;[szso uoD gfjbK jh xfNs j' u[Ze/ j[zd/ jB. e[ZM ftfPPN noX;Zu gfoebkgK dk toDB nZr/ ehsk frnk j?^



4H ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg B{z w"fb HHHHHHHHHHHH dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk j?.

(T) w{bG{s gfoebkg (n) gqhyD gfoebkg (J) ftnkge gfoebkg (;) ;w{j gfoebkg

5H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH B{z T[Zu ns/ T[fus gfoebkg wzfBnk iKdk j?.

(T) g{ot^gqhyD gfoebkg (n) pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg

(J) g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA.

6H HHHHHHHHHHHHH gfoebkg B{z pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD dk ft;Eko ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

(T) ;w{j gfoebkg (n) js gfoebkg

(J) fB:zsfos gfoebkg (;) g{ot^gqhyD gfoebkg.

1H fJZe ;w{j gfoebkg (One-way Design)

e?Agp/b ns/ ;N?Bb/ B/ fJ; B{z fJZe^r'fbek tfos nfXnB (one-shot case study) fejk j? fi; ftZu fJZe ;w/A ftZu e/tb fJZe ;w{j dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; dh nkb'uBk eod/ j'J/ ekob;fwE^J/b;toE^nko'B;B B/ fejk j? fe “fJ; gqeko dk nfXnB eoBk T[;h soQK j? fit/A dbdb s/ wfjb/ pDkT[Dk.” fJ; d/ nzsors fe;h fJZe ;w{j, ftnesh iK xNBk d/ ftP/ ftZu pj[s ;koh ikDekoh fJeZso ehsh iKdh j?. T[; B{z ;{uhnK ftZu ;ikfJnk iKdk j? ns/ T[; dk ftPb/PD pj[s nZS/ Yzr s'A gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j? fi; d[nkok fe gVQB tkb/, fijV/ Bshi/ eZY/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK s/ ftPtk; eo b?D. gkme T[; B{z gVQd/ ;w/A G[Zb iKd/ jB fe T[; ftZu fe;h j'o s[bBkswe ftnesh iK ;w{j dk nfXnB BjhA ehsk frnk ;h. gkme fJj ftuko BjhA eodk fe fijV/ Bshi/ gq;s{s ehs/ rJ/ jB T[j nfijhnK jh d{ihnK fJekJhnK d/ ftP/ ftZu th ;Zu j'Dr/ iK BjhA. fJ; gqaeko d/ nfXnBK ftZu uoDK d/ ftZu ekoi^ekoB ;zpzX dh ;EkgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh, sK th fJj gfoebkg jw/PK p/eko BjhA ;wM/ iKd/. e[[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu e[ZM j'o ;zGt Bk j'D s/ fit/A th j?, T[jh nZSk ;wfMnk iKdk j?. eJh soQK dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu fJBQK d/ d[nkok fJeZso ehsh rJh pj[s^;koh ikDekoh th T[g:'rh f;ZX j' ;edh j?.

2H fJZe ;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/ gqhyD gfoebkg

e?Agp/b ns/ ;N?Bb/ B/ fJ; gq:'rkswe gfoebkg B{z th noX;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk j?. fit/A fe eofbro dk wzBDk j? fJ; gfoebkg ftZu fJZe ;w{j dh T[;h d/ Bkb s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; gfoebkg dh ;zouBk fJ; gqeko dh j[zdh j? ^ fJZe u[D/ j'J/



;w{j dhnK fJekJhnK dk fe;h nkfPqs uoD s/ gfjbK wkg eo fbnk iKdk j? (g{ot gqhyD). T[; d/ pknd T[; ;w{j B{z g{ot fBPfus T[guko fdZsk iKdk j?. T[guko ysw j'D d/ pknd T[;h B{z nkfPqs uoD s/ ;w{j dhnK fJekJhnK dk d[pkok wkg ehsk iKdk j? (pknd ftZu ehs/ gqhyD). g{ot^gqhyD ns/ pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD d/ wkg nzeK d/ nzso dh nzeVk ;zpzXh ;koEesk dk gqhyD ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo pknd ftZu ehs/ gqhyD^wkge nze ;koEe o{g s'A finkdk gkJ/ ikd/ jB sK T[guko B{z T[; nzso dk (nkfPqs uoD dk) ekoB wzfBnk iKdk j?.

fJ; gfoebkg dhnK eJh ewhnK jB. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk ns/ t?Xsk jw/PK fBwB ;so dh d/yh iKdh j?. fijV/ nzso g{ot^gqhyD ns/ pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD wkge nzeK d/ ftZu gqkgs j[zdk j? T[; B{z T[guko^uoD d/ d[nkok T[sgzB j'fJnk wzB b?Dk ;jh BjhA j?. g{ot^gqhyD d/ wkge nzeK ftZu fijV/ gfotosB j[zd/ jB T[j j'o th ekoBK s'A j' ;ed/ jB. e?Agp/b B/ fJBQK ekoBK dh ft;Eko Bkb uouk ehsh j?. fJfsjk;, gq'VQsk ns/ wkg fszB'A gqeko d/ sZs g{otgqhyD wkge nzeK B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB ns/ BshfinK dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk B{z xNkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; soQK gqshrwB^gqGkt th pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD wkge nzeK B{z ;zfdrX pDkT[Ad/ jB. g{ot^gqhyD d/ fBub/ wkge nze pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD ftZu T[Zgo tZb ns/ pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD d/ T[Zu wkge nze fBZu/ tZb j' iKd/ jB idfe n;b ftZu wkge nzeK ftZu e'Jh nzso T[sgzB BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh fJBQK sZsK s'A T[sgzB j'Jh so[ZNh d/ ekoB t?X BshfinK dh ;EkgBk fJ; gfoebkg d/ wkfXnw Bkb BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

sK th fJj efjDk T[fus BjhA j't/rk fe fJj gfoebkg p/eko jB. e[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu j' ;edk j? fe T[jBK d/ fJbktk j'o fe;h gfoebkg d/ gq:'r dh ;zGktBk Bk j't/. T[; ;w/A sK fJBQK dk jh gq:'r eoBk gJ/rk.

3H d'^;w{j fB:zsoD^ofjs gfoebkg

fe;N/B;B B/ fJ; gfoebkg B{z n;wkB (non-equivalent) g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg fejk j?. fJ; ftZu d' ;w{j sK ofjzd/ jB fiBQK ftZu'A fJZe dk fB:zsfos ;w{j dh soQK jh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ n;b ftZu T[j fB:zsfos ;w{j j[zdk BjhA. e/tb fJZe s[bBkswe ;w{j jh j[zdk j?. d'jK jh ;w{jK dk nkfPqs uoD s/ g{ot^gqhyD ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJZe ;w{j B{z T[guko d/D d/ pknd d'jK ;w{jK dk T[;h nkfPqs uoD s/ d[pkok gqhyD ehsk iKdk j?. d'jK ;w{jK d/ g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD wkg nzeK dk nbZr^nbZr nzso fbnk iKdk j? ns/ d/fynk iKdk j? fe fe; ;w{j dk nzso finkdk j? Gkt fe; dh gqrsh finkdk j'Jh j?.

fJj gfoebkg g{ot^toDs g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg d/ ;wkB jh j?, gozs{ fJ; B{z ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg dh Pq/Dh BjhA oZfynk ik ;edk feT[Afe fJ; ftZu nkozG ftZu u[D/ rJ/ ;w{jK B{z ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok iK ;wkB ftXh (matching) d[nkok ;wkB BjhA pDkfJnk iKdk. fJ; bJh fJ; gqeko d/ gfoebkgK B{z noX;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk frnk j?. ;w{jK dh n;wkBsk jh fJBQK gfoebkgK dh d[opbsk j[zdh j?. fJ;h ekoB fJ; ftZu fB:zsfos ;w{j ofjzd/ j'J/ th fB:zsoD BjhA j[zdk. e/tb ;w{jK B{z ;wkB wzB e/ Go fbnk iKdk j?. eofbro d/ PpdK ftZu, fJBQK gfoebkgK ftZu “finkdkso fJZe ftPkb dotkIk jw/PK y[fbnk ofjzdk j? fi; s'A j' e/ j'o nfB:zsfos uoD dkfyb j' ;ed/ jB.”

4H Bebh g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg (Simulated Before-after Test only)

fJ; gfoebkg d/ nzsors fJekJhnK dh fJZe tZvh izB;zfynk ftZu'A ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok d' ;w{jK dh u'D ehsh iKdh j?. fJZe B{z fB:zsfos ;w{j ns/ d{i/ B{z gq:'rkswe ;w{j fejk iKdk j? feT[Afe d'jK ;w{jK B{z ;w;zGkfte ftXh Bkb fJZe jh izB;zfynk ftZu'A u[fDnk iKdk j?, fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z ;wkB wzfBnk iKdk j?. fB:zsfos ;w{j dk nkfPqs uoD s/ wkg ehsk iKdk j?. T[; d/ pknd gq:'rkswe ;w{j B{z T[guko fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ T[guko d/ pknd T[; dk T[;h nkfPqs uoD s/ wkg ehsk iKdk j? fi; s/ fB:zsfos ;w{j dk ehsk frnk ;h. fco T[; s'A pknd fB:zsfos ;w{j d/ nfPqs uoD s/ T[bpX g{otgqhyD^wkge nzeK ns/ gq:'rkswe ;w{j d/ pknd ftZu ehs/

B'N



B'N gqhyD^wkge nzeK dk nzso b? e/ T[jBK dk ;koEesk dh iKu ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; B{z o/yk fuZso d[nkok fBwB gqeko gqdofPs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

gq:'H ;w{j g{ot^gqhyD BjhA T[guko nkfPqs uoD (n^2)

s/ pknd ftZu ehs/ gqhyD

fB:zH ;w{j nkfPqs uoD

n^1 s/

g{ot^gqhyD

e'Jh T[guko

BjhA

pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD BjhA

T[go'es ftZu n1^n2 d/ nzso dh ;koEesk dk gqhyD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; gfoebkg ftZu fB:zsfos ;w{j jz[d/ j'J/ th fB:zsoD n;zfdrX BjhA j' gkT[Adk feT[Afe d'BK ;w{jK d/ ;wkB j'D dh e'Jh nkXko (guarantee) BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh fJ; B{z :'r gfoebkg BjhA fejk ik ;edk. sK th fJj fJZe ;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg s'A tZX nZSk ;wfMnk iKdk j?, feT[Afe fJ; ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB gqshrwB gqGkt ns/ fJekJhnK dh u'D ;zpzXh nBhBsh (bias) dk fB:zsoD ;zGt j' iKdk j?, gozs{ fJfsjk;^sZs dk fJ; ftZu th fB:zsoD BjhA j' gkT[Adk.

5H ekbKso wkbk gfoebkg (Time Series Designs)

r"Nw?B^w?eckb^pkoB/N d/ nB[;ko, fJ; gqeko d/ gfoebkgK ftZu fB:zsoD ;w{j dk gq:'r Bk eoe/ fB:zsoD dh pj[s ;kohnK g{oe ftT{ôuBktK dk gq:'rh ehsk iKdk j?. d' soQK d/ nfij/ gfoebkgK dk T[/b/y ehsk frnk j?^

(T) nzdo{Bh ekbKso wkbk gfoebkg (Internal Time-series Design)

feo;N/B;B d/ nB[;ko, fJ; ftZu P'Xeosk T[guko d/D s'A gfjbK ns/ T[; d/ pknd ;w{j dk nkfPqs uoD s/ eJh tko wkg eodk j?. fJ; B{z fJ; gqeko ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?.

T[gukog{ot wkg T[guko T[guko s'A pknd wkg

T^1, T^2, T^3, T^4 m T^5, T^6, T^7, T^8

T[go'es fuZsoD s'A ;gPN d/fynk ik ;edk j? fe fJj gfoebkg fJZe ;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkgK s'A pj[s fwbd/î[bd/ j[zd/ jB. nzso fJzBk j? fe ekbKso^wkbk gfoebkgK ftZu nkfPqs uoD s/ T[guko s'A gfjbK ns/ T[; d/ pknd ;w{j d/ eJh wkg E'V/Ê'V/ ;w/A pknd bJ/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ fJ; ftZu th fJZe ;w{j dh s[bBk T[;h ;w{j d/ Bkb ehsh iKdh j?. eofbro d/ nB[;ko, fJBQK gfoebkgK ftZu fJj ;zGt j' iKdk j? fe wkg dh gqfefonk ;o{g fijVh so[ZNh^ftubB T[sgzB jzdh j? T[j T[guko d/ ekoB T[sgzB ;zg{oD gqGkt ftZu'A eZY fdZsh ikt/. fJ; gqeko T[guko dk gqGkt finkdk P[ZX o{g ftZu T[gbpX j' iKdk j?. wkg gqshfefonk dk gqGkt T^1 d/ pknd T^2 ftZu nGhftnes j[zdk j?. T[guko dk gqGkt T^5 ftZu d/fynk ik ;edk j?, i/eo fJj T^4 s'A finkdk j? sK. i/eo T^2 s'A T^4 sZe d/ wkg nze ;fEo ofjzd/ jB, finkdk gfotofss BjhA j[zd/ jB sK io{oh fBPu/ d/ Bkb fejk ik ;edk j? fe T^5 ftZu nGhftnes gqGkt T[guko d/ ekoB jB. rokc d[nkok fJ; gqGkt^goftosh B{z uzrh soQK do;kfJnk ik ;edk j?. pj[tko gqhyD d/ ekoB fJj gfoebkg fJZe ;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkgK s'A finkdk T[g:'rh j' iKd/ jB.

i/eo gfjb/ T^4 sZe d/ wkge nzeK ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA jB sK T^5 ns/ T^4 dk nzso gq'VQsk, gqhyD ns/ gqshrwB d/ ekoB BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. i/eo T[jBK ;kohnK fJekJhnK dk tko^tko wkg ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJekJh SZvh BjhA iKdh sK u'D ;zpzXh ns/ fJekJhnK dh nDT[gbpXsk d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'D tkbhnK so[ZNhnK B{z th fB:zsfos ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ;



gqeko, fit/A fe tkB vkb/B B/ th fejk j?, fJZe ;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD dh s[bBk ftZu fJBQK gfoebkgK ftZu gq:'rkswe y'iK dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk B{z e[gqGkfts eoB tkb/ finkdk sZsK dk fB:zsoD ;zGt j[zdk j?, gozs{ e?Agp/b ns/ ;N?Bb/ (1963) dk efjDk j? fe fJfsjk; fJBQK ftZu fB:zsfos BjhA j' gkT[Adk ns/ fJBQK gfoebkgK ftZu fJj fJZe ;wZf;nk pDh ofjzdh j?. d{ih ;wZf;nk BshfinK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB w[bnzeD dh j?. BshfinK dh ftnkfynk bJh wkge nzeK dh goftosh dk e/tb fdqPNh ;zpzXh BohyD jh nkXko j[zdk j? fijVk finkdk gquZbs BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. e[ZM ftfPPN nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK sk T[gbpX jB fiBQK dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?, fit/A f;zrb w{v N/;N ns/ vpb w{v N/;N. fJ;h soQK d/ tkeo^bht N/;N^1 ns/ tkeo^bht^N/;N^3 th jB fiBQK dk gq:'r finkdk T[g:'rh j' ;edk j?.

(n) fB:zsfos ;w{j ekbKso^wkbk gfoebkg (Control Group Time Series Design)

feq;N/B;B d/ nB[;ko, fJ; B{z pj[êkbKso^wkbk gfoebkg (multiple time-series design) th efjzd/ jB. feq;N/B;B fJ; B{z g{otrs nzsfos ekbKso wkbk gfoebkg dk ft;skfos o{g wzBd/ jB, gozs{ tkB vkb/B B/ fJ; B{z fB:zsfos ;w{j ekbKso wkbk gfoebkg fejk j?. fJ; gfoebkg nzsfos wkbk gfoebkg s'A finkdk T[g:'rh ;wfMnk iKdk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu fJfsjk; dk th fB:zsoD ;zGt j?. fJ; ftZu fJZe fB:zsfos ;w{j dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fBZu/ fJ; dh ;zouBk o/yk fuZso d[nkok do;kJh rJh j?^

gq:'rkswe ;w{j T^1, T^2, T^3, T^4 T[guko T^5, T^6, T^7, T^8

fB:zsfos ;w{j n^1, n^2, n^3, n^4 ^^ n^5, n^6, n^7, n^8

i/eo fB:zsfos ;w{j d/ wkg nzeK n^4 s'A b^5 ftZu e'Jh tkXk BjhA j[zdk j? gozs{ gq:'rkswe ;w{j ftZu T[guko d/ pknd T^5 ftZu T^4 dh s[bBk ftZu tkXk j[zdk j? sK fJj ;theko ehsk ik ;edk j? fe ;wekbhB fJ;fsjk; dk T[guko d/ d[nkok T[sgzB gqGkt ftZu e'Jh :'rdkB BjhA j? feT[Afe fJ; nzsokb ftZu d'jK ;w{jK d/ nB[Gt ;wkB jh j'Dr/. fJj gfoebkg Bebh g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg s'A th nZSk wzfBnk ik ;edk j? feT[Afe so[ZNh dh ;zGktBk ofjzdh j? T[j th fB:zsfos j' iKdh j?. fJ; d/ gq:'r dk fJZe nZSk T[dkjoD e?Agp/b ns/ o"w (1968) dk nfXnB j? fi; ftZu nwohek d/ eB/eNheN oki B{z gq:'rkswe ;w{j d/ o{g ftZu ns/ j'o okiK B{z fB:zsfos ;w{j d/ o{g ftZu gq:'r ehsk frnk ;h. fJ; nfXnB ftZu d'jK ;w{jK dh :ksk:ks^w"s^do B{z ;kb 1951 s'A 1959 sZe rokc d[nkok do;kfJnk frnk ns/ T[jBK dh s[bBk d/ nkXko s/ fJj f;ZX ehsk fe eB/eNheN d/ okigkb fop'e"c d/ 1955 ftZu rsh ;zpzXh fB:wK dk T[bzxD eoB tkfbnK B{z Skgk wko e/ cVB dk fBPfus gqGkt g?Adk ;h ns/ eB/eNheN oki ftZu :ksk:ks^w"s^do ekch xZN j' rJh ;h feT[Afe fJ; nfXnB ftZu fJZe okiK dk fB:zsfos ;w{j th ;h, fJ; bJh fJj BjhA fejk ik ;edk fe w"s^do ftZu ewh j'dk fJfsjk; (fit/A Phs o[Zs ftZu w'No rZvhnK ubkT[D dk ezw G?n tkbk j'Dk) nkfd sZsK d/ ekoB j't/rk. fJj go;fEshnK sK d'jK ;w{jK ftZu ;wkB ;B.

T[go'es nfXnB dh P'X^;wZroh (data) dk idê?Agp/bô"; B/ w{v Nh^N/;N d/ nkXko s/ ftPb/PD ehsk sK d'jK ;w{jK d/ ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA gkfJnk frnk. rbk; (1968) B/ id'A p"e; ns/ NkU N/;N (1965) dk gq:'r ehsk sK nzso e[ZM ;koEe gkfJnk frnk. ;koEesk dk gqhyD, fit/A fe gfjbK th fejk ik u[Zek j?, fJBQK nfXnBK dh n;bh ;wZf;nk j?. sK th feq;N/B;B dk efjDk j? fe r"Nw?B^w?eckb^pkoB/N (1965) dh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD ftXhnK fiBQK dk toDB rbk;^ftb;B ns/ r"Nw?B (1975) B/ ehsk j?, fJ; ;zdoG ftZu bkGekoh f;ZX j' ;edh j?.

6H nB[gq;E^gfot/PN^gN gfoebkg (Cross-lagged Panel Design)

fJ; gfoebkg dk gq:'r T[; ;fEsh ftZu pj[s T[g:'rh j[zdk j? fi; ftZu d' uoDK d/ ftZu ekoiêkoB ;zpzX dh ;EkgB T[/d/P j[zdk j? gozs{ gfjbK s'A fJj gsk BjhA j[zdk fe fejVk fe; dk ekoB j' ;edk j?.

B'N



B'N T[dkjoD n;cbsk fuzsk dk ekoB j? iK fuzsk n;cbsk dk ekoB j?.

eo'Xh wK^pkg pZfunK B{z nkeowe pDkT[Ad/ jB iK pZfunK dh nkeowesk wK^pkg B{z eo'Xh pDkT[Adh j?, nzdo{Bh gq/oDk dh gqpbsk ftfdnkoEhnk dh nZSh ftfdne T[gbpXh dk ekoB j[zdh j? iK ftfdnkoEhnK dh nZSh ftfdne T[gbpXh T[jBK dh nzdo{Bh gqpbsk dk ekoB j[zdh j?, nkfd. wB'ftfrnkB, f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu y'i dhnK eJh nfijhnK go;fEshnK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ftZu e"D fe; dk ekoB j?, fJj nfXnB dk T[d/P j[zdk j?. fJ; gfoebkg d/ gq:'r ftZu d' rZbK B{z fXnkb ftZu oZyDk io{oh j?^

(i) fJZe fJj fe ekoi^ekoB ;zpzX ftdwkB j'D ns/

(ii) d{ik fJj fe ;zpzX^gqfefonk ekbKso ftZu xfNs j't/.

;zy/g ftZu, fJ; gfoebkg dk gq:'r T[ZE/ ehsk iKdk j? fiZE/ gqPB fJ; gqeko dk j't/^ „T‟ ekoB j? „n‟ dk iK „n‟ ekoB j? „T‟ dk.

fJ; gfoebkg ftZu d' uoD „T‟ ns/ „n‟ j[zd/ jB fiBQK dk wkg fJekJhnK d/ fJZe jh ;w{j B{z b? e/ d' fGzB ;fwnK „J‟ ns/ „;‟ ftZu ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko uko wkg bJ/ iKd/ jB^

(i) T dk J ;w/A s/ fbnk frnk wkg,

(ii) T dk ; ;w/A s/ fbnk frnk wkg,

(iii) n dk J ;w/A s/ fbnk frnk wkg ns/

(iv) n dk ; ;w/A s/ fbnk frnk wkg.

fJBQK wkge nzeK d/ nkXko s/ fBwB fbys 6 ;fj^;zpzX frnks ehs/ iKd/ jB^

(i) rT JH e ;, (ii) rT JH n J, (iii) rn JH n ;

(iv) rn JH T ; (v) rT JH n ; (vi) rT ;H n ;.

T[go'es d/ nkXko s/ fBwB gqeko Bkb nB[gq;E^gfot/PN gN fsnko ehsk iKdk j?^


fuZso 10H1


fJBQK 6 ;fj^;zpzXK ftZu'A d' ;wekfbe (synchronous) ;fj^;zpzX ejkT[Ad/ jB fi; dk noE j[zdk j? T[jBK uoDK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX fiBQK dk wkg fJZe jh ;w/A ftZu ehsk iKdk j?, fit/A^ T J n J ns/ T ; n ;. fJ;h soQK d' ;fj^;zpzXh ( TJH T; ns/ nJH n;) nksw^;fj^;zpzX (auto-correlation) ejkT[Ad/ jB fiBQK dk noE j[zdk j? T ns/ n d'BK uoK d/ wkge nzeK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX fijVk jo/e dk gfjbK „J‟ ;w/A s/ ns/ T[; d/ pknd „;‟ ;w/A s/ wkg eoB s/ T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. d' ;fj^;zpzX nB[gq;E^gfot/PN (cross lagged) ;fj^;zpzX ejkT[Ad/ jB fi; dk noE j[zdk j? T[jBK wkge nzeK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX fijVk fJZe uoD (T) dk gfjb/ ;w/A „J‟ s/ wkg eoB s/ ns/ d{i/ uoD (n) dk d{i/ ;wA „;‟ s/ ns/ fJ; soQK nkg;h (vice versa) wkg eoB s/ T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. fJj ;fj^;zpzX jB^(i) T JH n ; ns/ (ii) n JH T ;.

T[go'es ;ko/ ;fj^;zpzXK ftZu d' nB[gq;E^gfot/PN ;fj^;zpzX finkdk wjZst d/ j[zd/ jB feT[Afe fJBQK d/ nkXko s/ jh fBPfus ehsk iKdk j? fe „T‟ ns/ „n‟ uoDK ftZu fejV/ w[Zy (preponderant) ekoB jB. i/eo T JH n ; finkdk j?, n JH T ; s'A sK „J‟ ;w/A s/ wkg :'r „T‟ ekoB j't/rk „n‟ dk. fJ; soQK i/eo „n‟ ekoB j? „T‟ dk sK n JH T ; nkfd j't/rk „ T JH n ; s'A. g/bi ns/ J/Av{I (1964) B/ ;zpzXs soe dh ftnkfynk ehsh j? ns/ T[; d/ ;woEB ftZu rtkj gq;s{s ehs/ jB. fJZe nfXnB ftZu fJo'B^fjT{Iw?B b/ce'fti^tkbvo (1972) B/ fJj gsk brkT[Dk dk gfonk; ehsk fe d{odoPB s/ fjz;k (T) d/ fdqP d/yDk nkeowesk (n) dk ekoB j? iK pkbeK dh ;[Gkfte nkeowesk T[jBK dh d{odoPB s/ fjz;k d/ fdqP d/yD dh o{uh dk eoB j?. fJj nfXnB nB[gq;E^gfot/PN^gN gfoebkg dh ftXh s'A ehsk frnk ;h. pZu/ id'A iwks fszB ftZu gVQd/ ;B T[; ;w/A T[jBK dh d{odoPB s/ fjz;k d/ fdqPK B{z d/yD dh goftosh dk (T J) ns/ id'A T[j 13thA iwks ftZu nkJ/ T[; ;w/A T[jBK dh nkeowesk (n ;) dk wkg ehsk frnk. fJ;h soQK fsZih iwks ftZu T[jBK dh nkeowesk (n J) dk ns/ 13thA iwks ftZu d{odoPB s/ fjz;k dh goftosh (T ;) dk wkg ehsk frnk. fJj gkfJnk frnk fe T JH n ; (H31) finkdk ;h n JH T ; (H01) s'A. fJ; bJh fJj Bshik eZfYnk frnk fe d{odoPB s/ fjz;k d/ fdqP d/yD dh goftosh pkbeK ftZu nkeowesk dk tkXk eodh j?. fJBQK d' nB[gq;E^gfot/PN ;fj^;zpzXK d/ fJbktk pkeh 4 dh th ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; dh ft;sfos ikDekoh d/ bJh ftfdnkoEh g/bi ns/ J/AfvT{I (1964) dh g[;se gVQB.

fJ;h soQK dk fJZe j'o gfoebkg “wkor^ftPb/PD” (path analysis) j? fiBQK dk toDB b/Av (1969) ns/ jh; (1970) B/ ehsk j? ns/ fi; B{z T[jBK B/ fJZe j'o th finkdk ft;sfos y'i gfoebkg dZf;nk j?.

7H J/eb^fJekJh y'i gfoebkg (One-unit Research Design)

j[D sZe fizB/ th noX;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkgK dk toDB ehsk frnk j? T[jBK ;kfonK ftZu fJZe s'A finkdk fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j ofjzd/ jB, gozs{ nfij/ gfoebkgK dk th ftek; ehsk frnk j? fiBQK ftZu e/tb fJZe jh fJekJh ofjzdh j?. fJBQK gfoebkgK B{z J/eb fJekJh gfoebkg (single subject designs) efjzd/ jB. fJBQK ftZu e/tb fJZe jh ftnesh dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ fJ; s'A fJj Gow BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe fJj fJZe soQK dk J/eb tfos^nfXnB (case study) jh j?. J/eb nfXnB s'A fJj pj[s fGzB j? feT[Afe fJ; d/ nzsors ftP/ s'A i' ikDekoh gqkgs ehsh iKdh j?, T[j pj[s finkdk fB:zsfos go;fEshnK ftZu ehsh iKdh j?. ;[szso uoD s/ th ftP/ (subject) dh nB[fefonk dk fB:zsfos Yzr d[nkok BfoyD iK wkg ehsk iKdk j? ns/ ;ko/ ekoi T[;h GktBk d/ Bkb ehsk iKdk j? fijV/ gq:'rkswe ftXhnK ftZu ;XkoD o{g s'A gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. sK th fJ; B{z ;Zu gq:'rkswe y'i BjhA fejk ik ;edk, feT[Afe fJ; ftZu ;w;zGkfte ftXh, gqj;sB ns/ fJekJhnK dh g{Boftosh dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j[zdk Bk fJBQK ftZu e'Jh s[bBkswe ;w{j jh j[zdk j?. fco th fJ; d/ wkfXnw s'A fJj Bshik eZYDk ;zGt j' iKdk j? fe ;[szso uoD (T[guko) d/ cb;o{g fttjko ftZu io{oh gfotosB j'fJnk j? iK BjhA.

fJ; gfoebkg ftZu T[guko s'A gfjbK ns/ T[; d/ pknd fttjko dk eJh tko wkg ehsk iKdk

B'N



B'N j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A fJ; dh ;zouBk ekbKso wkbk gfoebkg Bkb ns/ g{ot^pkne ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg Bkb pj[s fwbdhî[bdh j?. i/eo T[guko s'A gfjbK ns/ T[; d/ pknd dk e/tb fJZe tko jh wkg ehsk iKdk sK fJ; dh ;zouBk fJZe^;w{j g{ot^pknd ftZu ehs/^gqhyD gfoebkg dh soQK j[zdh. fJ; bJh fJj efjDk nDT[fus BjhA j't/rk fe fJj gfoebkg fJZe^;w{j^g{ot pknd ftZu ehs/ gqhyD ns/ ekbKso^wkbk gfoebkgK dk ;z:[es ft;skfos o{g j?. feq;N/B;B B/ fJ; B{z “toDkswe gq:'r” (descriptive

experimentation) fejk j?.

fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBk d/ eJh o{g ns/ Bkw fwbd/ jB. fJZE/ e/tb d' gqekoK dk jh toDB ehsk ikt/rk feT[Afe fJj d' jh finkdk gquZbs jB. fJj jB^

(i) T[bNkU (reversal) gfoebkg ns/

(ii) pj[ nkXko o/yk gfoebkg (multiple baseline designs).

(T) T[bNkU gfoebkgL fJ; gfoebkg d/ pj[s ;ko/ Bkw jB, fit/A^ “n p n p” gfoebkg, T[bNkU seBhe (reversal technique) fi; dk T[b/y p/no^pbc ns/ foib/ (1968) B/ ehsk j?, ;wkB ekb fBnkdoP gfoebkg (equivalent time samples design) fi; dk T[b/y e?Agp/b^;N?Bb/ (1963) B/ ehsk j?, fJ; bJh ftP/ nGhftosh (intre-subject replication) fi; dk gq:'r f;vw?B (1960) B/ ehsk j? ns/ v[zx/ nfXnB gfoebkg (intensive design) fi; dk toDB uZ;kB (1967) B/ ehsk j?, gozs{ fJj T[bNkU gfoebkg ns/ “n p n p” d' BkwK s'A finkdk gquZbs j?. fttjkoK d/ T[guko ftZu fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK dk ftP/P wjZst j?. fJ; dh ;zouBk nZr/ fby/ gqeko dh j[zdh j?^ n p n p nkXko o/yk wkg T[guko T[guko o/yk wkg T[guko

fJ; gfoebkg d/ uko uoD iK ;fEshnK j[zdhnK jB. uoD „n‟ fi; B{z nkXkoô/yk wkg efjzd/ jB nkfPqs uoD iK fNZuk^fttjko dk gqshe j[zdk j? fi; ftZu T[guko d/ d[nkok gfotosB fbnkT[D dk fNZuk j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z nkXkoô/yk wkg fJ; bJh efjzd/ jB fe T[guko d/D s'A gfjbK fJj fttjko n;fsst ftZu j[zdk j?. nkfPqs uoD dh fJj nkozfGe nt;Ek j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb T[guko d[nkok gfotofss fttjko dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh nkXkoô/yk nt;Ek iK fttjko fJZe gqeko dk wkBdzv iK Bshik j[zdk j? fi; d/ nkXko s/ T[guko d/ gqGkt dk w[bnzeD ehsk iKdk j?. uoD „p‟ T[guko iK gq:'rkswe go;fEsh j[zdh j? fi; d/ d[nkok fttjko iK ;fEsh „n‟ ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[D dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?. fizBk ;wK nkXkoô/yk d/ nfXnB eoB ns/ T[; d/ T[b/y (record) fsnko eoB ftZu you ehsk iKdk j? T[Bk jh ;wK T[guko B{z th fdZsk iKdk j?. T[guko d/D s'A pknd id'A io{oh fttjko T[sgzB j' iKdk j? sK d[pkok ;fEsh „n‟ nk iKdh j? ns/ T[B/ ;w/A sZe pDh ofjD fdZsh iKdh j? fizB/ ;w/A sZe T[guko uZfbnk ;h. fJj gq:'r fsZik uoD j[zdk j?. fJ; ekb ftZu e'Jh T[guko BjhA fdZsk iKdk ns/ ftPne B{z T[;h ;fEsh ftZu ofjD ns/ fttjko eoB dh S{N j[zdh j? fijVh uoD „n‟ d/ nzsors ftdwkB ;h. fJ; B{z gfotosB ns/ T[bNkU ;fEsh efjzd/ jB fi; dk noe j[zdk j? T[guko B{z jNkT[ADk ns/ ;fEsh „n‟ B{z tkfg; fbnkT[Dk. fJj f;ZX eoB d/ bJh fttjko ftZu fijVk gfotosB nkfJnk j? T[j T[guko d/ ekoB j? fJj gqkt;Ek (phase) pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD j?. fJ; d/ pknd u"E/ uoD ftZu d[pkok T[guko (go;fEsh „n‟) T[B/ jh ;w/A d/ bJh fdZsk iKdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJ; gfoebkg B{z „n p n p‟ gfoebkg efjzd/ jB. fJZe tk;sfte nfXnB d[nkok fi; B{z N/N ns/ pko'c (1966) B/ ehsk ;h fJ; dh gqfefonk ;gPN j' ikt/rh.

Nk;e J/eb fJekJh y'i gfoebkg s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.



fJZe 9 ;kb dk ;kw Bkw dk pkbe p/b'VhAd/ ns/ nkswxksh fttjko fit/A fdtko ns/ gZEoK Bkb f;o gNeDk, jZEK Bkb w{zj s/ EZgV wkoBk ns/ nkgD/ nkg B{z e[ZNDk nkfd fttjkoK s'A rq;s ;h. Bkb jh d{finK Bkb fbgNDk, T[jBK dh r'd ftZu uVQ e/ p?m ikDk, T[jBK dhnK pkjK B{z nkgD/ ukoK gk;/ bg/NDK nkfd nkdsK th T[; ftZu g? rJhnK ;B. ;zGt o{g s'A T[j d{finK d/ Pohoe B/Vsk (physical contact) dh fJZSk oZydk ;h. P'Xeosk B/ ;kw d/ fJBQK p/b'VhAd/ fttjkoK (nkfPqs uoD) dk T[guko eoB ;zpzXh Pohoe B/Vsk (;szso uoD) s'A goskT[ (withdrawal) B{z T[guko (treatment) d/ o{g ftZu ngDkfJnk. gq:'r d/ uko uoD n p n p ;B ns/ joe/ uoD B{z 5 fdBK dk ;wK fdZsk frnk ;h. P'Xeosk ;kw dk jZE cV e/ ns/ T[; Bkb rZbK eod/ j'J/ gfo;o ftZu gqshfdB (e[ZbQ 5 fdBK sZe) x[wkT[D b? iKd/ ;B. fJj nkXkoô/yk uoD „n‟ ;h. fJ; ftZu i/eo ;kw e'Jh p/b'VhAdk fttjko eodk ;h sK T[j T[; tZb fXnkB BjhA fdzd/ ;B. gzi fdBK s'A pknd uoD „p‟ nkozG j'fJnk fi; ftZu ;kw B{z T[guko fdZsk frnk fi; d/ nzsors i/eo ;kw e'Jh p/b'VhAdk fttjko eodk ;h sK T[j s[ozs MNe/ e/ jZE Svk b?Ad/ ;B (Pohoe B/Vsk dk goskU). fJj T[guko (;fEsh „p) th 5 fdB uZfbnk. fJ; d/ pknd fsZik uoD d[pkok nkozG j'fJnk fi; ftZu ;kw B{z d[pkok ;fEsh „n‟ Gkt nkXkoô/yk uoD ftZu w'V fbnk frnk. gzi fdBK d/ fJ; uoD ftZu d[pkok ;kw d/ fttjkoK ftZu dybnzdkIh BjhA ehsh rJh. gzi fdBK pknd d[pkok nrb/ gzi fdBK sZe T[guko fdZsk frnk. jo/e uoD ftZu jo/e fdB d/ b'VhAd/ fttjko dhnK nktoshnK dk nGhb/y fsnko ehsk iKdk fojk. fJBQK nkb/yK B{z fwshtko, uoDtko tkoô/ykfuZso d[nkok do;kfJnk frnk. fJ; o/yk fuZso s'A fJj ;gPN o{g s'A gsk bZrk j? fe jo/e T[gukoûoD d/ jo/e fdB ;kw d/ p/b'VhAd/ fttjkoK ftZu ewh nkT[Adh rJh. fJ; bJh fJj Bshik eZfYnk frnk fe T[j T[guko T[d/P dh T[gbpXh dk gqGktPkbh wkfXnw ;h. fJ; gfoebkg ftZu fJfsjk; dk fB:zsoD ;zGt j[zdk j?.

(n) pj[^nkXkoô/yk gfoebkgL fJ; gfoebkg ftZu nkXkoô/yk dh ikDekoh (data) eJh ;o'sK s'A fJeZso ehsh iKdh j?. fJj ;o's jB^

(i) ftnesh d/ pj[s ;ko/ fGzB^fGzB fttjko,

(ii) fGzB^fGzB ftneshnK dk T[;h soQK dk fttjko,

(iii) ftnesh dk fGzB^fGzB go;fEshnK ftZu j'fJnk T[j fttjko.

fJ; d/ pknd jo/e fNZu/ fttuko ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[D bJh T[guko fdZsk iKdk j?. T[guko d/ cb;o{g i/eo fNZuk^fttjkoK ftZu gfotosB nkT[Adk j?, gozs{ pkeh fttjko gfjbK dh soQK jh (Gkt nkXkoô/yk^;fEs) ofjzd/ jB sK T[; T[guko B{z gqGkth ;wfMnk iKdk j?. T[; dh ;zouBk fBwB nB[;ko ehsh jz[dh j?^

fttjko T[guko^1 T[guko^2 T[guko^3 T[guko^4 T[guko ftnesh iK go;fEshnK

n nkXko o/yk p nkXko o/yk ; nkXko o/yk D nkXko o/yk

T[guko nkXko o/yk nkXko o/yk nkXko o/yk

T[guko nkXko o/yk nkXko o/yk

T[guko nkXko o/yk

T[guko

fJ; gfoebkg d/ n;b gq:'r dk T[dkjoD ns/ ft;sfos toDB wkoe; ns/ r/bvo (1967) d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ nfXnB ftZu T[gbpX jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu ns/ M{v dh gfjukD eo' (State whethter the following

Statement are True or False)

7H fJZe^;w{j gfoebkg B{z e?Agp/b ns/ ;N?Bb/ B/ fJZe^r'be tfos nfXnB fejk j?.

B'N



B'N 8H w"fb B/ fejk^ „fJ; gqeko dk nfXnB dbdb ftZu wfjb pDkT[D fijk j?.‟

9H ekbKso wkbk ;o{g ftZu g{oe ftT{ ouBktK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

10H nzdo{Bh gq/oDk ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ftfdne T[gbpXh dk ekoB j[zdh j?. 10H4 J/eb^ftnesh nfXnBl e[ZM w[PfebK (Individual Study: Some Challanges)

fJBQK gfoebkgK dhnK e[ZM ftP/P w[PfebK jB fiBQK dh ftnkfynk io{oh gqshs j[zdh j?. fJ; ftZu'A fJZe j? “nkXkoô/yk” dh ;zebgBk, d{ih j? T[gbpX P'X^;wZroh d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh ns/ fsZih j? fto'Xh T[gebgBktK (rival hypotheses) dh. fJBQK dh ft;sfos ftnkfynk fJ; soQK ehsh rJh j?^

(T) nkXkoô/ykL fJ; ;zebgBk d/ nzsors nkfPqs uoD dhnK ftP/PsktK iK T[j fNZu/^fttjko nkT[Ad/ jB fijV/ T[guko d/D s'A gfjbk n;bhns ftZu j[zd/ jB. fJZe ftnesh d/ nfXnB ftZu fJ; dk pj[s finkdk wjZst j[zdk j?. fJjh T[j ;zdoG j?, fttjkoK dh o{go/yk j? fi; B{z T[gukoK d/ gqGktK dh ;koEesk dh iKu eoB d/ bJh wkBdzv, e;"Nh iK nkXko o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ T[; B{z ;zpzXs eJh w[PfebK jB, T[jBK B{z ;wMDk io{oh j?. gfjbK sK fJj w[Pfeb nkT[Adh j? fe fJZe ;fEo ns/ wip{s (stable) nkXkoô/yk fet/A gqkgs ehsh ikt/. Bk sK fJ; dh e'Nh e;"Nh j' ;edh j? ns/ Bk e'Jh fJ; dh ;oGwkBsk gqkgs gfoGkPk. ed'A fe; soQK fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe nkXkoô/yk ;EkJh ns/ wip{s j?. fJ; dk e'Jh ;wkXkB T[gbpX BjhA j[zdk. ftP/P o{g s'A wB[Zyh^fttjkoK d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJj j'o th finkdk w[Pfeb j' iKdk j? feT[Afe wB[Zyh^fttjko pj[s finkdk gfotosBPhb j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh feq;N/B;B dk efjDk j? fe fJj ;zebgBk “fJZe nkdoP j?, fttjkfoe ftuko BjhA j?”.

(n) nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh w[PfebL d{ih ;wZf;nk BshfinK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh j?. T[guko d/D d/ pknd nkfPqs uoD ftZu fijVk gfotosB nkT[Adk j? T[; B{z e/tb o/yk^fuZsoK ns/ fdqP wkfXnwK d[nkok gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. fJj gquZbs BshfinK s/ gj[zuD dh T[fus ftXh BjhA j? feT[Afe fJBQK d/ nkXko s/ fJj BjhA fejk ik ;edk fe fttjko ftZu T[sgzB gfotosB fJzBk j? fe T[; B{z ;koEe wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fezBk gfotosB j't/ fe T[; B{z ;koEe ;wfMnk ikt/, nfijh e'Jh e;"Nh BjhA j[zdh. r'Nw?B (1973) B/ nkgD/ nkg fJj gkfJnk fe o/yk^fuZso d/ nkXko s/ fi; fttjko^gfotosB B{z ;koEe wzfBnk frnk ;h, nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD nkXko s/ T[j ;koEe BjhA gkfJnk frnk. pj[s ;ko/ b/yeK dk efjDk j? fe fJBQK gfoebkgK dh P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD ftZu nzeVk ftrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, gozs{ e[ZM fJj th wzBd/ jB fe nfijk BjhA j?. fJj th ;Zu j? fe pj[s ;ko/ b/yeK B/ nfijhnK nzeVk ftfrnkBe ftXhnK dk toDB ehsk j? fiBQK dk gq:'r fJBQK gfoebkgK dk ftPb/PD eoB ftZu ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(J) fto'Xh T[gebgBktKL fJ; dk noE j? fe fJ; gqeko d/ nfXnBK ftZu T[guko d/ cb;o{g fijVk gqGkt T[sgzB j'fJnk wzfBnk iKdk j?, T[j d{i/ pj[s ;ko/ ekoBK s'A th j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh nkfPqs uoD tkb/ gqGkt dh ekoe T[gebgBktK T[guko d/ fJbktk j'o th pj[s ;kohnK j' ;edhnK jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo ftfGzB uoDK ftZu nkd/P, fBod/P, BfoZyD^go;fEshnK, ftt;Ek dk fttjko ns/ ;[Gkn pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB sK T[jBK d/ jh ekoB fJj gfotosB j?.

10H5 J/eb ftnesh y'i gfoebkgL nkyoh w[bnzeD (Individual Research Design: Final Evaluation)

Gkt/A fe fttjko ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu eJh fJekJhnK d/ ;w{jK s/ jh finkdkso nfXnB



ehs/ iKd/ oj/ jB, T[j jh nZi th finkdk b'egqh: jB, sK th J/eb^ftnesh nfXnBK dk ngDk wjZst j?. edhêdh T[jBK dk gq:'r th ehsk frnk j?. f;vw?B (1960) dh g[;se d/ gqekfPs j'D d/ pknd s'A jh T[jBK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh tXh j? ns/ T[jBK dk gq:'r (ftP/P o{g s'A wB'T[guko d/ y/so ftZu) j'Dk nkozG j'fJnk j?. f;vw?B fJBQK d/ i'odko gZyh jB. d{i/ e[ZM b/yeK B/ th fJBQK dh T[g:'rsk B{z ;theko ehsk j? ns/ fejk j? fe J/eb ftnesh nfXnB y'i dh wjZstg{oD ftT{ôuBktK jB feT[Afe fJZe ftnesh d/ fttjko B{z finkdk nZSh soQK fB:zsfos ehsk ik ;edk j? fi; d/ cb;o{g T[gukoK d/ gqGktK B{z P[ZX o{g ftZu gqkgs eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j?, gozs{ T[jBK dk fJj th wzBDk j? fe fJBQK BshfinK dk ;XkoBheoD j'o fJekJhnK d/ bJh ;zGt BjhA j[zdk.

fJj ;'uDk fe e'Jh y'i gfoebkg ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu nZSk iK yokp j?, T[fus BjhA. Jo/e d/ nkgD/ bkG ns/ jkBhnK jB. T[;h soQK J/eb^ftnesh nfXnB gfoebkg dhnK th nkgDhnK jkBhnK ns/ nkgD/ bkG jB. fiZE/ e[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu T[; dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, d{i/ gk;/ e[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu T[; dh pj[s finkdk T[g:'rsk j' ;edh j?. T[dkjoD ti'A^wkordoPB ns/ ;bkj, wB'o'rK d/ T[guko, fttjko^gfotosB nkfd d/ y/soK ftZu fJBQK dk gq:'r pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. 10H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

y'iêkoi nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK T[; dh fJZe ft;sfos o{go/yk fsnko eoBk io{oh ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

;[szso uoDK dh ;zfynk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A, (i) fJZe uoDh, (ii) d'ûoDh, ns/ (iii) pj[^ uoDh gfoebkg j[zd/ jB. ;[szso uoDK d/ ;soK d/ fdqPNhe'DK s'A gfoebkgK B{z ;so%T[guko (levels x treatment) gfoebkg iK c?eN'ohnb gfoebkg d/ Bkw s'A p[[bkfJnk iKdk j?.

s[bBkswe ;w{jK ftZu fJekJhnK dh tzv ;w;zGkfte ftXh s'A ehsk iKdk j? ns/ ;ko/ ;w{jK dhnK fJekJhnK nbZr^nbZr ofjzdhnK jB sK T[; gfoebkg B{z ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j gfoebkg efjzd/ jB.

gq:'rkswe y'i ftZu id'A fB:zsoD dh io{osK (requirements) g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK sK T[jBK B{z noX^;Zu gfoebkg efjzd/ jB.


1H gfoebkg (Design) ^ fe;h th y'i dh fJZe ft;sfos o{go/yk.

2H T[bNk^ gqshe{bsk, tZyok.

3H nfGBsh^ M[ekn, nzdo tZb B{z M[ekn. 10H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gq:'rkswe gfoekb s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; dk torheoD eo'.

2H ;Zu gq:'rkswe gfoebkg dk torheoD eod/ j'J/ T[;dk toDB eo'.

3H ekbKso wkbk gfoebkg s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< toDB eo'.

4H noX ;Zu gfoebkg fe; B{z efjzd/ jB< fJ; d/ w[Zy gqeko fejV/^fejV/ jB<

5H js gfoekb s/ gqekP gkU.

B'N



B'N T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H gq:'rkswe gfoebkg 2H noX^;Zu gq:'rkswe ;o{g 3H ;wkBe ;w{j

4H (T) w{bG{s gfoebkg 5H (J) g{os ns/ pkne ftZu ehs/^gqhyD 6H (n) js gfoebkg

7H ;Zu 8H M{m 9H ;Zu 10H ;Zu 10H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H ftfdne y'i dhnK ftXhnK^PohB ns/ PPhebk, ftB'd g[;se wzfdo.

2H ftfdne seBheh ns/ w[bnzeD^vkH okw f;zx, GZN podoI.


4H ftfdne seBheh gqpzX ns/ w[bnzeD^i/H ;hH nrotkb, GZN podoI.


fJekJh^11L BohyD ns/ BohyD :'iBk

fJekJh^11L BohyD ns/ BohyD :'iBk (Observation and Observation Schedule)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


11H1 BohyD iK ntb'eB (Observation)

11H2 BohyD d/ gqeko (Types of Observation)

11H3 BohyD ftXh dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Observation)

11H4 BohyD dhnK ;hwktK (Limitation of Observation)

11H5 ;[Mkn (Suggestions)





T[d/P (Objectives)


BohyD ns/ BohyD d/ gqeko B{z ;wMD ftZul

BohyD ftXh dhnK ftP/PsktK ns/ ;hwktK B{z ;wMD ftZu.


„ntb'eB‟ Ppd nzro/Ih GkPk d/ „Observation‟ dk gzikph o{gKsoD j? fi; dk noE j? „d/yDk‟, „gq/yD‟, „BohyD‟ ns/ „ntb'eB‟ eoBk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, „ekoi^ekoB iK gko;gfoe ;zpzXK B{z ikDB d/ bJh ;t?;[Gkfte o{g s'A xfNs j'D tkbhnK xNBktK B{z ;[yw o{g s'A d/yDk jh ntb'eB j?.‟

Pqahwsh ghHthH :zr d/ nB[;ko^ “ntb'eB nkgD/ nkg ft;ef;s xNBktK dk T[jBK d/ xfNs j'D d/ ;w/A jh nkgDhnK nZyK d[nkok ftt;fEs ns/ ikD^p[ZM e/ ehsk frnk nfXnB j?.”

gq'H ;hHJ/H w/io d/ nB[;ko^ “m'; noE ftZu ntb'eB ftZu ezBK ns/ p'b dh ng/fynk nZyK d/ gq:'r dh io{os j?.”

T[go'es ftP/PsktK s'A ;gPN j? fe ntb'eB gqkEfwe ;wZroh fJeZmh eoB dh fJZe gqsZy ns/ wjZstg{oD ftXh j?. fJ; ftZu nfXnBeosk xNBktK B{z d/ydk j?, ;[Ddk j?, ;wMdk j? ns/ ;zpzXs ;wZroh B{z fJeZmk eodk j?.” 11H1 BohyD iK ntb'eB (Observation)

fJj pj[s gquZbs ftXh j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu wB[Zy fttjko dk ntb'eB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[;h d/ nkXko s/ nzeV/ fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJj ftfGzB gqeko dhnK ;wkfie go;fEshnK ftZu



B'N wB[Zyh fttjko d/ wkg dk f;ZXk sohek j?. f;Zfynk ns/ wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu fJ; ftXh dk T[g:'r w[Zy o{g s'A fB:zsfos gq:'rK (Controlled Experiment) ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. fpBK ntb'eB ehs/ n;hA e[ZM th nfXnB BjhA eo ;ed/. ftnefsZst ns/ p[ZXh d/ eJh gZyK dk frnkB fJ; d/ d[nkok jh ;zGt j[zdk j?. fJfsjkf;e fdqPNhe'D s'A nkfd wkBt d[nkok do;kJhnK wkg ftXhnK ntb'eB d/ fJbktk e[ZM BjhA jB. T[; ekb dk ykBkpd'P fPekoh ikBtoK dhnK fuzeK ;[Ddk ;h, tfjD tkb/ mzvh jtk dk nB[Gt eodk ;h, o[Zs d/ nkT[D nkfd dk frnkB ntb'eB ftXh d[nkok jh eodk ;h. fi; soQK i:'fsP BePZsoK dk ntb'eB eodk j?, fues;e o'rh dk BohyD T[; B{z S{j e/, BkVh dh rsh dk jZE Bkb nB[wkg brk e/ T[guko dh ;bkj fdzdk j?, T[;h soQK, f;Zfynk ns/ wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu th fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fttjko dk BohyD eoB ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. ftnesh J/eKs ftZu, ;w{j ftZu, ftfPPN go;fEshnK ftZu fijVhnK fefonktK eodk j? T[jBK B{z fBooEe BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. finkdkso d/fynk frnk j? fe ftnesh p?m/^p?m/ iK ubd/^fcod/ eJh soQK dhnK io{oh fefonktK eodk ofjzdk j?^fit/A, T[ArbhnK dk uNekDk, jZEK dk MneDk, nkgD/ nkg Bkb rZbK eoBk nkfd. fJBQK io{oh fefonktK dk ftnefsZst d/ wkg ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZst j?. ftnesh dk ntb'eB ehs/ fpBK T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu e'Jh th Bshik BjhA eZfYnk ik ;edk. P[ZX ntb'eB d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe nfXnB ehsh ikD tkb/ t;s{ tZb fXnkB brkfJnk ikt/ ns/ i' e[ZM th ntb'eB ehsk frnk j? T[; B{z T[;/ ;w/A fby fbnk ikt/, feT[Afe :kd d/ xZN j'D s/ ntb'eB d/ ;w/A dhnK rZbK X[zdbhnK j' iKdhnK jB. Bkb jh, ntb'eB eoB tkb/ ftZu fJj ;woZEk th j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe T[j fe;h th gqeko d/ ;zt/rkswe ;zs{bB dk gsk brk ;e/. fJj d[oGkr dh rZb j? fe nfXnkge e/tb pkbeK d/ ftfdne ;wk:'iB dk jh ntb'eB eod/ jB ns/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs d{ihnK go;fEshnK ftZu ftfdnkoEh fe; soQK ;wk:'iB eod/ jB< fJ; tZb fXnkB BjhA fdzd/. fJ; d/ fJbktk, e/tb ;wZf;nkswe pkbeK d/ fttjko dk jh BohyD BjhA eoBk ukjhdk pbfe ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk ntb'eB eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJZE/ T[b/y eoBk io{oh j? fe nfXnkge B{z nkgD/ ntb'eB d/ gqsh ftPtk;g{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. Bkb jh, fiBQK fttjkoK dk, t;s{nK iK fdqPK dk, T[j ntb'eB eoBk ukj[zdk j?, T[; ftZu T[; dk fBPgZy j'Dk fJZe w[Zy Pos j?. f;oc fe;h d/ efjD s/ T[; B{z ftPtk; BjhA eoBk ukjhdk feT[Afe, fJ; ftZu fBoDk ntb'eBeosk s/ jh fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; bJh ntb'eB d/ BshfinK B{z finkdk ;zs'PiBe pDkT[D d/ bJh fe;h soQK dh p/Bsh, gZygks iK G[t[esk s'A T[sgq/fos BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

B'N; ekoi^ekoB ;zpzXK B{z ikDB d/ bJh ;t?;[Gkfte o{g s'A xfNs j'D tkbhnK xNBktK B{z

;[yw o{g s'A d/yDk jh ntb'eB j?.



1H ntb'eB dk noE j[zdk j? wB[Zyh fttjkoK dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.

2H f;Zfynk ns/ wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHH dk T[g:'r w[Zy o{g s'A fB:zsfos

gq:'rK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

3H id'A n;hA nkgD/ nkg ftnesh ftP/P s'A e'Jh gqPB eod/ jK sK T[; B{z HHHHHHHHHHHH

efjzd/ jB.



11H2 BohyD d/ gqeko (Types of Observation)

BohyD w[Zy o{g s'A d' soQK dk j[zdk j?^

1H pkjoh BohyD (External Observation)

2H ;t?^BohyD (Self-Observation)

;kv/ ;kjwD/ fe;/ ;w/A nfijhnK th ;fEshnK nkT[AdhnK jB fiBQK ftZu nkgD/^nkg ftnesh ftP/P s'A jh g[ZSd/ jK fe s[;hA fezBh tko ehsk< ed'A ehsk ns/ feT[A ehsk< fJj nksw BohyD (Self-Observation) j?.

T[dkjoD id'A e'Jh nfXnkge pkbe d/ fttjko dk BohyD eodk j?, T[; ;w/A pkjoh BohyD ejkT[Adk j?.

fJ; gqeko d/ ntb'eB ftZu e[ZM pkjoh ftneshnK d/ T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjDk g?Adk j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu fJZe w[Zy d'P fJj ofj iKdk j? fe ntb'eBeosk fttjko d/ e/tb fJZe jh gZy dk ntb'eB eo gkT[Adk j?, feT[Afe T[j T[; ftnesh s'A g{oh soQK ikD{ BjhA j[zdk. ;t?^BohyD ftZu ftnesh B{z nkgD/ nkg nkgDh ikDekoh d/D B{z fejk iKdk j?, gozs{ fJ; soQK d/ BohyD ftZu ftnesh pj[s ;kohnK rZbK B{z fSgkT[Adk j?. fsZih ftXh ftZu, T[go'es d'jK ftXhnK B{z Pkfwb eo fbnk iKdk j?. nfijk go;fEsh B{z iBw d/D tkb/ gqhyDK (Situational tests) ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. go;fEsh B{z iBw d/D tkb/ gqhyDK ftZu nfijhnK go;fEshnK T[sgzB eo fdZshnK jB fijVhnK ihtB dhnK go;fEshnK Bkb fwbdhnK i[bdhnK j'D, fit/A^fJwkBdkoh gqhyD (Test of Honesty) Beb eoB dh goftosh (Test of cheating) nkfd. fJ; d/ pknd ftnesh d/ fttjko dk BohyD ehsk iKdk j?.

ntb'eB dk d' j'o sohfenK s'A th torheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?^

(T) gqsZy ntb'eB (Direct Observation)

(n) ngqsZy ntb'eB (Indirect Observation)

gqsZy ntb'eB (Direct Observation)

gqsZy ntb'eB ftZu ftnesh dk :EkoE ;fEsh ftZu BohyD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu gqhyDeosk pkbe d/ fttjko dk ntb'eB gqsZy o{g s'A eodk j?. pkbe nkgD/ fdB^gqshfdB d/ ekoi ftZu ftn;s ofjzdk j? ns/ BohyDeosk nkgD/ ntb'eB B{z fB:fws s'A fbydk iKdk j?. ;[Gkfte j? fe BohyDeosk eh T[g;fEsh ftZu pkbe dk ;[Gkn e[ZM ;hwk sZe n;[Gkfte j' iKdk j?. cb;o{g ;kvk ntb'eB fpbe[b P[ZX BjhA fejk ik ;edk, fco th gqsZy ntb'eB ftXh d/ d[nkok pkbeK d/ fttjko ;zpzXh ftfGzB gZyK d/ pko ftZu ;kB{z ;jh ikDekoh gqkgs j' iKdh j?. np'X pkbe d/ fttjko d/ w[bnzeD d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJ; ftXh dh gqw[Zysk d' ekoBK s'A j?^

1H np'X pkbe nkgD/ fttjko B{z ;[uko{ pDkT[D dh e'fPP BjhA eo gkT[Adk j?. fJ; bJh fe;h niBph dh T[g;fEsh T[; d/ fttjko B{z pj[s finkdk d/o sZe gqGkfts BjhA eo gkT[Adh j?.

2H pkbe ftZu GkPk dk ftek; ;hfws ofjD d/ ekoB gqsZy ntb'eB jh finkdk ;koEe gqshs j[zdk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' „ntb'eB‟ Ppd nzro/Ih GkPk d/ „Observation‟ dk fjzdh o{gKsoD j?.



B'N ngqsZy ntb'eB (Indirect Observation)

ngqsZy ntb'eB ftZu gqkgs sZEK d/ nkXko s/ ftnesh B{z ;wMD dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?. fJj ftXh gqsZy ntb'eB dk jh gqhfyns o{g j?. fJj ftXh ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu P'X ekoi d/ bJh pj[s finkdk T[g:'rh f;ZX j'Jh j?. ;wkiPk;so d/ P'XeosktK B/ nkfdtk;hnK dh ihtB^P?bh dh gquZbs ikD^gfjukD fJ;h ftXh d/ wkfXnw s'A gq;s{s ehsh j?. fJ; ftXh B{z gqGktPkbh pDkT[D d/ bJh nZr/ fbyhnK rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

1H fttjko gqko{g (Behaviour Pattern) fBPfus eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H u'D/ j'J/ fttjkfoe gZyK dk ftfPPNheoD (Specification) eoB d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H fttjko ntb'eB B{z fbghpZX eoB (Recording) dh T[fus ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/.

4H BohyD ekoi B{z gqwkDe (Quantification) eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

5H fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r eoB tkb/ nfXnkge B{z T[fus f;ybkJh fdZsh ikt/. 11H3 BohyD ftXh dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Observation)

1H BohyD ftZu pkbe d/ :EkoE fttjko dk ntb'eB ehsk iKdk j?.

2H fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r fPP{nK ns/ ftn;eK d'jK d/ fttjko d/ ntb'eB d/ bJh ehsk ik

;edk j?.

3H fttjko dk ntb'eB ;[Gkfte go;fEshnK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

4H fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r r[zr/, p'b/ ns/ ngzr ftneshnK d/ fttjko dk w[bnzeD eoB d/

bJh th ehsk ik ;edk j?.

5H np'X pkbeK dk nfXnB eoB d/ bJh ntb'eB fJZe pj[s io{oh T[g:'rh ftXh j?.

6H fJ; ftXh d/ gq:'rK ftZu ;XkoD o{g s'A fe;h ftP/P soQK d/ gqhyD dh io{os BjhA

j[zdh. fJ; dk gq:'r ;ko/ ftneshnK d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?.

7H fJ; ftXh d[nkok ftnesh iK ;w{j dk BohyD fJZe ;w/A ftZu eoBk ;zGt j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)



4H gqsZy ntb'eB ftZu ftnesh dk :ekoE ;fEsh ftZu BohyD ehsk iKdk j?.

5H np'X pkbe nkgD/ fttjko B{z ;[uko{ pDkT[D dh e'fPP eodk j?.

6H ngqsZy ntb'eB ;wkiPk;so d/ P'X d/ y/so ftZu T[g:'rh f;ZX j'fJnk j?.

7H fJ; ftXh d[nkok ftnesh iK ;w{j dk BohyD ;zGt BjhA j?. 11H4 BohyD dhnK ;hwktK (Limitation of Observation)

1H fJj ftXh nkswfBPm (Subjectivity) ns/ gZygks (Bias) Bkb g{oD j[zdh j?

2H Bohye ftPb/PD eod/ ;w/A g{ot^XkoDktK s'A gqGkfts j[zd/ jB. wB'ftfrnkBe fJ; B{z „ftnkge^gqGkt‟ (Halo-effect) d/ Bkw s'A p[bkT[Adk jB.



3H ftfGzB ntb'eek d[nkok ehsk frnk toDB ;wkB BjhA j[zdk.

4H ntb'eB eoB ftZu ;wK finkdk bZrdk j?.

5H ntb'ee d/ nkgD/ nkg d/ gqGkt, T[; dh wB'ftosh, Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ;fEsh, EekB nkfd dk th ntb'eB s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?.

6H ftnesh d/ ;fji fttjko s/ gq/ye dh T[g;fEsh dk gqGkt g?Adk j?, fJ; bJh g{o/ gfonk; eoB s/ th pkbe d/ wB'ftfrnkBe tksktoD (Psychological-Environment) B{z ;XkoD BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk.

7H ftnesh fdb ftZu e[ZM oZydk j? ns/ pkjoh fttjko e[ZM j'o gqdofPs eodk j?, nfijh go;fEsh ftZu BohyD bkGdkfJe BjhA j[zdk.

11H5 ;[Mkn (Suggestions)

ntb'eB ftXh B{z finkdk gqGktPkbh pDkT[D d/ bJh fBwB rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?^

;ktXkBh ntb'eB ftXh dk gq:'r sK jh ehsk ikdk ukjhdk j? id'A j'o e'Jh ftXh T[fus gqshs

Bk j't/.

1H BohyD dk T[d/P ;gPN o{g s'A gqGkftPs eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H BohyD xNBk dk foekov ns/ T[; dh nkfynk (Report) n;b ns/ P[ZX j?.

3H BohyD dh ftnkfynk t;s{fBPm Yzr s'A j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

4H BohyD ;zpzXh T[geoBK dk fBPuk gfjbK s'A jh eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

5H fttjko dk w[bnzeD eJh ntb'eBK d/ nkXko s/ eoBk ukjhdk j?, feT[Afe fJ; Bkb gquZbsk tZX iKdh j?.

B'N

Nk;e BohyD ftXh B{z gqGkth pDkT[D d/ ;[Mkn gq;s{s eo'.

6H fiZE'A sZe j' ;e/ ntb'eBeosk fJj gfonk; eo/ fe T[; dk ntb'eB gZygks ofjs j't/. i/eo ftnesh ftP/P ftZu T[; dh o[uh BjhA j? uzrk j't/rk T[j BohyD jh Bk eo/.


„ntb'eB‟ Ppd nzro/Ih GkPk d/ „Observation‟ dk gzikph T[bZEk j? fi; dk noE „d/yDk‟, „gq/yD‟ ns/ „ntb'eB‟ eoBk j?.

Pqhwsh ghHthH :zr d/ nB[;ko^ “ntb'eB nkgD/ nkg ftef;s xNBktK dk T[jBK d/ xfNs j'D d/ ;w/A jh nkgD/ nZyK d[nkok ftt;fEs ns/ ikB^p[ZMe/ ehsk frnk nfXnB j?.”

fJj pj[s gquZbs ftXh j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu wB[Zyh fttjko dk ntb'eB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[;h d/ nkXko s/ nzeV/ fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJj ftfGzB gqeko dh ;wkfie go;fEshnK ftZu wB[Zyh fttjko d/ wkg dk f;ZXk sohek j?.



B'N BohyD w[Zy o{g s'A d' soQK dk j[zdk j? ^ (1) gqsZy BohyD (2) ngqsZy BohyD. 11H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H gqhfyns ^ T[Bs ehsk j'fJnk, ;[Xkfonk j'fJnk.

2H ;t?^BohyD^ id'A n;hA nkgD/ nkg fe;h ftnesh ftP/P s'A e'Jh gqPB eod/ jK. 11H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ntb'eB iK BohyD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< toDB eo'.

2H ntb'eB d/ gqekoK dk toDB eo'.

3H ntb'eB dhnK fejVhnK^fejVhnK ftP/PsktK jB< T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H BohyD 2H ntb'eB ftXh 3H nksw BohyD iK ;t?^BohyD

4H ;Zu 5H M{m 6H ;Zu 7H M{m. 11H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H f;Zfynk y'i dh ekoigqDkbh^n?bH e"b, ftek; gpfbfPzr.

2H ftfdne y'i ftXhnK^PohB ns/ Pphebk, ftB'd e[wko wzfdo.





fJekJh^12L nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD d/ T[geoD ns/ seBhe

fJekJh^12L nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD d/ T[geoD ns/ seBhe (Tools and Techniques of Data Collection) .

B'N

ftPk (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)


12H1 nzefVnK dk noE ns/ io{os (Meaning and Need of Data)

12H2 nzefVnK dh gqfeosh ns/ wkg ftXhnK (Measurement Methods and Nature of

Data)

12H3 uo ns/ nuo okPh (Variable and Non-variable Contant)

12H4 nzefVnK d/ gqeko (Types of Data)

12H5 nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD (Data Collection)

12H6 nzefVnK dh ftt;Ek ns/ torheoD (Arrangement and Classification of Data)

12H7 nzefVnK d/ ftt;EkgB d/ ;kXB (Source of Arrangement of Data)

12H8 nzefVnK d/ ftPb/PD dhnK ftfGzB gqfefonktK (Various Ways of Analysis of

Data)

12H9 ezfgT{No d/ bJh nzefVnK dk torheoD ns/ ftt;Ek (Classification and

Arrangement of Data for Computer)





T[d/P (Objectives)


nzefVnK dk noE, io{os ns/ gqfefosh B{z ;wMD ftZul

nuo ns/ uo okPh B{z ;wMD ftZul

nzefVnK d/ gqeko ns/ fJeZsoheoD B{z ;wMD ftZul

nzefVnK dh ftt;Ek, torheoD, ;kXB ns/ ftPb/PD dhnK ftfGzB gqfefonktK B{z ;wMD ftZu.


nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD d/ bJh y'i^T[geoBK dk gqPk;B fBnkdoP d/ gq:'iK s/ ehsk iKdk j?. finkdkso ftfdne y'iK ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD iK sK gqwkDs gqhyDK d/ d[nkok iK nkgD/ nkg fBofws y'i^T[geoBK d/ d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?, fJ; soQK t;s{fBPm nzeVk gqkgs j' iKdk j?, fi; d/ d[nkok fJZe nfXnB ftZu ;jh Bshi/ sZe gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?. nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD, gqPBktbh, BohyD, ;kePkseko, gqhyD ns/ eJh j'o ftXhnK d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?. fJj y'i dk u"Dk ;"gkB j[zdk j?.



B'N fJZe y'ieosk B{z fJj ikBDk pj[s io{oh j? fe fezBk ns/ fe; gqeko d/ nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD fe; ;EkB s/ ns/ ed'A ehsk ikt/. y'ieosk B{z fJ; rZb dk th frnkB j'Dk io{oh j? fe fe; gqeko d/ nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD dk w[Zy T[d/P y'i gfoebgBk B{z gqwkDs iK T[fus o{g ftZu f;ZX eoBk j?. 12H1 nzefVnK dk noE ns/ io{os (Meaning and Need of Data

nzefVnK dk noE j? BohyD. ftfrnkBe ftfdnke y'iK ftZu nzefVnK dh io{os g?Adh j?. nzeV/ gqwkDe y'i T[geoBK iK nkgD/ nkg fBofws T[geoBK d/ d[nkok gqkgs ehs/ iKd/ jB. nzeV/ Bshi/ tkb/ ns/ r[Dkswe d'B'A soQK d/ j' ;ed/ jB.

gqkgs nze fJZe ftnesh dk nzeVk toBD eodk j?, gqkgs nzeK dhnK nkgDhnK ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB. wkg gqfefonk fJZe uoD dk Bshi/ tkb/ o{g s'A wkg eoB ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. nzeVk nkfeqsh ns/ gqkgs nzeK d/ o{g ftZu fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB, fJj fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe fe; gqeko d/ T[geoBK d/ d[nkok nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ehsk ik fojk j?. finkdkso gqhyDK d/ d[nkok fijV/ nzeV/ fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB, T[j gqkgs nzeK d/ o{g ftZu j[zd/ jB ns/ gqPBktbh s'A gqkgs nzeV/ nkfeqsh d/ o{g ftZu j[zd/ jB. nzeV/ T[j t;s{ jB fiBQK dh ;jkfJsk s'A n;hA ;wMd/ jK fe P'X d/ Bshi/ t?X ns/ gquZbs jB. fJBQK dh gqwkDesk dh goy ehsh ik ;edh j?.

nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD dh io{os (Need of Data Collection)

P'X eoiK ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD fBwB nzfes T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh ehsk iKdk j?^

(1) ftfdne y'iK ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD P'X ekoiK d/ bJh m'; nkXko gqdkB eodk j?.

(2) fe;h T[sgkdB d/ bJh fi; gqeko eZuh ;wZroh ukjhdh j?, T[;h soQK s'A P'X ekoi d/ bJh nzefVnK dh io{os g?Adh j?. i/eo nzeV/ r[Dkswe o{g ftZu fJeZso ehs/ rJ/ jB sK T[j P'X Bshi/ th r[Dkswe j'Dr/.

(3) nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ P'X d/ fBPfus gqPB dk fBPfus T[Zso fdZsk ik ;edk j?. ftfrnkBe P'X ekoiK d/ bJh nzefVnK dh pj[s io{os j[zdh j?.

(4) P'X d/ BshfinK dh g[PNh ftZu nzefVnK dk ftP/P wjZst j[zdk j?.

(5) P'X ekoiK ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?.

(6) ;zfyneh nzefVnK B{z d' ;wZf;nktK d/ bJh fbnk iKdk j?^

(T) izB;zfynk d/ wkBeK dk nB[wkB brkfJnk ik ;edk j? fi; Bkb ;XkoBheoDK d/ gqshgkdB ftZu ;jfJsk fwbdh j?.

(n) P'X dhnK gfoebgBktK dk gqhyD ehsk iKdk j? fi; Bkb P'X dh ;wZf;nk gqPB dk T[Zso fwbdk j?.

(7) r[Dkswe nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ sZEK dh y'i ehsh iKdh j? ns/ Bhsi/ tkb/ nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ BthB f;XKsK dk gqshgkdB ehsk iKdk j?.

(8) BthB ftXhnK dh gqGktPhbsk dk w[bnzeD nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?.

(9) nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ ;wZf;nktK dk ftfrnkBe ;wkXkB gsk brkfJnk iKdk j?.

(10) P'X d/ ;XkoBheoDK dh P[ZXsk nzefVnK dh gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk s/ nkXkos j[zdh j?. 124 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


nzefVnK ns/ sZEK ftZu nzso (Different between Facts & Data)

nzefVnK ns/ sZEK ftZu nzso fBwB nB[;ko jB^

(1) sZE nkgD/ G"fse irs ftZu ;zrfms j[zd/ jB/ idfe nzeV/ eowpZX o{g ftZu ;zrfms j[zd/ jB.

(2) sZE fe;h gZXsh d/ ;zdoG s'A gqkgs BjhA j[zdk idfe nzefVnK ftZu fJZe eowe ;zrmB j[zdk j?, fit/A^Poho ftZu fJZe eowe ;zrmB j[zdk j?.

(3) sZEK dk toDB eoBk w[Pfeb j? ns/ sZEK dk toDB finkdkso ftneshfBPm j[zdk j?. fJj y'ieosk dh ebgBk s/ nkXkfos j[zdk j? idfe nzefVnK dk toDB Bshi/ tkb/ ns/ t;s{fBPm j[zdk j?.

(4) sZE gqfeosh s'A ojZ;kswe j[zd/ jB idfe nzeV/ gqfeosh s'A ojZ;kswe BjhA j[zd/ jB. T[jBK dk BohyD ehsk iKdk j?.

(5) sZE gqfeosh s'A toDkswe j[zd/ jB idfe nzeV/ gqfeosh s'A ftnkfynkswe j[zd/ jB.

(6) sZE t;s{fBPm ;zfyneh fttjko d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh BjhA j[zd/ jB idfe nzeV/ t;s{fBPm ;zfyneh fttjko d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh j[zd/ jB. nzefVnK ftZu ;zfyneh dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

(7) sZEK dk ;zpzX y'i ;zpzXh y'iK ns/ BshfinK s'A BjhA j[zdk idfe nzefVnK dk f;ZXk ;zpzX y'i ;zpzXh y'iK ns/ BshfinK s'A j[zdk j?.

(8) sZE finkdkso pj[s ft;sfos j[zd/ jB ns/ fJBQK dk T[g:'r nkgD/ T[d/P d/ bJh BjhA ehsk iKdk j? idfe nzeV/ jw/PK fJZe T[d/P dh g{osh d/ bJh fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB.

(9) sZEK dk fJeZsoheoD fJfsjkf;e, doPBkfe iK ;ot/yD y'i d[nkok ehsk iKdk j? idfe nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ftfrnkBe ns/ gq:'rkswe y'i d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?.

12H2 nzefVnK dh gqfeosh ns/ wkg ftXhnK (Measurement Methods and Nature of Data)

Ftfdne y'iK dk ;zpzX ;w{j d/ r[DK s'A j[zdk j?. wkg d/ T[geoBK dh ;jkfJsk d[nkok r[DK B{z Bshi/ ftZu pdb fbnk iKdk j?. gozs{ ;ko/ r[DK B{z Bshi/ ftZu BjhA pdfbnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh nzefVnK B{z d' torK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^

(1) r[Dkswe nzeV/ (Qualitative Data) ns/

(2) Bshi/ tkb/ nzeV/ (Quantitative Data).

(1) r[Dkswe nzeV/ (Qualitative Data) ^ ;ko/ r[DK B{z wkg dh gqfefonk d[nkok Bshi/ ftZu BjhA pdfbnk ik ;edk j? Gkt e[ZM r[DK B{z nze w{b BjhA fdZsk ik ;edk j?. T[jBK B{z ;kg/y o{g ftZu pdb b?Ad jB fit//A^nkswftPtk;, fJwkBdkoh, nGhgq/oDk ns/ ;[zdosk nkfd.

(2) Bshi/ tkb/ nzeV/ (Quantitative Data) ^ fiBQK r[DK B{z nze w[Zb gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB T[jBK B{z uo efjzd/ jB fit//A^fBPgZsh, p[ZXh, gqthDsk, ftnefsZst, nGho{uh ns/ w[Zb nkfd.

wkg dh gqfefonk d[nkok r[DK B{z Bshi/ ftZu pdb fbnk iKdk j?. wkg ftZu eJh ftXhnK ns/ eJh soQK d/ T[geoBK d/ gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. wkg ftXh r[D d/ ;o{g ns/ gqefosh s/ nkXkos j[zdh j?.

B'N



B'N ftfrnkBe P'X ekoiK ftZu wkg gqfefonk dk ftP/P wjZst j? feT[Afe P[ZX ns/ T[Zu ;soh P'X dk ftek; wkg d/ T[geoBK s'A jh j'fJnk j?. BshfinK B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/ gqshgkfds ehsk iKdk j?. Bshi/ tkb/ nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ r[DK dh gqfeosh dk nfXnB P[ZX o{g ftZu ehsk iKdk j? ns/ BshfinK dh ftnkfynk t;s{fBPm o{g ftZu ehsh ik ;edh j?.

wkg dhnK ftXhnK

wkg dh gqfefonk d[nkok ftnesh d/ r[DK B{z nze wkB fdZsk iKdk j?. fBnkdoP d/ ng/fys uoK dk wkg ehsk iKdk j? fi; d/ bJh nZr/ fbyhnK wkg ftXhnK B{z fbnk iKdk j?^

(T) BohyD ftXh dk gq:'r S'N/ pkbeK ns/ gP{nK d/ r[DK d/ wkg ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. iwks nzsogqfefonk d/ bJh BohyD gqDkbh B{z b?Ad/ jB. fJ; ftXh dk ftek; finkdk j'fJnk j? ns/ gq:'r th f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu finkdk j[zdk j?.

(n) ftfdne ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyDK dh ;jkfJsk s'A e'Jh uoK dk wkg P[ZX o{g ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK s'A gqkgs nzeV/ finkdk t?X ns/ gquZbs j[zd/ jB.

(J) gqPBktbh, ;kePkseko s'A th ng/fyns ;{uBktK ns/ nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ehsk iKdk j?.

(;) nBT[g;fEs wkg (Scale) nGh;{uh (Inventory) d[nkok nGho{uh, nGhftosh ns/ ftnefsZst dk wkg ehsk iKdk j?.

(j) fJfsjkf;e P'X ftZu nzefVnK B{z gfjb ns/ r"D ;o'sK d/ ftPb/PD s'A gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?.

fJ; gqeko d/ P'X ekoiK ftZu eJh soQK d/ wkg T[geoB bJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ tZy^tZy soQK d/ nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ehsk iKdk j?. gqw[Zy wkg T[geoBK dk T[b/y fgSb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsk ik u[Zek j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H nzefVnK dk noE j? HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.

2H P'XeosktK ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD HHHHHHHHH dh g[PNh d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?.

3H sZE gqfeosh s'A toDkswe j[zd/ jB idfe nzeV/ gqfeosh s'A HHHHHHHHHHHH j[zd/ jB. 12H3 uo ns/ nuo okPh (Variable and Non-variable Contant)

nuo T[; r[D B{z efjzd/ jB i' P'X d/ ;w/A ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu fJe' fijk ofjzdk j?. fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK ftZu fJ; r[D d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;wkBsk ofjzdh j?.

uo T[; r[D B{z efjzd/ jB i' P'X dhnK ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu gfotosBPhb ofjzdk j?. fBnkdoP d/ ;ko/ ;dZf;nK ftZu T[; r[D d/ ;zdoG ftZu T[bNkgD ofjzdk j?.

P'X dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu eJh r[DK B{z Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ fJj P'X dh ntXkoDk s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe fejVk r[D nuo j? ns/ fejVk r[D uoD wzfBnk frnk j?.

nuo ns/ uo B{z fJZe T[DkjoD s'A ;wM ;ed/ jK. f;Zfynk dhnK d' ftXhnK dh gqGktPhbsk dk nfXnB eoBk j? T[; ;w/A fJZe jh nfXnkge, fJe jh gkm^t;s{, d' iwksK B{z d' gqEe



ftXhnK s'A gVQk e/ fJZe gqhyD d/ nkXko s/ gqGktPhbsk d/ ;zdoG ftZu Bshik eZfYnk ik ;edk j?.

T[dkjoD fJ; nfXnB ftZu nfXnkge, gkm ^ t;s{, iwks ^ tksktoD, ftfdnkoEhnK dk ;so nkfd nuo wzB/ rJ/ jB, f;ybkJh ftXhnK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh fBPgZsh B{z uo wzfBnk frnk j?.

nfXnkge d'BK ftXhnK ftZu ;wkB ;woZEk s'A gVQkT[Adk j?. T[j fJZe gqw[Zu nuo j?.

uo okPh (Variable)

uo T[; r[D ftP/P B{z efjzd/ jB fi; B{z Bshi/ ftZu pdb ;ed/ jB ns/ fBnkdoP dk jo/e ;dZ; T[; uo d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJZe d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zdk j?. ;w{j dh ftPwsk dh rDBk nze w[ZbK ftZu ehsh ik ;edh j?.

B'N

B'N; ftfdne iK wB'ftfrnkBe r[D B{z wkg dh gqfefonk d[nkok Bshi/ ftZu pdb fbnk ikt/

sK T[; B{z uo efjzd/ jB.

uoK (Variables) B{z d' o{gK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^

(1) nN[ZNûo (Continuous Variable) ns/

(2) fBZyVtKûo (Discrete Variable).

(1) nN[ZNûo (Continuous Variable)^ nN[ZNûo T[j ejkT[Ad/ jB, id'A wkg ftZu r[DB yzv w[Zb th fdZsk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, ftfdne fBPgZsh wkg ftZu 24H50 ns/ 64H75 nze fdZs/ iKd/ jB. ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Gko wkg ftZu 62H60 feH rokw ns/ 74H25 feH rokw j[zdk j?. fJj wkge d/ T[geoB dh P[ZXsk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. uo d/ wkg ftZu nN[ZN goftosh ofjzdh j?.

(2) fBZyVtKûo (Discrete Variable)^ fBZyVtKûo T[j ejkT[Ad/ jB id'A wkg g{oD fJekJhnK d[nkok ehsk iKdk j? ns/ yzvh w[Zb BjhA fdZsk iKdk j?, fit/A 30 ftfdnkoEh ns/ ftfdnkoEDk, 64 ns/ ns/ 36 c/b, 15 Gkosh ns/ 20 nw/oheB nkfd. uo d/ wkg ftZu fBy/Ve goftosh ofjzdh j?.

uoe (Variate)

;kXkoD o{g uo dk wkg T[geoB dh ;jkfJsk s'A ehsk iKdk j?. id'A fe;h uo B{z Bshi/ ftZu pdfbnk fdZsk iKdk j? T[; ;w/A T[; B{z uoe (Variate) efjzd/ jB. id'A fe;h fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nktK dh p[ZXh B{z p[ZXhbpXh (I.Q.) ftZu wkg eo b?Ad/ jB sK T[; B{z uoe dk BKt fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ;h soQK fBPgZsh dk wkg nzeK ftZu eo fbnk ikt/ sK T[; B{z uoe efjzd/ jB. nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD ftZu fJZe uoe ftPb/PD, d'ûoe ftPb/PD ns/ pj[ûoe ftPb/PD ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; s'A ;gPN j[zdk j? fe nzefVnK d/ gqfefonk ftZu uoK B{z uoeK ftZu pdb fdZsk iKdk j?. nzefVnK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD s'A Bshi/ eZY/ iKd/ jB fiBQK s'A ;XkoBheoD ehsk iKdk j?. P'XêkoiK, uoK ns/ nzeVk ftfrnkB^ftPb/PD ftZu uoeK B{z fbnk iKdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' wkg gqfefonk d[nkok ftnesh d/ r[DK B{z nze wkB fdZsk iKdk j?.



B'N

uo dk gqwkDheoD (Quantification of Variable)

gqwkDheoB dh gqfefonk ftZu uo d/ ;so d/ bJh nze wkB fdZsk iKdk j?. gqwkDheoB ftZu wkg gqfefonk B{z fbnk iKdk j? fi; d[nkok nzeV/ iK nze gqkgs j[zd/ jB.

;XkoD o{g s'A ftfdne P'X^ekoiK dh ;jkfJsh s'A gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; s'A Bshi/ eZY/ iKd/ jB. r[Dkswe nzefVnK B{z Bshi/ ftZu th pdb fbnk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK dh ;koEesk dh goy nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?. id'A r[Dkswe nzefVnK B{z gqwkDkswe nzefnK ftZu BjhA pdb gkT[Ad/ sK ftnkfynkswe ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?.

gfowkDkswe nzefVnK dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Quantitative Data)

P'X d/ wkg T[geoBK dh ;jkfJsk d[nkok nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK dhnK nZr/ fbyhnK ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB^

(1) gqwkDe gqhyDK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb gqwkDkswe nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo y'ieosk nkgD/ nkg gqhyD dk fBowkD eodk j? sK T[; dh gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk th gsk ehsh iKdh j?. gd^ftPb/PD th ehsk iKdk j?.

(2) gqwkDkswe nzeV/ gquZbs ns/ t?X T[geoD d[nkok fJeZsoh ehs/ iKd/ jB, fJ; bJh ;XkoBheoD finkdk P[ZX j[zd/ jB.

(3) gqwkDkswe nzefVnK s'A gqkgs BshfinK dh ftnkfynk ;obsk ns/ ;[rwsk Bkb ehsh ik ;edh j?. ;koEesk dk ;so th fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?.

(4) gqwkDkswe nzefVnK dh nzeB gqfefonk t;s{fBPm j[zdh j?. ftneshrs gZyK dk gqGkt BjhA j[zdk j?.

(5) gqwkDkswe nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD P'X d/ T[d/PK dh fdqPNh s'A ehsk iKdk j? ns/ P'X dhnK gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh ehsh iKdh j?.

(6) gqwkDkswe nzefVnK dk nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD eoe/ Bshi/ eZY/ iKd/ jB fi; d[nkok finkdk P[ZX ;XkoBheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(7) ftfdne P'X^ekoiK ftZu gqwkDkswe nzefVnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb P[ZXsk ns/ ;jh Bshi/ gqkgs ehs/ iKd/ jB.

12H4 nzefVnK d/ gqeko (Types of Data)

wkg gqfefonk d/ uko ;so j[zd/ jB fiBQK s'A uko soQK d/ nzeV/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqeko nzefVnK B{z tzv ;ed/ jK^

(1) Bkw^;zpzXh nzeV/ (Nominal data or Scale)

(2) Eow^;{ue nzeV/ (Ordinal data or Scale)

(3) ;wkB^nzso nzeV/ ns/ (Equal-Interval data or Scale)

(4) nB[gks nzeV/ (Ratio data or Scale)

(1) Bkw ;zpzXh nzeV/ (Nominal data) ^ nzeV/ ;XkoD o{g s'A uko soQK d/ j[zd/ jB gozs{ fJj ;G s'A xZN P[ZX ;so d/ nzeV/ wzB/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ftZu e/tb d'A iK d'A s'A finkdk torK ftZu fe;h ;w{j iK sZEK dh tzv ehsh iKdh j?. T[; dhnK nktoshnK ftZu rDBk ehsh iKdh j?,



fit/A^gk; iK c/bQ, ftfdnkoEh ns/ ftfdnkoEDK, fjzd{ s/ w[;fbw nkfd. T[/;d/ Bshi/ dk p'X

BjhA j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko nzefVnK d/ bJh BohyD^ftXh ns/ gqPBktbh ftXh tos'A ftZu bJh

iKdh j?.

fJ; gqeko d/ nzefVnK B{z nktoshnK d/ o{g ftZu fJeZso ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko d/

nzefVnK d/ ftPb/PD d/ bJh gqshPs, pj[^nze^wkB, ekJh tor gqhyD ns/ ;fj^;zpzX d/ bJh

eBN/Bi/B;h ftXh dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?. ;XkoD s"o s/ toDkswe nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK B{z

jh tos'A ftZu fbnkfJnk ik ;edk j?. iwks f;ybkJh dh ftt;Ek ftZu fJ;h gqeko d/

nzefVnK B{z tofsnko iKdk j?.

(2) eow^;{ue nzeV/ (Ordinal Data) ^ Bkw^;zpzXh nzefVnK dh ng/fynk nzefVnK dk fJj o{g finkdk P[ZX j[zdk j?. joe/ tor d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJZe eow ftZu ftt;fEs ehs iKdk j?. jo/e tor d/ ;dZ; B{z nDT[g;fEsh fdZsh iKdh j?. fJ; gqeko d/ nefVnK d/ bJh BohyD ftXh ns/ nDT[g;fEsh^wkg dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. ;dZf;nK dh :'rsk d/ nkXko s/ T[jBK dk ;soheoD ehsk iKdk j? ns/ nDT[g;fEshnK gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB. ;dZ; d/ eow ;so dk p'X j[zdk j? gozs{ T[jBK dh ;jh d{oh ;gPN BjhA j[zdh j?. fJ; ftZu ;dZf;nK d/ ;w{j dh tzv eoe/ :'rsknB[;ko nDT[g;fEsh gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?, fit/A^iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z w[zv/ ns/ e[VhnK ftZu tzv e/ jo/e B{z T[jBK dh :'rsk nB[;ko eow ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?.

fJ; ftZu nktoshnK B{z eow ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK ftZu wZXnze u"E/Gkr, ekJhtor gqhyD ns/ ;ghnow?B nDT[g;fEsh ;fj^;zpzX ftXh d[nkok fJ; soQK d/ nzefVnK dk ftPb/pD ehsk iKdk j?. iwks^f;Zfynk ftZu nfXnkge nkgD/ BohyD d/ nkXko s/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk ;soheoD eodk j?. ftfdnkoEh d/ fttjko d/ nkXko s/ nDT[g;fEshnK gqdkB ehsh iKdhnK jB.

(3) ;wkB^nzso nzeV/ (Equal Interval Data) ^ fJ; soQK d/ nzefVnK dh T[j ;kohnK

ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB fijVhnK T[go'es d'BK gqeko d/ gqdsK dhnK jz[dhnK jB, gozs{ fJ; gqeko

d/ nzefVnK dh ftP/Psk fJj j[zdh j? fe ;dZf;nK d/ wZX dh d[oh gqrN j' iKdh j?. fJ; gqeko

d/ nzefVnK ftZu Iho' wzfBnk j'fJnk j[zdk j?. ftfdne wkg s'A finkdk P[ZX nzev fJ;h gqeko

d/ j[zd/ jB. ftfdne ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe wkg ng/fynkeos j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh Iho' wzfBnk

j'fJnk j[zdk j?.

fJBQK nzefVnK d/ bJh ;w{j d/ ;dZf;nK d/ fe;h r[D d/ wkg ftZu nze gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB.

fit/A^ftfdne T[gbpXhnK d/ bJh ftP/ ;zpzXh nze fdZs/ iKd/ jB. p[ZXh d/ wkg bJh nze th

fdZs/ iKd/ jB.

f;Zfynk ns/ wB'ftfrnkB ftZu fJj ;G s'A P[ZX gqeko dk nzeVk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ nzefVnK s'A

P'X^ekoiK ftZu fijV/ Bshi/ eZY/ iKd/ jB, T[j finkdk gquZbs ns/ P[ZX j[zd/ jB.

;XkoD o{g s'A fJBQK fszBK d/ nzefVnK B{z fttjkfoe ftfrnkBK^f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so ftZu gq:'r eod/ jB. fJBQK fszBK soQK d/ nzefVnK B{z nZr/ fdZsh ;{uh ftZu gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?^

B'N



B'N

nzefVnK d/ gqeko

ftfdnkoEh Bkw ;zpzXh eow ;{ue ;wkB^nzso

fbzr fBPgZsh ;so fBPgZsh gqkgs nze

n w[zvk^1 d{ik 68

p e[Vh^1 gfjbk 76

; e[Vh^1 fsZik 60

d e[Vh^1 gzitK 28

n e[Vh^1 u"Ek 48

w[zvk&2 e[Vh&3

fJ; ;{uh s'A ;gPN j? fe gfjb/ ns/ d{i/ ftZu fJZe nDT[g;fEsh dk nzso j? ns/ 8 nzeK dk nzso j?. u"E/ ns/ gzit/A ftZu th nDT[g;fEsh dk nzso j? gozs{ 20 nzeK dk nzso j?. fJ; soQK nzso nzeV/ finkdk P[ZX j[zd/ jB gozs{ Iho' nze wzfBnk j'fJnk j[zdk j? feT[Afe fe;h ftfdnkoEh dh fBPgZsh Iho' BjhA j' ;edh gozs{ gqhfynk ftZu ;ko/ nzze mhe Bk eoB s/ Iho' nze fdZsk iKdk j?. (4) nB[gks^nzeV (Ratio-Data) ^ fJ; gqkeo d/ nzefVnK dh T[j ;kohnK ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB fijV/ nzso nzefVnK dhnK ns/ d' j'o ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB^ (T) fJ; gqeko d/ nzefVnK dk ;zdoG^fpzd{ Iho' j[zdk j? idfe T[go'es nzefVnK dk ;zdoG fpzd{ Iho' BjhA j[zdk j? pbfe ;w{j ;zdoG j[zdk j?. Iho' wkB T[; uo dh nDT[g;fEsh gqdoPs eodk j?. G"fse ftfrnkBK ftZu fJ; gqeko d/ nzeV/ fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB. G"fse ftfrnkB ftZu wkgBhnK s/ Iho' ;kfonK ftZu j[zdh j?. (n) nB[gks^nzeV/ ftZu fijV/ nze fdZs/ iKd/ jB T[j n;b nze j[zd/ jB, T[jBK B{z ifVnk ik ;edk j?, xNkfJnk ik ;edk j? idfe nzso nzefVnK ftZu nfijh ;zGt BjhA j[zdk j?. 15 rqkw, 5 rqkw dk fszB r[Dk j[zdk j? gozs{ ftfdne wkg d/ nzeK ftZu nfijjk ;zpzX BjhA ;Ekfgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[go'es uko gqeko d/ nzefVnK dk torheoD wkg d/ uko ;soK s/ nkXkfos j[zdk j?. nzefVnK dh gqfeosh wkg d/ ;so s'A ;gPN j' iKdh j?. y'ieosk B{z fJBQK ukoK wkgK d/ ;so dh ft;Ekog{oD ikDekoh j'Dh io{oh j? sK jh T[j nzefVnK dh gqfeosh ;wM ;edk j?. fJBQK dk ft;Ekog{oD toDB nZr/ fdykJh ;{uh ftZu fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; ;{uh d[nkok wkg ;soK ns/ nzefVnK d/ gqeko dh gqfeosh, XkoDktK ns/ ftP/PsktK B{z uzrh soQk ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. gfjb/ fszB ;soK$ nzefVnK dk T[g:'r ftfdne ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe P'X^ekoiK ftZu finkdk j[zdk j? idfe u"Eh soQK d/ nzefVnK dk T[g:'r G"fse ftfrnkBK ftZu jh ehsk iKdk j?.


;{uh 12H1



pj[^ftegbh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions):

4H nzefVnK B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ gqwkDkswe nzeV/.

(T) gfowkgkswe (n) w[bBkswe (J) r[Dkswe (;) fszB'

5H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftXh dk gq:'r S'N/ pkbeK ns/ gP{nK d/ r[DK d/ wkg ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

(T) BohyD (n) wB'ftfrnkBe (J) gqPBktbh (;) ;kePkseko

6H ftfrnkBe P'XekoiK ftZu HHHHHHHHH gqfefonk dk ftP/P wjZst j?.

(T) ;wkfie (n) wkg (J) Xkofwe (;) ;z;feqse

7H HHHHHHHHHHH P'X ftZu nzefVnK B{z gfjb/ ns/ r"D ;o'sK d[nkok gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?.

(T) G"fse (n) o;kfJfDe (J) fJfsjkf;e (;) ;wkfie 12H5 nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD (Data Collection) fttjkfoe wB'ftfrnkB ftZu P'X^ekoi d/ bJh nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD P'X d/ T[geoBK dk gqPk;B, fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK s/ eoe/ ehsk iKdk j?. P'X ftZu ftfGzB soQK d/ uoK dk wkg d/ bJh tZy^tZy soQK dhnK wkg ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. P'X d/ T[geoBK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb tZy^tZy soQK d/ nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh io{oh j[zdk j? fe P'Xeosk nkgD/ uoK dh gqfeosh B{z uzrh soQK ;wMD dk gfonk; eo/ ns/ ;koh wkg ftXh dh u'D eoe/ nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD eo/. nzefVnK dh gqfeosh, uo dh gqfeosh ns/ wkg d/ T[geoD dh gqfeosh s/ nkXkfos j[zdk j?. fJ; sZE B{z ;{uh d[nkok ;gPN ehsk frnk j?. wkg d/ ;so nzefVnK dh gqfeosh, ftP/PsktK, wkgBhnK d/ T[g:'r ns/ nzefVnK dh ftXhnK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu wjZstg{oD nkXko j[zdk j?. nzefVnK dh gqfeosh jh ftPb/PD ftXhnK dk fBoXkoD eodh j?. BshfinK dh t?Xsk nzefVnK s/ jh nkXkfos j[zdh j?.

B'N

wkg d/ ;zsoK dk torheoD (Classification of Scales of Measurement)

;so (Scale)

ftP/PsktK (Characteristics)

XkoDktK (Assumptions)

wkg (Tool)

nzeVk ftXh (Statistical Technique)

1H

Bkw^;zpzXh

;so

(Nominal

Scale)

torheoD,

;wkBsk, n;wkBsk

;ko/ ;dZf;nK B{z

fJZe' fij/ nze

gqkgs ehs/ iKd/

jB gozs{ fJZe d'

;w{jK B{z fJZe

nze BjhA fdZsk

iKdk j?.

BohyD^ftXh,

gqPBktbh,

PkePkseko

gqshPs

pj[nze wkB

;fj^;zpzX

ftXh

ekJh^tor

gqhyD


;{uh 12H2


B'N

2H eow;{ue ;so (Ordinal

Scale)

torheoD eow ;wkBsk$ n;wkBsk

T[go'es ;ko/ ;dZf;nK B{z fJZe eow ftZu uo d/ fttjkfoe nkXko s/ ftt;fEs ehsk iKdk j?.

BohyD^ftXh, nDT[g;fEsh wkg, ftfdne ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyD

pj[nze wkB, wZXnze wkB, nDT[g;fEsh ;fj^;zpzX ftXh, ekJh^tor gqhyD, PsKewkB

3H ;wkB nzso ;so (Equal,

Interval)

T[go'es ;ko/ fJekJh$ nze i'fVnk ns/ xNkfJnk ik ;edk j?, r[Dk eo ;ed/ jB.

T[go'es ;ko/ ;soK s/ ;dZf;nK dh :'rsk dh d{oh gqdofPs ehsh iKdh j?.

Ftfdne ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyD, nDT[g;fEsh wkg, BohyD ftXhnK.

T[go'es ;ko/ ns/ wZXwkB, gqwkDe ftubB, T[Zu gqhyD ;B ns/ NhHn?cH „ghno;B ;fj^;zpzX ftXh‟

4H nB[gks ;so (Ratio

Scale)

T[go'es ;ko/ ns/ Iho' dk ti{d j[zdk j?. i'fVnk, xNkfJnk ns/ r[Dk ehsk ik ;edk j?.

T[go'es ;ko/ ;so s/ Iho' gqfeose j[zdk j?.

G"fse wkb ftXhnK d[nkok nzeV/ fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB. bzpkJh, ;wK, rsh nkfd.

T[go'es ;ko/ ns/ nzerfDs dk th gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

uoK s/ nkXkfos nzeV/ (Data Based on the Nature of Variable)

uo (Variable) T[geoD (Tools) nzeV/ dh gqfeosh (Scale)

1H fBPgsh ftfdne gqhyD ;wkB nzso ;so

2H p[ZXh wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyD ;wkB nzso ;so

3H gqthDsk wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyD ;wkB nzso ;so

4H nGhftosh nDT[g;fEsh ;{uh eow ;{ue ;so

5H nGho{uh ;{uh Nzso ;so

6H ;wk:'iB ;{uh nzso ;so

7H ftnefsZst ;{uh nzso ;so

8H nB[G{sh iK Gkt gqPBktbh ;kePkseko Bkw ;zpzXh ;so

fJ; d/ fJbktk eJh soQK s/ ftfdne T[geoBK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. ;G s'A Tg:'rh „BohyD ftXh j?.‟ fJ; d/ T[g:'r s'A nzeV/ Bkw^;zpzXh ;so s'A ;wkB nzso ;so sZe gqkgs ehs/ iKd/ jB. ftfdne wkg T[geoBK dk ;zpzX nzefVnK dh gqfeosh ns/ nzeVk ftXhnK Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko dk torheoD nZr/ fbyh ;{uh ftZu gqdofPs ehsk frnk j?.


;{uh 12H3


B'N

nzefVnKdk torheoD T[geoD ns/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh

;so (Scale)

P'X T[geoD (Tools)

nzeV ftfrnkB ftXh (Statistical Technique)

1H Bkw^;zpzXh ;so (Nominal)

gqPBktbh ;kePkseko BohyD ftXh

Nktosh, gqshPs, pj[nze ekJh tor ns/ „;h‟ ;fj^;zpzX

2H eow ;{ue ;so (Ordinal)

nDT[g;fEsh ;{uh BohyD ftXh ;so^;{uh

wZXnze wkB, ftubB wkB ;ghno w?B ;fj^;zpzX ftXh, ekJh^tor gqhyD ns/ „;h‟ ;fj^;zpzX ftXh

3H ;wkB nzso ;so (Equal

Interval Scale)

wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ftfdne gqhyD, BohyD ftXh, nDT[g;fEsh wkg

T[go'es ;ko/ ns/ wZXwkB, gqwkDe ftubB wkB, ghno;B ;fj^;zpzX ftXh, „Nh‟ gqhyD, T[Zu ;fj^;zpzX ftXh

4H nB[gks ;so (Ratio Scale)

G"fse wkb ftXhnK nzerfDs dhnK ftXhnK s'A ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j?. wZXwkB ns/ ;fj^;zpzX ftXhnK

T[go'es ;{uh s'A ;gPN j[zdk j? fe nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK P'X d/ T[geoD ns/ nzefVnK dh gqfeosh s/ nkXos j[zd/ jB. ;ko/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dh u'D nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk B{z nzefVnK dh gqfeosh dk frnkB j'D pj[s io{oh j?.

nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD dk B?fse^ftuko (Ethical Consideration in Data Collection)

ftfdne P'X^ekoiK d/ fBnkdoP ftZu gqw[Zy o{g s'A wB[Zyh ;dZf;nK dh u'D ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ftZu fBwB nzfes B?fse^ftuko dk fBotkj eoBk ukjhdk j?^

(1) P'Xeosk B{z fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK d/ gqsh jwdodh oZyDh ukjhdh j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ;zBwkB dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

(2) fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?

(3) fBnkdoP s'A gqkgs nzefVnK B{z r'gs oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

(4) P'Xeosk B{z nzefVnK dh r'gBhnsk dk T[bzxD BjhA oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

(5) P'Xeosk B{z y'i d/ ;so dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

(6) Bohye B{z P'Xeosk d/ ;ko/ ekoiK dk g{oh soQK fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

jo/e P'Xeosk B{z T[go'es B?fse^ftuko d/ fB:wK dk g{oD o{g s'A gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?.

fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK d/ Bkw dk fe;h th irQk T[b/y BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[; ;z;Ek dk Bkw

fdZsk ik ;edk j? fiZE'A fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK dh u'D ehsh rJh j?. fJ; d/ bJh th ;ze/se

GkPk tosh ikt/ sK finkdk T[fus j?. ftfPPN P'X^ekoi d/ fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK dk ;zBwkB

eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK Bkb gfjbK ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk ukjhdk j?.


;{uh 12H4


B'N nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ftZu ;ktXkBhnK (Precautions in Data Collection)

P'X^ekoi ftZu nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ftZu nZr/ fbyhnK ;ktXkBhnK oZyDhnK ukjhdhnK jB^

(1) nzeVk P'X dh ;wZf;nk d/ bJh ;koEe j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

(2) nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD gqwkDe T[geoBK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(3) nzeV/ fJ; soQK d/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fiBQK d/ ftPb/PD nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK d[nkok ehsk ik ;ed/.

(4) nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ftZu wkg^so[ZNh th xZN^s'A^xZN j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

(5) nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ftZu fBnkdoP so[ZNh th xZN j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

(6) nzefVnK dk ;o{g fJ; soQK dk j't/ fi; d[nkok izB;zfynk d/ wkBeK dk ;jh nB[wkB brkfJnk ik ;e/.

(7) nzeV/ nkgD/^nkg ftZu g{oD ns/ ftnkge j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

(8) nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD t;s{fBPm o{g ftZu ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

(9) nzeV/ P[ZX ns/ ;jh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

;ktXkBh nzeV/ gquZbs ns/ t?X j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

(10) nzefVnK dk ;o{g fJ; soQK dk j't/ fiBQK dk gq;s{sheoD ns/ ftnkfynk n;kBh Bkb ehsk ik ;e/.

(11) nzefVnK d/ bJh nze ftXh ;ob ns/ t;s{fBPm j'Dh ukjhdh j?. 12H6 nzefVnK dh ftt;Ek ns/ torheoD (Arrangement and Classification of Data)

nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD d/ pknd T[jBK dk torheoD ns/ ftt;Eh ehsh iKdh j? fi; d[nkok T[jBK dk ;jh o{g ftZu ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;e/ ns/ Bshi/ eZY/ ik ;eD.

nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD gquZbs ns/ t?X T[geoBK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ehsk iKdk j?. fJj eZu/ wkb dh soQK j[zd/ jB. fJBQK dk e[ZM th noE BjhA j[zdk j?. nzefVnK B{z ;koEe pDkT[D d/ bJh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh nzefVnK dk torheoD ns/ ftt;Ek eoB dh io{os j[zdh j?.

nzefVnK d/ torheoD dk noE j[zdk j? fe gqkgs ;{uBktK B{z ftfGzB torK ftZu tzvDk fi; B{z ng/fyns BshfinK d/ bJh ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;e/.

(T) P'X d/ nzefVnK dk torheoD (Classification of Research Data)-

gqkgs nzeV/ nkgD/ P[o{nksh o{g ftZu ngPN, ft;sfos, noEjhD T[bM/ j'J/ j[zd/ jB. torheoD d/ fpBK T[jBK ftZu fe;h nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ Bk jh T[jBK d/ nkXko s/ e'Jh Bshik iK f;ZNk gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh fJeZso ehs/ rJ/ nzefVnK B{z T[g:'rsk dh Bio s'A ;zy/g eoBk ns/ T[jBK B{z fJZe ftt;fEs o{g d/Dk io{oh j?. fJ; gqeko torheoD nzefVnK B{z ftt;fEs ns/ ;zy/g eoB dh gqfefonk j? fi; d/ nzsors ;wkB ns/ n;wkB r[DK d/ nB[;ko nzefVnK B{z fJ; soQK tzvd/ jB fe



;wkB r[DK tkb/ nzeV/ fJZe jh tor ftZu ns/ n;wkB r[DK tkb/ nzeV/ j'o torK ftZu nk ;eD. nfijk eoB Bkb y'i d/ nzefVnK ftZu ;gPNsk nk iKdh j?.

J/bjz; d/ nB[;ko, “nzefVnK B{z T[jBK dh fJZeo{gsk ns/ ;wkBsk d/ nB[ko ;w{j iK torK ftZu ftt;fEs eoB dh gqfefonk B{z gfoGkfPe o{g ftZu torheoD fejk iKdk j?.”

nzefVnK d/ torheoD d/ io{oh r[D (Characteristics of Classification of Data)

nZS/ torheoD ftZu fBwB fbys r[DK dk j'Dk io{oh j?^

(1) ;gPNsk (Clarity) ^ torheoD dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psh T[; dh ;gPNsk j?. ftfGzB torK ftZu tzv/ nzeV/ fJ; soQK ;[rw ns/ ;gPN j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fe T[jBK ftZu Pzek d/ bJh e'Jh ;EkB Bk oj/.

(2) ;fEosk (Stability) ^ torheoD ftZu ;fEosk dk j'Dk th io{oh j?. i/eo T[; ftZu ;fEosk BjhA, sK jo/e g{oBnktosh ftZu fGzBsk g?dk j' iKdh j?, fJ; d/ nkXko s/ s[bBkswe nfXnB eoBk n;zGt j't/rk.

(3) gfotosBPhbsk (Flexibility) ^ torheoD d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe fJ; ftZu ;w/A ns/ go;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko gfotosB ns/ ;wzBt/ dh ;woEk j't/.

nzefVnK d/ torheoD d/ nkXko (Basis of Classification of Data)

y'i d/ nzefVnK dk torheoD fBwB fbys nkXko s/ j' ;edk j?^

(1) r[Dkswe nkXko (Qualitative basis) ^ r[Dkswe nkXko s'A Gkt nzefVnK B{z T[jBK d/ bZSK ns/ r[DK d/ nkXko s/ tzvDk j?, fit/Aô[uh, goftosh nkfd.

(2) ;zfynkswe ns/ gfoDkswe nkXko (Quantitative basis) ^ fiZE/ nzefVnK dk torheoD r[Dkswe nkxko s/ torheos BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, T[ZE/ ;zfynkswe ns/ gfoGkPkswe nkXkoK B{z ngDkfJnk iKdk j?, T[dkjoD bJh ^ T[wo, bzpkJh, T[ukJh, ;zfynk nkfd.

(3) ;fEse nkXko (Situational basis) ^ ;fEse nkXko ftZu nzefVnK dk torheoD ftP/P ;w/A dh goftosh iK nt;Ek d/ nB[;ko ehsk iKdk j?.

(4) G{r'fbe nkXko (Geographical basis) ^ G{r'fbe y/soK d/ nB[;ko nzefVnK dk torheoD j' ;edk j?.

nzefVnK d/ torheoD d/ gqeko (Types of Classification of Data)

(1) ;ob torheoD iK d'ûoe torheoD (Uni-or-Bi-variate)

torheoD dh fJ; gZXsh d/ nB[;ko, nzefVnK B{z fe;h fJZe ftP/P r[D d/ nkXko s/ d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j?, fi; d/ gfjb/ Gkr ftZu fJZe r[D tkb/ nzeV/ nk ;eD. d{i/ tor ftZu T[j nzeV/ nkT[Dr/ fiBQK ftZu T[j r[D BjhA jB.

T[dkjoD o{uhtkB$no{uhtkB, ebkswe ;woZEk tkbk$ ebkswe ;woZEk^tkbk BjhA nkfd.

(2) pj[ûod torheoD (Multi-Variate) ^ nzefVnK B{z ftfGzB r[DK d/ nkXko s/ eJh torK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu d' s'A finkdk tor pDd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo fe;h izB;zfynk dk torheoD fbzr, ;kyosk ns/ p[ZXh ;so d/ nkXko s/ eoBk j't/ sK fJ; soQK j' ;edk j?^

B'N



B'N izB;zfynk (Population) ^2%2%3&12 e'Pm fszB uo bJ/ rJ/.

(T) fbzr d/ nB[;ko ^ (1) (2)

g[oy (Male) fJ;soh (Female)

(n) ;kyosk d/ nB[;ko ^ (1) (2)

;kyo (Literate) nBgVQ (Illitereate)

(J) p[ZXh d/ ;so d/ nB[;ko^ (1) (2) (3)

T[Zu p[ZXh n";s p[ZXh fBwB p[ZXh

(High) (Average) (Low)

(3) ;zfynkswe torheoD (Quantitative Classification) ^ ;zfynkswe torheoD dk gq:'r T[jBK nzefVnK d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j? fiBQK dh gqfeosh ;zfynkswe j't/, fit/A^T[ukJh, Gko, T[wo, ;wkfie^nkofEe, p[ZXh^bpXh nkfd. fJBQK nzefVnK B{z nktosh tzv d/ o{g ftZu ftt;fEs eod/ jB ns/ T[[jBK dh rDBk d/ nkXko s/ torheoD eod/ jB.

(4) T[wo d/ nB[;ko torheoD (Chronolical Classification) ^ T[wo d/ nB[;ko torheoD d/ nzsors nzefVnK dk torheoD T[wo^toe d/ nB[;ko ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu ;w/A B{z ftfGzB GkrK ftZu tzv fbnk iKdkk j? ns/ jo/e ;w/A Bkb ;zpzXs nzefVnK B{z ;zpzXs ;w/A d/ torK ftZu ftt;fEs eod/ jB.

T[dkjoD P?Pt^nt;Ek, pkbnt;Ek, feP'ont;Ek iK fe;h ftP/P ekb Bkb ;zpzXs gqPB.

(5) go;fEsh nB[;ko torheoD (Situation Classification) ^ go;fEsh nB[;ko torheoD ftZu ;EkB d/ nB[;ko nzefVnK dk torheoD ehsk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh g/Av{, Bkrfoe, Gkosh, ftd/Ph nkfd.

y'i ftZu nzefVnK d/ torheoD dh T[g:'rsk (Utility of Classification of Data in

Research) y'i dh gqfefonk ftZu torheoD dhnK T[g:'rsktK fBwB fbys jB^

(1) ;zy/gheoD (Summarization) ^ w{b o{g ftZu fJeZso nzeV/ ft;sfos ns/ nftt;fEs j[zd/ jB. torheoD d[nkok T[jBK ftZu ;zy/gheoD, ;wPNsk ns/ ftt;Ek nkT[Adh j? fi; nB[;ko ftPb/PD ftZu ;jkfJsk j[zdh j?.

(2) ;wZroh d/ ftfGzB bZSK dh tzv (Classification of Material) ^ torheoD d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;wkB r[DK B{z gqdofPs eoB tkb/ nzefVnK B{z fJZe tor ftZu ns/ n;wkB nzefVnK B{z ;zpzXs tor ftZu Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?, fi; Bkb nfXnB ;ob j' iKdk j?.

(3) ;gPNsk (Clarity) ^ nzefVnK d/ torheoD s'A T[; dk ;o{g ;gPN j' iKdk j?, fi; d[nkok T[fus nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dh u'D ftZu ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.

(4) y'i dhnK nB[rkwh fefonktK d/ bJh ;obsk^ T[fus torheoD Bkb nzefVnK d/ ftPb/PD, ;zfyneh d/ T[g:'r, ;wkBheoD ns/ Bshi/ eZYD ftZu ;jkfje j[zdk j?.

(5) s[bBkswe nfXnB dk nkXko (Comparative Basis) ^ torheoD d/ d[nkok nzefVnK B{z r[D, bZSD, ;zfynk, ;EkB nkfd ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j? fi; d[nkok nzefVnK dk s[bBkswe nfXnB eoBk ;ob j' iKdk j?.

(6) BthB nzefVnK B{z Pkfwb eoB dh ;[thXk (Inclusion of New Data) ^ torheoD s'A



fJZe bkG fJj th j? fe pknd ftZu gqkgs nzefVnK B{z th n;hA T[jBK d/ r[D ns/ bZSDK d/ nkXko s/ T[jBK nzefVnK Bkb ;zpzXs tor ftZu ftt;fEs eo ;ed/ jK ns/ T[jBK B{z ftPb/PD ftZu tos ;ed/ jK.

(7) y'i d/ nzefVnK dk ftt;EkgB (Arrangement of Data) ^ y'i d/ nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ns/ torheoD d/ pknd nzefVnK dk T[fus T[g:'r io{oh j?, fi; d[nkok y'ieosk e[ZM T[g:'rh Bshi/ eZY ;e/. fJ; Tg:'r B{z ftt;EkgB efjzd/ jK. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State Whether the Following


8H uo T[; r[D ftP/P B{z efjzd/ jB fi; B{z gqwkD ftZu pdb ;ed/ jK.

9H nzefVnK dh gqfeosh jh ftPb/PD ftXhnK dk fBoXkoD eodh j?.

10H nzefVnK d/ bJh nzeB ftXh w[Pfeb j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

11H G{r'fbe y/soK d/ nB[;ko nzefVnK dk torheoD BjhA j' ;edk. 12H7 nzefVnK d/ ftt;EkgB d/ ;kXB (Source of Arrangement of Data)

nzefVnK d/ ftt;EkgB d/ fBwB fbys ;kXB jB^

(1) ;{uh (Tabulation) ftZu ftt;Ekfgs eoBk.

(2) nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r (Statistical Techniques) eoBk.

(3) nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD (Analysis of Data) eoBk.

(4) BshfinK dh ftnkfynk ns/ gq;s{sheoD eoBk (Presentation or Interpretation).

(1) ;{uhpZX (Tabulation)

nzefVnK B{z ;gPN ns/ p'Xg{oD pDkT[D bJh T[jBK dk ;{uhpZX j'D io{oh j?. ;{uhpZX j'D d/ d[nkok nzefVnK ftZu ;obsk ns/ ;gPNsk nkT[Adh j? ns/ toDkswe ns/ finkdk ftt;fEsh j' e/ gqdoPB d/ :'r pD iKd/ jB. fJBQK d/ nzsors nzefVnK B{z ftfGzB ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j? fi; Bkb ;wMD ftZu ;obsk ns/ ;[thXk j[zdh j?. ;XkoD o{g ftZu nzefVnK B{z ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK ftZu ftt;fEs eoB B{z jh ;{uhpZX eoBk efjzd/ jB.

;{uhpZX eoB d/ gqeko (Types of Tables) ^ w[Zy o{g s'A ;{uhpZX j/m fby/ nB[;ko d/ j[zd/ jB, gozs{ nzefVnK dh gqfeosh d/ nB[;ko fJ; d/ j'o th gqeko j' ;ed/ jB.

(1) fJZe uod ;{uh (Uni-Variate) ^ fJZe uoe ;{uh d/ nzsors fJZe jh uoD iK fJZe jh r[D tkb/ nzefVnK B{z ftt;fEs o{g ftZu d/yd/ jB.

(2) d'^uoe ;{uh (Bi-Variate) ^ fJ; soQK dh ;{uh ftZu fe;h uo iK gfjb{ ftP/P d/ d' go;go ;zpzXs bZSDK d/ pko/ ftZu ;{uBktK gqdkB eodhnK jB.

(3) pj[^uoe ;{uh (Multi-Variates) ^ pj[ uoe ;{uh ftZu fe;h uo iK xNBk d/ eJh ;zpzXs r[DK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;{uBktK j[zdhnK jB.

;{uh dk y'i ftZu wjZst (Significance of Table in Research) ^ fJeZso nzefVnK B{z ;zy/g ns/ ;ob ;o{g gqdkB eoB dh Bio s'A y'i ftZu fJj fBwB fbys o{gK ftZu ftP/P wjZstg{oD j[zdh j?^

B'N



B'N (1) nzefVnK dh soeg{oD ftt;Ek (Logical Arrangement) ^ ;{uhpZX d/ d[nkok fe;h uo iK xNBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;ko/ nzefVnK B{z wjZstg{oD Yzr d[nkok ftt;fEs ehsk iKdk j? fijV/ y'i ;zpzXh io{oh jzd/ jB. ;{uhpZX ftZu fe; ftP/P eow dk nB[;oD ehsk iKdk j?.

(2) gqkgs nzefVnK dk ;zy/gheoD (Summarization of Data) ^ ;{uhpZX d/ pknd y'i d/ nzefVnK dk o{g ;zy/g ns/ ;gPN j' iKdk j?.

(3) ftPb/PD dh ;obsk (Easy to Analyse Data) ^ y'i d/ nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD ns/ Bshik eZYDk T[fus ;{uhpZX d/ d[nkok jh ;zGt j?.

(4) ;wK, fwjBs ns/ XzB dh pZus (Save of Time Energy and Money) ^ ;{uh d/ pknd gqkgs nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ Bshi/ eZYD ftZu ;w/A ns/ fwjBs dh pZus j[zdh j? ns/ ekoi finkdk T[Zsw j[zdk j?. P'X ftZu ;{uhpZX fJZe fwZsoe gqfefonk wzBh iKdh j?.

(5) s[bBkswe nfXnB ftZu ;obsk (Easy in Comparative Study) ^ ;{uhpZX d/ pknd id'A y'i d/ nzefVnK B{z ftfGzB ;szGK ftZu tzv b?Ad/ jK sK nzefVnK dhnK ;wkB ftP/PsktK ;gPN j' iKdhnK jB. fJ; d/ nkXko s/ s[bBkswe nfXnB eoBk ;ob j[zdk j?.

nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r (Use of Statistical Techniques) ^ nzefVnK d/ ftt;EkgB dk d{ik wjZstg{oD gd T[jBK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r j[zdk j?.

nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD ns/ ftnkfynk (Analysis and Interpretion of data) ^ fJ; gqfefonk ftZu gqkgs nzefVnK B{z fJ; soQK ftt;fEs eod/ jK fe T[j ;wZf;nk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJZSkg{oB Bshi/ gq;s{s eo ;eD.

B'N; vpfbT{H e[e d/ nB[;ko, “ftfrnkBe ftPb/PD nfXnB d/ sZEK, BshfinK ns/

ftfrnkBe frnkB d/ ;zpzXK dh y'i eodk j?.”

nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD fJZe ftfrnkBe Bshi/ s/ gj[zukT[Adk j? ns/ gfoebgBk d/ gqhyD ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdk j?. 12H8 nzefVnK d/ ftPb/PD dhnK ftfGzB gqfefonktK (Various Ways of Analysis of Data) .

nzefVnK d/ ftPb/PD dk w[Zy T[d/P fJeZsos nzefVnK d[nkok BthB sZEK B{z gqkgs eoBk j?. Bshi/ s/ gj[zuD dh fJ; gqfefonk ftZu eJh T[g^fefonktK Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK B{z ;wZro o{g ftZu ftPb/PD fejk iKdk j?. ftPb/PD dh fefonk ftZu fBwB fbys T[gfefonktK Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB^

(1) ;wZroh dk ;zgkdB (Editing of Material) ^ gqkgs nzefVnK d/ nzsors ewI'o ns/ ;zs'PiBe nzPK B{z ;[Xko e/ T[; B{z gq:'r d/ bJh T[fus pDkT[Dk jh ;zgkdB dk gqw[Zy ekoi j??.

(2) nzefVnK dk torheoD (Classification of Data) ^ torheoD d/ nzsors fpyo/ j'J/ nzefVnK B{z ftt;fEs ehsk iKdk j? sK fe T[jBK d[nkok Bshi/ eZYD ftZu ;obsk j't/.

torheoD fBwB fbys T[d/PK dh g{osh eodk j?^

(T) fJj nzefVnK d/ ftfGzB r[DK B{z fJZe d{i/ Bkb ;zpzXs eodk j?.

(n) torheoD d/ pknd nzeV/ ;zy/g j' iKd/ jB.



(J) torheoD d/ pknd nzeV/ ;gPN ns/ ;ob j' iKd/ jB.

(3) ;wZroh dk ;ze/sB (Code of Material) ^ torheoD d/ pknd jo/e tor d/ bJh e'Jh fBPfus Bkw, fuzBQ iK ;ze/s fdzd/ jB. fJ; B{z ;ze/sB efjzd/ jB fJ; d[nkok ftPb/PD ftZu ;[rwsk j[zdh j?.

(4) nzefVnK dk ;{uhpZX (Tabulation of Data) ^ nzefVnK B{z ftfGzB f;ob/yK, ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK d[nkok gq;s{s eoBk j[zdk j?. fi; d[nkok nzefVnK dk ;o{g ;hfws j' iKdk j? ns/ T[; B{z ;wMD ftZu ;obsk j[zdh j?.

(5) nzefVnK dh ftnkfynk (Interpretation of Data) ^ ftnkfynk s'A Gkt ;zg{oD nzefVnK d/ :EkoE nfXnB d/ nkXko s/ Bshi/ eZYDk j?. fJj Bshi/ ftt;fEs ehs/ rJ/ nzefVnK s/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB.

(6) ;XkoBheoD (Generalization) ^ torheoD ehs/ rJ/ nzefVnK dh ftnkfynk d/ nkXko s/ gqkgs BshfinK dk ;XkoBheoD ehsk iKdk j?.

nzefVnK dk y'i ftZu T[g:'r (Uses of Data in Research)

y'i ftZu nzefVnK dk T[g:'r fBwB fbys gqeko s'A T[g:'r j[zdk j?^

(1) fe;h th f;Zfynk^y'i ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD y'i B{z fJZe m'; nkXko gqdkB eoB d/ bJh pj[s T[g:'rh j[zdk j?.

(2) y'i ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD eZy/ wkb dh soQK j? fi; B{z nzefVnK d/ T[sgkdB d/ T[g:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk iKdk j?.

(3) y'i dh ;wZf;nk d/ bJh T[fus fdPk ns/ ;wZf;nk dk T[fus ;wkXkB gqdkB eoB ftZu nzeV/ pj[s T[g:'rh j[zd/ jB.

(4) ftfrnkBe y'i d/ bJh nzeV/ pj[s T[g:'rh j[zd/ jB.

(5) y'i gfoebgBk dh goy eoB ftZu nzefVnK dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

(6) nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ P'X d/ BshfinK dh ftnkfynk t;s{fBPm o{g ftZu ehsh ik ;edh j?.

(7) P'X d/ Bshi/ ng/fynkg{oD finkdk t?X ns/ gquZbs j[zd/ jB. 12H9 ezfgT{No d/ bJh nzefVnK d/ torheoD ns/ ftt;Ek (Classification and Arrangement of Data for Computer)

P'X ekoiK ftZu nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD gqwkDe gqhyDK dh ;jkfJs Bkb ehsk iKdk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fJBQK gqhyDK ftZu pj[^ftebgh gqeko d/ gd (Multiple Choice items) Pkfwb ehs/ iKd/ jB. finkdk P[ZX BshfinK d/ bJh tZv/ fBnkdoP dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? ns/ tZv/ fBnkdoP d/ T[Zso gZsoeK dk nzeB eoBk finkdk w[Pfeb j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh wPhBK ns/ ezfgT{No dk gq:'r ehsk ikD bZrk j?. wPhBK d[nkok nzeB d/ bJh nkJhHphHn?wH (I.B.M.) gZsoe dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? fJ; ftZu S/ ftebgK ns/ 150 gdK d/ T[ZsoK B{z nzfes eoB d/ bJh ;EkB j[zdk j?. wPhBK d[nkok nzeB s'A gqkgs nze BjhA fwbd/ jB. pbfe T[ZsoK B{z gZso s/ nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. fe;h ftnesh B/ gqPBK d/ fejV/^fejV/ ftebg B{z nzfes ehsk j?. jo/e fBnkdoP d/ ;dZ; dk fJZe gZsoe fsnko eo fbnk iKdk j?. fJBQK ;ko/ gZsoeK B{z ezfgT{No e/Ado B{z d/ fdZsk iKdk j?. nzefVnK d/ ftPb/PD d/ bJh fJZe gqko{g dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. ezfgT{No, ftPb/PD d/ gqko{g d/ nB[;ko nzefVnK dk torheoD ns/ ftt;Ek eodk j?. fJZe gZsoe s/ ;zg{oD ;{uBktK B{z nzfes eo b?Adk jB.

B'N



B'N

B'N; P'X nfXnBK ftZu nzefVnK dh T[g:'rsk dZ;'.

fBnkdoP d/ ;dZf;nK d/ T[Zso gZsoeK dk nzeB P'Xeosk nkgD/^nkg th eo fbnk eod/ jB ns/ ftPb/PD d/ gqko{g dh fdqPNh s'A nzefVnK dk torheoD ns/ ftt;Ek P'Xeosk B{z nkgD/^nkg eoBh j[zdh j?. T[; d/ pknd fJBQK B{z ezfgT{No e/Ado B{z ftPb/PD d/ bJh d/ fdZsk iKdk j?. edh^edh nzefVnK B{z eZu/ o{g ftZu ezfgT{No ftZu e/Ado B{z d/ fdzd/ jB. e/Ado s/ T[jBK dk torheoD ns/ ftt;Ek eo bJh iKdh j?.

P'Xeosk th fpibh wPhBK s/ nkgD/^nkg nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD eo b?Ad/ jB. nfijh ;fEsh ftZu th P'Xeosk B{z nzeB d/ pknd T[jBK dk torheoD ns/ ftt;Ek eoB j[zdh j? sK T[j r[DKs s/ T[jBK nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD eodk j?. wPhBK d/ gq:'r s'A gfjbK T[jBK dh iKu th eoB ukjhdh j? fijV/ Bshi/ wPhB iK ezfgT{No s'A gqkgs j' oj/ jB, T[j ;jh jB iK BjhA. fJZe S'N/ fBnkdoP dk P'Xeosk ftPb/PD eodk j? ns/ T[;h B{z ezfgT{No iK wPhB s'A eokfJnk iKdk j?. id'A ;jh Bshi/ gqkgs j'D sK ;zg{oD nzefVnK dk ezfgT{No iK wPhB s/ ftPb/PD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK nzso{Bh iKu dh io{oh j[zdh j?. 12H10 ;ko nzP (Summary)

nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD d/ bJh y'i^T[geoBK dk gqPk;B fBnkdoP d/ gq:'iK s/ ehsk iKdk j?. nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD, gqPBktbh, BohyD, ;kePkseko, gqhyD ns/ eJh j'o ftXhnK d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?. fJj y'i dk u"Ek ;'gkB j[zdk j?.

nzefVnK dk noE j? BohyD. ftfrnkBe ftfdne y'iK ftZu nzefVnK dh io{oh g?Adh j?. nzeV/ gqwkDe y'i T[geoBK iK nkgD/^nkg fBofws T[geoBK d/ d[nkok gqkgs ehs/ iKd/ jB. nzeV/ gqwkDkswe ns/ r[Dkswe d'jK soQK d/ j[zd/ jB.

nuo T[; r[D B{z efjzd/ jB fijV/ P'X d/ ;w/A ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu fJZe' fijk ofjzdk j? ns/ uo T[; r[D B{z efjzd/ jB fijVk P'X dhnK ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu gfotosBPhB ofjzdk j?.

P'X ftZu ftfGzB gqeko d/ uoK d/ wkg d/ bJh tZy^tZy gqeko dh wkg ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. P'X d/ T[goeBK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb tZy^tZy gqeko d/ nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD ehsk iKdk j?.

Wkg d/ ;so nzefVnK dh gqfeosh, ftP/PsktK, wkgBhnK d/ T[g:'r ns/ nzeVk ftfrnkB dhnK ftXhnK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu wjZstg{oD nkXko j[zdk j?. nzefVnK dh gqfeosh jh ftPb/PD ftXhnK dk fBoXkoD eodh j?.

nzefVnK d/ ftPb/PD dk w[Zy T[d/P fJeZsfos nzefVnK Bkb BthB sZEK B{z gqkgs eoBk j?. Bshi/ s/ gj[zuD dh fJ; gqfefonk ftZu eJh T[g^fefonktK Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK B{z ;wZro o{g ftZu ftPb/PD fejk iKdk j?.


1H P?Ptnt;Ek^ f;P{ dh nt;Ek.

2H ;zy/gheoD^ fe;h ftP/ B{z ;zy/g o{g ftZu gq;s{s eoek.

3H nZr/fbys^ fBZu/ fbfynk j'fJnk, fijVk T[dkjoD fBZu/ fbfynk j'fJnk j?.




1H „nzeVk‟ Ppd dh gfoGkPk eo'. nzeV/, sZEK fe; soQK fGzB j[zd/ jB< T[dkjoD Bkb ;gPN eo'.

2H nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD dh feT[A io{os j[zdh j?< nzefVnK dh gqfeosh dk T[b/y eo'.

3H (T) r[Dkswe ns/ gqwkDkse nzefVnK ftZu nzso dZ;'.

(n) uo ns/ nuo (Content) ftZu nzso dZ;'.

(J) uo ns/ uod (Variate) ftZu nzso dZ;'.

4H nzefVnK d/ gqeko B{z dZ;', fJj wkg d/ T[geoBK ns/ uoK dh gqfeosh s/ fe; soQK nkXkfos j?, fJ; dk toDB eo'.

5H nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK th nzefVnK dh gqfeosh ns/ wkg T[geoBK dh gqfeosh s/ fe; soQK nkXkfos jB, fJ; B{z T[dkjoDK s'A ;gPN eo'.

6H nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ftZu P'X B?fse^ftuko d/ fB:wK dk T[b/y eo' ns/ fJBQK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyD dh feT[A io{os j[zdh j?<

7H nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ftZu eh ;ktXkBhnK oZydhnK ukjhdhnK jB. nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD dhnK ;hwktK dk th toDB eo'.

8H nzefVnK d/ „torheoD‟ ns/ „ftt;EkgB‟ dk noE dZ;'. torheoD ns/ ftt;EkgB dh io{os dk T[b/y eo'.

9H nzefVnK d/ torheoD nd/ nzefVnK dh ftt;Ek ftZu nzso eo'. wPhBK d/ gq:'r iK ezfgT{No d/ gq:'r ftZu nzefVnK dk torheoD fet/A ehsk iKdk j?< ft;Eko ftZu toBD eo'.

T[ZsowkbkL ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H BohyD 2H gfoebgBktK 3H ftnkfynkswe 4H (J) r[Dkswe

5H (T) BohyD 6H (n) wkg 7H (J) fJfsjkf;e 8H ;Zu

9H ;Zu 10H M{m 11H M{m 12H13 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^13L gqPBktbh (Questionnaire)


T[d/P (Objectives)


13H1 gqPBktbh (Questionnaire)

13H2 gqPBktbh d/ gqeko (Types of Questionnaire)

13H3 gqPBktbh dhnK ;hwktK (Limitations of Questionnaire)

13H4 gqPBktbh dhnK ;ktXkBhnK (Precautions of Questionnaire)





T[d/P (Objectives)


gqPBktbh ns/ gqPBktbh d/ gqeko B{z ;wMD ftZul

gqPBktbh dhnK ;hwktK B{z ;wMD ftZul

gqPBktbh dhnK ;ktXkBhnK B{z ;wMD ftZu.


ftnesh ftfGzB gdK d/ wkfXnw s'A fJj fBoXkfos eodk j? fe ihtB dhnK ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu T[j fe; soQK dk fttjko eo/rk. gqPBktbh fJZe soQK s'A ;t?^fBoXkoD wkgBh jh j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu ftnesh B{z gqPBktb d/ fdZsh iKdh j?, fi; s/ fBod/P th fby/ ofjzd/ jB. T[jBK fBod/PK d/ nB[;ko, ftnesh B{z gqshfefonk ftnesh eoBh j[zdh j?. e[ZM gqPBK d/ T[Zso jK iK BjhA ftZu th d/D/ j[zd/ jB. 13H1 gqPBktbh (Questionnaire)

ftnesfsZSt ;zpzXh nzso{Bh r[DK d/ frnkB d/ bJh T[; r[D ftP/P Bkb ;zpzXs gqPB u[D e/ gqPBktbh dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j? fijVk T[jBK dk wkg finkdk nZSh soQK eo ;e/. fJ; ftXh ftZu ftneshnK B{z gqPBktbh d/ fdZsh iKdh j? fiBQK T[Zs/ fBod/P fdZs/ j[zd/ jB. ftnesh B{z fBod/PK d/ nB[;ko gqshfefonk ftnesh eoBh j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh pj[s xZN ;w/A ftZu eJh ftneshnK dk wkg eoB d/ bJh fJj fJZe T[Zsw ftXh j?. fJj gqPBktbhnK iK sK ftnesh dh ;zt/re n;fEosk dk gsk brkT[D d/ bJh tosh iKdh j? iK fe;h ftP/P Phb^r[D dk gsk brkT[D iK o'r dk fBdkB eoB d/ bJh. gqPBktbh fJZe soQK dh ;t?^fBoXkoD wkgBh (Self Rating Scale) jh j?. ftnesh ftfGzB gdK d/ wkfXnw s'A fJj fBoXkfos eodk j? fe ihtB dhnK ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu T[j fe; soQK dk fttjko eo/rk. Gkt/A pkjo s/ fJj ftXh ;ob Bio bZrdh j?, gozs{ fJ; d/ fBowkD d/ bJh ns/ ftfrnkBe o{g s'A fJ; d/


fJekJh^13L gqPBktbh

d[nkok nzeV/ eoB ftZu fJZe uzrh f;ybkJh dh io{os j[zdh j?. gqPBktbh ftZu ;jh T[Zso fJZe jh j'D Bkb fJ; ftZu t;s{fBPmsk dk r[D gkfJnk iKdk j?. gqPBktbhnK Self-report

Techniques d/ nzsors nkT[AdhnK jB. b/iko; (Lazarus) d/ PpdK ftZu^ “Simply stated,

the self-report techniques involve attempting to measure aspects of human personality on the basis of what a person can say, or is willing to say about himself. They usually consist of a series of printed objective questions presented to the subject or to a group of subjects. Such inventories of questions can be used to study interests, attitudes and various other factes of personality. They are objective, because the subject must respond usually with a „Yes‟ or „No‟ or „I don‟t know‟ answer to each question.”

B'N

B'N; xZN ;w/A ftZu eJh ftneshnK d/ ftnefsZst ;zpzXh nzdo{Bh r[DK dk wkg eoB d/

bJh gqPBktbh fJZe T[Zso ftXh j?.

13H2 gqPBktbh d/ gqeko (Types of Questionnaire)

gqPBktbh eJh soQK dh j[zdh j?, fijV/ fBwB fbys jB^

1H gqshpZXs gqPBktbh (Closed Questionnaire)

fJ; ftZu Pkfwb gqPBK dk T[Zso „jK‟ iK „BjhA‟ ftZu'A fe;h fJZe s/ ;jh dk fBPkB brke/ d/Dk jz[dk j?. gqPBktbh ftZu gqPBK dk ;o{g fJ; soQK j[zdk j?^

(T) eh s[;hA ekch d[yh j'< jK$BjhA

(n) eh s[;hA b'eK Bkb fwbDk^i[bDk g;zd eod/ j'< jK$BjhA

(J) eh s[jkB{z p[o/ ;[gB/ fdyd/ jB< jK$BjhA

2H y[Zbh gqPBktbh (Open Questionnaire)

fJBQK gqPBktbhnK ftZu e[ZM gqPB iK eEB fdZs/ j[zd/ jB fiBQK d/ ftP/ ftZu ftnesh B{z nkgD/ ftuko ft;Eko s'A gqrN eoB j[zd/ jB. gqPBK dk ;o{g fJ; gqeko j[zdk j?^

(T) „nkgo/PB pb?e p'ov‟ s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j?<

(n) BthA f;Zfynk Bhsh dh ;cbsk d/ pko/ ftZu s[jkvk eh ftuko j?<

(J) okytKeoD Bhsh d/ ti{d d/ pko/ ftZu s[jkvh eh XkoDk j?<

3H fuZsfos gqPBktbh (Pictorial Questionnaire)

fJ; gqeko dh gqPBktbh ftZu fuZsoK d/ wkfXnw Bkb e[ZM gqPB g[ZS/ iKd/ jB fiBQK dk T[Zso ftnesh fuZsoK s/ ;jh dk fBPkB brk e/ iK T[jBK B{z o/yKfes eoe/ fdzdk j?.

4H fwPos gqPBktbh (Mixed Questionnaire)

fit/A fe Bkw s'A ;gPN j?, fJ; soQK dh gqPBktbh ftZu jo soQK d/ gqPB fwb/^i[b/ o{g ftZu fdZs/ iKd/ jB.



1H gqPBktbh ftZu ;jh T[Zso fJZe jh j'D Bkb fJ; ftZu HHHHHHHHHH dk r[D gkfJnk iKdk j?.



B'N 2H HHHHHHHHHH gqPBktbh ftZu fuZsoK d/ wkfXnw s'A e[ZM gqPB g[ZS/ iKd/ jB.

3H fi; gqPBktbh ftZu jo soQK d/ gqPB fwb/î[b/ o{g ftZu j[zd/ jB, T[; B{z HHHHHHHHHHHH gqPBktbh efjzd/ jB.

13H3 gqPBktbh dhnK ;hwktK (Limitations of Questionnaire)

Gkt/A fe gqPBktbh ftXh pj[s finkdk ;ob, xZN youhbh ns/ xZN ;w/A ftZu pj[s b'eK dk gqhyD eoB tkbh ftXh j? ns/ fJ; bJh fJj pj[s gquZbs th j?, fco th, fJ;hnK e[ZM ;hwktK jB fiBQK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk io{oh j?^

1H edhêdh nfGnkoEh fe;h gqPB dk T[Zso fJwkBdkoh s'A BjhA d/Dk ukj[zd/. fJ; bJh T[j nkgD/ ;zt/rK B{z dpk e/ rbs ;{uBktK d/ ;ed/ jB.

2H fJ; rZb dh g{oh ;zGktBk j[zdh j? fe nfGnkoEh gqPB B{z soQK Bk ;wM ;eD d/ ekoB ;jh sZEK dh ikDkoh Bk d/ ;e//.

3H edhêdh nfGnkoEh bkgotkjh s'A gqPBktbh Gosk j? ns/ fpBK ;'u/ ;wM/ „jK‟ iK „BjhA‟ ftZu'A fe;h fJZe s/ fBPkB brkT[Adk ubk ikT[Adk j? fi; dk gqGkt BshfinK d/ T[Zs/ g?Adk j?.

4H edhêdh nfijh th j' ;edk j? fe fiBQK xNBktK dk T[b/y gqPBK d/ o{g ftZu ehsk frnk j? T[j nfGnkoEh d/ ihtB ftZu xNh jh Bk j't/ iK T[; soQK dhnK go;fEshnK B{z T[j G[Zb u[Zek j't/. nfijh ;fEsh ftZu T[Zso :EkoE Bk j' e/ ekbgfBe j' iKd/ jB.

T[dkjoD S'N/ pkbe nksw^ftPb/PD d/ :'r BjhA j[zd/. fJ; bJh T[j ftP/ ftZu g[ZSh rJh rZb dk T[Zso ;jh BjhA d/ ;ed/.

5H e[ZM gqPB nfij/ j[zd/ jB fiBQK dk T[Zso nfGnkoEh ;wki d/ G?n s'A r[gssk dh

s;Zbh fwbD s/ th BjhA d/Dk ukj[zdk.

6H fJBQK gqPBktbhnK dk fBdkBkswe wjZst xZN j[zdk j?, feT[Afe gqPBK dh gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk fBwB ;so dh j[zdh j?.

7H b'e gqPBktbh GoB ftZu o[uh BjhA fdykT[Ad/. Bshi/ti'A pj[s xZN gqPBktbhnK tkfg; nk gkT[AdhnK jB.

8H fJj ;zGt j? fe gqPBktbh dk Bw{Bk (Sample) gZygksg{oD j't/.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' gqPBktbh ftXh pj[s finkdk ;ob, xZN youhbh ns/ xZN ;w/A ftZu

eJh b'eK dk gqhyD eoB tkbh ftXh j?.

9H fJj ;zGt BjhA j? fe jo/e ftfdne ns/ ;z;feqse ;so d/ ftneshnK d/ nB[;ko ;jh gqPBK dk fBowkD j' jh ikt/.

10H ;wk:'iB ;zpzXh gqPBK ftZu ;wk:'iB dk fJZe jh wkBdzv ;ko/ b'eK s/ bkr{ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJj ;zGt j? fe fJZe' fijhnK go;fEshnK ftZu fJZe ftnesh ;wk:'iB eo bt/ ns/ d{ik Bk eo ;e/.

11H fJj th d/fynk frnk j? fe nzeB e;"Nh (Scoring rationale) s?n j' ikD s/ th gqhyeK d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ nzeK ftZu ;wkBsk BjhA ofjzdh.


fJekJh^13L gqPBktbh


fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfuukD eo' (State whether the following


4H gqPBktbh dk e'Jh fBPfus T[d/P BjhA j[zdk.

5H gqshpZXs gqPBktbh ftZu gqPBK d/ T[Zso jK iK BjhA ftZu d/D/ g?Ad/ jB.

6H y[Zbh gqPBktbh ftZu gqPBK d/ T[Zso fuZsoK d/ wkfXnw Bkb d/D/ j[zd/ jB.

7H j'o ftXhnK dk ng/fynk gqPBktbh xZN youhbh ftXh j?. 13H4 gqPBktbh dhnK ;ktXkBhnK (Precautions of Questionnaire)

ftP/PZrK d/ nB[;ko gqPBktbh B{z gq:'r ftZu fbnkT[Ad/ ;w/A fBwB fbys ;ktXkBhnK fXnkB ftZu oZyDhnK ukjhdhnK jB^

1H gqPBktbh dk T[g:'r sK jh ehsk ikt/ id'Afe nfijk eoBk ;jh j't/.

2H gqPBktbh dk fBPfus T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H gqPBktbh gq:'r ftZu fbnkT[D s'A gfjbK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftPtk; ftZu fbnk ikDk ukjhdk j? sKfe T[; gquZbs ns/ :EkoE T[Zso d/ ;eD.

;ktXkBh nfij/ eEBK dk gq:'r BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j? fijV/ ftnesh d/ nshs iK toswkB

fizdrh Bkb ;zpzXs j'D.

4H sZEkswe (Factual) gqPB BjhA eoB ukjhd/ jB, fit/A^ „fJwkBdkoh ;G s'A tZvh uhI j?.‟

5H pj[^noEh (Double-Meaning) gqPB BjhA g[ZSD/ ukjhd/ jB

6H gqPBktbh d/ T[fus ns/ nkeoPe nkeko^gqeko s/ th fXnkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

7H nfij/ gqPB BjhA g[ZSD/ ukjhd/ jB fijV/ ;kfonK d/ bJh bkr{ j'D, fit/A^ „eh s[;hA jw/PK d[yh ofjzd/ j'‟<

B'N

Nk;e gqPBktbh ;zpzXh ;ktXkBh s/ nkgDk fdqPNhe'D oZy'.

8H fiZE'A sZe j' ;e/ gqPBktbh dh GkPk ;ob ns/ ;zy/g j't/.

9H „edh^edh‟, „edh^BjhA‟, „e'Jh^BjhA‟, „jw/PK‟ nkfd PpdK s'A gqPB P[o{ BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j?.

10H jo/e eEB ftP/P ns/ ekoigoe (Functional) o{g ftZu fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

11H eEB soeg{oD ns/ fBPfus eow ftZu ftt;fEs j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

12H gqPBK dh ;zfynk finkdk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

13H gqPB fJZe d{i/ dh g[PNh eoB tkb/ j'D.

14H gqPBK dh GkPk nfPPN Bk j't/ ns/ T[jBK dk T[d/P th gqhfynkswe Bk j't/.



B'N 13H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

ftnefsZst ;zpzXh nzdo{Bh r[DK d/ frnkB d/ bJh T[; r[D ftP/P Bkb ;zpzXs gqPB u[D e/ gqPBktbh dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j? fijVk T[jBK dk wkg finkdk uzrh soQK eo ;e/.

fJj gqPBktbhnK iK sK ftnesh dh ;zt/re n;fEsosk dk gsk brkT[D d/ bJh ;jh j[zdhnK jB iK fe;h ftP/P Phb^r[D dk gsk brkT[D iK o'r dk fBdkB eoB d/ bJh.

gqPBktbh ftZu ;jh T[Zso fJZe jh j'D Bkb fJ; ftZu t;s{fBPmsk dk r[D gkfJnk iKdk j?.


1H nfGnkoEh^ y'i gqfeonk ftZu Gkr b?D tkbk, p/Bsheko.

2H ti{d^ fe;h f;XKs iK Bhsh dh T[fussk. 13H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gqPBktbh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ T[gukoK dk toDB eo'.

2H gqPBktbh dhnK ;hwktK dk toDB eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H t;s{fBPmsk 2H fuZsfos gqPBktbh 3H fwPfos 4H M{m

5H ;Zu 6H M{m 7H ;Zu 13H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;





fJekJh^14L fBoXkoD wkg

fJekJh^14L fBoXkoD wkg (Rating Scale)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


14H1 fBoXkoD wkg (Rating Scale)

14H2 fBoXkoD wkg d/ gqeko (Types of Rating Scale)

14H3 ipoh ftebg wkg (Forced Choice Rating)

14H4 fBoXkoD wkgdzvK dhnK so[ZNhnK (Errors of Rating Scales)





T[d/P (Objectives)


fBoXkoD wkg d/ noE ns/ gfoGkPk B{z ;wMD ftZul

fBoXkoD wkg d/ gqekoK B{z ;wMD ftZul

ipoh ftebg wkg ns/ fBoXkoD wgkdzvK dhnK so[ZNhnK B{z ;wMD ftZu.


fBoXkoD wkg fJZe nfijk ;kXB j? fi; d/ d[nkok fJj gsk brkfJnk iKdk j? fe fe;h ftnesh B/ e[ZM ftP/P r[DK d/ ;zdoG ftZu nkT[D tkb/ ftneshnK d/ T[Zgo eh Skg SZvh j?. fBoXkoD wkg ftZu e[ZM r[DK dh fJZe ;{uh j[zdh j? fiBQK ftZu jo/e d/ ;kjwD/ e[ZM nze fby/ j[zd/ jB. fBoXkoe B{z nkgD/ nB[Gt nB[;ko T[; s/ ;zpzXs ftnesh d/ ftP/ ftZu fBPkB brkD/ j[zd/ jB. ;ko/ wB'ftfrnkBe wkg dhnK ftXhnK ftZu fBoXkoD wkg dk T[g:'r ;G s'A finkdk jz[zdk j?.

14H1 fBoXkoD wkg (Rating Scale)

;ko/ wB'ftfrnkBe^wkg dhnK ftXhnK ftZu „fBoXkoD wkg‟ (Rating Scale) ;G s'A finkdk gquZbs j?. fJ; dk gq:'r T[d:'r, tgko, y'i nkfd d/ y/soK ftZu ;cbskg{oB Yzr s'A ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ nkozG dk ;fjok wB'G"fse d/ y/so ftZu c/eBo (Fechner) B{z iKdk j?. gozs{ ;G s'A gfjbK fBoXkoD wkg 1883 ftZu rkbNB (Galton) B/ gqekfPs ehsh fijVh „fpzp^;foPNh‟ (Imagery) Bkb ;zpzXs ;h. fJ; d/ pknd 1906^1907 ftZu fgno;B (Pearson) B/ p[ZXh^wkg d/ bJh fJZe fBoXkoD wkg dk fBowkD ehsk fi; ftZu ;Zs Pq/DhnK ;B. fJ; ftXh ftZu fe;h ftnesh d/ ftnefsZst dk wkg fe;h nfij/ ftnesh d/ ftukoK d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j? fijVk gfjb/ ftnesh B{z uzrh soQK ikDdk j't/. fJBQK ftZu'A Testimonials, Character Certificate, Confidential Reports nkfd gqw[Zy jB, gozs{ fBoXkoD wkg dh gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk fBwB ;so dh j'D d/ ekoB fJ; B{z y'i ekoi ftZu xZN gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk iKdk j?.



B'N

B'N; tkB v/b/B d/ nB[;ko, “fBoXkoD wkg fe;h uo d/ wksok, s/ih ns/ pozposk B{z

fBoXkos eodk j?.” (A rating scale ascertains the degree, intensity or

frequency of a variable.)

o{E ;No?AN d/ nB[;ko^ “fBod/fPs BohyD jh fBoXkoD j?.”

fBoXkoD wkg fJZe nfijk ;kXB j? fi; d/ d[nkok fJj gsk brfJnk iKdk j? fe fe;h ftnesh B/ e[ZM ftP/P r[DK (Specific Traits) d/ ;zdoG ftZu nkT[D tkb/ ftneshnK d/ T[Zgo eh Skg SZvh j?. fBoXkoe (Rater) d/ o{g ftZu fBwB ftZu'A fe;h th ftnesh dh u'D ehsh ik ;edh j?, fit/A^nfXnkge, nGhGkte, fwZso, gV';h, ;bkjeko, GkJh^G?D (Siblings) ns/ n?wgb':o (Employer) nkfd. fBoXkoD wkg ftZu e[ZM r[DK dh fJZe ;{uh fdZsh j[zdh j? fiBQK ftZu joe/ d/ ;kjwD/ e[ZM ftP/P iK e[ZM nze fby/ j[zd/ jB. fBoXkoe B{z nkgD/ nB[Gt ns/ frnkB d/ nkXko s/ ;zpzXs ftnesh d/ ftP/ ftZu fe;h fJZe s/ fBPkB brkT[Dk j[zdk j?. fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r T[gbpXh gqhyD (Achievement Test) ftZu finkdk s"o s/ ehsk iKdk j?. fJj fJZe nkswfBPm ftXh j?. nZieZbQ T[d:'fre dcsoK ftZu eowukohnK dh sBykj tXkT[D iK gdT[Bsh eoB ftZu fJ; ftXh dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. ftnesh dhnK gqshfefonktK ns/ T[s/iBktK d/ w[bnzeD ftZu th fJ; dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

r[v ns/ ;e/N d/ nB[;ko^ “fJj T[geoD w[bnzeD ehsh ikD tkbh t;s{ d/ ftfGzB nzrK tZb fXnkB nkeofPs eodh j?, gozs{ T[; ftZu T[; w[skfpe gqPB iK yzv BjhA j[zd/, fizB/ u/e fb;N iK ;e'o p'ov ftZu j[zd/ jB.”

“The rating scale typically directs attention to different parts or aspects of the thing to be evaluated, but does not have any items or categories as the check list or scale card.” 14H2 fBoXkoD wkg d/ gqeko (Types of Rating Scale)

w[Zy o{g s'A fBoXkoD wkg fBwB uko gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB^

1H ;zfynkswe wkgdzv (Numerical Scale)

2H o/yKes wkgdzv (Graphic Scale)

3H ;zuJh nze wkgdzv (Cumulative Points Scale)

4H wkBe wkgdzv (Standard Scale)

1H ;zfynkswe wkgdzv (Numerical Scale)

fJ; gqeko dhnK wkgBhnK ftZu fBoXkoe e[ZM ;hfws ;zfynk ftZu torK dh u'D eodk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z T[jBK d/ wkg w[Zb d/ nB[;ko eowpZX eo b?Adk j?. Gkt fJ; ftXh ftZu nzeK B{z fBPfus T[s/ieK d/ Bkb ;zpzXs eo fdzd/ jB ns/ ftnesh dk nkgD/ r[DK d/ nB[;ko nze fwb iKd/ jB. fJBQK nzeK B{z ;[thXk dh fdqPNh s'A 3, 5, 7 iK frnkoK d/ g?wkB/ s/ oZy fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK d/ wkg dk gq:'r e/tb sK jh ehsk iKdk j? idfe wkg ehsh ftP/Psk (Measured Trait) wZX tkb/ fpzd{ d/ fJZe gk;/ tZXdh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ xNdh j?. fJBQK wkgBhnK d/ e/AdoK ftZu wZX tkb/ fpzd{ j[zd/ jB fi; d/ d'jK gk;/ ;wkB nzsokb (Equal Interval) j'o tor ;fEs j[zd/ jB.



T[dkjoD b/ftB B/ pkbeK d/ y/v dh f;oiBkswesk (Creativity) s/ fdwkrh ewI'oh

d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoB d/ bJh ;Zs fpzd{ wkgK dk gq:'r ehsk. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo n;hA Bkoh ;[zdosk d/ nkXko s/ ;zfynkswe wkgdzv fsnko eoBk ukjD sK wkgdzv dk o{g fBwB j' ;edk j?^

1H ;G s'A finkdk ;[zdo (Most Beautiful)

2H pj[s finkdk ;[zdo (Very Beautiful)

3H ;[zdo (Beautiful)

4H ;XkoD (Average)

5H e[o{g (Ugly)

6H pj[s finkdk e[o{g (Very Ugly)

7H ;G s'A finkdk e[o{g (Ugliest Possible)

T[g:'r (Merits)

1H fJ; gqeko d/ wkgK dk fBowkD ns/ gq:'r d'B'A ;ob jB.

2H i/eo fBoXkoe nkgD/ nzeK B{z rzGhosk s'A b?Adk j? sK fBoXkoD nkgD/^nkg ftZu T[Zu e'Nh dk wkg dk gqshBXhst eo ;edk j?.

;hwktK (Limitations)

1H fJBQK wkgK ftZu gZygks dhnK finkdk ;zGktBktK ofjzdhnK jB.

2H eJh ftnshnK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ fBoD/ fJZe ;wkB BjhA j[zd/. Edh^edh fJZe ftnesh d[nkok fBoDk i/eo „;[zdo‟ j? sK T[jh t;s{ d{i/ fBoDkfJe bJh e/tb ;XkoD j' ;edh j?.

;zouBk ;zpzXh ;[Mkn (Suggestions for Construction)

1H fJ; gqeko d/ wkgK d/ d'jK nyhob/ gkf;nK (Extreme Ends) ftnoE gqshs j[zd/ jB feT[Afe, e'Jh th fBoXkoe fJBQK gkf;nK dk gq:'r nkgD/ fBoXkoD ftZu BjhA eodk. fJj f;oc g{oD wkg d/ pzXB (Anchors) dh soQK jh j?.

2H fBoXkoe B{z fiZE/ sZe j' ;e/ gZygks dhnK ;zGktBktK B{z xZN eoBk ukjhdk j?.

;ktXkBh foDkswe nzeK (Negative Marking) dk gq:'r Bk ehsk ikt/, feT[Afe fJj brkskosk

d/ f;XKs s/ nkXkos j[zdh j?.

2H o/yKes wkgdzv (Graphic Scale)

fJj wkgdzv pj[s finkdk b'egqh: j? ns/ ftnkge o{g ftZu gq;s{s j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu fJZe o/yk pDh j[zdh j? eJh GkrK ftZu tzv fdZsk iKdk j?. jo/e Gkr d/ fBZu/ e[ZM ftP/PD fby/ j[zd/ jB ns/ fBoXkoe B{z fJBQK ftZu'A fe;h fJZe s/ fBPkB brkT[Dk j[zdk j?. fJ; wkgdzv dk ;G s'A gfjbK gq:'r p'J/; (Boyce) B/ ehsk j?.

B'N



B'N T[dkjoD 1H ;wkfie tkosk s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< 1 2 3 4 5 pks{Bh ;ob rZbpks ;[BDk g;zd io{os g?D p'bD s'A eoB tkb/ eod/ jB s/ p'bD tkb/ pud/ jB

T[dkjoD 2H T[j fet/A ;'udk j?< 1 2 3 4 pj[s j'bh^j'bh ;XkoD rsh Bkb s/ih Bkb pj[s s/Ih Bkb

T[g:'r (Merits)

1H fJBQK dh ;zouBk ns/ gqPk;B d'B' jh pj[s ;ob jB.

2H fJBQK B{z ibd Gfonk ik ;edk j?.

3H fJ; ftZu fBoDkfJe B{z pj[s finkdk ;[yw ftG/d eoB dk w"ek fwbdk j?.

4H s[bBkswe fBoDk d/D dh ;[thXk ofjzdh j?.

5H cbnzeB ftXh B{z id'A ukj/ gfotofss ehsk ik ;edk j?.


1H Gkt/A fJ; wkg ftZu cbnzeB ftXh ftZu gfotosB dh ;zGktBk ofjzdh j?, fco th, cbnzeK dh rDBk w[Pfeb j[zdh j?, Bkb jh, ekch fwjB th eoBh g?Adh j?.

2H fJ; wkg ftZu fJj fBoDk eoBk ;ob ekoi BjhA j? fe ftnesh ftZu ;zpzXs r[D j? iK BjhA ns/ fJj fe; ;ze/s d/ nB[o{g j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' fBoXkoD wkg d/ nkozG dk gfjbk ;fjok c/eBo B{z iKdk j?.

;zouBk ;zpzXh ;[Mkn (Suggestions for Construction)

w[Zy ;[Mkn fJ; gqeko jB^

1H o/yk g{oh bzph j'Dh ukjhdh j?. (brGr 5 fJzu).

2H o/yk N[efNnK ftZu eZNh j'Jh BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

3H uzrh ftP/PD o/yk d/ gfjb/ fjZ;/ s/ ns/ p{o/ iK gqshe{b ftP/PD nkyoh fjZ;/ (Last

End) s/ oZy/ ikD/ jB.

4H fszB iK gzi ftP/PDK gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. fiBQK ftZu'A e[ZM T[Zu, wZXw ns/ fBwB Pq/Dh d/ j'D.

5H fJj io{oh BjhA j? fe ;ze/seK d/ ftZu d{oh ;wkB jh oZyh ikt/.

6H jo/e ftP/Psk (Trait) d/ bJh nbZr^nbZr Gkr ftZu ;ze/s fbyD/ ukjhd/ jB. fJZe ftP/Psk dk d{ih ftP/Psk s/ finkdk fJZSkdkfJe (Over-lapping) BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk.



7H finkdk eEBK dk gq:'r BjhA eoBk ukjhdk, fit/A^ “w?A nkgD/ eko'pko s'A g{oh soQK ;zs[PN jK.”

3H ;zuJh nze wkgdzv (Cumulative Points Scale)

fJ; wkg ftZu ftnesh dk w[bnzeD eJh ftP/PsktK s/ nze gqdkB eoe/ ehsk iKdk j?. nzeK d/ e[ZbQ i'VQ iK ;zrqfj d/ nkXko s/ ftnesh d/ pko/ ftZu XkoBk fBPfus ehsh iKdh j?. fJZe soQK s'A fJj wkgdv wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyD dh jh soQK j?, nzso e/tb fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu nze fe;h t;s{fBPm e;"Nh d/ nkXko s/ Bk fdZs/ ik e/ e/tb fBoD/ d/ nkXko s/ fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; gqeko dhnK wkgBhnK dk gq:'r ekoi s/ bZr/ j'Jh ftneshnK dk ekoi dk w[bnzeD eoB d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?. u/e fb;N (Check-list) ns/ nB[wkB ftXh (Guess Who Technique) fJ; s/ nzsors nkT[Adh j?.

(a) u/e^fb;N ftXh (Check-list Method) ^ jkoNP'oB ns/ w/n (May) B/ fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r pZfunK d/ ufoZso ;zpzXh eJh ftP/PsktK, fit/A^;fj:'rh, fdnkb{, fBodJh, bkbuh, nfj;kBwzd nkfd dk w[bnzeD eoB bJh ehsk ;h. fBoDkfJe fJj iKu eodk j? fe T[go'es ftP/PsktK ftZu'A fejVhnK^fejVhnK ftP/PsktK pkbe d/ fttjko ftZu T[ikro j' ojhnK jB. fJ; d/ pknd nzeK d/ e[ZbQ ;zu/ (Total Score) d/ nkXko s/ pkbe d/ r[DK d/ pko/ ftZu fBoDk fbnk iKdk j?. jo nB[e{b bZSD d/ bJh O1 ns/ gqshe{b bZSD d/ bJh ^1 nze fdZsk iKdk j?.

T[dkjoDL

;fj:'rh fdnkb{ nfj;kBwzd

T[s;kj Bkb ;otT[Zsw finkdk

fJZSk Bkb T[Zsw ;XkoD s'A finkdk

sN;Esk Bkb ;theko :'r ;XkoD

ibB Bkb yokp ;XkoD s'A xZN

wip{oh ftZu nfs^yokp xZN

jkoNP'oB ns/ w/n (May) d/ nB[;ko, nfXnkge d[nkok ftfdnkoEh d/ w[bnzeD ftZu fJ; ftXhj dk gquZbsk r[Dke H6 s'A finkdk gkfJnk frnk.

(b) nB[wkB ftXh (Guess-Who Technique) ^ fJ; ftXh ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK s'A nkgD/ ;fjgkmhnK dk BkweoD eoB B{z fejk iKdk j? fiBQK dk e[ZM Ppd fuZsoK d/ wkfXnw Bkb toDB ehsk frnk j[zdk j?. fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r jkoNP'oB ns/ w/n (May), B/ ehsk. jo/e Ppd^fuZso fJZe ;zy/g toDB jz[dk j?. fJ; ftZu e[ZM fBod/P fdZs/ iKd/ jB, fit/A^ “fJZE/ e[ZM nfij/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Ppd^fuZso fdZs/ rJ/ jB, fiBQK s[;hA ikDd/ j'. jo/e eEB B{z fXnkBg{oD gVQ e/ s[jkB{z fJj fBPuk eoBk j? fe fJj fe; ;fjgkmh Bkb ;zpzXs j?.” jo/e eEB iK sK nB[e{b j[zdk j? iK gqshe{b.

e[ZM Ppd^fuZsoK d/ T[dkjoD fBwB jB^

(a) “fJZE/ fJZe nfijk pkbe j? fijVk d{finK B{z y[P oZyD d/ bJh e[ZM Bk e[ZM eodk j?.”HHHHHH (b) “fJZE/ fJZe nfijk pbke j? fijVk fpBK nkgD/ ;EkB s'A fjZb/^v[Zb/ u[Zgukg ekoi eodk j?.” HHHHHHHHHH

jo/e Ppd^fuZso d/ nZr/ fJzBk ;EkB SZv fdZsk iKdk j? sK fe T[j toDB fiBQK ;fjgkmhnK

B'N



B'N d/ bJh bkr{ j[zdk j't/, T[jBK d/ Bkw fby/ ik ;eD. ;gPN j? fe fJZe fgnkok ftfdnkoEh dk Bkw tko^tko io{oh ftP/PsktK d/ Bkb fbnk ikt/rk, idfe ngqh: ftfdnkoEh dk Bkw p/b'VhAdhnK ftP/PsktK d/ Bkb. fJ; ftXh ftZu f;oc e[ZM jh eEBK d/ nkXko s/ fBoDk BjhA eodk ukjhdk, pbfe ;ko/ eEBK d/ nkXko s/. ;w{j ftPP ftZu ftfdnkoEh dh eh ;fEsh (Position) j? iK fezBh gqf;ZXh j?, fJ; dk frnkB fJ; ftXh s'A uzrh soQK j' ;edk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ wkgeK ftZu “UjhU wkBsk wkgdzv” (Ohio Recognition Scale) fJZe gqf;ZX wkge j?.

T[g:'r (Merits)

1H fJj ftXh BthA j? ns/ j'bh^j'bh b'egqh: j[zdh ik ojh j?.

2H fJ; dh ;zouBk ns/ gqPk;B pj[s ;ob j?.

3H fJ; wkg d/ gq:'r d/ bJh fBoXkoe B{z fe;h ftP/P soQK dh f;ybkJh dh io{os BjhA g?Adh.

4H fJBQK dk cbnzeB th pj[s ;ob j[zdk j?, ftP/P eoe/ T[; ;fEsh ftZu fiZE/ gdK B{z O1 iK 0 nze d/Dk j't/.

5H fJ; dk gq:'r w[Pfeb go;fEshnK ftZu ehsk ik ;edk j?.

6H fJBQK d/ d[nkok ftnefsZst dh fJZe fJeZbh ftP/Psk dk w[bnzeD ehsk ik ;edk j?.


1H jo/e gd dhnK e/tb d' ;zGkfts gqshfefonktK j'D ekoB cbnzeB gqfefonk finkdk ftfrnkBe BjhA pD ;edh.

2H u?e^fb;N ftXh ftZu fBoXkoe s'A e/tb T[jBK jh gdK iK eEBK dh iKu eoB B{z fejk iKdk j? fijV/ T[; s/ bkr{ j[zdhnK jB. cb;o{g T[; d/ w[bnzeD ftZu io{oh M{ekn iK gZygks nk iKdk j?.

;zouBk ;zpzXh M[ekn (Suggestions for Construction)

w[Zy M[ekn fJ; gqeko jB^

1H u?e^fb;N ftXh ftZu jo/e gZd dhnK d' ;zGkfts gqshfefonktK d/ ;EkB s/ xZN s'A xZN fszB gqshfefonktK dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/.

2H fBoXkoe B{z e/tb gdK B{z u?e eoB d/ bJh efjB Bkb fJ; ftZu gZygks dh ;zGktBk nk iKdh j?. fJ; bJh T[Zsw j? fe fBoXkoe B{z jo/e gd dk T[Zso d/D B{z fejk ikt/.

3H cbnzeB ;ktXkBhg{oD Yzr s'A ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ ftnefsZst dh T[jBK jh ftP/PsktK dk w[bnzeD ehsk ikt/ fiBQK ftZu gZygks dh ;zGktBk xZN j't/.

4H wkBe wkgdzv (Standard Scale)

fJ; gqeko d/ wkg ftZu fBoXkoe B{z e[ZM wkBe ;zx (Set of Standards) fdZs/ j[zd/ jB, fit/A^j;Eb/y, wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu ;wkBsk nkfd. fBoXkoe, fBoDk d/ :'r ;wZroh dh s[bBk fJBQK wkBeK s'A eodk j?. nkfJo; (Ayres), EkoBvkJhe nkfd B/ fJ; fdPK ftZu pj[s ekoi ehsk j?. ftnesh Bkb ftnesh fwbkD (Man-to-Man Scale) wkg dk ftek; c"ih b'eK d/ bJh ehsk frnk ;h. fJ; B{z fsnko eoB d/ bJh gzi ftP/PsktK dh u'D eo bJh iKdh j?, fit/A ^ Pohoe r[Dk, p[ZXh, nr[nkJh, ftneshrs r[D ns/ ;/Bk ftZu T[; dk ;XkoD wjZst



nkfd. fco joe/ d/ r[D^ftP/P d/ bJh fJZe nc;o B{z gzi ftnesh SKNB/ j[zd/ jB, Gkt^T[j fi; ftZu finkdk wksok ftZu fJj r[D ftP/P j't/, T[j fi; ftZu fBT{Bsw wksok ftZu j't/, T[j fijV/ wZX ftZu j'D, T[j fi; ftZu ;XkoD s'A e[ZM finkdk ns/ fJZe T[j fi; ftZu ;XkoD s'A xZN r[D j'D. fJBQK ftneshnK Bkb s[bBk eoe/ j'o ftneshnK d/ pko/ ftZu fBoDk fbnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ftXh d/ nzsors eJh ftneshnK B{z T[jBK d/ fe;h fJZe r[D d/ nB[;ko eow nB[;ko ehsk iKdk j? gozs{ fJZE/ fBoXkoeK d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[j T[jBK ftneshnK Bkb, fiBQK B{z T[j fe;h ftP/Psk d/ nkXko s/ eow nB[;ko eoBk ukj[zd/ jB, g{oD ikD{ j'D.

T[dkjoD^

1H u"Xoh fjzws dh fdqPNh s'A pNkbhnB ftZu ;otT[Zu.

2H no'Vk fjzws dh fdqPNh s'A pNkbhnB ftZu T[Zu.

3H d/PgKv/ fjzws dh fdqPNh s'A pNkbhnB ftZu ;XkoD.

4H uNoih fjzws dh fdqPNh s'A pNkbhnB ftZu ekfJo.

5H Dkskokw fjzws dh fdqPNh s'A pNkbhnB ftZu pj[s finkdk ekfJo.

T[g:'r (Merits)

1H fJ; ftZu fBoXkoD nzeK d/ ;EkB s/ ftnesh d/ r[DK d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?.

2H fJ; ftZu s[bBk eoB d/ bJh fJZe ;EkJh e;"Nh T[gbpX j[zdh j?.

3H ;EkJh e;"Nh fwbD Bkb fBoXkoe B{z nkgD/ wkBe jw/PK pdbD/ BjhA g?Ad/.


1H w"fbe o{g ftZu wkg B{z fsnko eoBk w[Pfeb ekoi j?.

2H fttjko ftZu d' fBoXkoeK d/ ws ftZu PkfJd jh ed/ ;wkBsk pD gkT[Adh j?.

3H wkg ftZu fJZe ftnesh ns fe;h d{i/ ftnesh ftZu d{oh finkdkso ;wkB BjhA j[zdh.

4H fe;h ftnesh d/ pko/ ftZu fBoDk eod/ ;w/A finkdk nB[wkB (Over-estimation) ns/ xZN nB[wkB (Under-estimation) ;zGt j?.

5H wkg d/ ;?fBe gqko{g Bkefoe ihtB ns/ T[d:'fre ;z;EkBK ftZu fttjko :'r BjhA j?.

e[ZM ftdtkBK B/ T[go'es uko wkgK d/ fJbktk fJZe j'o wkg dk th T[b/y ehsk j? fi; B{z ipoh ftegb wkg (Forced Choice Rating) efjzd/ jB.

B'N

Nk;e fBoXkoD wkg d/ wkB wkgdzv s/ gqekP gkU.



1H fBoXkoD wkg d/ nkozG dk ;fjok HHHHHHHHHHHHHH B{z iKdk j?.

2H fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r HHHHHHHH gqhyD ftZu finkdk ehsk iKdk j?.

3H w[Zy o{g s'A fBoXkoD wkg HHHHHHHHH gqeko dh j[zdh j?.



B'N 14H3 ipoh ftebg wkg (Forced Choice Rating)

fJ; ftXh dk ftek; th c"ih nc;oK d/ w[bnzeD bJh ehsk frnk. fJ; ftXh ftZu fBoXkoe B{z fJj BjhA dZ;Dk j[zdk fe fe;h ftnesh ftZu ;zpzXs ftP/Psk j? iK BjhA pbfe, T[; B{z ftP/PsktK d/ i'Vk ftZu'A fJj dZ;Dk j[zdk j? fe fJBQK i'VK ftZu fejVk ;jh j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A eEBk d/ d' i'V/, fiBQK ftZu d' nB[e{b j'D ns/ d' gqshe{b, fJeZm/ gq;s{s ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK ftZu edh^edh fJZe sN;E eEB th fwbk fdZsk iKdk j?, T[dkjoD d/ bJh, rzGho, T[s;kjh, bkgotkj, n;ZfGn. fJ; ftZu gfjb/ d' bZSD nB[e{b jB ns/ nyhob/ d' gqshe{b. fBoXkoe fJ; g{o/ i'V B{z fJZe gd wzBe/ nkgDk fBoDk fdzdk j? ns/ dZ;dk j? fe fejVk bZSD T[; ftnesh d/ bJh ;G s'A T[fus j? ns/ fejVk ;G s'A xZN. fJ; d/ pknd fJZe cbnzeB e[zih d/ nkXko s/ rDB eo bJh iKdh j?.

T[g:'r (Merits)

1H fJ; ftZu T[dkosk dh so[ZNh xZN j[zdh j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu fBoXkoe dh finkdk nB[wkB ns/ xZN nB[wkB eoB dh ;XkoD goftosh iK g{ot^gqGkt so[ZNh (Halo-

Effect) dk gqsheko j' iKdk j?.

2H fJ; wkg ftZu u?e^fb;N ftXh dh ng/fynk finkdk ;[yw ftG/d dk w"ek fwbdk j?.

3H gqkgs j'D tkb/ cbnzeK dh tzv b/gN'eofNe (Leptokurtic) j[zdk j?.


1H fJZe ;XkoD fBoDkfJe fBPfus o{g s'A fJj BjhA efj ;edk fe gd dk fejVk i'V ftnesh Bkb finkdk ;zpzXs j?.

2H fJ; ftXh dk „ipoh ftebg ftXh‟ BkweoB fpbe[b nDT[fus j? feT[Afe e'Jh th fBoXkoe fJj ;[BDk BjhA ukj[zdk j? fe fBoDk d/D ftZu T[j ;[szso BjhA j?.

3H fJ; wkg ftZu i'VK d/ SKND ftZu nB[wkB (Guessing) dh th ;zGktBk ofjzdh j?.

4H fJ; soQK d/ wkgdzv dh ;zouBk pj[s finkdk w[Pfeb j? ns/ fJ; ftZu io{oh f;ybkJh ns/ ;w/A dh io{os g?Adh j?.


fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State whether the following


4H o/yknzes wkgdzv pj[s finkdk b'egqh: j? ns/ ftnkge o{g ftZu jkf;b j[zdk j?.

5H o/yknzes wkgdzv dk gq:'r ;G s'A gfjbK p'nkfJ; B/ ehsk.

6H nB[wkB ftXh ftZu nzeK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

7H wkB wkgdzv ftXh B{z w"fbe o{g ftZu fsnko eoBk ;ob j?. 14H4 fBoXkoD wkgdzvK dhnK so[ZNhnK (Errors of Rating Scales)

fBoXkoD ftXh dh ;zouBk ns/ fJ; d/ gq:'r ftZu eJh so[ZNhnK nkT[AdhnK jB, i' fe fBwB jB^

(a) T[dkosk dh so[ZNh (Error of Leniency) ^ fJ; so[ZNh B{z „T[dkosk so[ZNh‟ fJ; bJh fejk iKdk j? feT[Afe fBoXkoe T[jBK b'eK dk w[bnzeD T[dkoskg{oD Yzr s'A eodk j? fiBQK



B{z T[j ikDdk j't/ iK T[j b'e fijV/ nj[z (Ego-involved) oZyd/ jB. fJj fJZe ;ss gfotosh j?. fJ; gqeko e[ZM fBXkoe „T[dko‟ j[zd/ jB ns/ e[ZM „em'o‟. cb;o{g „XBkswe T[dkosk‟ (Positive Leniency) ns/ foDkswe T[dkosk (Negative Leniency) iBw b? b?Adh j?. fJ; so[ZNh B{z xZN eoB d/ bJh gqshe{b bZSDK dh ;zfynk nB[e{b^bZSDK dh ng/fynk xZN oZyh ikt/.

(b) e/Adoh goftosh dh so[ZNh (Error of Central Tendency) ^ fJ; gqeko dh so[ZNh dk ekoB fJj j[zdk j? fe fBoXkoe finkdksk nfs (Extreme) fBoDk d/D ftZu fMied/ eod/ jB. cb;o{g fBoXkoD e/Ado tZb fy;e iKdk j?. fBoXkoe dk nfijk ftuko j[zdk j? fe fe;h th ftnesh ftZu e'Jh th r[D g{oh soQK T[g;fEs iK nDT[g;fEs BjhA j[zdk, fi; d/ ekoB T[j nkgD/ fBoD/ B{z wZX ftZu ;EkB d/ fdzdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fBoDk fBPgZy BjhA j' gkT[Adk. fJ; so[ZNh B{z xZN eoB d/ bJh nkyhob/ fjZf;nK (Extreme Ends) d/ eEBK ftZu finkdk nzso oZfynk ikt/.

(c) fto'Xh so[ZNh (Contrast Error) ^ w[o/ (Murray) B/ fJZe j'o soQK d/ gZygks tZb ;ze/s ehsk j? fi; B{z T[bN iK fto'Xh so[ZNh efjzd/ jB. fJ; so[ZNh d/ nB[;ko, foXkoe finkdkso ftneshnK B{z nkgDhnK ftP/PsktK d/ T[bN d/ydk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, „;fj:'r‟ ns/ „;tZSsk‟ dhnK ftP/PsktK dk w[bnzeD eoB tkbk fBoXkoe nkfd d'B'A ftP/PsktK s'A g{oD j? sK T[j d{finK ftZu „n;fj:'r‟ ns/ „n;tZSsk‟ dh goftosh dk ntb'eB eo/rk, feT[Afe wB[Zyh ;[Gkn j? fe fit/A n;hA nkgD/^nkg jK T[;h soQK jh d{finK B{z d/yDk ukj[zd/ jK, gozs{ id'A n;hA T[jBK B{z nkgDh fJZSk d/ nB[o{g BjhA d/yd/ sK nkb'uBk eod/ jK. nB[Pk;B ;zpzXh ftP/PsktK d/ ;zdoG ftZu finkdkso nfijk j[zdk j?.

(d) gfot/P^so[ZNh (Halo-Effect) ^ fJ; so[ZNh d/ nB[;ko fBoXkoe fijVh XkoDk ftnesh ftP/P d/ pko/ ftZu pDk b?Adk j? T[;h d/ nkXko s/ T[; ftnesh dk w[bnzeD eodk j?. fJ; bJh ;kv/ fBoD/ finkdk t?X BjhA ofjzd/. EkoBvkJhe B/ fJ; B{z „g{ot^gqGkt so[ZNh‟ fejk j?. fJj fJZe nfijh so[ZNh j? fi; dk fPeko finkdkso jo fBoXkoe j' iKdk j?. B?fse wjZst dhnK ftP/PsktK ftZu fJj so[ZNh finkdk j[zdh j?. fJ; so[ZNh B{z nfGnk; d[nkok d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

or (Rugg) d/ nB[;ko^ “We judge our fellow in terms of a general mental attitude

towards them and there is, dominating this mental attitude toward the personality as a whole, alike mental attitude toward qualities.”

(e) skoe nkXkos so[ZNh (Logical Error) ^ id'A fBoXkoe d' ftFdnkoEhnK d/ ekoi ftZu ;wkBsk d/ydk j? sK T[jBK dk fJe' fijk jh fBoXkoD eodk j?. fBT{ekwp (Newcomb) d/ nB[;ko, fBoXkoe d/ fdwkr ftZu fiBQK bZSDk ftZu soe nkXkos ;zpzX j[zdk j?. T[jBK dk T[j ;wkB w[bnzeD eod/ jB. fJ; B{z soe nkXkos so[ZNh efjzd/ jB. i/eo t;s{fBPm o{g s'A ntb'eB :'r fefonktK d/ pko/ ftZu w[bnzeD ehsk ikt/ Bk fe nw{os (Abstract) bZSDK d/ pko/ ftZu, sK fJ; so[ZNh s'A pfunk ik ;edk j?. 14H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

;ko/ wB'ftfrnkBe^wkg dhnK ftXhnK ftZu „fBoXkoD wkg‟ (Rating Scale) ;G s'A finkdk gquZbs j?. fJ; dk gq:'r T[d:'r, tgko, y'i nkfd d/ y/soK ftZu ;cbskg{oD Yzr s'A ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; d/ nkozG dk ;fjok wB'G"fse d/ y/so ftZu c/eBo (Fechner) B{z iKdk j?.

fJ; ftXh ftZu fe;h ftnesh d/ ftnefsZst dk wkg fe;h nfij/ ftnesh d/ ftukoK d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j? fijVk gfjbK ftnesh B{z uzrh soQK ikDdk j't/.

o{E ;No?Ar d/ nB[;ko, “fBod/fPs BohyD jh fBoXkoD j?.”

B'N



B'N w[Zy o{g s'A fBoXkoD wkg fBwB uko soQK dh j[zdh j?^1H ;zfynkswe wkgdzv 2H o/yKes wkgdzv 3H ;zuJh nze wkgdzv 4H wkBe wkgdzv.


1H ;zuJh^ nzeK dk e[ZbQ i'V iK ;zuJh.

2H eowpZX^ eownB[;ko, f;bf;b/tko. 14H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H fBoXkoD wkg s'A s[;hA eh ;wMD/ j'<

2H fBoXokD wkg d/ ftfGzB gqekoK dk toBD eo'.

3H ;zuJh nze wkgdzv dk ft;Eko g{oD toDB eo'.

4H fBoXkoD wkgdzvK dhnK so[ZNhnK s/ gqekP gkU. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H c/eBo 2H T[gbpXh 3H uko 4H ;Zu

5H ;Zu 6H M{m 7H M{m 14H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^15L ;kePkseko ns/ ;kePksekko :'iBk

fJekJh^15L ;kePkseko ns/ ;kePkseko :'iBk (Interview and Interview Schedule) .

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


15H1 ;kePkseko dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Interview)

15H2 ;kePkseko d/ T[d/P (Purpose of Interview)

15H3 ;kePkseko d/ gqeko (Kinds of Interview)

15H4 ;kePkseko d/ bkG (Merits of Interview)

15H5 ;kePkseko dhnK ;hwktK (Limitations of Interview)

15H6 ;kePkseko b?D ftZu io{oh ;ktXkBhnK (Precautions Regarding Interview)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;kePkseko d/ noE ns/ gfoGkPk B{z ;wMD ftZul

;kePkseko d/ T[d/P ns/ gqeko B{z ;wMD ftZul

;kePkseko d/ bkG ns/ ;ktXkBhnK B{z ;wMD ftZu.


;kePkseko B{z nzro/Ih ftZu „Interview‟ efjzd/ jB, fi; dk Pkpfde noE j[zdk j?^ „nzdo{Bh ntb'eB‟ iK nzsofdqPNh. d'jK PpdK ftZu fiBQK ngqrN sZEK dk pkjoh o{g s'A BohyD BjhA j' ;edk, T[jBK sZEk dh ikDekoh gqkgs eoBk jh ;kePkseko ejkT[Adk j?. ;kePkseko fJZe nfijh ftt;fEs gZXsh j? fi; ftZu d' iK d' s'A finkdk ftnesh fe;h ftP/P T[d/P B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ go;go ;ztkd, tkoskbkg ns/ T[Zso^gqsh^T[Zso eod/ jB. fJj fJZe wB'ftfrnkBe ftXh j? fi; ftZu ;kePkseko T[Zsodksk dhnK GktBktK, ftukoK, wB'ftoshnK, ns/ nzdo{Bh ihtB dk nfXnB eodk j?. 15H1 ;kePkseko dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Interview)

;kePkseko nzro/Ih Ppd „Interview‟ dk gzikph T[bZEk j?, fi; dk noE j? nzdo{Bh ntb'eB iK BohyD eoBk. ;kePkseko ftXh fJZe nfs ;ob ns/ ;[thXkiBe ftXh j?, feT[Afe ;kePkseko ftXh dk gq:'r ;wki d/ fe;h th tor s/ ;obsk Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;kePkseko d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftnesh dhnK T[jBK rZbK dk th gsk uZb iKdk j? fi; B{z gqrN



B'N eoB ftZu b'eK B{z finkdkso fMie j[zdh j?. ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ fJ; dh gfoGkPk fJ; soQK fdZsh j?^ ikB ih vkob/ d/ nB[;ko^ “;kePkseko fJZe T[d/Pg{oD tkoskbkg j?.” (Interview is a purposeful discussion.)

B'N; r[v ns/ j?N B/ fbfynk j?^ “fe;h T[d/P s'A ehsh rJh rzGho tkoskbkg jh

;kePkseko j?.”

fJ; gqeko, fJ; ftXh ftZu nkwD/^;kjwD/ pm e/ fe;h T[d/P B{z b? e/ ftneshnK ftZu tkoskbkg j[zdk j?.

w?e'ph ns/ w?e'ph d/ PpdK ftZu^ “seBheh o {g s'A ;kePkseko s'A Gkt fJZe nfijh ;fEsh s'A j? fi; ftZu fJZe ftnesh (;kePkseko eosk) nkwD/^;kjwD/ d/ gko;gfoe w"fye nkdkB^gqdkB Bkb d{i/ ftnesh B{z ;{uBk d/D iK nkgD/ ftuko ns/ ftPtk; ftnes eoB d/ bJh gq/fos eoB dk gfonk; eodk j?.”

“Interview refers to a face-to-face verbal interchange in which one person, the interviewer, attempts to elicit information or expressions of opinion or belief from another person.” –Maccoby and Maccoby

fJ;h soQK ghHthH :zr B/ fbyk j?^ “;kePkseko B{z nfijh ftt;fEs ftXh wzfBnk ik ;edk j? fi; d/ nzsors fJZe ftnesh ekgbfBe o{g s'A xZN iK finkdk, fJZe nfij/ ftnesh d/ nzdo{Bh ihtB ftZu dkyb j[zdk j? fijVk fe T[; d/ bJh ng/fynkeos nBikD j[zdk j?.”

“The interview may be regarded as a systematic method by which one person enters more or less imaginatively into the inner life of a comparative stranger.”

-P.V. Young

w[bnzeD d/ fdqPNh s'A ;kePkseko fJZe w[Pfeb gqfefonk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r ;/tk fB:'iBK s'A g{oD j[zdk j?.

T[dkjoD ;kePkseko d/ d[nkok w'N/ s"o s/ fe;h ftnesh d/ ftnefsZst dk wkg ehsk ikdk j?.

;kePkseko fJZe soQK s'A gqPBktbh dk jh o{g j?. nzso e/tb fJzBk j? fe gqPBktbh fbfys j[zdh j? ftfdnkoEhnK dh fbfys gqshfefonktK gqkgs j[zdhnK jB ns/ fJBQK dk gqPk;B (Administer) eoB ftZu ftnesh dk ;kjwD/ j'Dk io{oh BjhA j?, gozs{ ;kePkseko ftZu ;kok ekoi w"fye j[zdk j? ns/ ;kePkseko b?D tkbk ns/ ;ekPkseko d/D tkb/, d'BK dk jh nkwD/^;kjwD/ T[g;fEs j'Dk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJZe soQK Bkb ;kePkseko ftZu fBwB w[Zy sZs T[g;fEs j[zd/ jB^

(T) ftnesh ns/ ftnesh ftZu nzso^fefonk (Face-to-Face interaction)

(n) fJZe d{i/ Bkb ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB dk ;kXB (Means of communicating with

each other)

(J) d'jK ftZu'A fe;h fJZe B{z ;kePkseko d/ T[d/p dk frnkB (Knowledge of the

purpose of interview to one of them) 15H2 ;kePkseko d/ T[d/P (Purpose of Interview)

;kePkseko d/ fBwB T[d/P j[zd/ jB^ 158 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

fJekJh^15L ;kePkseko ns/ ;kePkseko :'iBk

1H g{ot gqkgs ;{uBktK dh g[PNh eoB d/ bJh.

2H ftnesh d/ ftukoK, w[ZbK ns/ wB'ftoshnK dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh.

3H ftnesh d/ Pohoe o{g dk ntb'eB eoB d/ bJh.

4H ftnesh d/ nu/sB ftZu Pkfwb PeshnK dk gsk brkT[D d/ bJh.

5H sBkntK ns/ e[zmktK s'A gqGkfts fttjko dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.

6H ftnesh dh gq/oDkswe PeshnK ns/ fefonktK dh ftnkfynk eoB ;zpzXh.

7H ftnefsZst d/ j'o wkgeK d/ g{oe (Complimentary) d/ o{g ftZu gq:'r eoB ;zpzXh.

8H nfijh pj[s ;koh ikDekoh gqkgs eoB bJh i' u/sB s/ eJh o[ektNK d/ pknd gqrN j[zdh j?.



1H fe;h T[d/P s'A ehsk frnk rzGho HHHHHHHHHHHH jh ;kePkseko j?.

2H ;kePkseko dk noE j[zdk j? HHHHHHHHHHHHH .

3H ;kePkseko d/ d[nkok fe;h ftnesh d/ ftnefsZst dk HHHHHHHHHHHHH ehsk iKdk j?. 15H3 ;kePkseko d/ gqeko (Kinds of Interview)

;kePkseko w[Zy o{g s'A fszB soQK d/ j[zd/ jB^

1H fBod/fPs ;kePkseko (Directed or Structured Interview)

2H nfBd/fPs ;kePkseko (Non-directed Interview)

3H ;wkjkoe ;kePkseko (Eclectic Interview)

1H fBd/fPs ;kePkseko (Directed or Structured Interview) ^ fBd/fPs ;kePkseko fJZe soQK dk nw[es gqPB ;w{j (Closed Questionnaire) jh j?. fJ; soQK d/ ;kePkseko ftZu ;kePkseko dh ftXh, ;w/A ns/ gqPBK dh GkPk nkfd ;kfonK dk gfjbK s'A jh fBPuk eo fbnk iKdk j?. ;ko/ gqshGkrhnK s'A gqPB fJZe jh eow ftZu g[ZS/ iKd/ jB. efjD/ dk Gkt fJj j? fe ;kePkseko fJZe fBPfus :'iBk d/ nB[;ko j[zdk j?. fJ; :'iBk d/ nB[;ko ;kePkseko d/D tkbk Gkt tkbk nkgDhnK GktBktK, ftukoK ns/ nB[GtK s/ gqekP gkT[Adk j?. Bkb jh :'iBk dk gqko{g ;kePkseko jh fBPfus eodk j?, feT[Afe T[j nfijk eoB ftZu finkdk ;woZE ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK dh ftXh Bkb ftfGzB ftneshnK dh s[bBk eoB ftZu n;kBh ofjzdh j?.

fBd/fPs ;kePkseko ftZu gqPBK dk rmB th d' soQK Bkb ehsk iKdk j?. gfjbh soQK d/ gqPB fJ; soQK d/ j[zd/ jB fe T[jBK ftZu T[Zso fB:zsfos ofjzd/ jB ns/ gqshGkrh B{z e'Jh S{N BjhA fwbdh, d{ih soQK d/ gqPBK ftZu gqshGkrh T[Zso d/D ftZu ;[szso ofjzdk j? ns/ fJZSk nB[;ko nkgDhnK GktBktK ftnes eo ;edk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;kePkseko fJZe wB'ftfrnkBe ftXh j?.

2H nfBd/fPs ;kePkseko (Non-directed or Unstructured Interview) fJj fJZe soQK dk w[esT[Zso gqPB ;w{j (Open-end Questionnaire) j?. fJ; B{z v[zx/ ;kePkseko (Depth



B'N Interview), fBdkBkswe ;kePkseko iK e/Ados ;kePkseko (Clinical Interview or

Focused Interview) d/ Bkw s'A th p[bkfJnk ik ;edk j?. ftnesh d/ ihtB dhnK pj[s ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK e[ZM nfijhnK jB fiBQK dk nfXnB e/tb nfBd/fPs ;kePkseko d[nkok jh ;zGt j?. fJ; gqeko d/ ;kePkseko dk gq:'r wB'ftfrnkBeK d[nkok ftnesh d/ gqsZyheoD, gq/oDk, nGhftosh nkfd d/ nfXnB d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ;kePkseko dh goftosh buhbh j[zdh j? ns/ fJBQK ftZu gqPBK dh GkPk, ftXh, ;wkA, Gow nkfd gfjbK s'A jh fBPfus BjhA eo bJh iKdh. Bkb jh, gqPBK dk T[Zso d/D d/ bJh gqshGkrh g{od ;[szso j[zdk j?. ;kePkseko f;oc fwZsosk dk tksktoD T[sgzB eoe/ gqshGkrh B{z ;zpzXs nGhftnesh d/ bJh gq'js;kjB fdzdk j?. fJ; ftXh Bkb finkdkso gqshGkrh d[nkok gqfeose T[Zso gqkgs j[zd/ jB. ;zpzXs nGhftnesh d/ pknd T[jBK ftZu nzsofdqPNh ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ T[; B{z nkgD/^nkg nkgDhnK ;woEktK ns/ ewI'ohnK dk nfj;k; j' iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ ;kePkseko ftZu p"fXe gZy dh ng/fynk ;zt/rkswe gZy dk finkdk wjZst fdZsk iKdk j?. Bkb jh, ;zpzXs nGhftnesh dh ;[szsosk fJ; dh fJZe ;hwk th j?, feT[Afe fJ; d/ d[nkok gqkgs nzefVnK d/ nkXko s/ ftneshnK dk s[bBkswe nfXnB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

3H ;wkjkoe ;kePkseko (Eclectic Interview): ;wkjkoe ;kePkseko, fBd/fPs ns/ nfBd/fPs ;kePkseko dk fwPos o{g j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu T[go'es d'BK ftXhnK dh uzrhnK rZbK dk ;wkt/P ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ nzsors gqshGkrh fGzB^fGzB gqeko dhnK nzsofdqPNhnK ftef;s eodk j?. ;kePseko d/ nzs ftZu ;kePsekok gqshGkrh Bkb ;zy/g ftZu nkgDk f;ZNk ns/ ;ko nzP eEB d/D B{z efjzdk j?. i/eo gqshGkrh nfijk eoB ftZu n;cb ofjzdk j? sK ;kePkseosk nkgD/^nkg ;ko nzP gq;s{s eo fdzdk j?. efjD dk Gkt fJj j? fe fJ; ;kePkseko ftZu gqshGkrh ns/ ;kePkseosk s/ Bk sK nfBd/fPs ;kePkseko fijh ;[szso jh ofjzdh j? ns/ Bk jh fBd/fPs ;kePkseko fij/ gqshpzX jh ofjzd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJj ;kePkseko dh ;otT[Zu ns/ t?X ftXh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


4H fBd/fPs ;kePkseko ftZu gqPBK dk rmB HHHHHHHHHHHH gqeko s'A ehsk iKdk j?.

(T) fJZe (n) fszB (J) d' (;) gzi

5H nfBd/fPs ;kePkseko B{z HHHHHHHHHHH ;kePkseko th fejk iKdk j?.

(T) s[bBkswe (n) BohyDkswe

(J) ;wZf;nkswe (;) fBdkBkswe iK e/Ados

6H ;wkjkoe ;kePkseko, ;kePkseko dh HHHHHHHHHH ns/ t?X ftXh j?.

(T) ;otT[Zu (n) wZXw (J) fBwB (;) nkswfBPm

7H fBd/fPs ;kePksekok fJZe soQK dk nw[es HHHHHHHHHH ;w{j j?.

(T) T[Zso (n) gqPB (J) ftXh (;) t?X 15H4 ;kePkseko d/ bkG (Merits of Interview)

;kePkseko ftXh d/ fBwB fbys bkG jB^

1H ;kePkseko ftXh B{z gq:'r ftZu fbnkT[Dk pj[s finkdk ;[thXkiBe ns/ ;ob j?.

2H ;kePkseko dk gqko{g ftfGzB ;wZf;nktK ns/ T[d/PK d/ nB[o{g fsnko ehsk ik ;edk j?.



3H ;wki d/ fe;h th tor s/ ;kePkseko dk gq:'r ;obsk Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?.

4H ;kePkseko b?D ftZu e'Jh ftP/P ;wZf;nk BjhA nkT[Adh. feT[Afe fJ; ftZu gqshGkrh ftZu e[ZM BjhA d/Dk j[zdk fJ; bJh T[j nkgDh y[Ph Bkb ;fj:'r fdzdk j?.

5H ;kePkseko ftnesh ftZu nzsofdqPNh (Insight) T[sgzB eoB ftZu ;fj:'r fdzdk j?.

6H ;kePkseko dh gqfeosh mhe^mke buhbh j[zdh j?.

7H gqshGkrh d/ Gkt T[; d/ pko/ ftZu eJh ojZf;nK B{z gqrN eo fdzdh j?.

8H ;kePkseko ;zt/rkswe ;wZf;nktK d/ nfXnB d/ bJh ;otT[Zu ftXh j?.

9H ;kePkseko d/ wkfXnw s'A ftnesh d/ fttjko d/ T[jBK nk:kwK dk th gsk bZr iKdk j? fiBQK B{z gqrN eoB ftZu b'e finkdkso fMie wfj;{; eod/ jB.

B'N

B'N; ;kePksweko dhnK ;hwktK B{z ;gPN eo'.

15H5 ;kePkseko dhnK ;hwktK (Limitations of Interview)

;kePkseko ftXh dhnK nkgDhnK e[ZM ;hwktK th jB, fijVhnK fBwB jB^

1H fJZe d{joh nkswfBPm ftXh j?. gqshGkrh ;kePkseosk B{z gq;zB eoB tkb/ T[Zso fdzdk j?.

2H ;kePkseko ftneshrs GktBktK s'A g{oh soQK gqGkfts ofjzdk j?.

3H ;kePkseko B{z finkdk gquZbs ns/ t?X BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk.

4H ;kePkseko finkdk buhbk j[zdk j?, cb;o{g ;kePkseosk tkoskbkg B{z wzBg;zd w'V d/ fdzdk j?.

5H e[ZM ;hwktK ftZu pzB/ j'D ekoB gqshGkrh finkdkso ;gPNssk s'A gk;/ jN iKdk j?. ;wkfie wkBsktK T[; B{z nfijk eoB d/ bJh wip{oh eodhnK jB.

6H ;kePkseko ftZu gqshGkrh fiBQK gqPBK d/ T[Zso BjhA d/Dk ukj[zdk, T[jBK dk x[wk^fcoke/ T[Zso d/ e/ nkgD/^nkg B{z ;[oZfyns ;fEsh ftZu oZyD dk gfonk; eodk j?.

7H nfBd/fPs ;kePkseko ftZu gqshGkrh B{z io{oh ;[szsosk fwbD d/ ekoB ;zs'y tkb/ T[Zso gqkgs BjhA j' gkT[Adk.

15H6 ;kePkseko b?D ftZu io{oh ;ktXkBhnK (Precautions Regarding Interview)

;kePkseko b?Ad/ ;w/A ;kePkseosk B{z fBwB rZbK fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?^

1H ;kePkseko b?D tkb/ ftnesh dk ftnefsZst gqGktPkbh j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

;ktXkBh nfijhnK rZbK BjhA g[ZSDhnK ukjhdhnK fijVhnK gqshGkrh d/ wB'GktK iK

;zt/rK B{z u'N gj[zukJ/.



B'N 2H ;Nhe (Pin-pointed) gqPB jh g[ZS/ ikD. fJZe wIkehnk wkj"b fsnko eoB dh e'fPP BjhA eoBh ukjhdh j?. gqPBK d/ t?Xsk B{z pDkJ/ oZyD dk gfonk; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

3H ;kePkseko s/ g[oy iK fJ;soh nGhnkoEh (Sex-biased) j'D dk gqGkt BjhA g?Dk ukjhdk j?.

4H ;w/A dk fXnkB oZyd/ j'J/ gqPBK B{z fJ; soQK pzfBnk ikt/ fi; Bkb fe nGhnkoEh d/ g{o/ ftnefsZst dk w[bnzeD j' ;e/.

5H i/eo fe;h gqPB dk T[Zso gqshGkrh B{z BjhA nk fojk j? sK T[; B{z ngwkDs BjhA ehsk ikt/ pbfe T[; d/ wB'pb B{z pDkJ/ oZyDk ukjhdk j?. ;kePkseko s'A n;hA fJj gsk eoBk ukj[zd/ jK fe gqshGkrh eh ikDdk j?, Bk fe T[j eh BjhA ikDdk j?.

6H ;kePkseko J/eKrh Bk j' e/ ;otKrh j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

7H ;kePkseko nfij/ wkj"b ftZu ;wkgs ehsk ikt/ fe gqshGkrh fi; T[s;kj Bkb ;kePkseko d/D nkfJnk j? T[;h T[s;kj s'A tkfg; ikt/. fJj ;kePkseko dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk j?. ;kePkseko eoBk fJZe ebk j? fijVh nB[GtK s'A gqkgs j[ zdh j?.


;kePkseko B{z nzro/Ih ftZu „Interview‟ efjzd/ jB, fi; dk Pkpfde noE j[zdk j?^ „nzdo{Bh ntb'eB‟ iK nzsofdqPNh.

;kePkseko fJZe nfijh ftt;fEs gZXsh j? fi; ftZu d' iK d' s'A finkdk ftnesh fe;h ftP/P T[d/P B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ go;go ;ztkd, tkoskbkg ns/ T[Zso^gqsh^T[Zso eod/ jB.

ghHthH :zr B/ fbfynk j?^ “;kePkseko B{z nfijh ftt;fEs ftXh wzfBnk ik ;edk j? fi; d/ nzsors fJZe ftnesh ekbgfBe o{g s'A xZN iK finkdk, fJZe nfij/ ftnesh d/ nzdo{Bh ihtB ftZu dkfyb eodk j? fijVk fe T[; d/ bJh ng/fynkeos nBikD j[zdk j?.


1H nkswfBPm^nkswfBoGo, nkswftPtk;.

2H ;wkjkoe^fwbkT[Dk tkbk, ;zrqfj eoB tkbk. 15H9 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ;kePkseko s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ T[d/PK dk toDB eo'.

2H ;kePkseko d/ gqekoK dk toDB eo'.

3H ;kePkseko d/ bkG ns/ fJ; ftZu gqkgs ;ktXkBhnK dk toDB eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H tkoskbkg 2H nzdo{Bh ntb'eB 3H nfXnB 4H (J) d'

5H (;) fBdkBkswe iK e/Ados 6H (T) ;ott[Zu 7H (n) gqPB 162 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY



p[e;



3H ftfdne y'i dhnK ftXhnK^PohB ns/ Pphebk, ftB'd g[;se wzfdo.


B'N



B'N fJekJh^16L e/; nfXnB ftXh (Case Study Method)


T[d/P (Objectives)


16H1 e/; nfXnB ftXh dh gfoGkPk ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Nature of Case Study

Method)

16H2 e/; nfXnB dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK (Important Characteristics of Case Study)

16H3 e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ gqeko (Kinds of Case Study Method)

16H4 e/; nfXnB ftXh dhnK g{ot^ebgBktK (Pre-assumptions of Case Study

Method)

16H5 e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ bkG s/ d'P (Advantage and Disadvantage of Case

Study Method)

16H6 e/; nfXnB, fJefjok^gq:'i gq:'r ns/ e/; fJfsjk; ftZu nzso (Distinction

among Case Study, Single-Subject Experiment and Case History)

16H7 e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ d'PK B{z d{o eoB d/ T[gkn (Measures of Removing

Demerits of Case Study Method)





T[d/P (Objectives)


e/; nfXnB ftXh dh gfoGkPk, ;o{g, ftP/Psk ns/ gqeko B{z ;wMD ftZul

e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ bkG ns/ d'P B{z ;wMD ftZul

e/; nfXnB, fJefjok gq:'i gq:'r ns/ e/; fJfsjk; d/ nzso B{z ;wMD ftZu.


wB'ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so ns/ f;Zfynk (education) ftZu e/; nfXnB ftXh dk gq:'r nkozG

s'A jh ehsk iKdk fojk j?. cb;o{g fJBQK ftfrnkBK d/ P'XK (researches) ftZu fJ; dh

ftP/P nfjwhns wzBh rJh j?. ;wkfie P'X (social research) ftZu e/; nfXnB ftXh dk

T[g:'r ;G s'A gfjbK c?vfoe bh gb/ (Fredric Le Play) d[nkok 1840 ftZu gfotkoe piN

(family budgets) d/ nfXnB ftZu ehsk frnk.


fJekJh^16L e/; nfXnB ftXh

B'N; e/; nfXnB ftXh fJZe nfijh ftXh j? fi; ftZu fe;h ;wkfie fJekJh (social

unit) d/ ihtB (life) dhnK xNBktK dk nBt/PB ns/ ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j?.

B'N

16H1 e/; nfXnB ftXh dh gfoGkPk ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Nature of

Case Study Method) .

;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu fe;h fJZe ftnesh, fJZe gfotko (family), fJZe ;z;Ek (institution), fJZe ;w[dkfJ (community) xNBk, Bhsh (policy), ;zrmB nkfd B{z fbnk ik ;edk j?. ;gPN o{g ftZu, e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu fijVk e/; j[zdk j? T[; dk Gkt nfijh gqfefonk iK xNBk s'A j[zdk j? fi; dk fJZe nkpZX ;zdoG (bounded context) j[zdk j? Gkt e/; ftZu Pkfwb ehsh rJh xNBk iK fJekJh dh nkgDh ukofdtkoh j[zdh j?. fJ;h noE ftZu ghHthH :zr (P.V. Young, 1974) B/ e/; nfXnB ftXh (case study methods) B{z fJ; soQK gfoGkfPs ehsk j?, “e/; nfXnB fJZe nfijh ftXh j? fi; d/ d[nkok ;wkfie fJekJh dh ihtBh dk nBt/PD ns/ ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j?.” r[v/ ns/ jkN (Goode and Hatt, 1987) B/ th e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ pko/ ftZu dZ;d/ j'J/ fejk j? fe fJj fJZe nfijh ftXh j? fi; d/ ;kjo/ fe;h th ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) dk nfXnB g{oh soQK (as a whole) ehsk iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJ; ftXh ftZu fe;h ;wkfie fJekJh fijVk fJZe ftnesh j' ;edk j? iK e'Jh j'o ;wkfie ;w{j (social group) th j' ;edk j?, d/ fJekswe ;o{g (unitary character) B{z poeoko oZyd/ j'J/ T[; dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. r[v/ ns/ jkN (Goode and Hatt, 1989) d/ PpdK ftZu e/; nfXnB ftXh B{z fJ; soQK gfoGkfPs ehsk j?, “e/; nfXnB ;wkfie nzefVnK B{z ;zrms eoB dk fJZe sohek j? sKfe nfXnB ehs/ ikD tkb/ ;wkfie t;s{ d/ fJekswe ;o{g B{z pDkJ/ oZfynk ik ;e/. E'V/ fGzB Yzr s'A fJ; dh nGhftnesh eod/ j'J/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJj fJZe nfijk T[gkrw (approach) j? fi; ftZu fe;h th ;wkfie fJekJh B{z g{oh soQK (as a whole) Yzr s'A d/fynk iKdk j?. brGr jw/PK jh fJ; T[gkrw ftZu fJekJh fijVh fJZe ftnesh, fJZe gfotko iK j'o ;wkfie ;w{j gqfefonktK iK ;zpzXK dk fJZe ;/N iK ;zg{oD ;z;efosh th j' ;edk j?, dk ftek; Pkfwb j[zdk j?.

fEUv'o;B ns/ fEUv'o;B (Theodorson and Theodorson, 1960) B/ e/; nfXnB B{z fJ; soQK gfoGkfPs ehsk j?^

“e/; nfXnB fe;h ftneshrs e/; d/ v[zx/ ftPb/PD d/ wkfXnw s'A ;wkfie xNBk d/ nfXnB dh ftXh j?. e/; e'Jh fJZe ftnesh, fJZe ;w{j, fJZe xNBk, fJZe gqfefonk, fJZe ;w{dkfj, fJZe ;wki iK ;wkfie fIzdrh dh e'Jh j'o fJekJh j' ;edk j?. fJj pj[s ;ko/ ftP/P toDB d/ v[zx/ ftPb/PD eoB dk nt;o gqdkB eodk j? fi; dh j'o ftXhnK ftZu finkdkso T[g/fynk ehsh iKdh j?.”

f:B (Yin, 1984) B/ e/; nfXnB B{z gfoGkfPs eod/ j'J/ fejk j?^ “fJj fJZe nB[Gfte iKu j? fijVh fJZe n;b fIzdrh d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;wekbhB xNBktK dk nBt/PD T[; ;w/A eodk j? id'A xNBk ns/ ;zdoG d/ ftZu ;hwk ;gPN BjhA j[zdh j? ns/ fi; ftZu ;p{s d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;o'sK dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j?.”

fJBQK gfoGkPktK dk ftPb/PD eoB s/ n;hA e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ ;o{g d/ pko/ ftZu e[ZM

wjZstg{oD sZEK dk gsk uZbdk j? fi; dk toDB fBwB nzfes j?^



B'N (i) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu fe;h ;wkfie fJekJh (social unity) dhnK ftek;kswe xNBktK (developmental events) dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, e/; nfXnB ftZu ;wkfie fJekJh dk nfXnB T; d/ ftek; dh fJfsjkf;e iBw G{wh (historical background) ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

(ii) ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) d/ o{g ftZu fJZe ftnesh ftP/P dk th nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j? iK j'o ;wkfie ;w{j (social group) fit/A, gfotko iK fe;h ;z;feqsh (culture) dk th nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(iii) e/; nfXnB ftXh dk fJZe wjZstg{oD gfjb{ fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) d/ fJekswe ;o{g (unitary character) B{z N[ZND BjhA fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe nfXnB ehsk ikD tkb/ ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) B{z ;zg{oD o{g s'A (as a whole) nfXnB eoB dh e'fPP ehsh iKdh j?.

T[dkjoD i/eo fe;h gfotko (family) B{z fJZe ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu

nfXnB eoB dk fBPuk ehsk frnk j? sK T[; gfotko d/ fJfsjkf;e xNBk uZeoK d/ fpT{ok fsnko eoe/ gfotko B{z ftfGzB T[g^fJekJh (sub-units) ftZu Bk tzv e/ T[; dk ;zg{oD o{g s'A (as a whole) nfXnB eoB dh e'fPP ehsh iKdh j?.

(iv) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu nfXnB d/ bJh u[D/ rJ/ ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) d/ eh (What?) ns/ feT[A (Why?) d'BK gZyK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe fJ; ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) d/ w[Pfeb fttjkogoe g?NoB (complex behavioural pattern) dh ftnkfynk sK eodk jh j? ns/ Bkb^jh^Bkb T[j T[jBK ekoeK dk th gsk brkT[Adk j? fiBQK s'A fJ; soQK d/ w[Pfeb fttjkogoe g?NoB dh T[sgsh j'Jh j[zdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, T[j ;wkfie fJekJh dk toDB (description) ns/ ftnkfynk (explanation) d'B'A jh eodk j?.

16H2 e/; nfXnB dhnK gqw[Zu ftP/PsktK (Important Characteristics of Case Study) .

e/; nfXnB dhnK uko gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK dZ;hnK rJhnK jB. g[ze (Punch, 2004) d/ nB[;ko T[j uko ftP/PsktK fBwB nB[;ko jB^

1H e/; nfXnB fJZe ;hwkpZX ftXh j[zdh j? (Case studies are bounded system) L e/; nfXnB fJZe ;hwkpZX ftXh j[zdh j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu fi; e/; dk ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j? T[; dhnK ;hwktK (boundaries) j[zdhnK jB. f:B (Yin, 1984) d/ nB[;ko, ;zdoG (context) ns/ e/; (case) d/ ftZu dh ;hwk jw/PK ;gPN BjhA j[zdh j? gozs{ fJ; ;hwk dh n;bhns fBPfus o{g s'A j[zdh j?. P'Xeosk ftP/P gfonk; eoe/ e/; dh ;hwk dh gfjukD eodk j? ns/ T[;dk toDB eodk j?.

2H e/; nfXnB ftZu e/; e[ZM dk e/; j[zdk j? (In case study case is a case of

something) L e/; nfXnB ftZu P'Xeosk B{z fJj gfjukD eoBh j[zdh j? fe fJj e/; fe; uhI dk e/; j? feT[Afe fJ; Bkb T[; B{z ftPb/PD dh fJekJh d/ pko/ ftZu fBoXkoD eoB ftZu ;[thXk j[zdh j?.

3H e/; nfXnB ftZu e/; dh ;zg{oDsk, J/esk ns/ nyzvsk B{z puk e/ oZyD dk ;gPN gfoenk; ehsk ikdk j?. (There is an obvious attempt to preserve the wholeness,

unity and integrity of the case) L e/; nfXnB d/ fJZe e/; dh ;zg{oDsk, J/esk ns/ T[; 166 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


dh nyzvsk B{z pDk e/ oZyd/ j'J/ T[; dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. feT[Afe P'Xeosk fJj ikDd/ jB fe fJZe jh e/; d/ jo/e uhI dk nfXnB ;zGt BjhA j? fJ; bJh T[j e/; d/ e[ZM gfjb{nK s/ ftP/P fXnkb fJ; soQK fdzd/ jB fe T[; dh nyzvsk s/ e'Jh nKu Bk nkJ/.

4H e/; nfXnB ftZu nzefVnK d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;o'sK B{z ns/ pj[s ;ko/ nzeV/ ;zrqfjD ftXhnK dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j? (In case studies multiple sources of data multiple data collection

methods are used) L ftP/P eoe/ ;[Gkfte go;fEshnK (natural settings) ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ e/; nfXnB ftZu nzeV/ d/ fGzB^fGzB ;o'sK ns/ nzeV/ ;zrqfjD dhnK fGzB^fGzB ftXhnK dk T[g:'r j[zdk j?. pj[s ;ko/ e/; nfXnBK ftZu gq/yD, ;kePkseko, Pkpfde fog'oN nkfd d[nkok nzeV/ ;zrqfj ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB idfe gqPBktbh ns/ ;zfynkswe nzefVnK (numerical data) dk th T[g:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk j? fe e/; nfXnB B{z jw/PK fJZe r[Dkswe ftXh (qualitative technique) wzBDk T[fus BjhA j? fco th finkdkso e/; nfXnB r[Dkswe jh j[zd/ jB.

;gPN j? fe e/; nfXnB dhnK e[ZM ;gPN ftP/PsktK jB fijVhnK fJ; B{z j'o ftXhnK s'A ;koEe o{g s'A fGzB eodhnK jB. 16H3 e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ gqeko (Kinds of Case Study Method)

e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk fe;h ;[szso uo (independent variable) ftZu i'V^i'V e/ T[; d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB BjhA eodk j? pbfe T[[j f;oc T[jBK nt;EktK (conditions) dk ntb'eB eodk j? fijV/ toswkB ;w/A iK phs/ j'J/ ;w/A ftZu T[g;fEs ofj e/ nfXnB ehs/ ikD tkb/ ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[Adk j?. fttjkogoe ftfrnkBeK (behavioural scientists) B/ e/; nfXnB (case study) d/ w[Zy d' T[g gqeko dZ;/ jB fijV/ fBwB nzfes jB^

(T) ng;fos e/; ftPb/PD (Deviant Case analysis) ns/

(n) tZyok fBdkBe e/; ftPb/PD (Isolated clinical case analysis)

(T) ng;fos e/; ftPb/PD (Deviant Case analysis) L e/; nfXnB (case study) d/ fJ; gqeko (type) ftZu P'Xeosk (researcher) fJeZm/ jh nfij/ e/;/I (cases) B{z b?Adk j? fi; ftZu ekch ;wkBsk (similarities) j[zd/ j'J/ th fGzBsk (difference) j[zdh j?. fit//A, P'Xeosk i/eo fJZe ;wo{g i[VtK i'V (one identical twin pair) fi; ftZu'A fJZe ;XkoD (normal) j? ns/ d[ik wB'ftdkfbsk (schizophrenia) Bkb ghVs j?, dk nfXnB eodk j? sK fJj ng;fos e/; ftPb/PD (deviant case analysis method) dk fJZe uzrk T[dkjoD j't/rk. fJ; T[dkjoD ftZu d'B' pZu/ feT[Afe ;wo{g i[VtK (identical twin) jB, fJ; bJh T[jBK ftzu ekch finkdk ;wkBsk (similarity) j? gozs{ fco th fJBQK d'BK ftZu fGzBsk (differences) j?^ fJZe wkBf;e o'r Bkb ghVs j? ns/ d{ik ;XkoD (normal) j?. P'Xeosk fJBQK d'jK pZfunK dk s[bBkswe nfXnB eoe/ fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zuD dh e'PhP eo/rk fe T[j fejV/^fejV/ ekoe jB fiBQK d/ ekoB fJBQK d'BK ;wo{g i[VtK pZfunK ftZu fJ; soQK dh fGzBsk (differences) j'Jh. fJ; soQK dk e/; ftPb/PD tkofte ns/ n'Po;B (Warwick and Osherson, 1973) d[nkok ekch ehsk frnk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu ;wkfie fJekJh dh ihtBh dk nBt/PD ns/ ftPb/PD

ehsk iKdk j?.

(n) tZy fBdkBe e/; ftPb/PD (Isolated clinical case analysis) L fJ; soQK d/ e/; ftPb/PD ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk ftneshrs fJekJhnK (individual units) dk ftPb/PD T[;dhnK ftPb/PDkswe ;wZf;nktK (analytical problems) d/ nkb'e ftZu eodk j?. fJ; Yzr d/ e/;



B'N nfXnB ftZu P'Xeosk d[nkok fe;h ftnesh d/ phs/ j'J/ xNBkuZeoK dk ft;Eko g{oD ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkXko s/ fJZe nkyoh Bshi/ s/ gj[zfunk iKdk j?. fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r wB'ftPb/PD (Psychoanalysis) ftZu ;G s'A finkdk j[zdk j?. cokfJv d[nkok nfXnB ehsk wPj{o jz; e/; (Hans case) fJ; dk fJZe itbzs T[dkjoD j?. cokfJv B/ wB[Zyh nkswe nB[fefonk f;XKs (Theory of human psychic response) dk gqshgkdB eJh tZy fBdkBe e/;/I (isolated clinical case) d/ ftPb/PD d[nkok sZEK d/ nkXko s/ ehsk j?. j[D/ e[ZM ;wK gfjbK fte;/B (Wixen, 1973) B/ fJZe nfXnB tZy fBdkBe e/; ftPb/PD d[nkok ehsk fi; ftZu „pohto‟ (Brewer) Bkw dk fJZe pZuk fijVk pj[s XBh wksk^fgsk dh ;zskB ;h, dk ftPb/PD ehsk frnk. fJ; nfXnB d/ nkXko s/ fte;/B (Wixen) XBh gfotko d/ pZfunK dh ftP/P ;wZf;nktK s'A ikD{ j'J/ ns/ T[jBK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB eoB d/ ;zGkfts ns/ T[fus T[gkfJnK dh th y'i ehsh.

e/; nfXnB ftXh (case study method) d/ d'B' gqeko pj[s b'egqh: (popular) jB. nzso fJzBk jh j? fe tZy fBdkBe e/; ftPb/PD (isolated clinical case analysis) dk gq:'r fBdkBe go;fEshnK (clinical situation) ftZu finkdk j[zdk j? id'A fe ng;fos e/; ftPb/PD (deviant

case analysis) dk gq:'r ;XkoD nt;EktK ftZu finkdk j[zdk j?.

;N/e (Stake, 1994) B/ th nkgD/ jh d[nkok ehsh rJh ;whfynk d/ nkXko s/ dZf;nk j? fe e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu feT[Afe eJh gqeko d/ e/; j[zd/ jB, fJ; bJh e/; nfXnB th eJh soQK d/ j' ;ed/ jB. T[jBK B/ fBwB nzfes fszB soQK d/ nfXnBK dk toDB ehsk j?.

(T) nzdo{Bh e/; nfXnB (Internal Case Study) L fJj nfijk e/; nfXnB j[zdk j? fiZE/ P'Xeosk fJ; bJh nfXnB nkozG eodk j? feT[Afe T[j (fNZu/) e/; d/ pko/ ftZu v[zxkJh s'A ikDBk ukj[zdk j?.

(J) ;kXBkswe e/; nfXnB (Instrumental Case Study) L fJj nfijk e/; nfXnB j[zdk j? fiZE/ P'Xeosk fe;h ftP/P e/; dk nfXnB fJ; bJh eodk j? feT[Afe T[; d[nkok ;wZf;nk B{z ;wMD ftZu ftP/P ;{M T[sgzB j[zdh j? iK fe;h f;XKs B{z ;[XkoB (refine) ftZu wdd fwbdh j?.

(J) ;w{fje e/; nfXnB (Collective Case Study) L fJj fJZe nfijk e/; nfXnB j[zdk j? fiZE/ P'Xeosk ;kXBkswe e/; nfXnB dk ft;Eko eJh e/;/I dk nfXnB eoB d/ bJh eodk j? ns/ fi; ftZu xNBk, ;XkoD nt;Ek ns/ iht ;zfynk (population) d/ pko/ ftZu finkdk e[ZM f;ZyD dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j?.

16H4 e/; nfXnB ftXh dhnK g{ot^ebgBktK (Pre-assumptions of Case Study Method)

e/; nfXnB ftXh dhnK e[ZM g{otebgBktK (Pre-assumptions) j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ftZu fBwB nzfes gqw[Zy jB^

(i) fJ; ftXh dh fJZe g{otebgBk fJj j? fe wB[Zyh goftosh (human nature) ftZu fJZeo{gsk (uniformity) j[zdh j? jkbKfe fJj th ;Zu j? fe wB[Zyh fttjko go;fEsh d/ nB[;ko j[zdk ofjzdk j?.

(ii) fJ; ftXh dh d{ih g{otebgBk fJj j[zdh j? fe fJ; ftZu ;zpzXs fJekJh ;[Gkfte fJfsjk; s/ nkXkfos j[zdh j?.

(iii) fJ; ftXh ftZu ;zpzXs fJekJh dk ft;Ekog{oD nfXnB ;zGt j' gkT[Adk j?.

fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe e/; nfXnB ftXh dhnK e[ZM nkgDhnK g{otebgBktK jB.



1H e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu fe;h ;wkfie fJekJh d/ ihtB dhnK xNBktK dk nBt/PD ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ehsk iKdk j?.



2H e/; nfXnB ftXh fJZe HHHHHHHHHH ftXh j[zdh j?.

3H e/; nfXnB ftXh ekch HHHHHHHHHHH ftXh j?. 16H5 e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ bkG ns/ d'P (Advantage and Disadvantage of Case Study Method)

e/; nfXnB ftXh dk gq:'r wB'ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu ekch ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ftXh d/ e[ZM bkG (advantages) ns/ fJ; ftZu e[ZM ykwhnK (disadvantages) th gkJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; ftXh d/ gqw[Zy bkg (advantages) fBwB nzes jB^

(i) e/; d/ nfXnB ftXh ftZu d' ftfGzB e/;/I (cases) B{z b? e/ T[jBK dk s[bBkswe nfXnB (comparative study) ehsk iKdk j?.

(ii) e/; nfXnB ftXh d[nkok nfXnB d/ bJh u'D ehs/ rJ/ e/; (case) dk v[zxkJh s'A (intensive) nfXnB ;zGt j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu fJZe ;w/A ftZu fe;h fJZe e/; iK ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) dk jh nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(iii) e/; nfXnB ftXh d[nkok fe;h gfoebgBk (hypothesis) d/ fBowkD ftZu ekch wdd fwbdh j?. r[v/ ns/ jkN (Goode and Hatt, 1987) dk ws j? fe e/; nfXnB ftXh s'A gqkgs sZEK B{z P'Xeosk ftPtk; d/ Bkb ;XkoD (generalize) sK BjhA eo gkT[Adk j?. gozs{ fJBQK sZEK d/ nkXko s/ T[j n;kBh Bkb e[Zm gfoebkgBktK (hypotheses) dk f;oiB eo gkT[Adk j? fi; B{z fJ; ftXh dk fJZe wjZstg{oD bkg wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.

(iv) e/; nfXnB ftXh fJZe nfijh ftXh j? fi; s'A gqkgs sZEK d/ nkXko s/ GftZy ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ nfXnBK ftZu T[sgzB j'D tkbhnK w[PfebK B{z gfjbK s'A jh ikfDnk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[; B{z d{o eoB d/ T[gkfJnK dk toDB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(v) fJ; ftXh ftZu feT[Afe ;wkfie fJekJh dk v[zxk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?, fJ; bJh fJ; ftZu ;zpzXs fJekJh d/ fttjkogoe g?NoB B{z g{oD o{g s'A ;wMD ftZu wdd fwbdh j?. fJ; fpzd{ s/ e[b/ (Cooley, 1992) B/ fNZgDh eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe e/; nfXnB ;zpzXs fJekJh ftZu v[zxkJh g??dk eo fdzdk j? ns/ T[; d/ ihtB fJfsjk; d/ pko/ ftZu fJZe ;gPN ;{M T[sgzB eodk j?. fJ; ftZu fJekJh d/ fttjkoK dk nfXnB gqsZy o{g s'A j[zdk j?.

(vi) fJ; ftXh ;wkfie fJekJh d/ ;[Gkfte fJfsjk; (natural history) d/ pko/ ftZu ikDB ftZu wdd eoB d/ Bkb^jh^Bkb fJ; dk ;zpzX tksktoD d/ j'o ;wkfie ekoeK s'A th ;Ekfgs eoB ftZu wdd eodh j?.

(vii) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk d[nkok gqkgs ;{uBktK d/ nkXko s/ ;zpzXs ekoi d/ bJh gqPBktb iK nB[;{uh (schedules) pDkT[D ftZu wdd fwbdh j?.

(viii) go;fEsh dh io{os d/ nB[o{g fJ; ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu eJh eJh P'X ftXhnK dk T[g:'r n;kBh Bkb eo b?Adk j?. d{i/ Ppdk ftZu, fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJ; ftXh ftZu j'o ftXhnK fit/A v[zxk ;kePkseko (deep interview), gqPBktbh, nB[;{uh dk T[g:'r ;zGt j?.

(ix) e/; nfXnB ftXh d[nkok P'Xeosk dh ikDekoh wip{s j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; Bkb fco T[; ftZu go;fEsh B{z ;wMD ns/ ftPb/PD eoB dh ;woZEk j'o th finkdk s/I j[zdh j?.

B'N



B'N (x) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu fues;k ;zpzXh ns/ gqPk;fBe T[d/P (therapeutic and

administrative purposes) B{z pj[s wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk j?. e/; nfXnB d/ nkXko s/ fBdkBe wB'ftfrnkBe B{z fufes;k ;zpzXh wjZstg{oD fBoDk b?D ftZu ;[thXk j[zdh j? ns/ gqpzXeh ns/ gqPk;fBe fdqPNhe'D s'A th e/; nfXnB P'Xeosk B{z fJekJh dh fttjkfoe ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMD ftZu wdd eodk j?.

fJBQK bkGK d/ pkti{d e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu e[ZM ewhnK th jB fijVhnK fBwB nzfes jB^

(i) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu nkswfBPM (subjectivity) finkdk gkJh iKdh j? fi; dk gqshe{b gqGkt nfXnB d/ Bshi/ s/ g?Adk j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk (researcher) ns/ nfXnB d/ bJh u[D/ rJ/ ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) ftZu finkdk ;zxDsk (intimacy) ns/ ;'jkod (rapport) ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j? fi; dk Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe P'Xeosk ;wkfie fJekJh s'A gqkgs sZE dk ;jh^;jh t;s{fBPm w[bnzeD (subjective

evaluation) BjhA eo gkT[Adk j?.

(ii) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk ftZu fBPfussk dk fwZfEnk Gkt (false sense) T[sgzB j' iKdk j?. P'Xeosk nkgD/ Bshi/ d/ pko/ ftZu fJzBk ftPtk; tkbk j' iKdk j? fe T[j nkgD/ nfXnB ftZu Pkfwb e/;/I dk gqshfBXh (representative) wzB e/ fJZe yk; soQK d/ Bshi/ d/ pko/ ftZu g{oh soQK fBPfus j' iKdk j?. fJ; soQK dh fBPfussk dk e[gqGkt fJj j[zdk j? fe P'Xeosk P'X fvIkJhB (research design) d/ w{bG{s fB:wK (basic principles) dh g{oh soQK T[g/fynk (ignore) eo p?mdk j?. r[v/ ns/ jkN (Goode & Hatt, 1987) B/ fJ; n"r[D s/ fNZgDh eod/ j'J/ fejk j?, “P'Xeosk nkgD/ Bshi/ d/ pko/ ftZu nfBPfussk dk fJZe fwZfEnk Gkt ftef;s eo b??Adk j?. fJ; Gkr d/ Bshi/ eJh j[zd/ jB gozs{ T[jBK ftZu'A finkdkso B{z fJZe jh w[Zy f;ob/y d/ nzsors oZfynk ik ;edk j?L P'X fvIkJhB d/ w{bG{s fBnwK dh T[g/fynk eoB dk bkbu.”

(iii) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk s/ g{oD itkpd/jh fJ; rZb dh th fdZsh iKdh j? fe T[j fe;h ;wkfie fJekJh (social unit) fit/A ftnesh iK gfotko d/ fJfsjk; (case

history) B{z fsnko eo/. Nfijk eoB d/ bJh T[j ekch gfonk; eoe/ ;wkfie fJekJh d/ pko/ ftZu pj[s ;kohnK ;{uBktK dh fsnkoh eodk j? ns/ T[jBK dk ftPb/PD eodk j?. T[jBK d/ d[nkok fdZshnK rJhnK ;{uBktK dh t?Xsk (validity) dh iKu eoB dk e'Jh sohek fJ; ftXh ftZu BjhA dZf;nk frnk j?. T[j i' e[ZM th ;{uBk gqdkB eodk j?, T[; B{z b?D d/ fJbktk e'Jh ok;sk BjhA ofjzdk j?. fJ; bJh nkb'ueK B/ fJ; nfXnB ftXh B{z fJZe g{oD ftfrnkBe ftXh BjhA wzfBnk j?.

(iv) e/; nfXnB ftXh d[nkok nfXnB ftZu ;wK ekch bZrdk j?. P'Xeosk B{z jo/e e/; d/ pko/ ftZu ft;Eko o{g s'A ;{uBktK fsnko eoBhnK j[zdhnK jB. ;Zu g[ZfSnk ikt/ sK P'Xeosk B{z e/; d/ ;ko/ gfjb{nK Gkt G{s, toswkB ns/ GftZy B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ T[jBK dk fJfsjk; fsnko eoBk j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh fJj ekch ;wK b?D tkbh ftXh j[zdh j?. Bkb^jh^Bkb fJj ftXh fJZe youhbh ftXh (costly method) th j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu XzB dh popkdh th xZN BjhA j[zdh j?.

(v) e/; nfXnB ftZu feT[Afe P'Xeosk ftnesh s'A T[jBK d/ ;zpzXs nB[G{shnK ns/ xNBktK d/ pko/ ftZu g[ZS e/ fJZe fJfsjk; (history) fsnko eodk j? (fi; dk pknd ftZu ftPb/PD eo e/ fe;h Bshi/ s/ gj[zu iKdk j?) fJ; bJh fJ; rZb dh ;zGktBk ekch finkdk pDh j'Jh ofjzdh j? fe ftnesh nkgDh ;zpzXs nB[G{shnK dk ftP/P eoe/ T[jBK nB[G{shnK dk fijVk ekch ;w/A gfjbK xfNs xNBktK s/ nkXkfos j?, mhe^mhe dZ; Bk gkJ/. nfijh go;fEsh ftZu fJ; ftXh d[nkok ;{uBktK pj[s noEg{oD BjhA ofj iKdhnK jB.



(vi) e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk fe;h fJZe e/; (case) dk nfXnB eo e/ fBPfus Bshi/ s/ gj[zu ikDk ukj[zdk j?. finkdkso d/fynk frnk j? fe f;oc fe;h fJZe e/; (case) nfXnB d/ nkXko s/ fbnk frnk Bshik ;jh BjhA j[zdk j?. i/eo T[j Bshik ;zpzXs e/; d/ bJh ;jh th j' ikt/ sK fJ; rZb dh e'Jh rozNh BjhA ofjzdh fe T[; B{z j'o ;wkB ftneshnK iK ;wkfie fJekJhnK d/ bJh th ;jh wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.

(vii) e/; nfXnB eJh g{otebgBktK (Pre-assumptions) s/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB fijV/ edh^edh n;bhns dh e;"Nh s/ ;jh BjhA T[sod/ jB. Bshi/ ti'A e/; nfXnB ftXh s'A gqkgs nzeV/ jw/PK PZe d/ x/o/ ftZu j[zd/ jB.

(viii) e/; nfXnB dk T[g:'r ;hfws y/so (limited sphere) ftZu j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z tZv/ ;w{j iK ;wki d/ nfXnB ftZu T[g:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu gqshdoPB (sampling) dk th T[g:'r ;zGt BjhA j?.

;ktXkBh e/; nfXnB s'A gqkgs nzeV/ d[Ps j' ;ed/ jB feT[Afe fJ; ftZu gq:'i (subject)

T[jh efjzdk j? iK fbydk j? fi; B{z P'Xeosk ukj[zdk j?.

fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu eJh ykwhnK jB. fJBQK ykwhnK d/ pkti{d e/; nfXnB ftXh dk gq:'r fttjkogoe ftfrnkB (behavioural sciences) d/ P'X ftZu ekch j' fojk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


4H e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu d' ftfGzB e/;/I B{z b? e/ T[; dk HHHHHHH nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.

(T) ;wkfie (n) s[bBkswe (J) okiBhshe (;) Xkofwe

5H e/; ftXh dhnK e[ZM HHHHHHHHHHHH j[zdhnK jB.

(T) g{otebgBktK (n) ftP/PsktK (J) ;wkBsktK (;) io{osK

6H e/; ftXh ftZu ;wkfie fJekJh dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.

(T) ;ob (n) v[zxk (J) gozgfoe (;) g"okfDe

7H e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu HHHHHHHHH finkdk gkJh iKdh j?.

(T) nkswfBPmsk (n) t;s{fBPmsk (J) ;zxDsk (;) fszB' 16H6 e/; nfXnB, fJekeh^gq:'i gq:'r ns/ e/; fJfsjk; ftZu nzso (Distinction among Case Study, Single-Subject Experiment and Case History) .

e/; nfXnB ftZu, fit/A fe n;hA ikDd/ jK, fe;h fJZe e/; dk fijVk e'Jh fJZe ftnesh th j' ;edk j? iK go;fEsh dk th, v[zxkJh Bkb nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. e/; nfXnB d/ ;wkB fJekeh gq:'r (single subject experiment) ftZu th fJZe jh ftnesh s/ nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. gozs{ fJBQK d'jK ftZu nzso j? fijVk fBwB fbys j?^

(i) e/; nfXnB fJZe ngq:'rkswe P'X (non-experimental research) j? idfe fJekeh gq:'i fJZe gq:'rkswe P'X j[zdk j?.

B'N



B'N (ii) e/; nfXnB ftZu ;[szso uoK dk i'V^s'V (manipulation) BjhA ehsk iKdk j? idfe fJekeh gq:'i gq:'r ftZu ;[szso uoK ftZu i'V^s'V ;gPn o{g s'A ehsk iKdk j?.

e[ZM ;wki wB'ftfrnkBeK d[nkok e/; nfXnB ns/ fJ; Bkb fwbd/^i[bd/ fJZe j'o P'X nfXnB ftXh fi; B{z e/; fJfsjk; (case history) fejk iKdk j?, ftZu th nzso ehsk frnk j?. e/; nfXnB ftZu ftfrnkBeK d[nkok fJZe fdqPNhe'D (perspective) ns/ bzw/ dkn dk (longitudinal) fdqPNhe'D ngDkfJnk iKdk j? idfe e/; fJfsjk; ftZu fJZe nshsdoPh (retrospective) ns/ g[okb/yh (archival) fdqPNhe'D ngDkfJnk iKdk j?. d{i/ PPdK ftZu, fejk ik ;edk j? fe e/; nfXnB ftZu P'Xeosk u[D/ rJ/ e/; dk v[zXk nfXnB nkT[D tkb/ fGzB^fGzB ;w/A nzsokbK (time Interval) s/ eoe/ fe;h Bshi/ s/ gj[zudk j? idfe e/; fJfsjk; ftZu P'Xeosk u[D/ rJ/ e/; d/ phs/ fttjkoK, xNBktK iK T[; d/ pko/ ftZu ftfGzB ;o'sK fit/A^;e{bQ, j;gskb, ;oekoh iK r?o^;oekoh J/iz;hnK nkfd ftZu fbys nGhb/yK s'A gqkgs ;{uBktK dk ftPb/PD eoe/ fe;h Bshi/ s/ gj[zudk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB nzfes eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State whether the following


8H e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu xZN ;wK bZrdk j?.

9H e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu P'Xeosk s/ g{oh itkpd/jh ofjzdh j?.

10H e/; nfXnB ftXh eJh g{otebgBktK s/ nkXkfos j[zdh j?.

11H e/; nfXnB ftXh dk T[g:'r n;hfws y/soK ftZu j[zdk j?. 16H7 e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ d'PK B{z d{o eoB d/ T[gkn (Measures of Re-moving Demerits of Case Study Method)

e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu eJh soQK d/ d'P jB. ;zGt o{g s'A fJZE/ fJZe gqPB fJj T[Zmdk j? fe eh fJBQK d'PK B{z d{o BjhA ehsk ik ;edk< fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso P'X ftfrnkBeK (research

scientists) B/ ;ekokswe o{g s'A d/D dh e'fP; ehsh j?. fJBQK ftfrnkBeK d/ nB[;ko e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ xZN^s'A^xZN gqw[Zy d'PK B{z sK fBPfus o{g s'A d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(i) e[ZM ftfrnkBeK dk fiBQK ftZu J/o'B;B (Aronson, 1980) r[v/ ns/ jkN (Goode &

Hatt, 1987) gqw[Zy jB, dk ws j? fe P'Xeosk B{z fJ;h ftXh d[nkok nfXnB eoB ftZu fJZe gqshdoP (sample) dh fBPgZy u'D eo b?Dh ukjhdh j? Bk fe f;oc fJZe e/; (case) dk v[zxk nfXnB eo e/ nkgD/ nkg B{z ;zs[PN eo b??Dk ukjhdk j?. nfijk eoB Bkb e/; nfXnB ftXh dh finkdkso fPekfJsK nkgD/ nkg d{o j' ikDrhnK. fit/A, ;jh gqshdoP dh u'D d/ pknd P'Xeosk d[nkok rbs fBoD/ s/ gj[zuD dh ;zGktBk ysw j' ikt/rh, T[;d/ d[nkok ;{uBk th finkdk t?X (valid) ns/ gquZbs (reliable) j't/rh ns/ nfXnB ehs/ ikD tkb/, ftnesh d[nkok nkgDhnK ;zpzXs nB[G{shnK dk nDT[fus gqfsnktjkB (inappropriate recall) ;zpzXh G[Zb nkfd ftZu ekch ewh nk ikt/rh. gqshdoP dh u'D eoe/ nfXnB eoB Bkb P'Xeosk B{z ;w/A dh th pus e[ZM jZd sZe j' ;edh j?.

(ii) gqshdoP B{z iht;zfynk dk gqshfBXe pDkT[Dk (To make sample representative of

population) ^ P'Xeosk B{z ukjhdk j? fe e/; nfXnB ftXh ftZu id'A T[j fJZe gqshdoP dh u'D eo fojk j't/, sK gqshdoP iht;zfynk dk ;jh^;jh gqshfBXst eodk j't/.



B'N; fe;h gqshdoP ftZu id'A gqshfBXst dk r[D tZXdk j?, sK T[; s'A gqkgs nzefVnK dh

gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk ftZu th tkXk j[zdk j?.

B'N

(iii) ;{uBktK dk t;s{fBPm e'fvzr eoBk (To code the information objectively) ^ i/eo P'Xeosk e/; nfXnB ftXh s'A gqkgs nzefVnK dh fJZe t;s{fBPm e'fvzr eodk j?, sK fJ; Bkb ;{uBktK ftZu fe;h soQK d/ j/o^c/o dh ;zGktBk ysw j' iKdh j? ns/ T[; ;w/A T[;dk T[fus nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD th n;kBh Bkb j' gkT[Adk j?.

Nk;e e/; nfXnB ftXh dhnK w[Zy g{otebgBktK fejVhnK^fejVhnK jB<

(iv) P'Xeosk B{z ftP/P f;ybkJh d/Dk (To provide specific training to the researchers) ^ e/; nfXnB ftXh B{z T[Bzs pDkT[D dk fJZe sohek fJj th j? fe P'Xeosk, fijVk fJ; ftXh d[nkok nfXnB eoB tkb/ jB, B{z ftP/P o{g s'A f;Zfyns ehsk ikt/. f;ybkJh gqkgs P'Xeosk d/ j'D s/ fBPfus o{g Bkb fJ; ftXh s'A gqkgs nzefVnK dh gquZbsk ns/ t?Xsk ekch tZX ikt/rh.

fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe e/; nfXnB ftXh B{z io{os nB[;ko T[Bzs pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. 16H8 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e/; nfXnB ftXh fJZe nfijh ftXh j? fi; d/ d[nkok ;wkfie fJekJh ihtBh dk nBt/PD ns/ ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe e/; nfXnB fe;h ftneshrs e/; d/ v[zx/ ftPb/PD d/ wkfXnw s'A ;wkfie xNBk d/ nfXnB dh ftXh j?.

e/; nfXnB dhnK uko gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK jB^e/; nfXnB fJZe ;hwkpZX ftXh j[zdh j?, e/; nfXnB ftZu e/; e[ZM dk e/; j[zdk j?, e/; nfXnB ftZu e/; dh ;zg{oDsk, J/esk ns/ nyzvsk B{z pDk e/ oZyD dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? ns/ e/; nfXnB ftZu nzeV/ ;zrqfjD ftXhnK dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ eJh gqeko jB^fi; ftZu ng;fos e/; ftPb/PD (deviant case

analysis) ns/ tZy fBdkBe e/; ftPb/PD (Isolated clinical case analysis) gqw[Zy jB.

e/; nfXnB ftXh e[ZM g{otebgBktK (Pre-assumpting) s/ nkXkos j[zd/ jB fi; ftZu fszB gqw[Zy jB.

e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ e[ZM bkG ns/ d'P jB.

e/; nfXnB ftXh ns/ e/; fJfsjk; (case history) ftXh ftZu nzso j?. e/; nfXnB ftXh fJekeh gq:'i gq:'r (single-subject experience) s'A th fGzB j?.


1H gfoPefos^ ;[Xkfosnk j'fJnk.

2H nB[doPh^ BohyD eoB tkbk, got/ePe, ntb'eBeosk.

3H g{okb/yh^ g[okD/ :kd fuzBQ s/ nzfes ehsk j'fJnk b/y.



B'N 16H10 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H e/; nfXnB ftXh dh gfoGkPk ns/ ;o{g dk toBD eo'.

2H e/; nfXnB ftXh dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fJ; dhnK ftP/PsktK dk toDB eo'.

3H e/; nfXnB ftXh d/ gqekoK dk toDB eo'.

4H e/; nfXnB ftXh s'A j'D tkb/ bkg ns/ d'PK dk toDB eo'.

5H e/; nfXnB ftXh eh j?< fJ; ftXh d/ d'PK B{z d{o eoB d/ fejV/^fejV/ T[gkn jB< toDB eo'.

T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H ftPb/PD 2H ;hwkpZX 3H b'egqh: 4H (n) s[bBkswe

5H (T) g{otebgBktK 6H (J) v[zxk 7H (T) nkswfBPmsk 8H M{m

9H ;Zu 10H ;Zu 11H M{m. 16H11 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^17L izB;zfynk, fBnkdoP ns/ fBnkdoPû'D dhnK ftXhnK

fJekJh^17L izB;zfynk, fBnkdoP ns/ fBnkdoPû'D dhnK ftXhnK (Population, Sample and Sampling Design) .

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


17H1 izB;zfynk dh ;zegBk (Concept of Population)

17H2 fBnkdoP (Sample)

17H3 fBnkdoPû'D dh gqfefonk (Process of Sampling)

17H4 fBnkdoPû'D dh seBhe iK ftXhnK (Sampling Techniques)





T[d/P (Objectives)


izB;zfynk dh ;zebgBk B{z ;wMD ftZul

fBnkdoP ns/ fBnkdoP u'D dhnK ftXhnK B{z ;wMD ftZul

fBnkdoP u'D dh gqfefonk B{z ;wMD ftZu.


fttjko^ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu eJh nfijhnK wjZstg{oD y'iK g{o/ j[zd/ jB fijVhnK fJekJhnK d/ fJZe S'N/ ;w{j s/ ehs/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ T[; s/ nXkos Bshi/ fJekJhnK dh tfojd izB;zfynk s/ th bkr{ wzB/ iKd/ jB. eJh ekoBK s'A tfojd izB;zfynk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK dk nfXnB eoBk finkdkso ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu fJekJhnK d/ fJZe S'N/ ;w{j dk jh nfXnB eoBk g?Adk j?. i/eo ;koh tfojd izB;zfynk dk nfXnB ;zGt j't/ th, sK th nfijk eoBk e'Jh p[ZXhwkBh dh rZb BjhA j? feT[Afe T[; ftZu pj[s finkdk ;wK, XzB ns/ Pesh dk you j[zdk j? ns/ bkG pj[s finkdk BjhA j[zdk. S'Vh fijh so[ZNh d/ Bkb T[AM jh Bshi/ izB;zfynk d/ S'N/ ;w{j B{z b? e/ th gqkgs ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB ns/ ;wK, XzB ns/ Pesh d/ finkdk you B{z pukfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; B{z fJ; gqeko ;wM' fe fJZe p'ok u'bK dk yohdD d/ bJh i/eo ;ko/ p'o/ d/ jo/e u'B dh iKu^goy eohJ/ sK fezBk ;wK bZr/rk ns/ fezBh Pohoe Pesh dk you j't/rk. T[; s'A puD d/ bJh yohddko p'o/ ftZu'A e/tb fJZe w[Zmh eZY e/ T[jBK dh iKu^gVskb eodk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z ;jh ;wM e/ p'ok yohdD dk wB pDk b?Adk j?. fJZe w[Zmh u'bK dh iKu^gVskb d/ nkXko s/ jh T[j Bshi/ eZY b?/Adk j? fe u'bK dk ;kok p'ok uzrk j? ns/ yohdD dk fBoDk eo b?Adk j?. n;b ihtB dhnK eJh go;fEshnK ftZu n;hA nfijk jh eod/ jK. fJ; soQK dhnK pj[s ;kohnK t;s{nK, ;wZroh, fJekJhnK ftZu'A e/tb e[ZM B{z b? e/ T[jBK dh iKu^gVskb d/ nkXko s/ fijV/ Bshi/ eZYd/ jK T[; B{z ;kfonK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;jh wzB b?Ad/ jK. fJ; Bkb iKu^gVskb dk ekoi pj[s ;ob j' iKdk j?. eJh go;fEshnK ftZu y'i d/ y/so ftZu th n;hA nfijk jh eodk jK fttjko^ftfrnkBK ftZu, ftP/P eoe/ wB'ftfrnkB,



B'N ;wkiPk;so ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu, fJ; soQK dhnK y'iK pj[s finkdk gquZbs jB. fJekJhnK dh fe;h tfojd izB;zfynk ftZu'A e[ZM fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j B{z b? e/ T[jBK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nXko s/ fijVk Bshik fBebdk j? T[; B{z ;zg{oD izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu ;jh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. T[; B{z ;koh izB;zfynk dh ftP/Psk ;wfMnk iKdk j?. ;zg{oD izB;zfynk dh ftnkfynk T[; d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; S'N/ ;w{j B{z jh izB;zfynk dk fBnkdoP iK gqshdoP efjzd/ jB.

fBnkdoP d/ nfXnB d/ nkXko s/ ;zg{oD izB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ ftP/ ftZu frnkB gqkgs eoBk, izB;zfynk dh ftnkfynk eoBk, T[; d/ ftfGzB gZyK dkd nfXnB eoBk, y'i dh ;otwkB ftfrnkBe gqfefonk j?, gozs{ fJj rZb T[;h ;hwk sZe ;jh j? fiZE/ sZe fBnkdoP dh u'D ftfrnkBe ftXh d[nkok ehsh rJh j't/. fBnkdoP d/ nkXko s/ izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu ;jh^;jh Bshi/ eZY ;eDk sK jh ;zGt j[zdk j? id'A fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk ;jh^;jh gqshBfXst eodk j't/. fJ; bJh fJ; ;zdoG ftZu fBnkdoP ns/ T[; dh u'D dhnK ftXhnK d/ ftP/ ftZu ft;Eko s'A ikDB pj[s io{oh j?. gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE th BjhA brkT[Dk ukjhdk j? fe gqshfBXh^fBnkdoP ftZu P'X ;zGt jh BjhA j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th P'X ;zGt j?. gozs[ nfijk feBQK go;fEshnK ftZu j[zdk j?, feT[A j[zdk j? ns/ T[; ;fEsh ftZu T[gbpX ikDekoh ns/ BshfinK dh ftnkfynk fe; soQK eoBh ukjhdh j?, fJj ;kohnK rZbK uzrh soQK ;wMD dh io{os j[zdh j?.

fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu fBnkdoP, gqshfBXh^fBnkdoP, fBnkdoP d/ gqeko, u'D dhnK ftXhnK ns/ j'o wjZstg{oD ;zdoGK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?.

17H1 izB;zfynk dh ;zebgBk (Concept of Population)

izB;zfynk dh ;zebgBk fJZe nzeVk ftfrnkB ;zebgBk j? fi; dk noE j[zdk j? pj[s ;kohnK fJekJhnK dk fJZe tfojd ;w{j fi; ftZu'A e[ZM fJekJhnK d/ bJh u[fDnk iKdk j?. y'i d/ ;zdoG ftZu izB;zfynk fJekJhnK dh fJZe fBPfus ;zfynk j[zdh j? fiBQK d/ ftP/ ftZu nfXnB ;zpzXh Bshi/ bkr{ j[zd/ jB. fJBQK fJekJhnK dh fJZe fBPfus o{g ftZu ;{uh T[gbpX j[zdh j?. izB;zfynk dh gfoGkPk th ftP/P gqeko s'A ehsh iKdh j?. T[; dh gfoGkPk ns/ ftnkfynk T[; dhnK e[ZM ;gPN ftP/PsktK d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdhnK jB. y'i d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJ; izB;zfynk B{z fNZukrs izB;zfynk (target population) efjzd/ jB. fNZukrs izB;zfynk dh gfoGkPk fJ; soQK ehsh rJh j?L fJj “ftneshnK, xNBktK, t;s{nK ns/ j'o soQK dhnK fJekJhnK dk fJZe ebfgs iK n;b ;w{j j[zdh j?.” fJj ft;Ekog{oD G{r'fbe G{Gkr ftZu d{o^d{o sZe c?bh j'Jh j' ;edh j? iK fJZe S'N/ fij/ ;w{j d/ o{g ftZu ;hfws G{Gkr ftZu th ;wkJh j' ;edh j?.

edh^edh fNZukrs izB;zfynk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK y'i bJh T[gbpX BjhA j' gkT[AdhnK ns/ T[jBK d/ ftP/ ftZu P'X^;wZroh (data) fJeZso eoBk ;zGt BjhA j' gkT[Adk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu T[jBK fJekJhnK B{z eZY e/ fijVhnK izB;zfynk y'i ;zpzXh T[gbpX j' gkT[AdhnK jB, T[; B{z gj[zu:'r iK gqkgs izB;zfynk (accessible population) efjzd/ jB. fJ; gqeko fNZukrs izB;zfynk ns/ gj[zu:'r izB;zfynk d/ ftZu nzso ehsk frnk j?. gj[zu:'r izB;zfynk T[j izB;zfynk jzdh j? fi; dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ftP/ ftZu P'X^;wZroh fJeZso ehsh ik ;e/. y'i ftZu fJBQK d'jK dk nbZr^nbZr T[b/y eoBk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ fe;h P'X ftZu fNZukrs izB;zfynk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs eoBk ;zGt j't/ sK T[j fNZukrs ns/ gj[zu:'r izB;zfynk j't/rh. d'BK ftZu nzso BjhA j't/rk.

fJZe d{i/ fdqPNhe'D s'A izB;zfynk d/ fi;s (homogeneous) ns/ NKe (heterogeneous) d' j'o soQK th j[zd/ jB. id'A ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ftZu T[jBK dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb mhe ;wkBsk j[zdh j? sK T[; B{z fi;s izB;zfynk ;wfMnk iKdk j?, gozs{ id'A fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK s'A mhe fGzBsk oZyd/ j'J/ izB;zfynk ftZu ;wkJ/ ofjzd/ jB sK T[; izB;zfynk B{z Nke izB;zfynk efjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK Nke izB;zfynk ftZu fGzBsk tkbhnK fJekJhnK nbZr^nbZr ;w{j pD iKd/ jB. T[jBK ;w{jK d/ ftZu sK nzso j[zd/ jB gozs{ jo/e ;w{j d/ nzdo fJekJhnK d/ ftZu io{oh ;wkBsk j[zdh j? Gkt jo/e ;w{j brGr fi;s j[zdk j?.



eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' izB;zfynk d/ ;G s'A S'N/ Gkr iK nzr B{z fJekJh (unit) efjzd/ jB.

izB;zfynk fJBQK fJekJhnK iK ftneshnK dk ;w{fje o{g j[zdh j?.

B'N


ykbh ;EKBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks):

1H ftneshnK, xNBktK, t;s{nK dhnK fJekJhnK d/ n;b iK ebfgs ;w{j B{z HHHHHHHHH izB;zfynk efjzd/ jB.

2H izB;zfynk d/ ;G s'A S'N/ Gkr B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHH efjzd/ jB.

3H izB;zfynk dh ;kohnK fJekJhnK ftZu'A nfXnB bJh u[D/ rJ/ fJekJhnK d/ ;w{jK B{z HHHHHHHH efjzd/ jB.

17H2 fBnkdoP (Sample)

B'N; izB;zfynk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK ftZu'A nfXnB bJh e[ZM fJekJhnK B{z fJZe fBPfus

ftXh d[nkok u[D fbnk iKdk j?. T[jBK fJeZsos fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j B{z fBnkdoP efjzd/ jB.

fJ; fBnkdoP d/ nkXko s/ jh nfXnB ;zpzXh Bshi/ xfNs j[zd/ jB ns/ fJBQK fBnkdoP^nkXkfos BshfinK d/ nkXko s/ izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu T[d/PK d/ nB[;ko ;XkoBheoD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK ej' fe Mo'y/ Bkb izB;zfynk dk ntb'eB ns/ nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. XkoDk fJj ofjzdh j? fe i' e[ZM fBnkdoP d/ ftP/ ftZu gkfJnk frnk j? iK i' e[ZM fBnkdoP d/ ftP/ ;jh j? T[j izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ th T[;h soQK j't/rk, T[; d/ ftP/ ftZu th ;jh j't/rk, gozs{ fJj rZb jw/PK jh ;jh BjhA j[zdh. fJj sK jh e;"Nh s/ yoh T[sodh j? id'A fBnkdoP dh u'D ftfrnkBe ftXh d[nkok ehsh rJh j't/ fijVh gqshfBXh^fBnkdoP (representative sample) dh io{oh Pos j[zdh j?. i/eo fJ; ftXh d[nkok fBnkdoP dh u'D BjhA ehsh rJh j? sK T[j izB;zfynk dh nrtkJh BjhA eo/rk ns/ T[; ;fEsh ftZu fijVk nfXnB ;zpzXh Bshik fBeb/rk T[j izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu ;jh BjhA j't/rk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu u'D/ j'J/ fBnkdoP B{z gZygksh fBnkdoP (biased sample) fejk iKdk j?.

gZygksh fBnkdoP dh ;fEsh ftZu fijV/ nzeVk ftfrnkB fBnkdoP wkD gqkgs j[zdk j? T[; T[; nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB s'A pj[s fGzB j[zdk j?, fijVk ;zg{oD izB;zfynk d/ nfXnB eoB s/ T[gbpX j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo nfXnB dk T[d/P nZmthA iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gpXh dk ;ot/yD eoBk j? ns/ izB;zfynk dh gfoGkPk j? w/om Pfjo d/ nZmthA iwks d/ ftfdnkoEh. 25 ftfdnkfbnK ftZu'A 10 ftfdnkfbnK dk fBnkdoP u[D e/ nfXnB eoBk j?. j[D i/eo fBnkdoP fJ; soQK u[Dd/ jK fe fijV/ uzr/ ftfdnkb/ jB T[jBK B{z b? fbnk iKdk j? sK fJ; soQK u[D/ j'J/ fBnkdoP gZygksh fBnkdoP ejkT[Dr/. izB;zfynk d/ nzdo uzr/, p{o/ ns/ ;XkoD ;so d/ jo soQK d/ ftfdnkb/ jB. T[jBK ;kfonK dh ntrkJh j'Dh ukjhdh ;h. T[go'es fBnkdoP ftZu ;XkoD ;so d/ ns/ p{o/ ftfdnkfbnK dh nrtkJh BjhA j'Jh. fJ; bJh T[j gZygks (bias) s'A ghVs j' frnk. gZygksh fBnkdoP izB;zfynk d/ nkr{ BjhA j[zd/. fJ; bJh T[jBK s/ nkXkfos wkge nzeK ftZu ;EkJh (fixed) iK gZeh (constant) so[ZNh (error) dk ;wkt/P ofjzdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe nB[wkBe y'iK (inferential research) ftZu fJj io{oh



B'N j[zdk j? fe fBnkdoP gZygks^w[es (free from bias) j't/. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, T[j izB;zfynk dk nkr{ j't/.

nkr{^fBnkdoP T[j fBnkdoP j[zdk j? fi; ftZu izB;zfynk dhnK ;kohnK ftP/PsktK, T[; d/ ;ko/ bZSDK dk, ;ko/ r[DK dk fBT{Bswe wksok ftZu ;wkt/P j't/, fijVk izB;zfynk dk gqsho{g iK T[; dh gqfsfeqsh (replica) j't/. i/eo fBnkdoP dh u'D ;w;zGkfte ftXh (rendomly) d[nkok ehsh iKdh j? sK T[; ftZu gZygks dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA ofjzdk ns/ T[j izB;zfynk dk nkrtkJh eoB dh ;woZEk gqkgs eo b?Adk j?. ;w;zGkfte fBnkdoP dh fJj ftPPsk j[zdh j? fe T[; d/ nXko s/ izB;zfynk d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB dk g{ot nB[wkG (prediction) finkdk ;jh^;jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[; ftZu so[ZNh dh ;zGktBk xZN j[zdh j? ns/ fijVh so[ZNh j[zdh j? T[; dk th nB[wkB brkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

;ktXkBh fttjko^ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu y'i ;zpzXh fBnkdoP dh u'D eod/ ;w/A

finkdkso fJj T[d/P ofjzdk j? fe fBnkdoP gZygks^w[es, ;w;zGkfte (random) ns/ izB;zfynk^nkr{ (representative population) j't/.

fJ; soQK d/ fBnkdoP dh u'D eoB bJh fJZe fBnkdoP :'iBk (sample plan) fsnko eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; dk noE j? fJZe nfijh :'iBk fi; d/ nXko s/ ;wkB neko tkb/ pj[s ;ko/ fBnkdoPk dh u'D eoe/ nfXnB ehs/ ikD, sK 90 gqshPs fBnkdoPK d/ BshfinK ns/ T[; Bshi/ d/ ftZu fijV/ ;zg{oD izB;zfynk d/ nfXnB s'A gqkgs j[zdk j?, 5 gqshPs s'A finkdk dk nzso Bk j't/. Gkt 100 s'A 90 fBnkdoP nfij/ j'D fiBQK d/ Bshi/ ;zg{oD izB;zfynk d/ Bshi/ s'A 5 s'A finkdk T[Zgo^fBZu/ Bk j'D.

i/eo :'iBk ;jh o{g Bkb fJ; rZb dk fBPuk eokT[Adh j? fe fijVk fBnkdoP u'fDnk j'fJnk j'J/rk T[j izB;zfynk dh nrtkJh eo/rk sK T[; B{z nkr{^fBnkdoP^:'iBk (representative

sampling plan) efjzd/ jB. T[;h ;fEsh ftZu T[go'es XkoDk th ;jh ;zGt j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK dh :'iBk d/ nzsors fJj fBPfus j' iKdk j? fe fijVhnK ftfGzB soQK dhnK fJekJhnK fBnkdoP ftZu u'DhnK j'JhnK jB T[j' fijhnK jh ;wo{g fJekJhnK izB;zfynk ftZu th Pkfwb jB ns/ fBnkdoP ftZu T[jBK dh g{oh nrtkJh j'Jh j?.

fBnkdoP^;zouBk

fBnkdoP^:'ibk fsnko eoB ;zpzXh fJZe fBnkdoP^;zouBk iK fBnkdoP ;zdoG (sampling

frame) fsnko eoBk g?Adk j?.

T[dkjoD fBnkdoP^u'D ;zpzXh fJZe nfijh ftt;Ek eoBk fi; d/ wkfXnB Bkb y'ieosk B{z y'i ;zpzXh finkdk s'A finkdk ;zpzXs fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk T[gbpX j' ikt/.

fJ; d/ bJ nfijh ebgBk ehsh iKdh j? fe izB;zfynk ;hfws j? ns/ T[; dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK dh fJZe ;{uh fsnko ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJj ;{uh th fBnkdoP^;zdoG iK fBnkdoP^;zouBk ejkT[Adh j?. fJj ;{uh T[gbpX j'D s/ fBnkdoP dh u'D ;ob ns/ ;zGt j' iKdh j?.

r[ZSk iK ;w{j (Cluster)

edh^edh izB;zfynk dh gfoGkPk T[; d/ ;G s'A S'N/ nzr d/ o{g ftZu Bk eoe/ T[; d/ xNeK d/ r[ZfSnK iK ;w{jK d/ o{g ftZu eoB g?Adh j?. T[; ;fEsh ftZu fBnkdoP^;zouBk th T[jBK r[ZfSnK dh ;{uh d/ o{g ftZu jh fsnko eoBh j[zdh j?. fJj r[ZS/, ;[Gkfte o{g ftZu jh izB;zfynk ftZu ;fEs ofjzd/ jB. fit/A ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK iwksK iK ftfdnkb/, gfotko,



ikshnK, Bro, oki, ftfGzB soQK d/ ;w[dkJ/ nkfd. fJZe^fJZe ftfdnkoEh dh ;{uh Bk pDk e/ ftfdnkfbnK dh ;{uh fsnko ehsh iKdh j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu'A e[ZM ftfdnkfbnK dh u'D eoe/ fJZe fBnkdoP gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?. fJj fBnkdoP fJekJhnK (ftfdnkoEhnK) d/ ;w{jK fijV/ ftfdnkb/ d/ o{g ftZu T[gbpX ;B, s/ nXkos j't/rk. fJ; bJh fJ; soQK u'D/ j'J/ fBnkdoP B{z r[ZSk^fBnkdoP (cluster sampling) fejk iKdk j? ns/ T[; dh fBnkdoP^fJekJh (sampling

unit) fJZe ftnesh, fJZe t;s{ iK fJZe xNBk Bk j' e/ T[jBK d/ r[ZS/ iK ;w{j j[zd/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


4H nkr{ fBnkdoP HHHHHHHHH dk gqsho{g j[zdk j?.

(T) ftnPNh (n) izB;zfynk (J) y'i (;) u'D

5H fBnkdoP :'iBk fsnko eoB bJh fJZe fBnkdoP HHHHHHHHHHHH fsnko eoBk g?Adk j?.

(T) ;zouBk (n) xNe (J) ;woZEk (;) nfXnB

6H fBnkdoP fJekJh fJZe xNBk, fJZe t;s{ Bk j'e/ T[jBK d/ HHHHHHHHHH j[zd/ jB.

(T) ekoi (n) r[ZS/ (J) gqko{g (;) ;{uh

7H ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok fBnkdoPû'D ftZu HHHHHHHHH dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j[zdk.

(T) gZygks (n) fJekJh (J) izB;zfynk (;) fBoXkoD 17H3 fBnkdoPû'D dh gqfefonk (Process of Sampling)

fBnkdoP dh u'D eod/ ;w/A y'i eosk B{z fJj fXnkB ftZu oZyDk g?Adk j? fe fezB/ ;w/A ftZu T[; B{z P'X dk ;zg{oD ekoi g{ok eoBk j?, fezBk XzB T[j T[; ftZu you eo ;edk j?, fezB/ gqshPs ftnesh fJ; ekoi ftZu T[;dh wdd eo ;ed/ jB nkfd. fJBQK ;kfonK d/ nXko s/ T[; B{z fJj fBoDk b?Dk j[zdk j? fe T[; d/ fBnkdoP dk neko (size) eh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJj fBPfus j' ikD s/ T[j u'D^gqfefonk nkozG eodk j?. u'D^gqfefonk ftZu ;wkB o{g s'A fBwB fbys gdwow ofjzdk j?^

1H fNZukrs ns/ gZygks izB;zfynk dk fBoXkoD ns/ T[;dh ftnkfynk eoBk.

2H fBnkdoP^fJekJh dh gfoGkPk eoBk.

3H fBnkdoP^;zouBk iK ;{uh fsnko eoBk.

4H fBnkdoP^neko fBoXkfos eoBk.

5H fBnkdoPû'D dh ftXh dk fBoXkoD eoBk.

6H :'iBk B{z fB:zsfos eoBk ns/ fBnkdoP^fJekJhnK dh u'D eoBk.

B'N

Nk;e r[ZSk iK ;w{j s/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D gqrN eo'.

17H4 fBnkdoPû'D dh seBhe iK ftXhnK (Sampling Techniques)

T[jBK ;kohnK ftXhnK ns/ seBheK B{z fiBQK dk gq:'r fBnkdoPû'D ftZu ehsk iKdk j?, d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?. fJj jB^



B'N (T) ;zGkfts^fBnkdoP u'D ftXh (Probability sampling techniques)

(n) n;zGkfts^fBnkdoP u'D ftXh (Non-probability sampling techniques) 17H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

fJekJhnK dh fe;h tfojd izB;zfykn ftZu'A e[ZM fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j B{z b? e/ T[jBK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nXko s/ fijVk Bshik fBZebdk j? T[; B{z ;zg{oD izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu ;jh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; S'N/ ;w{j B{z jh izB;zfynk dk fBnkdoP iK gqshdoP efjzd/ jB.

izB;zfynk dh ;zebgBk fJZe nzeVk ftfrnkB ;zebgBk j? fi; dk noE j[zdk j? pj[s ;kohnK fJekJhnK dk fJZe tfojd ;w{j fi; ftZu'A e[ZM fJekJhnK B{z nfXnB d/ bJh u[fDnk iKdk j?.

nkr{^fBnkdoP T[j fBnkdoP j[zdk j? fi; ftZu izB;zfynk dhnK ;kohnK ftP/PsktK, T[; d/ ;ko/ bZSDK dk, ;ko/ r[DK dk fBT{Bsw wksok ftZu ;wkt/P j't/, fijVk izB;zfynk dk gqsho{g iK T[; dh gqfsfeqsh (replica) j't/.


1H izB;zfynk dh ;zebgBk^ pj[s ;kohnK fJekJhnK dk fJZe tfojd ;w{j, fi; ftZu'A e[ZM fJekJhnK B{z nfXnB d/ bJh u[fDnk iKdk j?.

2H gqfsfeqsh^ izB;zfynk dk gqsho{g. 17H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H izB;zfynk dh ;zebgBk s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

2H fBnkdoP s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< toBD eo'.

3H fBnkdoP u'D dh gqfefonk ns/ T[; dhnK ftXhnK dk toDB eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H fNZukrs 2H fJekJh 3H fBnkdoP 4H (n) izB;zfynk

5H (T) ;zouBk 6H (n) r[ZS/ 7H (T) gZygks 17H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;



3H ftfdne seBheh^nkoHJ/H Powk, GZN podoI.



fJekJh^18L ;zGtsk ns/ n;zGtsk u'D ftXhnK

fJekJh^18L ;zGtsk ns/ n;zGtsk u'D ftXhnK (Probability and Non-probability

Sampling Techniques) .

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


18H1 ;zGtsk u'D ftXh (Probability Sampling Techniques)

18H2 ;zGtsk u'D ftXh d/ gqeko (Types of Probability Sampling Techniques)

18H3 fBnkdoP dk neko (Size of Sampling)

18H4 ;w{j u'D (Cluster Sampling)

18H5 pj[uoDh u'D (Multistage Sampling)

18H6 n;zGkts u'D ftXhnK (Non-probability Sampling Techniques)

18H7 fBnkdoP^so[ZNh (Sampling-errors)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;zGkts u'D ftXh ns/ T[; d/ gqekoK B{z ;wMD ftZul

fBnkdoP d/ gqeko B{z ;wMD ftZul

n;zGkts u'D ftXhnK B{z ;wMD ftZul

fBnkdoP^so[ZNh B{z ;wMD ftZu.


;G s'A gfjbK ;zGkts dk noE ;wMDk io{oh j?. ;zGktsk iK ;z:'r (chance) dh ;wZf;nk fiZE/ T[sgzB j[zdh j? T[ZE/ n;hA fe;h ftP/ ftZu g{oD ikDekoh BjhA oZyd/ ns/ fBPfus o{g s'A T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu e[ZM BjhA efj ;ed/ jK. T[; ;w/A n;hA e[ZM efjD d/ bJh nB[wkB jh brkT[Ad/ jK fi;d/ g{oh soQK ;Zu j'D dh ;zGktBk xZN jh j[zdh j?. ;Zu j'D dh ;zGktBk fizBh xZN j[zdh j? T[Bh jh T[; ftZu so[ZNh wzBh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ;fEsh ftZu fJj gsk brkT[D dk gfonk; th ehsk iKdk j? fe T[; nB[wkB ftZu fezBh so[ZNh j? iK T[; d/ ;Zu j'D dh ;zGktB eh j?. id'A fBPfus o{g s'A fJj BjhA fejk ik ;edk fe e'Jh ftfdnkoEh gk; j' jh ikJ/rk, sK fJj gsk brkT[D gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? T[; d/ gk; j'D dh ;zGktBk fezBh j?. i/eo T[j gzi tko gqhfynk ftZu p?m/ ns/ fJZe tko gk; j'D dh ;zGktBk j't/ sK fejk ikt/rk fe T[; d/ gk; j'D dh ;zGktBk 1$5 j?. fJ;h B{z fJ; soQK th fejk ik ;edk j? fe i/eo gk; j'D dh g{oD



B'N ;zGtsk 1 j't/ sK T[; B{z ftfdnkoEh d/ gk; j'D dh ;zGktBk 1$5 iK 20 gqshPs iK 0H20 j't/rh. 18H1 ;zGktsk u'D ftXh (Probability Sampling Techniques)

y'i dh go;fEsh ftZu fijVk gqPB fJ; ;zdoG ftZu T[g;fEs j[zdk j? T[j fJj j? fe fJZe fBnkdoP d/ nXko s/ fijVk nzeVk ftfrnkB Bshik gqkgs j[zdk j? T[; d/ ;zg{oD ;foPNh^nXkfos Bshi/ (izB;zfynk d/ nfXnB d[nkok gqkgs Bhsi/) d/ T[Zgo^fBZu/ fJZe fBPfus ;hwk d/ nzdo j'D dh ;zGktBk (H05 iK H01 iK fJBQK d/ B/V/) eh j?< fJ; B{z fJ; soQK th efj ;ed/ jK fe izB;zfynk^nXkfos wkB, fBnkdoP^nXkfos wkB s'A fJZe fBPfus wksok s'A finkdk fGzB BjhA j't/rk fJ; dh ;zGktBk eh j?< edh^edh gqPB fJ; soQK th ehsk iKdk j? fe fBnkdoP d/ y'i ;zpzXh izB;zfynk d/ nkr{ ;o{g j'D dh ;zGktBk eh j?, T[j feZE'A sZe izB;zfynk dh nrtkJh eodk j?, T[j T[;h izB;zfynk dk nzr j? iK T[; s'A fGzB fe;h d{ih izB;zfynk dh nrtkJh eodk j?.

;zGktsk^u'D ftXh dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK fBwBfbys jB^

1H izB;zfynk dh jo/e fJekJh d/ fBnkdoP ftZu u'D dh ;zGktBk fBPfus ehsh ik ;edh j?. ;XkoDsk fBnkdoP ftZu u[D/ ikD dh ;zGktBk jo/e fJekJh dh ;wkB j[zdh j?. fJj io{os BjhA j? fe jo/e fJekJh B{z fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb ehs ikt/. io{oh fJj j? fe jo/e fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb j'D dh ;zGktBk fBPfus j't/.

B'N; ;zGtsk u'D jh fJZe nfijh ftXh j? fijVh fJj nXko gq;s{s eodh j? fe

fBnkdoP^nXkfos wkB fezB gquZbs j?.

fJj fJ; eEB dh ;zGktBk gqdkB eodh j? fe fBnkdoP^nXkfos Bshi/ izB;zfynk^nXkfos Bshi/ s'A fJZe fBPfus wksok s'A finkdk BjhA j't/rk.

2H ;zGtsk u'D ftXh d/ nXko s/ jh fJj nB[wkB brkT[Dk th ;zGt j[zdk j? fe y'i^gqhyD ftZu fezBh so[ZNh dk ;wkt/P j?. fJj so[ZNh fBnkdoP^nXkfos Bshi/ ns/ izB;zfynk nXkfos Bshi/ d/ nzso dk jh gqshe j[zdh j?. fJ; B{z “so[ZNh^;hwk” (margin of error) iK “P[ZXsk dh ;hwk” (limit of accuracy) th efjzd/ jB. fJj T[j ;hwk j[zdh j? fi; B{z P'Xeosk y'i ;zpzXh go;fEsh ftZu ;theko eoB B{z fsnko j[zdk j?. ;zGkts u'D ftXh d/ nzsors fJj nB[wkB brkT[Dk ;zGt j[zdk j? fe fJj so[ZNh fezBh j't/rh. ;koEesk dk ;so (H05 iK H01 iK e'Jh j'o) fi; B{z P'Xeosk u[Ddk j?, so[ZNh dh ;zGktBk B{z th fBoXkfos eo fdzdk j?. 18H2 ;zGktsk u'D ftXh d/ gqeko (Types of Probability Sampling Techniques)

;zGtsk u'D ftXh d/ d' gqeko j[zd/ jB^ (i) ;ob ;w^;zGkte u'D ftXh ns/ (ii) ;soh ;zpzXh ;w^;zGkte u'D ftXh.

;ob ;w^;zGkte u'D ftXh (simple random sampling)

fBnkdoP u'D dhnK fizBhnK th ftfrnkBe ftXhnK jB T[jBK ;kohnK ftZu ;ob ;w^;zGkte ftXh fJZe pj[s finkdk w{bG{s ;zebgBk j?. ;zGktsk u'D ftXhnK ftZu fJj ;ot gqw[Zy jB. j'o ftXhnK dh o{gKso jh jB. fJ;h w{bG{s ;zebgBk ftZu E'V/^pj[s gfotosB eoe/ T[jBK dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j?. fJ; bJh ;ob ;w^;zGkte u'D ftXh dh ;zebgBk B{z uzrh soQK ;wM b?Dk io{oh j?.



fJj ftXh fJZe nfijh gqfefonk s/ nXkfos j? fi; d/ nzsors Bk e/tb jo/e fJekJh d/ fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb j'D dh ;wkB ;zGktBk jh fBPfus j[zdh j?, pbfe ;wkB neko tkbhnK fJekJhnK d/ ;ko/ ;zGt r[ZfSnK (;w{jK) d/ fBnkdoP o{g ftZu u[D/ ikD dh ;zGktBk th ;wkB j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh T, n, J, ;, j, e fJekJhnK dh izB;zfynk ftZu'A i/eo d'^d' fJekJhnK d/ ;w{j pDkJhJ/ sK e[ZbQ 15 r[ZS/ (Tn, TJ, T;, Tj, Te, nJ, J;, nj, ne, J;, Jj, ;j, ;e ns/ ;e) pDBr/. fJBQK ftZu'A jo/e d/ fBnkdoP o{g ftZu u'D/ j'D dh ;zGktBk ;wkB Gkt 1$5 j't/rh. fJ;h soQK fe;h go;fEsh ftZu i/eo 20 ;w{j pD ;ed/ jB sK joe/ fBnkdoP o{g ftZu u[D/ j'D dh ;zGktBk Gkt 1$20 iK 5 gqshPs j't/rh. fJ; soQK ;ob ;w^;zGkte ftXh dh fJj fJZe wjZstg{oD ftP/Psk j? fe izB;zfynk d/ fizB/ th ;zGt fBnkdoP j' ;ed/ jB T[jBK ftZu'A jo/e dh u'D dh ;zGktbk ;wkB j[zdh j?. fJ; seBhe d/ nzsors fBnkdoPû'D dhnk fszB gqw[Zy ftXhnK nkT[AdhnK jB^ (i) gozgokrs bkNoh ftXh iK vowûZeo ftXh iK ekrI dhnK gouhnK pDk e/ T[jBK ftZu'A fe;h fJZe B{z fpBK d/y/ jo/e tko u[DBk nkfd. (ii) d{ih ftXh ;w^;zGkte ;zfynk ;{[uh (random number table) d/ gq:'r s/ nXkfos j? ns/ fsZih ftXh (iii) eowpZX u'D (systematic sampling) j?. bkNoh ftXh d/ nzsors ekrI dhnK S'NhnK^S'NhnK gouhnK pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB, T[jBK s/ izB;zfynk dhnK fJekJhnK dh eow^;zfynktK (fijVhnK izB;zfynk ;{uh ftZu fbyhnK j[zdhnK jB) fby e/ ns/ T[jBK dhnK r'bhnK pDk e/ fe;h vZp/ iK E?b/ iK xV/ nkfd ftZu gk fdzd/ jB. joe/ gouh s/ fJZe jh eow ;zfynk fbyh iKdh j?. fco g{oh soQK fjbk e/ T[; ftZu'A fJZe^fJZe gouh eZYd/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[; ;zfynk B{z fbyd/ iKd/ jB. fi; ;w/A fizBhnK fJekJhnK dh io{os j? T[BhnK gqkgs j' iKdhnK jB sK fJ; gqfefonk B{z pzd eo fdzd/ jB. fJ; fefonk B{z d' soQK ;zgzB ehsk iKdk j?. fJZe ftZu fijVh gouh eZYh iKdh j? T[; B{z ;zfynk B'N eoB d/ pknd d[pkok T[;h vZp/ ftZu gk fdZsk iKdk j?. d{ih soQK ftZu T[; gouh B{z pkjo eZY fdZsk iKdk j?. jo/e tko fijVhnK pkeh fJekJhnK ofj ikdhnK jB T[jBK ftZu'A jh nrbh tko d{ih gouh eZYh iKdh j?. gfjbh soQK ftZu fi; ftZu eZYh j'Jh gouh d[pkok vZkp/ ftZu gk fdZsh iKdh j? jo/e tko eZYh rJh fJekJh dh u'D dh ;zGktBk pokpo pDh ofjzdh j?. vowûZeo ftXh ftZu vow dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. vow s/ 0 s'A 9 sZe ;zfynktK ofjzdhnK jB. id'A vow s/ bZrh j'Jh ;{Jh B{z x[wkfJnk iKdk j? sK fijVhnK ;zfynktK nkT[AdhnK iKdhnK jB T[jBK B{z fby fbnk iKdk j?. id'A fizBhnK fJekJhnK ukjhdhnK jB T[BhnK gqkgs j' iKdhnK jB sK fJj fefonk pzd eo fdZsh iKdh j? B'N ehsh rJh ;zfynk tkbh fJekJhnK B{z u'D e/ fBnkdoP fsnko eo fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r T[; ;fEsh ftzu jh ;[thXkiBe j[zdk j? fiZE/ izB;zfynk dk neko S'Nk j't/ ns/ fJZe pj[s S'Nk fBnkdoP u[fDnk ikDk j't/.

;ktXkBh ;w^;zGkte ;zfynk^;{uh ftXh dk gq:'r T[ZE/ finkdk T[g:'rh j[zdk j? fiZE/

izB;zfynk dk ft;Eko finkdk j't/ ns/ u[D/ j'J/ fBnkdoP dk neko th tZvk

j't/.

fJ; d/ bJh fJZe ;{uh dk gq:'r eod/ jB fijVh brGr nzeVk ftfrnkB dhnK ;kohnK g[;seK ftZu T[gbpX j[zdh j?. fJ; ;{uh ftZu fijVhnK ;zfynktK fbyhnK j[zdhnK jB T[jBK B{z ;w^;zGkte ftXh d[nkok fsnko ehsk iKdk j?. T[j gZygksw[es (free from bias) j[zdhnK jB. fJj ;zfynktK ;szGK ftZu fbyhnK j[zdhnK jB, gozs{ fJBQK gzeshtko, ;szGtko fe;h soQK th gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fBZu/ ;{uh d/ fJZe S'N/ nzP B{z gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?^

B'N



B'N

42827 70203 78569 60281

41519 84612 30877 38989

38273 91905 33891 31641

48225 65290 85998 11528

56506 28841 56560 28947

29280 51213 96336 79288

73184 26689 05928 65869

52677 23027 51511 87251

;{uh d/ gq:'r dh ftXh fJ; soQK j[zdh j?. wzB fbU izB;zfynk ftZu e[ZbQ fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk 600 j? i' ;{uhpZX jB ns/ eow;zfynk th gJhnK jB. wzB fbU 600 ftZu'A 15 fJekJhnK u[DBhnK jB. fJ; d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbK nZy pzd eoe/ fe;h th ;zfynk s/ n;hA T[Arb oZy fdzd/ jK. wzB fbU fJj ;zfynk ;{uh ftZu d{i/ ;szG dh d{ih ;zfynk 84612 nkJh. n;hA fJ; B{z SZV fdnKr/ feT[Afe fJj 600 s'A T[Zs/ j?. fJZE/ fJj :kd oZyDk j't/rk fe n;hA ;{uh^;zfynktK d/ nkyoh fszB nzeK dk jh gq:'r eo oj/ jK feT[Afe ;kvh izB;zfynk^;zfynk th fszB nzeK dh jh j?. 612 nze 600 s'A T[Zs/ j'D d/ ekoB n;hA fJ; dk fsnkr eo fdzd/ jK. j[D/ nZr/ uZbd/ jK sK 905 fwbdk j?. fJ; B{z SZv fdnKr/, j'o nZr/ uZbhJ/ sK 290 fwfbnk. fJ; B{z B'N eo btKr/L fJ; soQK T[jBK ;kohnK ;zfynktK B{z B'N eo fbnKr/ fijVhnK 600 s'A xZN jB. fJ; soQK ;kB{z 290, 213, 27, 569, 560, 336, 511, 281, 528, 251, 519, 273, 225, 506, fJj 15 ;zfynktK fwbDrhnK. fJBQK eow^;zfynktK tkbhnK fJekJhnK B{z n;hA ;{uh ftZu'A SKNe/ fBnkdoP fsnko eo btKr/.

fsZih ftxh eowpZX u'D dh j?. fJ; ftZu izB;zfynk^;{uh dh fe;h fJekJh s/ th nZy pzd eoe/ T[Arb oZy e/ T[;dh u'D eo b?Ad/ jK. fJ; d/ pknd eownB[;ko fsZih, u"Eh, gzithA nkfd fJekJh dh u'D eod/ ub/ iKd/ jK. id'A io{oh ;zfynk gqkgs j' iKdh j? sK fefonk pzd eo fdzd/ jK. fsZih, u"Eh, gzithA nkfd ftZu'A fe; dh u'D eoKr/, fJj fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe izB;zfynk dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk fezBh j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu'A fezBhnK fJekJhnK b?DhnK jB. wzB fbU 100 ftZu'A 25 b?DhnK jB sK gfjbh fJekJh dh u'D eoB d/ pknd T[; s'A nZr/ jo/e u'Eh b?d/ uZbd/ iktKr/. 100 B{z 25 Bkb Gkr eoB s/ fJj ;zfynk nk ikt/rh. i/eo 100 ftZu'A 25 b?Dk j? sK jo/e gzithA fJekJh btKr/. fJ; soQK fBnkdoP dh u'D j' ikt/rh. fJj ftXh th ;ob ;w^;zGkte u'D dk fJZe gqshtofss o{g j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu fJj io{o j[zdk j? fe izB;zfynk^fJekJhnK dh fijVh ;{uh fsnko ehsh ikt/ T[j gZygksw[es j't/. T[; B{z ;w^;zGkte ftXh d[nkok jh fsnko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. BjhA sK fBnkdoP u'D dk ;zGkts u'Dh Pq/Dh ftZu torheoD BjhA ehsk ik ;ed/. gosdko ;w^;zGkte u'D (stratified random sampling)

fJj th ;ob ;w^;zGkte u'D ftXh dk fJZe d{ik o{g j?. fJ; ftZu ;zg{oD izB;zfynk B{z gfjbK e[ZM ftfPPN ;soK yzvK, torK iK Pq/DhnK ftZu tzv fbnk iKdk j?. fJj gosheoD e[ZM nfijhnK ftP/PsktK iK uoK (variables) d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j? fiBQK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe T[j nfXnB tkb/ BshfinK B{z gqGkts eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; d/ pknd yzv iK tor (stratum) ftZu'A ;w^;zGkte ftxh d[nkok n/N d/ nB[gks ftZu fJekJhnK dh u'D eo bJh iKdh j?. fJ; ftZu N ;zg{oD izB;zfynk dhnK fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk j[zdh j? ns/ n T[; yzv (stratum) dh e[ZbQ fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk j? fiBQK ftZu'A fJekJhnK dh u'D ehsh ikDh j?.



fJ; ftXh ftZu fJj io{oh j? fe yzv, tor iK ;so nkgD/^nkg ftZu ;wkBo{g iK ;iksh (homogeneous) j'D gozs{ fJZe^d{i/ s'A ;zpzXs ftP/Psk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fGzB iK ftywiksh (heterogeneous) j'D. fJ; soQK u'D/ j'J/ fBnkdoP s/ nXkos Bshi/ ;ob ;zGkte u'D dh ng/fynk finkdk P[ZX j[zd/ jB. T[B/ jh P[ZX Bshi/ ;ob ;w^;zGkte ftXh d[nkok u'D/ j'J/ fBnkdoP d/ neko B{z tXk e/ th gqkgs ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A gosdko ;w^;zGkte u'D finkdk pukT{ (economical) j[zdh j?.

gosdko ;w^;zGkte u'D ftXhnK th d' soQK dhnK j[zdh jB^(i) ;zs[fbs (proportionate) ns/ (ii) n;zs[fbs (disproportionate). ;zs[fbs ftXh d/ nzsors fJekJhnK dh u'D jo/e yzv ftZu'A T[;h nB[gks ftZu ehsh iKdh j? fi; nB[gks ftZu T[j ;zg{oD izB;zfynk ftZu ;fEo j[zdhnK jB.

T[dkjoD i/eo fJZe iwks ftZu 60 ftfdnkoEh jB fiBQK ftZu 40 pkbe ns/ 20 pkfbektK jB (2L1 dk nB[gks, sK 15 ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fBnkdoP ftZu T[go'es nB[;ko 5 pkfbektK j'DrhnK.

fJj ;zs[fbs gqDkBh ejkT[Adh j?, gozs{ nfijh sK jh ;zGt j[zdk j? id'A P'Xeosk B{z izB;zfynk dhnK fJekJhnK d/ ftP/ ftZu, T[jBK d/ gko;gfoe nB[gks d/ ftP/ ftZu g{ok^g{ok frnkB j't/. eJh tko nfijk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. i/eo nfijk ;zGt th j't/ sK th e[Zm ;w/A pknd T[j frnkB fBooEe j' iKdk j? feT[Afe e[ZM ftP/PsktK nfijhnK jz[dhnK jB fijVhnK pj[s ibdh gfotofss j[zdhnK ofjzdhnK jB, fit/A nGhGkteK dh T[wo, pkbeK dh ftek; do, ftneshnK d/ nkofEe^;wkfie ;so. gozs{ nfijh BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk fe jo/e go;fEsh ftZu y'i dk nXko ;zs[fbs gosdko ;w^;zGkte u'D jh j[zdk j? iK j'D ukjhdk j?. edh^edh fJekJhnK dh u'D n;zs[fbs o{g ftZu eoBh finkdk io{oh j' ;edh j?. e[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu nfijk eoBk jh g??Adk j?. fJ; bJh fJj BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk fe ;zs[fbs gosdko ;w^;zGkte u'D jh fJZe ftebg j?, d{ik e'Jh ok;sk jh BjhA j?. y'i d/ y/so ftZu e'Jh go;fEsh nkdoP ns/ io{oh BjhA j[zdh. go;fEsh jh jo/e dh T[g:'rsk ns/ wjZst j[zd/ jB.

n;zs[fbs gosdko ;w^;zGkte u'D dk noE j[zdk j? fe nfijh gqafefonk fi; d/ nzsors jo/e ;so iK tor ftZu'A fijVhnK fJekJhnK u[DhnK iKdhnK jB, T[j Bk sK tor nB[;ko ;wkB ;zfynk tkbhnK j[zdhnK jB ns/ Bk jh ;zs[fbs. jo/e yzv ftZu'A nbZr^nbZr ;zfynktK ftZu fJBQK B{z u[fDnk iKdk j? id'A e'Jh tor pj[s S'Nk j[zdk j? sK nfijk eoBk io{oh j' iKdk j?. T[; ;w/A T[; tor s'A finkdk fJekJhnK u[BDk io{oh j[zdk j? sKfe T[; tor dh ;jh^;jh nrtkJh j' ;e/. wzB fbU fe fJZe tor n;hA T[jBK ftfdnkfbnK dk pDkfJnk j? fiBQK ftZu nzro/Ih GkPk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok gVQkJh j[zdh j? ns/ nfij/ e/tb d' jh ftfdnb/ jB. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu d'BK ftfdnkfbnK B{z jh fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb eoBk finkdk T[fus j't/rk feT[Afe fJZe ftfdnkbk d{i/ s'A ekch fGzB j' ;edk j? ns/ T[j T[; dh ntrktkJh eoB ftZu ;woZE j' ;edk j? sK e[ZM tor nzs ftZu fJzB/ S'N/ ofj iKd/ jB fe T[jBK ftZu fJekJhnK dh io{oh ;zfynk BjhA ofj iKdh. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th n;zs[fbs ftXh dk gq:'r io{oh j[zdk j?. n;b ftZu fJekJhnK dk nkgDh^nkgDh ;zfynk d/ nXko s/ ;zs[fbs j'Dk io{oh BjhA j[zdk pbfe, io{os j[zdh j? T[jBK dk T[; uo dh ftubBsk (variability) d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;zs[fbs j'Dk, fijVk y'i ;zpzXh j?. fJ; soQK n;zs[fbs gosdko u'D dk noE j[zdk j? fJZe nfijh ftXh fi; ftZu jo/e gosdko yzv ftZu'A fijVhnK fJekJhnK u[DhnK iKdhnK jB T[jBK dk yzv d/ nekok s'A e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j[zdk. fJ; dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJj ftXh pukT{ (economical) j[zdh j?. fJ; dk d'P fJj j? fe fJ; soQK u[fDnk frnk fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dh pj[s ;jh^;jh nrtkJh BjhA eodk ns/ fJ;h ekoB T[; d/ nXko s/ gqkgs Bhsi/ th finkdk P[ZX BjhA j[zd/ Gkt T[jBK d/ d[nkok izB;zfynk^wkBK dk nB[wkB pj[s ;jh^;jh BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk. fJj Bshi/ s[bBkswe fdqPNhe'D s'A xZN gquZbs j[zd/ jB^

gosdko ;w;zGkte u'D dk gq:'r eod/ ;w/A fBsB fbys rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?^

B'N



B'N 1H yzvK, torK iK Pq/DhnK (strata) d/ ftP/ ftZu P'Xeosk B{z io{os s'A finkdk, g{oD, ;jh^;jh ikDeko j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

2H fiBQK nXkoK s/ gosheoD ehsk frnk j? T[j soe;zrs j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, Gkt T[j nfXnB dh ;wZf;nk Bkb i[V/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

3H yzvK dh fJekJh ;zfynk io{oh o{g s'A finkdk j'Dh ukjhdh j? Gkt T[jBK dk neko tZvk j'Dk ukjhdk j? sK fe T[jBK ftZu'A io{oh fJekJhnK dh u'D ;zGt j' ;e/.

4H torK ftZu nzdo{Bh o{g s'A ;wkBsk (homogeneity) ns/ go;go fJZe^d{i/ d/ ftZu n;wkBsk Gkt ftiksh (heterogeneity) j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

5H fiZE'A sZe ;zGt j't/, P'Xeosk d[nkok fBofws torK d/ ;EkB s/ gfot/P ftZu ;[Gkte o{g s'A ;fEo torK dk jh gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' gosdko ;w;zGkte u'D B{z fB:zsoe ;w;zGkte u'D (restrictive random

sampling) th fejk iKdk j?.

fJ; ftZu P'Xeosk B{z e[ZM pzXBK, e[ZM fB:zsoDK d/ nXhB fBnkdoP dh u'd eoBh g?Adh j?. fJ; d/ e[ZM bkG jB sK e[ZM B[e;kB th jB. bkG sK fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu izB;zfynk d/ jo/e nzr dh fBnkdoP ftZu nrtkJh j' iKdh j?, e'Jh nzr S[N BjhA ;edk. fJ; soQK fBnkdoP T[gbpX j[zdk j? T[j izB;zfynk dh pj[s ;jh^;jh nrtkJh eo gkT[Adk j?. ;ob ;w;zGkte u'D ftZu eJh tko nfijk BjhA j' gkT[Adk. fJ; bJh gosdko ;w;zGkte u'D d/ nXko s/ ehsh rJh u'D d/ Bshi/ finkdk gquZbs j[zd/ jB. fBnkdoP dk neko S'Nk j'D s/ th Bshi/ finkdk P[ZX j[zd/ jB. fJ; dk fJZe d'P fJj j? fe fJ; d/ gq:'r ;zpzXh izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu pj[s ikDekoh dh io{os j[zdh j? fi; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh pj[s gfonk; eoB g?Adk j? ns/ eJh tko e[ZM ikDekoh fwbDk ;zGt th BjhA j[zdh. fJ; B{z fJ; ftXh dk B[e;kB iK d'P fejDk T[fus BjhA gqshs j[zdk. fJZe n;[thXk d/ o{g ftZu fJ; B{z ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; B{z E'V/ gfonk; d/ d[nkok th d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H ;zGtsk u'D ftXh HHHHHHHHH gqeko dh j[zdh j?.

2H bkNoh ftXh d/ nzsors ekrI dhnK S'NhnK^S'NhnK HHHHHHHHHH pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB.

3H HHHHHHHHHHHHH ftXh ftZu izB;zfynk dh fe;h th fJekJh s/ nZy pzd eoe/ T[Arb oZyh iKdh j?.

18H3 fBnkdoP dk neko (Size of Sampling)

finkdkso P'Xeosk fJj gqPB g[ZfSnk eod/ jB fe fBnkdoP dk neko (size) fezBk tZvk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; gqPB dk ;Nhe T[Zso n;zGt j? feT[Afe fJj pj[s ;kohnK rZbK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJj ;XkoD frnkB dh rZb j? fe fBnkdoP fizBk tZvk j't/rk, y'i dk Bhsik th T[Bk jh finkdk gquZbs j't/rk, gozs{ fBPfus P[ZXsk, fBPfus gquZbsk gqkgs eoB d/ bJh T[; dk neko eh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fJ; gqPB dk fBPfus T[Zso d/Dk ;zGt BjhA j?. ;w;zGkte u'D dh ;fEsh ftZu sK w'N/ s"o s/ neko dk fBoXkoD ;zGt th j?, gozs{ j'o soQK dhnK u'D ftXhnK ftZu fJj fpbe[b th ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ; bJh fJZE/ ;w;zGkte u'D d/ ;zdoG ftZu jh neko fBoXkoD dh ftXh dk T[b/y ehsk ik fojk j?.



fJj rZb gfjbK fbyh ik u[Zeh j? fe fBnkdoP dk neko fizBk tZvk j't/rk, Bshik T[Bk jh finkdk gquZbs j't/rk. fJ; bJh ;gPN j? fe fBnkdoP dk neko tZvk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE BjhA j? fe T[; dk neko p/b'VhAd/ o{g s'A tZvk j?. n;bhns fJj j? fe T[; dk neko Bk sK pj[s tZvk j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ Bk pj[s finkdk S'Nk. T[j nB[e{b (optimum) j'Dk ukjhdk j?. nB[e{b neko T[j j[zdk j? fi; d[nkok y'i dh gquZbsk, BthBsk ns/ gqGkt (efficiency) fBPfus j[zdh j? ns/ fBnkdoP B{z izB;zfynk dh nrtkJh eoB dh ;woZEk gqdkB eodk j?. T[; B{z T[Bk jh S'Nk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe brGr nDio{oh you/ s'A pfunk ik ;e/. fJ; gqeko T[; B{z T[Bk jh tZvk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe fBnkdoP^so[ZNh (sample error) dh tZX ;hwk s'A pkjo ikD s'A pfunk ik ;e/. T[; B{z T[Bk jh tZvk j'dk ukjhdk j? fe fBT{Bsw you d/ Bkb ns/ io{oh o{g s'A gquZbs Bshi/ T[gbpX j' ;eD.

fBnkdoP d/ neko B{z eJh ekoe sZs gqGkts eod/ jB. fJBQK ftZu'A e[ZM jB^(i) izB;zfynk ;o{g (ftiksh izB;zfynk d/ fBnkdoP dk neko tZvk j't/rk), (ii) nzefVnK dk ;{uheoB (i/eo pj[s ;kohnK Pq/DhnK ftZu T[jBK B{z tzvdk j't/ sK tZvk fBnkdoP dh io{os j't/rh), (iii) y'i ;wZroh (data) fJeZso eoB bJh P'Xeosk B{z T[gbpX ;z;kXB fit/A ;wK, XzB, iBPesh nkfd, (iv) wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyDK dh ;zfynk ns/ T[jBK d/ ft;Eko, (v) fBnkdoP dhnK fJekJhnK dk G{r'fbe go;ko, (vi) fJekJhnK dh T[gbpXh Gkt e[ZM fJekJhnK dk T[gbpX Bk j'Dk (mortality), (vii) fBnkdoP^u'D dh ftXh, (viii) wkge nzeK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh ftXh, (ix) nfB:zsfos uoK dh ;zfynk (i/eo T[jBK dh ;zfynk finkdk j? sK fBnkdoP dk neko tZvk j't/rk, (x) io{oh Bshi/ (i/eo Bshi/ pj[s finkdk P[ZX ns/ gquZbs ukjhd/ jB sK fBnkdoP dk neko tZvk j't/rk) nkfd.

fBnkdoP^neko dh rDBk

fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fJj gsk brkT[dk io{oh j? fe (i) fBnkdoP^neko dh rDBk e/tb ;zGktsk u'D dh ;fEsh ftZu jh ;zGt j[zdh j?, (ii) fJj rDB d' rZbK s/ nXkfos j[zdh j?^ (T) izB;zfynk^ftuoD (population variance) ns/ (n) io{oh ftPtk;^;hwk (confidence limit), fsZik (iii) fJj fe rDBk d/ fijV/ ;{so T[gbpX jB T[j g{oh soQK jh neko dk fBoXkoD BjhA eod/ pbfe brGr io{oh neko T[gbpX eokT[Ad/ jB. fJ;h ;zpzX ftZu fJj th gsk brk b?Dk io{oh j? fe fBnkdoP dk neko fJzBk wjZstg{oD BjhA j[zdk fizBk fe T[; dk nkr{o{g j'Dk wjZstg{oD j[zdk j?.

fBnkdoP d/ neko^fBoXkoD dhnK e[ZM ftXhnK fJ; gqeko jB^

1H e[ZM ftfrnkBeK B/ nfijhnK ;{uhnK fsnko ehshnK jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok izB;zfynk neko d/ nB[;ko fBnkdoP d/ neko dk fBoXkoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. nfijh fJZe ;{uh vkH nkoH ghH f;zx B/ 1973 ftZu gq;s{s ehsh ;h. T[; d/ nB[;ko i/eo izB;zfynk dk neko 10 fJekJhnK dk j? sK fBnkdoP th 10 fJekJhnK dk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ;h soQK izB;zfynk dk neko i/eo eow nB[;ko 15, 30, 50, 100, 200, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1500, 3000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000 ns/ 1,00,00, j't/ sK fBnkdoP dk neko T[;h eow ftZu 14, 28, 44, 88, 132, 196, 217, 234, 260, 278, 306, 341, 357, 370, 381 ns/ 384 j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H d{i/ gqeko d[nkok fBnkdoP d/ neko dh rDB eoB d/ bJh d' rZbK dh io{os j[zdh j?^ (i) fJZe sK Bhsi/ dh io{oh P[ZXsk (precision) ns/ d{ih (ii) izB;zfynk ;zpzXh ftuoD dk Bshik (estimate of population variance). io{oh P[ZXsk dk noE j? fe fezBh so[ZNh y'i d/ Bshi/ ftZu ;fjD :'r j?. fJZe, d', fszB iK uko nkfd fezB/ nzeK sZe dh so[ZNh ;fjD:'r j't/rh, nkgD/^nkg fBPfus eoBk j[zdk j?. izB;zfynk^ftuoD iK sK fJZe S'Nk fijk nkozGe nfXnB eoe/ gsk brkfJnk ik ;edk j? iK gfjbK i/eo e'Jh nfijk e'Jh nfXnB ehsk j? sK T[; d[nkok ikfDnk ik ;edk j?. i/eo fJj th ;zGt BjhA j? sK T[; dk e/tb nB[wkB brkfJnk ik ;edk j?. i/eo fJzBk th gsk j' ikt/ iK nB[wkB brkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe ;zg{oD izB;zfynk ftZu nfXnB ;zpzXh uo dk ft;Eko eh j? Gkt T[; d/ gq;ko dhnK fBT{Bsw ns/ T[Zusw ;hwktK

B'N



B'N eh jB sK T[jBK d'BK d/ nzso B{z b? e/ T[; B{z 6 Bkb Gkr d/ e/ gqwkg ftubB (standard

deviation) gsk ehsk ik ;edk j?.

Bshi/ dh P[ZXsk dk d{i/ PpdK ftZu fJj noE th j[zdk j? fe y'i ;zpzXh uo s/ izB;zfynk ns/ fBnkdoP d/ wZXwkBK d/ ftZu fezBk nzso fe; ;fEsh ftZu ;fjD:'r j?. fJj 2# iK 5# e[ZM th ;theko ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe P'Xeosk dk fNZuk eh j?, T[j fezBk finkdk ;jh Bshik ukj[zdk j?. i/eo fdb o'r dh fe;h n"PXh dk gqhyD ehsk ik fojk j? sK gZek jh P'Xeosk ukj/rk fe so[ZNh pj[s xZN iK 1# iK T[; s'A th xZN j't/. i/eo f;ybkJh dhnK d' ftXhnK dh go;go s[bBk ehsh ik ojh j? fe fejVh ftXh finkdk gqGktPkbhj? sK e[ZM finkdk so[ZNh B{z th ;fjD ehsk ik ;edk j?. gqwkg^so[ZNh (standared

error) dh ;zGktBk (probability) fJZe nfijk nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB j? fijV fJj dZ;dk j? fe fe;h fBnkdoP d/ T[; ;hwk d/ nzdo j'D dh eh ;zGktBk j? fijVh ;fjD:'r so[ZNh j? ns/ fi; dk fBoXkoD gfjbK ehsk ik u[Zek j?. i/eo ftPtk;^;hwk H05 iK 95# ;so s/ fBoXkfos ehsh iKdh j? sK 95 gqshPs fBnidoP ± 2 S.E. d/ ftZu nkT[Dr/. gqwkD^so[ZNh (S.E.) ;ko/ fBnkdoPK dh ftuoD^;hwk (range) dk 1$6 wzBh iKdh j?, gozs{ pj[s tZvk (extreme) nzso iK ftuoD edh^edh jh j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh gqwkg^so[ZNh fBnkdoP dh ftuoD^;hwk dk 1$4 jh wzBh iKdh j?. fJ; soQK H95 ;so s/ ftPtk;^;hwk fBoXkfos eoB s/ nfijk fBnkdoP ;kB{z u[DBk j't/rk fi; dh gqH so[H (S.E.) ;fjD:'r so[ZNh dk 1$2 j't/. i/eo ftPtk;^;hwk fJ; s'A th T[Zgo H99 ;so s/ fBoXkfos ehsh iKdh j? sK fBnkdoP dh gqH so[H ;fjD:'r so[ZNh dk j'o th S'Nk gqwkg j't/rh. fJ;h nXko s/ fJj th wzfBnk iKdk j? fe i/eo y'i d/ Bshi/ dh P[ZXsk tXkT[Dh j't/ Gkr T[; dh gqH so[H xNkT[Dh j? sk fBnkdoP d/ neko B{z tXkT[Dk j't/rk. P[ZXSk B{z d' r[Dk tXkT[D d/ bJh fBnkdoP d/ neko B{z uko r[Dk tXkT[Dk j't/rk. fszB r[Dk tXkT[D d/ bJh fBnkdoP d/ neko B{z B" r[Dk ns/ uko r[Dk tXkT[D d/ bJh fBnkdoP d/ neko B{z ;'bK r[Dk tXkT[Dk j't/rk. fJ; dk noE j'fJnk fe Bshi/ dh P[ZXsk dk tkXk r[Dke fBnkdoP d/ neko d/ tkX/ d/ r[Dk nze dk torwb j[zdk j?.

gkoNB (1965) B/ fBnkdoP^neko gsk eoB d/ d' ;[so gq;s{s ehs/ jB. fJZe gqshPs s/ nXkfos j? ns/ d{ik wZXwkBK s/. fJj fJ; gqeko jB^

(T) 2

2

. .(100 . .)P C P C ZN

T

fJ; ;{so dk gq:'r T[; ;w/A ehsk iKdk j? id'A izB;zfynk^wkB ns/ fBnkdoP^wkB dk nzso gqshPs ftZu j't/. fJ; ftZu P.C. izB;zfynk dk nB[wkBw gqshPs wkB j[zdk j?, Z gqwkg so[ZNh (S.E.) dh ;zfynk j? i' H05 iK H01 nkfd ;soK s/ ;{uh s'A T[gbpX j[zdh j?, T ;fjD:'r so[ZNh j? fijVh 5# iK 2# th j' ;edh j?. n;b ftZu fJj ;{so gqH so[H (S.E.) ;{so dk jh gfotoss o{g j?. (n) d{ik ;{so fJ; soQK j?^

2

. .S E unitsN

T

iK 2

Z

T

fJ; ;{so ftZu & izB;zfynk dk nB[wkBs gqwkg^ftubD (standard deviation)

Z = S.E. dh fJekJh ;zfynk

T = ;fjD:'r so[ZNh (5# iK 2#)

T[dkjoD^ wzB fbU fJZe n"PXh dh gqGktesk dk nfXnB ehsk ik fojk j? ns/ P'Xeosk B{z H95 ;zGktsk ;so 2# s'A finkdk so[ZNh ;fjD:'r BjhA j? sK fezB/ o'rhnK d/ fBnkdoP s/ T[; B{z gqhyD eoBk ujhdk j?, T[j fJj ikDBk ukj[zdk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu fBnkdoP dk neko



j't/rk^

102 1.96

N

2 2. . 10 1.96

962

S EN

T

brGr

T[go'es ftZu &10 nB[wkBs j?

n;b ftZu ;fjD:'r so[ZNh gqwkg so[ZNh dh fJekJh (1H96 iK 2H58 nkfd ;zGktsk^;so d/

nB[;ko) ns/ gqwks so[ZNh d/ neko d/ r[DBcb d/ pokpo j[zdh j?. i/eo H95 ;so s/

fBnkdoP dk neko gsk brkT[Dk j? sK fJ; dk ;{so j't/rk^

;fjD:'r so[ZNh & 1H96%S.E.

feT[Afe S.E. dk ;{so j[zdk j? . .S DN

fJ; bJh ;fjD:'r so[ZNh 1.96N

i/eo ;fjD:'r so[ZNh 2 j? sK 2 1.96N

i/eo nB[wkBs S.D. 10 j? sK 10

2 1.96N

fJ; B{z jZb eoB s/ N & 96 (brGr)

fJ; soQK fBnkdoP^neko dh rDBk eoB s/ fJj BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk j? fe fJ; d/ nXko s/

fijV/ Bshi/ T[gbpX j'Dr/ T[j g{oh soQK io{oh P[ZXsk (accuracy) dk gqshe j't/rk. nfijk sK

jh ;zGt j't/rk id'A fBnkdoP dh u'D th nkdoP j't/ fijVk finkdkso BjhA j[zdk, sK th

fBnkdoP^neko fBoXkfos eoB dh fJj fJZe T[g:'rh ftXh j?.

fBnkdoP dk ;jh^;jh neko fBoXkfos eoB dh fJZe d{ih ftXh th j?. fJ; B{z u'D ;fEo gqhyD (stability test of sampling) efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ nzsors fJZe d/ pknd d{ik fBnkdoP u[D e/ ns/ T[; s/ gqhyD eod/ ub/ iKd/ jK. id'A pokpo d'^fszB gqhyDK s/ Bshi/ brGr ;wkB nkT[D bZrd/ jB sK T[Eh o[Ze iKd/ jB ns/ T[jh fBnkdoP dk T[fus neko j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, gfjbK 10 fJekJhnK d/ S'N/ ;w{j s/ Bshik gqkgs ehsk, fco d{ik fBnkdoP 15 fJekJhnK dk fbnk. T[; s/ gqhyD ehsk ns/ gfjb/ ns/ d{i/ fBnkdoP B{z fwbk e/ Bshi/ dk nkrDB ehsk ns/ d/fynk fe Bshi/ dh P[ZXsk fezBh tXh. fJ;h soQK d[pkok fsZik fBnkdoP 20 fJekJhnK dk fbnk, T[; s/ gqhyD ehsk ns/ j[D gfjb/, d{i/ ns/ fsZi/ fBnkdoP B{z fwbk e/ Bshi/ dk nkrDB ehsk. i/eo j[D th Bshik T[jh fojk fijVk gfjbK ;h sK ;wfMnk ikt/rk 10O15&25 fJekJhnK tkbk fBnkdoP ;jh ;h.

B'N

Nk;e fBnkdoP neko dh rDBk s/ nkgD/ ws ftnes eo'.



B'N 18H4 ;w{j u'D (Cluster Sampling)

u'D dh fJ; ftXh ftZu fBnkdoP dh fJekJh (unit) e'Jh fJZe ftnesh, fJZe xNBk, fJZe t;s{ Bk j' e/ T[jBK dk fJZe r[ZSk iK ;w{j j[zdk j? fit/A ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK iwksK, ftfdnkb/, ;w[dkJ/ nkfd. ;zGktsk ns/ n;zGktsk d'BK soQK dhnK u'Dk ftZu fJ; dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj finkdk ;[thXkiBe j[zdk j?. fJjh fJ; dh ftP/Psk j?, gozs{ fJ; d/ d'P eJh jB. fJ; ftZu so[ZNh dh wksok finkdk j[zdh j?. ;zGktsk u'D dh s[bBk ftZu fJZe fBPfus P[ZXsk ;zpzXh fJ; ftZu io{oh o{g s'A tZv/ fBnkdoP dh io{os j[zdh j?. ;wkB neko tkbh izB;zfynk d/ jo/e fBnkdoP dh u'D dh ;zGktBk ;wkB BjhA j[zdh. fijVhnK bkGekoh ftP/PsktK ;zGktsk u'D dhnK j[zdhnK jB T[j fJ; ftZu BjhA gkJhnK iKdhnK. fJ; bJh ;zGktsk u'D dh s[bBk ftZu fJj xZN T[g:'rh j[zdk j?.

wjbkBth; (1944) B/ fJ; ftXh ftZu E'Vk gfotosB eoe/ fJZe BthA ftXh dk ftek; ehsk j? fi; B{z T[jBK B/ nfsSkdh nkfJs^;zsb u'D ftXh (overlapping grid-sampling) dk BKt fdZsk j?. 18H5 pj[uoDh Bw{B/ (Multistage Sampling)

fJj ftXh ;w{j u'D dk jh ft;Eko iK gfotoss o{g j?. fJ; d/ nzsors gfjbK izB;zfynk ftZu'A fJekJhnK d/ tZv/^tZv/ ;w{j SKN bJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh u'D th ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?. fJj u'D dk gfjbk uoD j'fJnk. fJ; d/ pknd fJBQK u'D j'J/ ;w{jK d/ nzdo ;fEo j'o S'N/ ;w{jK dh u'D ehsh iKdh j?. fJj d{ik uoD j'fJnk. fJ;h soQK fJBQK ;w{jK ftZu'A io{oh fJekJhnK B{z u[fDnk iKdk j?. fJj fsZik uoD j'fJnk. jo/e uoD ftZu u'D dh gqfefonk ;w;zGkte ofjzdh j?. fit/A^i/eo fJZe Bro d/ nZmthA iwks d/ 150 ftfdnkoEhnK dk fBnkdoP b?Dk j? sK fJ; d/ bjh gfjbK n;hA Bro d/ 50 ftfdnkfbnK ftZu 10 ftfdnkb/ ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok SKN btKr/ (gfjbk uoD). fJ; d/ pknd fJBQK 10 ftfdnkfbnK ftZu'A jo/e ftZu'A iwks 8 dk fJZe ;?ePN bkNoh ftXh d[nkok SKN btKr/ (d{ik uoD). j[D jo/e ;?ePB ftZu'A eowpZX u'D ftXh d[nkok 15, 15 ftfdnkoEh u[D btKr/ (fsZik uoD). fJ; soQK 150 ftfdnkoEhnK dk fBnkdoP T[gbpX j' ikt/rk.

fJ; ftXh d[nkok fBnkdoP dh u'D eoB ftZu T[j ;ko/ d'P ofjzd/ jB fijV/ ;w{j u'D ftXh ftZu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ ftXh dk gq:'r th ;zGkts ns/ n;zGkts d'BK gqekoK dhnK u'DK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. 18H6 n;zGktsk u'D ftXhnK (Non-probability Sampling Techniques)

;zGktsk u'D ftXhnK dh fJZe wjZstg{oD rZb fJj j[zdh j? fe T[jBK d/ nzsors izB;zfynk dh jo/e fJekJh d/ fBnkdoP ftZu nkT[D dh ;zGktBk ;wkB j[zdh j? ns/ fJj th gsk ofjzdk j? fe jo/e fJekJh d/ fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb j'D dh ;zGktBk eh j?< Bkb jh T[jBK d/ nXko s/ fJj th gsk ehsk ik ;edk j? fe nB[wkBs o{g s'A fBnkdoP Bshi/ ftZu fezBh so[ZNh j? iK fezBk P[ZX j?, gozs{ n;zGktsk u'D ftXhnK ftZu nfijh BjhA j[zdk. T[jBK ftZu izB;zfynk dh fJekJhnK d/ fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb j'D d/ ;zGktBk ;wkB BjhA j[zdh. fe;h fJekJh d/ fBnkdoP ftZu nkT[D dh ;zGktBk eh j't/rh, fJj th BjhA gsk ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh fJ; rZb dk nB[wkB th BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk fe fJBQK ftXhnK ftZu nkgDh T[g:'rsk j?. T[jBK dk gq:'r th finkdkso ehsk iKdk j?. e[ZM go;fEshnK ftZu sK T[jBK dk e'Jh ftebg th BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh fJBQK ftXhnK dh ikDekoh th io{oh j?. e[ZM gqw[Zy ftXhnK dk T[b/y nZr/ ehsk frnk j?.

1H ;zi'rh u'D (Accidental, Incidental or Opportunity Sampling)

fJ; ftXh d/ nzsors u'D eh e'Jh g{ot :'iBk BjhA j[zdh. Bk e'Jh izB;zfynk^;zdoG j[zdk j?, 190 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


Bk e'Jh fJekJhnK dh ;{uh. p; fiZE/ i' fwb frnk T[;h s'A P'X^;wZroh gqkgs eo bJh iKdh j?. fe;h xNBk, ftP/ ns/ sZE d/ pko/ ftZu iBsk eh ;'udh j?, fJ; dk ;ot/yD finkdkso gZsoeko eod/ jB. e[ZM b'eK d/ ftuko fijV/ T[jBK B{z ;zi'r s'A fe;/ EK s/ fwb iKd/ jB, b? e/ T[j nkgDh fog'oN fby fdzd/ jB. fJ; gqeko gqdoPBhnK ftZu, y/vK ftZu, ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fiZE/ ehs/ i' th fwb iKdk j? T[jh u'D dh fJekJh pD iKdk j?. fJ; B{z ;zi'r u'D efjzd/ jB.

2H nzP Bw{Bk (Quota Sampling)

fJ; ftXh d/ nzsors gfjbK izB;zfynk B{z e[ZM ftP/P yzvK ftZu iK torK ftZu tzv fbnk iKdk j?. fJBQK B{z T[gîzB;zfynk (sub-populations), Pq/DhnK, ftP/P y/so, tor, yzv, ftP/P ;so e[ZM th fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; d/ pknd jo/e yzv iK y/so dh izB;zfynk Gkt e[ZbQ fJekJhnK dk fBoXkoD ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj th fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j? fe T[j izB;zfynk dk fejVk nB[gks j?. fco T[; s'A pknd fJj fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j? fe jo/e ftZu'A fezBk nzP Gkt fezBhnK fJekJhnK fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb ehsh ikDrhnK. fJj th ;XkoD o{g s'A T[;h nB[gks ftZu fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j? fijVk yzvK ns/ izB;zfynk d/ ftZu j[zdk j?. jo/e y/so iK yzv ftZu'A fezBhnK fBoXkfos fJekJhnK fe; soQK u[DhnK ikDrhnK fJj P'Xeosk dh nkgDh ;{Mp{M, nkgD/ fBoD/ s/ fBoGo eodk j?. w[Zy T[d/P fJj ofjzdk j? fe izB;zfynk jo soQK dhnK fJekJhnK dk fBnidoP ftZu ;wkt/P j' ;e/.

fJj ftXh pj[s e[ZM gosdko ;w;zGkte u'D ftXh dh soQK jh j?. nzso fJzBk j? fe fJ; ftZu jo/e tor iK yzv ftZu'A fJekJhnK dh u'D ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok BjhA ehsh iKdh. u'D P'Xeosk iK ;kePkseosk d/ nkgD/ ftt/e ns/ fBPu/ s/ fBoGo eodk j?.

n;b ftZu fJ; ftXh ftZu fJj th io{oh BjhA j[zdk fe jo/e yzv ftZu'A fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk T[;h nB[gks ftZu u[Dh ikt/ fi; nB[gks ftZu izB;zfynk ftZu ;fEs jB. io{oh f;oc fJzBk jh ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe jo/e yzv ftZu io{oh fJekJhnK fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb j' ;eD. fJ; bJh fJj BjhA fejk ik ;edk fe yzvK s'A bJhnK rJhnK fJekJhnK T[jBK dh nkr{ j'DrhnK. fJ;h gqeko fJj th BjhA fejk ik ;edk fJ; ftXh d[nkok gqkgs fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXh o{g j't/rk.

fJ; bJh fJ; gqeko u'D// j'J/ fBnkdoP d/ nXko s/ gqkgs Bshi/ ftZu Pkfwb so[ZNh dk th nB[wkB BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk. nfijh wkBsk j? fe fJ; ftXh d[nkok u'D/ rJ/ fBnkdoP d/ nXko s/ gqkgs Bshi/ dh P[ZXsk s[bBkswe fdqPNhe'D s'A ekch xZN j[zdh j?.

gq:'iBkswe u'D (Purposive Sampling)

fJ; gqeko dh u'D d/ fgZS/ fJj fNZuk ofjzdk j? fe e[ZM nfijhnK fJekJhnK B{z izB;zfynk ftZu u[D fbnk ikt/ i' T[; izB;zfynk d/ nB[o{g j'D fi; ftZu P'Xeosk dh o[uh j? iK fijVk T[; gq:'iB nB[;ko j?. nfijhnK fejVhnK fJekJhnK j'DrhnK ns/ fezBhnK u[DhnK ikDrhnK fJj P'Xeosk d/ nkgD/ fBoD/ s/ nXkfos j[zdk j?. fBoD/ dk nXko T[; dh y'i dk Gkt iK T[d/P j[zdk j?. gqfefonk d/ fgZS/ XkoDk fJj ofjzdh j? fe T[d/P B{z ;kjwD/ oZy d/ ns/ nkgD/ ftt/e dk gq:'r eod/ j'J/ P'Xeosk nkgD/^nkg nfijhnK fJekJhnK dh u'D eo ;edk j? fijVhnK T[; izB;zfynk d/ nB[o{g j'D fi; s/ T[j y'i eoBk ukj[zdk j?. nfijk wzfBnk iKdk j? fe fJekJhnK dh u'D ;zpzXh fBoD/ ftZu P'Xeosk s'A fijVhnK so[ZNhnK j[zdhnK jB T[j fJZe^d{i/ B{z yzfvs (cancel) eodhnK ofjzdhnK jB ns/ nzs ftZu fijVk fBnkdoP fBeb e/ nkT[Adk j? T[j nGhPN izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXh o{g j[zdk j?. :EkoE ftZu nfijk BjhA j[zdk. go;go wkBsk nfijh j?. w"fb d/ nB[;ko, gq:'iBkswe u'D ftZu fJekJhnK dh u'D nfij/ Bshi/ (criterion) d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdh j? fijVh fBnkdoPû'D ftZu d{i/ fB:zsoe d/ o{g ftZu ekoi eodk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo p[ZXhwkB gozs{ gVQB^fbyD ftZu fgSV/ j'J/ pkbeK dk nfXnB eoBk j? sK nfij/ pkbeK d/ fBnkdoPû'D ftZu gVQB^fbyD ftZu fgZSV/ jo soQK d/ pkbeK B{z Bk b? e/ e/tb T[jBK B{z jh b?Dr/ fijV/ p[ZXhwkg jB. fJ; bJh p[ZXh dk fJZe nfijk Bshik j'fJnk

B'N



B'N fijVk d{i/ fB:zsoe dk ekoi eo fojk j?. y'i dk T[d/P fJZe ftP/P pkb^;w{j dk nfXnB eoBk j?. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk nkgD/ ftt/e d/ nXko s/ T[d/P B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ fBnkdoP dh u'D eo/rk.

w"fb B/ gq:'iBkswe u'D B{z gosdko u'D dk jh fJZe o{g wzfBnk j?. fJ;h soQK T[jBK B/ nzP u'D (quota sampling) B{z gq:'iBkswe u'D (purposive sampling) dk fJZe ftP/P o{g wzfBnk j?.

u'D dh fJ; ftXh ftZu th fJekJhnK d/ fBnkdoP ftZu Pkfwb j'D dh ;zGktBk ;wkB BjhA j[zdh. jo/e fJekJh dh ;zGktBk iK sK fJZe j[zdh j? iK Iho'. fJ; ftZu ;w/A dh pus j[zdh j? gozs{ Bshi/ finkdk ;jh BjhA j[zd/. Bkb jh fJ; ftXh d/ ;jh gq:'r bJh izB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK dk pj[s uzrk frnkB j'D pj[s io{oh j?. Bshi/ ftZu fezBh so[ZNh j? Gkt Bshi/ dh P[ZXsk eh j? fJ; dk th nB[wkB BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk.

fBoDkswe u'D (Judgement Sampling)

id'A P'Xeosk fJekJhnK dh u'D nkgD/ nkg d/ ftte/ ns/ frnkB d/ nXko s/ eodk j? sK T[; B{z fBoDkswe u'D efjzd/ jB. fit/A, i/eo fJj ikDBk j? fe rqkwhD b'eK dk izB;zfynk^fB:zsoD ekoieow d/ gqsh eh fdqPNhe'D j? ns/ P'Xeosk e/tb 3 iK 4 fgzv u[D e/ T[; ftZu nkgDk nfXnB eodk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nXko s/ ;zg{oD fgzv tk;hnK d/ ftP/ ftZu nkgDk ws ftnes eodk j?, sK fJj 3^4 fgzvK dk fBnkdoP fBoDkswe u'D d/ nzsors oZfynk ik ;edk j?. fJBQK 3^4 fgzvK dh u'D eoB d/ fgZS/ P'Xeosk dk fJj ftt/e, fJj frnkB j? fe fJj fgzv, fgzv tk;hnK dh ;ko/ izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXst eod/ jK. Bk eod/ j'D fJj rZb tZyoh j? T[; d/ nkgD/ fBoD/ d/ nB[;ko sK eod/ jK.

fJ; gqeko, u'D fBnkdoP d/ th T[jh d'P jB fiBQK dk T[b/y gq:'iBkswe u'D d/ nzsors ehsk frnk j?. fJ; d/ nXko s/ gqkgs Bshi/ th finkdk P[ZX BjhA jz[d/. T[jBK ftZu th io{oh so[ZNh pDh ofjzdh j?, sK th pj[s ;ko/ nfXnBK ftZu, ftP/P eoe/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu, fJ; gqekod/ fBnkdoPK s/ nfXnB ehs/ rJ/ jB.

fJ; soQK fizBh th n;zGktsk u'D ftXhnK jB T[j ;kohnK io{oh o{g ftZu n;zs'PiBe jB. T[jBK dh P[ZXsk dk e'Jh nB[wkB BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk. T[jBK d/ BshfinK ftZu fezBh so[ZNh j? fJ; dk toDB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh fJBQK d/ fBnkdoP nXkofos BshfinK d/ nXko s/ izB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ ftP/ ftZu e[ZM BjhA fejk ik ;edk. BshfinK dk ;XkoBheoD ;zGt BjhA j[zdk sK th fJj BjhA fejk ik ;edk fe fJj ;kohnK ftXhnK fBooEe ns/ p/eko jB. fJBQK d/ nzsors fijV/ Bshi/ gqkgs jzd/ jB T[j BthB ;zebgBktK, Bt/ fdqPNhe'DK, eJh soQK dhnK j'o XkoDktK B{z iBw d/ ;ed/ jB fiBQK dk gqhyD finkdk ftfrnkBe Yzr s'A pknd ftZu ehsk ik ;edk j?. fiBQK go;fEshnK ftZu pj[s finkdk P[ZXsk dh io{os BjhA j[zdh, fit/A nkozGe nfXnBK ftZu, T[ZE/ fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r T[g:'rh j' ;edk j?. Bkb jh fiZE/ P'Xeosk B{z izB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK dk g{ok^g{ok frnkB Bk j't/ iK izB;zfynk dhnK fJekJhnK dk ;o{g ;gPN Bk j't/, ;zGt Bk j't/ iK io{oh Bk j't/, T[jBK go;fEshnK ftZu fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ ;G s'A tZX io{oh fJj j? fe BshfinK dh ftnkfynk th fJBQK ;ko/ gqshpzXK (constraints) B{z ;kjwD/ oZye/ eoBh ukjhdh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{M dh gfukD eo' (State whether the following




4H n;zGktsk u'D ftXh d/ nzsors izB;zfynk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK ;wkB o{g ftZu nkT[AdhnK jB.

5H ;zi'r u'D ftXh ftZu u'D dh e'Jh g{ot :'iBk BjhA j[zdh.

6H nzP u'D ftXh, gosdko ;w^;zgkfte u'D ftXh dh soQK jh j?.

7H n;zs[fbs gosdko ;w;zGkte u'D ftXh fJZe youhbh ftXh j?. 18H7 fBnkdoP^so[ZNh (Sampling-errors)

fBnkdoPû'D^ftXhnK d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJZe pj[s wjZstg{oD ;zebgBk fBnkdoP^so[ZNh (sampling error) dh j? fi; B{z uzrh soQK ;wMDk pj[s io{oh j?. fBnkdoP^so[ZNh iK u'D^so[ZNh dk gqPB T[ZE/ T[Zmdk j? fiZE/ fBnkdoP d/ nXko s/ gqkgs Bshi/ dk izB;zfynk d/ T[Zso nko'gD ehsk iKdk j? Gkt fJj fejk iKdk j? fe ;koh izB;zfynk dh T[jh ftP/Psk j? fijVh fBnkdoP ftZu gkJh iKdh j?. fBnkdoP d/ nXko s/ fijV/ Bshi/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB T[j finkdkso nzeVk ftfrnkB wkBK iK wkge nzeK d/ o{g ftZu j[zd/ jB, fit/A fBnkdoP dk fe;h uo s/ wZXwkB, d' wZXwkBK d/ nzso dh ;koEesk dk wkg Gkt Nh^wkB, n?c^wkB nkfd. fJBQK wkBK d/ gqhyD d/ nXko s/ fijVk Bshik j? T[j izB;zfynk dh ftnkfynk dk th nXko pDdk j? ns/ fejk iKdk j? fe i' fBnkdoP ftZu ;jh j? T[j izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu th ;jh j't/rk. fJ; B{z Bshi/ dk ;XkoBheoD (generalization) efjzd/ jB. gozs{ fJ; gqeko dk ;XkoBheoD sK jh ;jh ns/ ;zGt j[zdk j? id'A fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk gqshBfXst eodk j't/. fizBh finkdk gqshBfXst dh ;woZek T[; ftZu j't/rh T[Bh jh ;XkoBheoD dh th ;zGktBk finkdk j't/rh. nfijk fJ; bJh fejk iKdk j? fe i/eo^fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk pj[s finkdk gqshBfXst eodk j? Gkt izB;zfynk d/ ;wo{g j? sK fijVk wkB fBnkdoP d/ nXko s/ gqkgs j'fJnk j? T[jh wkB izB;zfynk dk th j't/rk Gkt i/eo ;zg{oD izB;zfynk dk T[;h uo s/ wkg b? e/ T[; wkB B{z frnks ehsk ikt/ sK T[j fBnkdoP nXkos wkB d/ pokpo iK brGr pokpo j't/rk. fJ;h B{z fJ; soQK th efj ;ed/ jK fe fizBk izB;zfynk^wkB fBnkdoP^wkB s'A d{o j't/rk (nzso fizBk finkdk j't/rk) T[Bh jh finkdk fBnkdoP nXkfos wkB ftZu so[ZNh j't/rh. fJ; gqeko fBnkdoP so[ZNh dk noE j'fJnk izB;zfynk^wkB d/ nzso dh wksok.

izB;zfynk^wkB ns/ fBnkdoP^wkB d/ ftZu nzso eJh ekoBK s'A j' ;edk j?, gozs{ fJBQK ekoBK dk fJZe ;o's fBnkdoP dk izB;zfynk d/ ;wo{g iK gqshfBXho{g Bk j'Dk th j?. nfijh wkBsk j? fe i/eo fBnkdoP B{z ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok u[fDnk frnk j? sK T[j gqshfBXh o{g j't/rk, gozs{ Ps^gqshPs izB;zfynk dk ;wo{g j't/rk nfijk BjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh ;wo{g j[zd/ j'J/ th fBnkdoP^wkB B{z so[ZNh^tr?o BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk ns/ fBnkdoP dh u'D ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok BjhA ehsk frnk j? T[; ;w/A sK T[j izB;zfynk dk gqshBfXst fpbe[b jh BjhA eo/rk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu fBnkdoP^so[Nh j'o th finkdk j' ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko fBnkdoP^so[ZNh dk ;zpzX fBnkdoPû'D dh ftXh ns/ fBnkdoP d/ gqeko d/ Bkb i[fVnk j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fBnkdoP d/ ekoB fijVh so[ZNh T[sgzB j[zdh j? T[; B{z fBnkdoP so[ZNh efjzd/ jB.

fBnkdoP so[ZNh d/ nXko

fBnkdoP so[ZNh d/ d' gqeko j[zd/ jB^(T) ;w;zGkte so[ZNh (random error) ns/ (n) eqwe (systematic) iK nub so[ZNh (constant error).

(T) ;w;zGkte so[ZNh dk ;zpzX ;w;zGkte fBnkdoPû'D s'A j[zdk j?. nfijh wkBsk j? fe ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok fBnkdoP dh u'D eoB s/ fJekJhnK d/ ftZu nzso fJZe^d{i/ B{z fBo;s eod/ ub/ iKd/ jB fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A fBnkdoP nXkos i' wkB T[gbpX j[zdk j? T[j izB;zfynk wkB d/ pj[s B/V/ nk iKdk j? ns/ so[ZNh io{oh o{g s'A xZN j' iKdh j?, gozs{ nfijk BjhA wzfBnk iKdk j? fe so[ZNh g{oh soQK ysw j' iKdh j?. fco th e[ZM Bk e[ZM so[ZNh ofj jh iKdh j?. fJ;

B'N



B'N ;w;zGkte so[ZNh efjzd/ jB. fJ; dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJ; B{z g{oh soQK ysw sK BjhA ehsk ik ;edk gozs{ T[; B{z (T) xZN io{o ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ (n) fizBh j' ;edh j? T[; dk nB[wkB th brkfJnk ik ;edk j?. T[; B{z xZN eoB dk fJZe T[gkn j? fBnkdoP d/ neko ftZu tkXk eoBk. fezB/ gqshPs fBnkdoPK ftZu fezBh so[ZNh j' ;edh j? iK so[ZNh dh tkX{ ;hwk eh j' ;edh j? fJj ikDekoh th gqkgs ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; d/ bJh ;{so d[nkok gfjbK gqwkg so[ZNh (S.E.) frnks eoBh g?Adh j?, fi; dk ;{so j[zdk j?^

. .

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S EN

wzB fbU S.E. 2H0 nkT[Adh j?, sK 95 gqshPs fBnkdoP ftZu fJj so[ZNh ± 1H96%2 & ±3H92 j't/rh ns/ 99 gqshPs fBnkdoPK ftZu fJj ±2H58%2&5H16 j't/rh. i/eo fBnkdoP dk wZXwkB 100 j? sK 95 gqshPs ftZu izB;zfynk^wZXwkB 96H08^103H92 d/ ftZu j't/rk. fJ;h gqeko 99 gqshPs ftZu T[j 94H84^105H16 d/ ftZu j't/rk. fJ; gqeko d/ nXko s/ izB;zfynk^wkB dk nB[wkB brkfJnk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ fJj T[;h ;w/A ;zGt j[zdk j? id'A fBnkdoP dh u'D ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[j izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXst eodk j?. ;w;zGkte so[ZNh dh ;zebgBk th fJ; Bkb i[Vh j[zdh j?. (n) eowe iK nub so[ZNh fBnkdoP d/ gZygks (biased) j'D d/ ekoB T[sgzB j[zdh j?. fJ; so[ZNh ftZu fBnkdoP dhnK fJekJhnK d/ ftZu fijV/ nzso T[sgzB j[zd/ jB T[j fJZe^d{i/ B{z fBo;s BjhA eod/ fit/A fe ;w;zGkte fBnkdoP dh ;fEsh ftZu j[zdk j? pbfe T[j nzso ;kohnK fJekJhnK ftZu ;wkB o{g s'A pD/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ fdPk w[Zyh j[zd/ jB Gkt fJZe jh fdPk ftZu gqGkt ofjzd/ jBl iK sK T[; d[nkok ;kohnK fJekJhnK ftZu wkg ;wkB o{g s'A tZXd/ ub/ iKd/ jB iK xNd/ ub/ iKd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo fJj gsk eoBk j? sK fe fJZe Bro d/ B"thA iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh rfDs ftP/ dh n";s ftfdne T[gbpXh eh j? ns/ fJj ikDB d/ bJh ;kB{z e[ZM ftfdnkfbnK d/ f;oc iwks 9 „T‟ d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh T[gbpXh dk wkg eoe/ T[; dk n";s eZfYnk sK fJ; ftZu eowe so[ZNh dk ;wkt/P j' ikt/rk feT[Afe iwks „T‟ ftZu finkdkso ;G s'A :'r ftfdnkoEhnK B{z jh oZfynk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK dh T[gbpXh ;wkB o{g s'A tXh j'Jh j't/rh. ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nze tX/ j'J/ ofjDr/. fJ;h soQK i/eo e/tb iwks „;‟ B{z btKr/ sK ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nze xN/ j'J/ nkT[Dr/ feT[Afe iwks „;‟ ftZu T[jBK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z oZfynk iKdk j? fijV/ ;G s'A xZN :'r jB. fJ; soQK eqwe so[ZNh ;wkB o{g s'A fe;h fJZe fdPk ftZu jh ekoi eodh j?. wkge nzeK B{z iK sK xNkT[Adh j? iK tXkT[Adh j?. eqwe so[ZNh iK nub so[ZNh B{z fBo;s eoB iK xNkT[D dk fJZe jh T[gkn j? fe fBnkdoPû'D gZygks w[es (free from bias) j't/. ;w;zGkte ftXh d[nkok fBnkdoPû'D eoB s/ fJj so[ZNh fB:zsfos j' iKdh j?, gozs{ finkdkso fJj nfijhnK so[ZNhnK jB fe T[jBK dk gsk BjhA bZr gkT[Adk. y'i d/ y/so ftZu fJBQK so[ZNhnK B{z “p[ohnK so[ZNhnK” (bad errors) wzfBnk iKdk j? feT[Afe fJBQK dk fe;h soQK th nB[wkB BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk. T[j nzeVk ftfrnkB d/ ;w;zGktsk f;XKs d/ dkfJo/ s'A pkjo j[zdhnK jB. edhêdh fJj ikDB th w[Pfeb j[zdk j? fe T[j fe; fdPk ftZu fefonkPhb jB. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ gqsh P'X d/ ;w/A ;ir ofjDk pj[s io{oh j?. fi; soQK th ;zGt j't/ T[jBK B{z g{oh soQK fB:zsfos eoB dk gfonk; eoBk ukjhdk j?. 18H8 ;ko nzP (Summary)

;zgktsk iK ;zi'r (chance) dh ;wZf;nk T[ZE/ T[sgzB j[zdh j? fiZE/ n;hA fe;h ftP/ ftZu g{oD ikDekoh BjhA oZyd/ ns/ fBPfus o{g s'A T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu e[ZM BjhA efj ;ed/ jK.



;zGktsk u'D ftXh d/ nXko s/ jh fJj nB[wkB brkT[Dk th ;zGt j[zdk j? fe y'i^gqhyD ftZu fezBh so[ZNh dk ;wkt/P j?. fJj so[ZNh fBnkdoP^nXkos Bshi/ ns/ izB;zfynk nXkos Bshi/ d/ nzso dk jh gqshe j[zdh j?. fJ; B{z “so[ZNh^;hwk” iK “P[ZXsk dh ;hwk” th efjzd/ jB.

;zGktsk u'D ftXh d/ d' gqeko j[zd/ jB^ (i) ;ob ;w^;zGkte u'D ftXh ns/ (ii) gosdko ;w^;zGkts u'D ftXh.


1H pukT{ ftXh^ xZN you ftZu ;zgzB j'D tkbh ftXh iK gq:'r.

2H gosdko u'D^ nfijh ftXh fi; ftZu jo/e yzv ftZu'A fJekJhnK u[DhnK iKdhnK jB, T[jBK dk yzv d/ neko Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j[zdk.

3H ;zdoG ;zpzXh^ toDs gq;zr ftZu. 18H10 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ;zGktsk u'D ftXh dk toBD eo'.

2H ;zGktsk u'D ftXh d/ gqekoK dk toBD eo'.

3H Gosdko ;w^;zGkte ftXh s/ gqekP gkU.

4H fBnkdoP d/ neko d/ pko/ ftZu ;wMkU.

5H n;zGktsk u'D dhnK ftXhnK dk toBD eo'.

6H fBnkdoP so[ZNh s/ gqekP gkU. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H d' 2H gouhnK 3H eowpZX 4H M{m

5H M{m 6H ;Zu 7H M{m 18H11 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^19L gfoebgBkL XkoDk, ftP/PsktK ns/ ;o's (Hypothesis: Concept, Characteristics and Sources)


T[d/P (Objectives)


19H1 gfoebgBk dk noE ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Structure of Hypothesis)

19H2 gfoebgBk d/ gqeko (Types of Hypothesis)

19H3 gfoebgBk dk wjZst iK T[d/P (Importance or Purpose of Hypothesis)

19H4 gfoebgBktK d/ ;o's iK fBoXkoe sZs (Source or Elements of Hypothesis)

19H5 gfoebgBktK dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Hypothesis)





T[d/P (Objectives)


gfoebgBk dk noE ns/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD ftZul

gfoebgBk d/ gqeko, T[d/P ns/ wjZst B{z ;wMD ftZul

gfoebgBk d/ ;o's ns/ fBoXkoe sZs B{z ;wMD ftZul

gfoebgBk d/ w[bnzeD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


P'X^;wZf;nk dk nkyoh o{g s'A fBoDk j' ikD d/ pknd T[; d/ ;wkXkB dh gqfefonk dk nkozG Gkt P'X^;wZroh dk ;zrqfj ehsk ikDk nkozG j[zdk j?, gozs{ P'X^;wZroh dk ;zrqfj nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK fJj fBPfus eo b?Dk ukjhdk j? fe fJ; d/ bJh fejVhnK fdPktK ftZu ikDk j't/rk. fJBQK fdPktK tZb ;ze/s eoB tkb/ ;{so T[jBK gfoebgBktK ftZu Pkfwb ofjzd/ jB, fiBQK dk fBowkD y'ieosk nkgD/ nfXnB s'A iBw/ frnkB, ebgBk ns/ f;oiBPhbsk d/ nXko s/ eodk j?. gfoebgBktK dh ewh ftZu T[; B{z P'X^;wZroh d/ ;zrqfj bJh fJZXo^T[ZXo GNeDk gJ/rk, fi; d[nkok T[; d/ ;w/A ns/ Pesh dk rbs you j't/rk. fJ; bJh finkdkso P'Xeosk fJj ;theko eod/ jB fe fiZE/ sZe ;zGt j't/, y'i dk nkozG gfoebgbk s'A jh ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, feT[Afe bkB vkb/B d/ PpdK ftZu, “gfoebgBktK y'i^gE ftZu gqekP^;szG dk ekoi eodhnK jB”.

19H1 gfoebgBk dk noE ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Structure of Hypothesis)

id'A fe;h ftnesh d/ ;kjwD/ e'Jh w[Pfeb T[sgzB j' iKdh j?, sK T[j T[; d/ jZb d/ T[gkn th 196 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

fJekJh^19L gfoebgBkL XkoDk, ftP/PsktK ns/ ;o's

;'uD bZrdk j?. cb;o{g, fijV/ T[gkn T[; d/ fdwkr ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB, T[jh ;wZf;nk d/ ;zGkts ;wkXkB j[zd/ jB. fJj d{ih rZb j? fe T[j pknd ftZu ;Zu f;ZX Bk j'D iK ;Zu f;ZX j'D. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJZe ftfdnkoEh gqhfynk ftZu tko^tko n;cb x'fPs j[zdk j?. fJ; dk ekoB j?, fJj ikDB d/ bJh y'i bJh T[; B{z wB'ftfrnkB B{z ;"Ag fdZsk iKdk j?. ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB bJh wB'ftfrnkBe T[; d/ n;cb j'D e/ ekoBK dh ebgBk eodk j?. j' ;edk j? T[; ftZu p[ZXh dh ewh j't/, j' ;edk j? T[j gVQB^fbyD ftZu gfjbK s'A jh ewI'o j't/, j' ;edk j? T[j gqhfynk d/ ;w/A fpwko j' frnk j't/, j' ;edk j? T[; dh gVQB^fbyD ftZu o{uh Bk j't/ nkfd fezBhnK gfoebgBktK ;zGt j' ;edhnK jB. fJBQK ftZu'A fejVk ;Zu ns/ fejVk M{m j?, fJj sK pknd ftZu gqhyD d[nkok jh gsk bZr/rk. fJ; soQK gfoebgBktK fJZe gqeko s'A ;wZf;nk dhnK ;zGkts ;wkXkB j[zdhnK jB. i/eo ;wZf;nk B{z gqPB d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. (fit/A, ftfdnkoEh tko^tko n;cb feT[A j[zdk j?<) sK fJj gfoebgBktK fJ; gqPB d/ ;zGkts T[Zso ;wM/ ik ;ed/ jB, gozs{ ftfrnkBe y'i dk nkozG fJ;h fpzd{ s'A j[zdk j?.

B'N

B'N; NkT{B;/Av d/ PpdK ftZu, “gfoebgBk ;wZf;nk dk gq;skfts T[Zso j[zdh j?.”

gfoebgBk nzro/Ih GkPk d/ „jkJhg'Ehf;;‟ (hypothesis) dk gzikph o{gKsoD j?, fi; dk noE j? nfijh wkBsk (thesis) fijVh j[D sZe ng[PN (hypo) j?.

j"vB/N d/ PpdK ftZu, gfoebgBktK P'Xeosk dhnK nZyK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok T[j ;wZf;nk tkbh nt;Ek (nftt;fEs sZEK) ftZu MKe e/ d/ydk j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB bZGdk j?. tkB vkb/B d/ nB[;ko, gfoebgBk P'Xeosk dk ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB iK ;wZf;nkswe gqPB d/ T[Zso d/ ftP/ ftZu fJZe p[ZXhg{oD nB[wkB (intelligent guess) j[zdh j?. T[j gfoebgBk B{z ;wZf;nk dk nfijk ;wkXkB wzBd/ jB, fijVk f;oc fJZe ;[Mkn d/ o{g ftZu j[zdk j?. eofbro dk wzBDk j? fe gfoebgBk d' iK d' s'A tZX uoK d/ ftZu ;zpzX d/ ftP/ ftZu fJZe soQK dh ebgBk iBe eEB j[zdh j?. fit/A, „p[ZXh pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkts eodh j?‟ fJj fJZe gfoebgBk j?. fJ; ftZu p[ZXh ns/ ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ftZu fJZe ftP/P soQK d/ gqpzX dh ebgBk ehsh rJh j?.

id'A e'Jh ;wZf;nk ftnesh d/ ;kjwD/ T[sgzB j[zdh j? ns/ T[; dk ;wkXkB y'iD dk T[j gfonk; eodk j?, sK gfjbK nkgD/ frnkB, nB[Gt, nfXnB nkfd d/ nXko s/ ebgBk eodk j? fe T[; dk ;zGt ;wkXkB eh j' ;edk j?. fJ;h soQK id'A fe;h gqPB dk T[Zso y'iD dk gfonk; eodk j?, sK gfjbK ebgBk eodk j? fe T[; dk ;zGkts T[Zso eh j' ;edk j?. fJBQK ;zGkts ;wkXkBK, ;zGkts T[ZsoK B{z T[j ;XkoD nB[wkBK (generalizations) d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s eodk j? ns/ pknd ftZu fJj gqhyD eodk j? fe T[j feZE/ sZe ;?u jB. fJj ;XkoD nB[wkB jh gfoebgBktK ejkTAdhnK jb. fJ; soQK gfoebgBk p/;N (1977) d/ PpdK ftZu, fJZe nfijk g{ot nB[wkB (inference) j[zdh j?, fi; dk fBowkD t;s{;fEsh, xNBktK ns/ go;fEshnK dh ftnkfynk eoB bJh n;EkJh o{g s'A ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fijV/ y'i^ekoi B{z nZr/ tXkT[D ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j? Gkt pknd ftZu gqhyD d/ d[nkok i/eo T[j ;Zu j' iKdk j? sK ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB j' iKdk j? ns/ t;s{ ;fEsh ;gPN j' iKdh j?.

gqshfdB jh n;hA nkgD/ d?fBe ihtB ftZu T[sgzB j'D tkbhnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB fJ;h soQK (Gkt gfoebgBk dk fBowkD ns/ fco T[; dk gqhyD) eod/ jB. ewo/ ftZu ir fojk pbp nukBe p[M iKdk j?, gozs{ ftnesh nkgD/^nkg s'A g[ZSdk j? “eh j'fJnk”< fJZe ;wZf;nk T[sgzB j'Jh j?. fJ; ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB, T[; gqPB dk T[Zso b?D bJh T[j fJZe^fJZe gfoebgBk dk fBowkD eodk j? ns/ T[; dk gqhyD eodk j?. nzs ftZu, T[; B{z t;s{ ;fEsh ;gPN j' iKdh j?. gfjbK nB[wkB brkT[Adk j? Gkr gfoebgBk dk fBowkD eodk j? “;zGt o{g s'A ;o's s'A fpibh rJh j?.” T[j pkjo fBeb e/ j'o xoK tZb d/ydk j? ns/ gkT[Adk j? fe j'o ;ko/ xoK ftZu sK fpibh nk ojh j?. fJ; bJh fJj gfoebgBk M{m f;ZX j' iKdh j?. fco T[j



B'N d{ih gfoebgBk eodk j? “nkgD/ xo dk jh fcT{I sK BjhA T[Zv frnk”. T[j eN^nkT{N eZY e/ fcT{I dk gqhyD eodk j? ns/ d/ydk j? fe T[; ftZu e'Jh yokph BjhA j?. fJj gfoebgBk th M{m f;ZX j[zdh j?. fco T[j fsZih gfoebgBk dk fBowkD eodk j? “pbp sK fcT{i BjhA j' frnk”. pbp dk gqhyD eoB s/ gkT[Adk j? fe T[j fcT{I j' frnk j?. fJj gfoebgBk ;Zu f;ZX j[zdh j?. fJ;h fpzd[ s/ gj[zu e/ ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB th j' ;edk j? ns/ ;zg{oD ;fEsh ;gPN j' iKdh j?. ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB y'iD d/ fgZS/ fJjh gqfefonk ofjzdh j? ns/ T[; ftZu gfoebgBktK (g{otnB[wkBK, ;zGkts T[ZsoK ns/ ;wkXkBK) dh wjZstg{oD G{whek j[zdh j?. y'i dh ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB dh jh fJZe ftP/P ns/ ftfrnkBe gqfefonk j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh y'i ftZu th gfoebgBktK dh wjZstg{oD G{whek j[zdh j?.

fijVk gsk j?, T[; d/ ftP/ ftZu „eh j?‟, „feT[A j?‟, fJ; ftP/ ftZu g{otnB[wkB brkT[Dk jh gfoebgBk j[zdh j?. 19H2 gfoebgBk d/ gqeko (Types of Hypothesis)

fttjko^ftfrnkB nkgDhnK y'iK ftZu eJh soQK dhnK gfoebgBktK dk gq:'r eod/ jB. ftfGzB b/yeK B/ eJh soQK T[jBK dk torheoD ehsk j?. nZr/ fJBQK dk ft;Eko Bkb T[b/y ehsk frnk j?^

1H r[v ns/ j?N dk torheoD

r[v ns/ j?N (1952) B/ gfoebgBk d/ fszB gqekoK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJj torheoD T[jBK B/ fJ; nXko s/ ehsk j? fe gfoebgBk ftZu nfGftnes nw{ossk dk ;so (level of

abstraction) eh j?< i/eo y'i dk ;so T[Zuk j?, sK gfoebgBk dk ;so th T[Zuk j't/rk. fJj fJ; ;so s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe y'i d/ Bshi/ iK ;XkoD s"o s/ (generalizations) fezB/ nw{os (abstract) iK ftnkge jB. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoebgBktK (i) ;XkoD iK fBwB ;soh (lowest level), (ii) T[Zu ;soh iK ifNb ;soh (higher level), (iii) T[Zusw ;soh iK pj[s ifNb ;soh (highest level) fszB soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB.

(i) ;XkoD iK fBwB ;soh gfoebgBkL fJ; ;so dhnK gfoebgBktK e/tb ;XkoD ;so d/ y'iK ftZu gkJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ T[j e[ZM nB[Gt nXhB (empirical) ;wkBsktK (uniformities) dk jh toDB eodhnK jB. T[j pj[s ;XkoD fij/ nB[wkB ns/ eEB d/ o{g ftZu j[zdhnK jB. fit/A, frnkoK ;kbk pkbe nfs ;zt/dBPhb j[zd/ jB, nZmthA iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh n";s p[ZXh 90^100 d/ ftZu j[zdh j?, Gkos d/ fgZSV/ torK dh nkofEe^;wkfie ;fEsh ;zs'PiBe BjhA j? nkfd. fJj ;G ;XkoD ;so dhnK y'iK dhnK gfoebgBktK jB.

(ii) T[Zu ;soh gfoebgBktKL T[go'es Bkb'A T[Zu ;soh gfoebgBktK ;zebgBktK (concepts) d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK s/ nXkos j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK ftZu ;wkBsktK dh nw{ossk dk ;so T[Zu ;so j[zdk j?. fJj ;wkBsktK ftZu Pkfwb fe;h nw{os ;zebgBk dh nGhftnesh eodhnK jB. fJ; gqeko dh gfoebgBk s/ nXkos y'i dk T[d/P xNBktK dk v[zxk nfXnB j[zdk j?.

T[dkjoD fit/A, s/i Pohoe gfotosBK d/ ekoB frnkoK ;kbK pkbe finkdk ;zt/dBPhb j[zd/ jB.

fJ; gfoebgBk ftZu y'i dk T[d/P e/tb fJj ikDBk jh BjhA j? fe fJj pkbe ;zt/dBPhb j[zd/ jB iK BjhA, pbfe T[; d/ nZr/ fJj ikDBk j? fe eh T[jBK dh ;zt/dBPhbsk dk ekoB T[; d/ nzdo s/ih s'A j' oj/ Pohoe gfotosB jB. fJ; bJh fJj gfoebgBk ;XkoD ;so dh Bk ofj e/ e[ZM ifNb j' rJh.

(iii) T[Zusw ;soh gfoebgBkL fJ; ;so dh gfoebgBk ftZu nw{os ;'u (abstract 198 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


thinking) dk ;G s'A finkdk T[Zuk ;so Pkfwb ofjzdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ;so dh y'i ;G s'A finkdk ifNb j[zd/ jB. gfjb/ ns/ d{i/ ;so dhnK gfoebgBktK dk ;zpzX “eh j?” Bkb j[zdk j?, idfe fsZih (T[Zusw) ;so dhnK gfoebgBktK dk ;zpzX “feT[A j?” s'A j[zdk j?. fJBQK d/ nXko s/ T[Zu ;so d/ f;XksK (theories) ns/ fB:wK (laws) dk ftek; j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh fJj nB[wkB brkT[Dk fe Pohoe gfotosB ;zt/dBPhbsk dk tkX/ d/ ekoB feT[A ns/ fet/A pDd/ jB, T[Zusw ;so dh gfoebgBk B{z iBw d/t/rk. Pohoe gfotosB ns/ ;zt/dBPhbsk ;zpzXh nB[Gt nXhB ;wkBsktK B{z go;go i'VB tkbh T[; eVh B{z y'iDk j't/rk, fijVh fe;h d{ih bVh dh eVh j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu ftuko dk ;so ;G s'A finkdk nw{os j't/rk. y'i dh ifNbsk th pj[s finkdk j't/rh. fJ; soQK dh gfoebgBk dk fBowkD P'Xeosk dh T[Zu ;soh f;oibkswe ;woZEk ns/ ebgBk^Pesh s/ fBoGo eo/rk.

gfoebgBk dk eEB fe; soQK ehsk frnk j? fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A T[; d/ d' gqeko gkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJj jB^(i) gqPB o{g ns/ (ii) x'PDkswe o{g.

(i) gqPB o{g gfoebgBk gqPB d/ o{g ftZu j[zdh j?, fit /A, “eh rqfj^gfot/P pkbeK d/ wB'ftfrnkBe ftek; B{z gqGkfts eodk j?<” e[ZM P'Xeosk gfoebgBktK B{z gqPBK d/ o{g ftZu th gq;s{s eoBk g;zd eod/ jB.

(ii) x'PDkswe gfoebgBk fJZe fBPuk^eEB (assertion) d/ o{g ftZu j[zdh j?. T[; ftZu sZE dh nB[wkBs x'PDk ofjzdh j?. fJj sZE fe;h xNBk dh t;s{ ;fEsh iK uoK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK d/ ftP/ ftZu fJZe g{ot nB[wkB d/ o{g ftZu j[zdk j?. fJj f;ZXk^f;ZXk fJZe eEB jh j[zdk j?, fit/A rqfj^gfot/P pkbeK d/ wB'ftfrnkBe ftek; B{z gqGkts eodk j?. finkdkso P'Xeosk fJ;h o{g ftZu gfoebgBktK B{z gq;s{s eod/ jB.

T[go'es d'jK o{gK ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA j[zdk. f;oc fbyD ns/ eEB eoB ftZu jh nzso j[zdk j?.

fJZe j'o fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoebgBktK B{z d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?^ (i) gq:'re gfoebgBk (experimental hypothesis) ns/ (ii) nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebgBk (statistical hypothesis). (i) gq:'fre gfoebgBk B{z w"fbe (substantive) gfoebgBk, ftfrnkBe gfoebgBk (scientific

hypothesis), y'I gfoebgBk (research hypothesis), fttjkoe gfoebgBk (operational

hypothesis), ;XkoD (general), gfoebgBk, nB[Gt tkbh (empirical) gfoebgBk ns/ ftebg gfoebgBk (alternative hypothesis H1) th efjzd/ jB, fJBQK B{z gqPB o{g ns/ x'PDkswe o{g d'jK ftZu ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?. Bkb jh fJj ;XkoD, T[Zuso ns/ ;G s'A T[Zu fszBK ftZu'A fe;h th ;so d/ j' ;ed/ jB.

(ii) nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebgBk B{z ngqfsPms gfoebgBk (null hypothesis, H0) iK fBokeoDh gfoebgBk iK Iho' gfoebgBk th efjzd/ jB. gq:'fre gfoebgBk dk gqhyD (testing) nkgD/^nkg d/ nXko s/ jh f;ZX/ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh T[; B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebgBk ftZu pdb e/ ngqsZy o{g s'A T[; dk gqhyD ehsk iKdk j?. nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebgBk dk gqhyD nzeVk ftfrnkB ftxh d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; gqhyD ftZu T[; B{z ;theko eoe/ gq:'re gfoebgBk B{z ;theko ehsk iKdk j?. T[dkjod d/ bJh “rqfj^gfot/P pkbeK d/ nkswp'X (self-concept) B{z gqGkts eodk j?.” fJ; gq:'fre gfoebgBk B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebgBk ftZu pdbD s/ fJj “rqfj^gfot/P pkbeK d/ nkswp'X s/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA gkT[Adk” fJ; soQK ftnes ehsk ikt/rk.

fJZe j'o fdqPNhe'D s'A nzeVk ftfrnkB ns/ gq:'fre gfoebgBktK th d' soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB^(i) fdPk^;{ue (directional) ns/ (ii) fdPkjhD (non-directional).

fdPk^;{ue gfoebgBk B{z fJZe^sock (one - tailed) gfoebgBk th efjzd/ jB. fJ; ftZu

B'N



B'N s[bBkswe ;w{jk d/ nzsok dh fdPk fBoXkos j[zdh j?, Gkt fJZe ;w{j d/ wZXwkB B{z d{i/ ;w{j d/ wZXwkB d/ T[Zgo iK fBZu/ ;w;zGktBk teo d/ fJZe jh gk;/ dk gq:'r eoBk j[zdk j?. fit/A, pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh pkfbektK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh s'A uzrh j[zdh j?. fJ; B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebgBk (null hypothesis) ftZu pdbD s/ fJj j't/rh “pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh pkfbektK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh s'A uzrh BjhA j[zdh.” fJ; gfoebgBk dh gqhyD bJh pfbektK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ wZXwkB B{z ;w;zGktBk teo d/ wZX ftZu oZyKr/ ns/ pkbeK d/ wZXwkB B{z T[; d/ yZp/ gk;/ oZyKr/. nzso e/tb toe d/ fJZe fjZ;/ s/ jh ;fEs j't/rk.

fdPkjhD gfoebgBk B{z d'^sock (two-tailed) gfoebgBk th efjzd/ jB. fJ; ftZu ;w{jK d/ wZXwkB dk nzso teo d/ fe;h fJZe fjZ;/ s/ jh fbnk ikt/rk, nfijk fBdfoPN BjhA j[zdk. fJj nzso d'BK fjZf;nK s/ ;fEs j[zdk j?, Gkt nzso dh fdPk T[; ftZu fBdfoPN BjhA j[zdh. fit/A, “pkbe ns/ pkfbektK dh p[[ZXh ftZu nzso j[zdk j?” (nzeVk ftfrnkB o{g ftZu “nzso BjhA j[zdk”). fJ; gfoebgBk ftZu fJj fBdfoPN BjhA j? fe fe;h p[ZXh dk wZXwkB d {i/ ;w{j d/ wZXwkB s'A finkdk iK xZN j?. e/tb fJj d/yDk j? fe nzso j? iK BjhA. i/eo pkbeK dh p[ZXh d/ wZXwkB B{z ;w;zGktBk teo d/ e/Ado ftZu oZyd/ jK, sK pkfbektK dk wZXwkB teo d/ e/Ado d/ ;Zi/ iK yZp/ fe;h th gk;/ j' ;edk j?. i/eo pkbeK d/ wZXwkB s'A xZN j?, sK ;Zi/ gk;/ ns/ i/eo finkdk j? sK yZp/ gk;/ j't/rk. Gkt/A fi; woIh soc j't/, nzso sK j'J/rk jh. fJ;h dk gqhyD eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; gqeko dh gfoebgBk B{z d'^soch iK fdPkjhD gfoebgBk efjzd/ jB. e/tb gfoebgBk d/ eEB iK fbyD s'A gsk uZb iKdk j? fe T[j fdPk^;{ue j? iK fdPkjhD. fdPkjhD ftZu “nzso j?” iK “nzso BjhA j?” fJBQK PpdK dk gq:'r ofjzdk j?, gozs{ fdPk^;{ue ftZu “xZN j?”, “finkdk j?”, “T[Zu j?”, “uzrk j?”, “p{ok j?” nkfd nfij/ PpdK dk gq:'r ofjzdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' gfoebgBk nzro/Ih GkPk d/ „Hypothesis‟ dk gzikph o{gKsoD j?.

19H3 gfoebgBk dk wjZst iK T[d/P (Importance or Purpose of Hypothesis)

y'i ftZu gfoebgBk dh wjZstg{oD G{shek j[zdh j?, feT[Afe eJh T[d/PK dh g{osh T[jBK d/ wkfXnw s'A j[zdh j?. P'XeosktK dk wZs j? fe fiZE/ ;zGt j't/ T[ZE/ y'i B{z gfoebgBk dk ;jkok b?Dk jh ukjhdk j?, gozs{ fJ; dk fJj noE BjhA j? fe gfoebgBk d/ fpBK e'Jh y'i j' jh BjhA ;edk. eofbro d/ nB[;ko, gfoebgBk d/ fpBK th y'i ;zGt j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko ftP/P eoe/ nBt/PDkswe (exploratory) y'iK ftZu gfoebgBk io{oh BjhA j[zdh, gozs{ nkX[fBe ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu nfijk ;zGt BjhA j?. tkB vkb/B dk ws j? fe T[jBK y'iK ftZu fiBQK ftZu ekoi^ekoB (cause-effect) ;zpzX dh y'i fNZuk j?, gfoebgBk ftP/P o{g s'A io{oh jz[dh j?. fiZE/ fe;h xNBk dh toswkB ;fEsh (status) dk toDB eoBk fNZuk j't/ T[ZE/ T[; dh T[Bh io{os BjhA j?, Gkt/A fe T[ZE/ jh P'Xeosk B{z T[fus y'i^y/so y'iD bJh gfoebgBk dh io{os j' ;edh j?. n;b ftZu, y'i dh nkozGe nt;Ek ftZu id'A sZe ;wZf;nk nkyoh o{g s'A fBoXkfos BjhA j' iKdh (exploratory stage) gfoebgBk dh io{os BjhA j[zdh. fjbt/ dk th efjDk j? fe nfijhnK y'iK ftZu fiBQK dk T[d/P e/tb sZE^;zrqfj jh j't/, gfoebgBk dk j'Dk io{oh BjhA j?. fJfsjkf;e y'i, toDkswe y'i, ftXh y'i (legal research), b/y y'i (documentary research), ;zdoG^rozE y'i (bibliographical research) nkfd ftZu gfoebgBk d/ gq:'r dh ;zGktBktK BKwkso dh jh j[zdh j?, sK th e[ZM go;fEshnK fJBQK y'iK ftZu th nfijhnK j' ;edhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu gfoebgBk dk gq:'r T[g:'rh f;ZX j' ;edk j?. fJBQK y/soK d/ nfXnB finkdkso nkrwB soe gqDkbh s/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh T[jBK ftZu y'i dk nkozG gfoebgBk s'A BjhA j[zdk, pbfe gfoebgBk d[nkok T[jBK dk nzs j[zdk j?.



y'i ftZu gfoebgBk dh io{os B{z u{D"sh p/eB B/ fdZsh ;h, fiBQK dk efjDk ;h fe gfoebgBk P'Xeosk ftZu gZygks (bias) ns/ g{otrqfj (prejudice) T[sgzB eo fdzdh j?, fi; Bkb P'X^BshfinK dh t;s{fBPmk xZN iKdh j?, gozs{ fJ; XkoDk ftZu e'Jh ti{d gqshs BjhA j[zdk. n;b ftZu gfoebgBk dk y'i ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZst j?. fJ; d/ eJh bkG jB^

1H w"fb d/ nB[;ko, gfoebgBk y'i dh fdPk B{z ;gPN eodh j?. cb;o{g P'Xeosk B{z fJZXo^T[ZXo BjhA GNeDk g??Adk. T[j fBooEe sZEK ns/ ikDekoh d/ ;zrqfj s'A pu iKdk j?. ftnoE d/ ;zdoG ;kfjs dk nfXnB eoB ftZu th T[; dk ;wK BPN BjhA j[zdk, feT[Afe gfoebgBk fJj fBoXkfos eo fdzdh j? fe fe; gqeko d/ ;keP/ ;zrqfj eoB jB ns/ feBQK rozEK ftZu eh gVQBk j?. fJ; gqeko tkB vkb/B d/ PpdK ftZu, gfoebgBk P'X^;wZf;nk ns/ ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB d/ ftZu T[jBK d'jK B{z i'VB tkb/ fJZe g[b dk ekoi eodh j?. T[; Bkb ;wZf;nk dhnK ;hwktK dk ;gPNheoD j[zdk j?. eh ;zrs j? ns/ eh n;zrs j?, fJ; dk fBoXkoD th gfoebgBk d[nkok j' iKdk j?. Bkb jh fijV/ sZE ns/ ;keP/ fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB, T[jBK dk torheoD fe; soQK ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fJj th ;gPN j' iKdk j?. gfoebgBktko jh T[jBK dk rmB ns/ ftPb/PD ehsk ikDk ;zGt j' iKdk j?. gfoebgBktK ftZu fijV/ uo Pkfwb jB, e/tb T[jBK B{z d/ jh ;zpzX ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs eoBK j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko P'Xeosk dk pj[s ;kok ;wK, XzB ns/ Pesh d[oT[g:'r s'A pu iKd/ jB.

2H y'i^gfoebgBktK d[nkok fJj th ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe fe; soQK dh y'i^ftXh, y'i^gfoebfgs (research design) dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/rk. gfoebgBk ftZu fi; soQK d/ ;zpzX dh ebgBk ofjzdh j?, T[; d/ gqhyD bJh T[;h d/ nB[;ko gfoebfgs dh u'D eoBh j[zdh j?. P'X^;wZroh d/ ;zrqfj ns/ ftPb/PD d/ pj[s ;ko/ gfoebfgs fit/A e/tb gPu^gqhyD, g{ot^gPu^gqhyD, fB:zsfos ;w{j gfoebfgs T[gbpX jB. T[jBK ftZu'A fejVk ;G s'A finkdk T[fus j't/rk, fJj fJ; s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe gfoebgBk eh j?. fJ;h soQK P'X^dZsK d/ ftPb/PD dh th pj[s ;kohnK ftXhnK (gqkub ns/ ngqkub) jB. T[jBK dh u'D th gfoebgBk s/ fBoGo eodh j?. gfoebgBk fJj th fBdfoPN eodh j? fe P'X^;wZroh (data) feBQK ftneshnK, feBQK ;EkBK ns/ fe; soQK dh wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK d/ wkfXnw s'A fJeZso ehsh ikt/rh. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoebgBktK dk y'i d/ y/so ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZst j?.

3H gfoebgBktK T[; ftt;Ek (framework) B{z th gq;s{s eodhnK jB, fi; ftZu ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB^;o{g BshfinK dh ;EkgBk eoBh j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo pkbeK d/ ;wZf;nkswe fttjkoK d/ ekoBK dk nfXnB eoBk j?, sK e[ZM gfoebfgs ekoB^sZsK B{z u[D e/ jo/e d/ ;zpzX ftZu (fit/A rqfj^gfot/P, p[ZXh^;so, nkswp'X nkfd) tZy^tZy gfoebgBk ;Ekfgs eoe/ pkbeK B{z ;wZf;nkswe fttjkoK d/ Bkb i' ;zpzX jB, T[jBK dk gqhyD eoKr/ ns/ T[jBK dh jh ftt;Ek ftZu ;wZf;nkswe fttjkoK dh ftnkfynk eoKr/. T[jBK s'A pkjo ik e/ ftnkfynk eoB dk gqPB jh BjhA T[Zmdk. fJ; bJh ;wZf;nk dh t;s{fBPm o{g ftZu ftnkfynk eoB ftZu gfoebgBktK pj[s ;jkfJe j[zdhnK jB. y'i d/ BshfinK B{z ;koEe Yzr s'A gq;s{s eoB ftZu T[jBK s'A io{oh ;jkfjsk fwbdh j?.

T[dkjoD fit/A, fe;h fuZso B{z d/yD s/ fJZe ;zg{oD fdqP T[Go e/ nkT[Adk j?, T[;h soQK gfoebgBktK s/ nXkos BshfinK dk ;w{fje o{g ;kjwD/ nkT[D s/ ;wZf;nk dk o{g th fByo e/ ;kjwD/ nk iKdkj?.

4H jo/e ;wZf;n d/ eJh gZy j[zd/ jB, fiBQK nfXnB io{oh ns/ wjZstg{oD j' ;edk j?, gozs{ ;kfonK dk nfXnB fJeZm/ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. feBQK gZyK dk nfXnB ehsk ikt/rk iK ehsk ik fojk j?, fJj gfoebgBktK s'A ;gPN j' iKdk j?. fJ; soQK gfoebgBktK T[j wkor jB fijVhnK fJj fBdfoPN eodhnK jB fe feZE/ gj[zuDk j?. eofbro B/ y'i dh s[bBk ftfrnkBe eohVk (scientific game) Bkb ehsh j? ns/ fejk j? fe P'Xeosk fyvkoh dh soQK “gfjbK dkn brkT[Adk j? ns/ fco gk;/ ;[ZNdk j?. gfjbK gk;/ ;[ZN/ ns/ fco dkn brkJ/ nfijk BjhA j[zdk. P'X^;wZroh dk ;zrqfj j' d/ pknd dkn BjhA pdfbnk ik ;edk.”

B'N



B'N 5H gfoebgBk frnkB d/ f;oiB dk nkyoh fpzd{ BjhA j[zdh. fJZe gfoebgBk dk gqhyD d{ih B{z iBw fdzdh j?, d{ih dk gqhyD fsZih B{z. ;kro dhnK bfjoK dh soQK T[j fJZe^d{i/ B{z nZr/ mZbdhnK uZbdhnK jB, fi; d/ cb;o{g frnkB^;kro dk ft;Eko j[zdk ofjzdk j?. jo/e y'i dh gfoebgBktK tZb ;ze/s eodk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H tkB vkb/B d/ nB[;ko, gfoebgBktK y'i gZE ftZu HHHHHHH dk ekoi eodhnK jB.

2H y'i th ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB dh jh fJZE ftP/P ns/ HHHHHHH gqfefonk j[zdh j?.

3H fBwB ;soh gfoebgBktK e/tb HHHHHHHH ;so dhnK y'iK ftZu gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.

4H T[; ;soh gfoebgBktK HHHHHHHHH d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK s/ nXkos j[zdhnK jB. 19H4 gfoebgBktK d/ ;o's iK fBoXkoe sZs (Source or Elements of Hypothesis)

gfoebgBk dk fBowkD th T[Bk jh w[Pfeb j?, fizBk ;wZf;nk dh u'D ns/ T[; d/ th T[jh ;o's ns/ fBoXkos sZs jB, fijV/ ;wZf;nkû'D d/ j[zd/ jB. ;wZf;nkû'D dh soQK gfoebgBk^fBowkD (formulation of hypothesis) dh th e'Jh fBPfus ftXh iK ;{so BjhA j?. jK! e[ZM nfijhnK io{oh PosK (conditions), go;fEshnK ns/ nXko io{o jB, fijV/ fJ; ekoi ftZu ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. fJBQK B{z gfoebgBk^fBowkD d/ ;o's iK fBoXkoe iK ;jkfJe sZs efj ;ed/ jB.

1H P'Xeosk dk nfXnB, frnkB ns/ nB[Gt

fJj fszB' gfoebgBk d/ fBowkD ftZu pj[s finkdk ;jkJh jz[d/ jB. nfXnB nkgD/ ftP/ dk jh BjhA, pbfe ;zpzXs j'o ftfPnK dk nfXnB th pj[s bkGekoh j[zdk j?. nzso ftP/ ;zpzXh nfXnB (interdisciplinary studies) s'A BthA ;{Mp{M dk ftek; j[zdk j?, frnkB dk tkXk j[zdk j?, fi; d/ cb;o{g ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK d/ BthB ;zpzX T[Goe/ nkT[Ad/ jB, fijV/ edhêdh finkdk T[fus gfoebgBktK B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. v[zx/ ns/ ft;sfos nfXnB d/ nXko s/ jh P'Xeosk fJj gsk brk ;edk j? fe P'X bJh fBoXkfos ftP/ s/ fezB/ ns/ fe; gqeko d/ nfXnB j' u[Ze/ jB, fe; gqeko dhnK gfoebgBktK dh T[jBK d/ nzsors gqhfynk ehsh ik u[Zeh j?, feZE/^feZE/ fe; soQK dhnK so[ZNhnK ojhnK jB, fejVhnK BthnK fdPktK jB, fiBQK tZb P'Xeosk dk fXnkB j[D sZe BjhA frnk j? nkfd. ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK d/ ftP/ ftZu fijVhnK f;Xkse ;zebgBktK (theoretical conceptions) gquZbs jB, T[jBK dk nfXnB eoB s/ T[jBK dh fttjkfoe gfoGkPktK (operational definitions) dk frnkB j[zdk j?. T[jBK d/ nXko s/ T[jBK uoK Bkb ;zpzXs gfoebgBktK d/ fBowkD ftZu ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?. P'X^ftP/ dh ftt;Ek ftZu P'Xeosk dk fizBk finkdk frnkB j't/rk, T[Bh jh finkdk T[; dh sZs ;zpzXh ;{M j't/rh. T[Bh jh uzrh soeg{oD ns/ wjZstg{oD gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD eoB ftZu T[j ;woZE j't/rk.

edhêdh nkgD/ ftP/^y/so s'A jN e/ d{i/ ftfPnK dk nfXnB th fJ; ;zpzX ftZu pj[s finkdk bkGdkfJe j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk, wB'ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu nfijhnK pj[s ;kohnK ;zebgBktK jB fijVhnK d{i/ y/soK s'A bJhnK rJhnK jB ns/ T[jBK d/ nXko s/ fJBQK y/soK ftZu g{oh soQK Bt/A gqeko dhnK gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD eoe/ T[jBK dk gqhyD ehsk frnk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, e[oN b/ftB B/ wB[Zyh^fttjko dh ftnkfynk bJh fiBQK gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD ns/ gqhyD ehsk j? T[j G"fse ftfrnkB dh ;zebgBk pb (force) s/ nXkos ;B. fJ; gqeko fttjko^fB:zsoD d/ chv^p?e (feedback) fB:w B{z fJBihBhno d/



Eow';N/N f;;Nw s'A fbnk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko dh fJZe dw BthA ;{M (insight) v[zx/ ns/ ft;sfos nfXnB d/ d[nkok jh ftef;s j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko P'Xeosk d/ frnkB dh iBwG{wh (background of knowledge) T[fus ns/ T[Zu gfoebgBktK dk wjZstg{oD ;o's j[zdh j?.

P'Xeosk d/ nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[GtK dh G{whek th fJ; ;zpzX ftZu xZN wjZstg{oD BjhA j[zdh. gfot/P ftZu xNB tkbhnK xNBktK, ihtB dhnK go;fEshnK, ftneshnK d/ fttjkoK, ;z;EktK d/ ekoiK, T[d/PK, ezw eoB d/ YzrK ns/ j' oj/ okifBse, ;wkfie, nkofEe gfotosBK dk fizBk ft;Ekog{oD nB[Gt P'Xeosk B{z j't/rk T[Bk jh ;w:e, ;koEe ns/ T[fus gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD eoB ftZu T[j ;woZE j't/rk. T[; d/ fJj nB[Gt ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK d/ eJh ns/ ftfGzB soQk d/ ;zpzXK dk ;gPNheoD eoB ftZu P'Xeosk dh ;jkfJsk eod/ jB. fJBQK d/ jh ftZu'A BthnK w"fbe gfoebgBktK T[ikro j[zdhnK jB.

i/eo P'Xeosk d/ nfXnB, frnkB ns/ nB[GtK dk dkfJok ;[zrfVnk j'fJnk j? sK ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK d/ Bt/A ;zpzXK dh y'i ns/ w"fbe gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD eoBk T[; d/ bJh ;zGt BjhA j't/rk.

2H P'Xeosk dh wkBf;e :'rsktKL fJj th T[Zu ;soh gfoebgBktK d/ fBowkD dk ;o's j[zdhnK jB. nfXnB, frnkB ns/ nB[Gt gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD eoB ftZu ;woZE BjhA j[zd/, pbfe T[jBK dk wkBf;e ;so s/ gqj;sB (manipulation) Gkt T[jBK dh wkBf;e ;so s/ ftnkfynk, ;zrmB ;zpzXheoD, gq:'r (application), soe d[nkok T[jBK d/ Gkt^noEK (implications) B{z ;wMDk nkfd wjZstg{oD j[zdk j?. T[fus gfoebgBktK dk iBw fJ;h wkBf;e wzEB s'A j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu P'Xeosk dh soePesh ns/ f;oiBPhbsk (creative ability) dh pj[s tZvh G{whek j[zdh j?. f;oiBPhbsk fuzsB ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK B{z BthBsw ftt;EktK ftZu gq;s{s eo ;edk j?. T[; ;w/A T[Zu ;soh gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD ;ob ns/ ;zGt j' iKdk j?. P'Xeosk dh ebgBk Pesh (imagination) gfoebBk^fBowkD dh gqfefonk dh fJZe :'r eVh j[zdh j?. ftfrnkB B/ wB[Zy dh ebgBk Pesh dk ;jkok b? e/ ndG[s uwseko ehs/ jB. ftfrnkBe nkJhA;NB dk wzBDk j? fe wB[Zy dh ebgBk^Pesh T[; d/ frnkb s'A ehs/ finkdk skesto j[zdh j?. gqyo ebgBk^Pesh P'Xeosk B{z gozgokrs ;wZf;nk^;wkXkBK, gqPBK d/ g{ot T[ZsoK d/ pj[s go/ b? iKdh j?. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk T[jBK B{z ;theko BjhA eodk. T[j T[jBK s/ rzGhosk s'A fuzsB eodk j?. „feT[A‟, „eh‟, „fet/A‟, dh d[orw xkNhnK ftZu dkyb j[zdk j? ns/ y'i b?Adk j? e[ZM nfijh sZEK B{z, ftt;EktK B{z, gq;zrK B{z, sZsK B{z fijV/ Bt/A ns/ nG{sg{ot Yzr s'A ;wZf;nk B{z T[jBK d/ ;kjwD/ gq;s{s eod/ jB ns/ pj[s finkdk w"fbe gfoebgBktK B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. EkoBvkJhe, g?tb't ns/ ;feBo d/ f;Zfynk^f;XKsK d/ ftek; d/ fgZS/ fJ;h gqeko dhnK gfoebgBktK dk jZE fojk j't/rk.

3H fdqP nXkos soeL fwbdhnKî[bdhnK go;fEshnK iK xNBktK d/ soeg{oD ftP/bPD th gfoebgBk d/ fBowkD ftZu ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. edhêdh fe;h fJZe ftP/ iK y/so dh xNBk, ftuko iK f;XKs d{i/ ftP/ iK y/so dh xNBk iK ftuko Bkb fwbd/î[bd/ j[zd/ jB. T[jBK dh s[bBk eoB s/ iK T[jBK dh ;wkBsk iK ftPb/PD eoB s/ P'Xeosk B{z edhêdh BtK ftuko fwb iKdk j?, fijVk w"fbe gfoebgBk dk fBowkD eoB ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z fdqP nXkos soe (reasoning by analogy) efjzd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, f;Zfynk^;z;EktK dh gqGktesk (effectiveness) dk nfXnB eo fojk P'Xeosk ;wkiPk;so dh g[;se ftZu gVQdk j? fe ;wki ftZu fB:zsoD dh ewh ;wkfie nt;Ek ns/ GoPNkuko B{z iBw fdzdk j?. fJ; go;fEsh dh T[j f;Zfynk^;z;Ek dh go;fEsh Bkb s[bBk eodk j?, T[; dk ftPb/PD eodk j? sK fJj ftuko iBw b?Adk j? fe f;Zfynk^;z;Ek d/ nzdo i/eo fB:zsoD dh ewh j't/rh sK f;Zfynk^;z;Ek dk tksktoD th fprV ;edk j? ns/ fJ; dk e[gqGkt ;z;Ek dh gqGktsek s/ g? ;edk j?. fJ; bJh fJZe BthA gfoebgBk T[; d/ T[; P'X d/ Bkb i[Vdh j? fe “f;Zfynk^; z;Ek ftZu fB:zsoD dh ewh T[; dh gqGktesk B{z xNkT[Adk j?.”

4H e[ZM j'o ;[MknL T[fus gfoebgBk d/ fBowkD ftZu ;w/A dk th nkgDk wjZst j?.

P'X dh ;wZf;nk s/ io{oh ;w/A sZe rzGhosk Bkb fuzsB eoBk ukjhdk j?. ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK s'A T[; s/ ftuko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N

;ktXkBh P'Xeosk B{z gfoebgBktK d/ fBowkD ftZu ibdpkIh BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.

edhêdh e[ZM ;w/A d/ bJh ;wZf;nk B{z fpbe[b G[bk d/Dk ukjhdk j?. nfijk eoB Bkb T[; ft;woshêkb ftZu P'Xeosk dk T[gu/sB wzB (subconscious mind) ;wZf;nk d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK s/ ftuko eo fojk jzdk j?, u/sB wzB dh ftuko^bVh s'A jN e/ ekoi eo fojk j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh edhêdh ngqfsnkfPs gozs{ pj[s T[g:'rh gfoebgBktK T[Go nkT[AdhnK jB.

P'X^wkordoPe, ftP/PZrK, gqPk;eK, nfXkeohnK, Bkb ezw eoB tkb/ ;kEhnK nkfd d/ Bkb p?m e/ ;wZf;nk ns/ T[; dh ;zGkts gfoebgBktK s/ rzGhosk Bkb ftuko^ftwoP eoBk th fJ; ;zdoG ftZu T[:'rh j[zdk j?. P'X ;zpzXh ;wZf;nk d/ fe;h gfjb{ s/ GkPD d/Dk (i/eo nfijk w"ek fwb/ sK), T[; d/ ftP/ ftZu b/y fbyDk, ;?whBko ftZu ;wZf;nk B{z ftuko Bkb gq;s{s eoBk nkfd th bkG tkb/ j[zd/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)



5H x'PDkswe gfoebgBk fJZe HHHHHHHHHHHHH eEB d/ o{g ftZu j[zdh j?.

(T) nfBPuk (n) fBPuk (J) gfotosBPhb (;) sN;E

6H gqPBo{g gfoebgBk HHHHHHH o{g ftZu j[zdh j?.

(T) gqPB (n) T[Zso (J) ftebg (;) xNBk

7H fdPk ;{ue gfoebgBk B{z HHHHHHHH gfoebgBk th efjzd/ jB.

(T) d'^sock (n) fJZe sock (J) ;wkB nzso (;) fBod/fPs

8H y'i ftZu gfoebgBk dh HHHHHHH G{whek j?.

(T) Bzrk (n) wjZstjhD (J) wjZstg{oD (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 19H5 gfoebgBktK dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Hypothesis)

gfoebgBktK d/ w[bnzeD s'A Gkt j? fJj ikDBk fe fijVhnK gfoebgBktK fBofws j'JhnK jB T[j feZE/ sZe T[fus jB Gkt feZE/ sZe T[jBK ftZu T[j ftP/PsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB, fijVh uzrh gfoebgBk ftZu j'Dh ukjhdh j?. ftP/PZrK B/ uzrh gfoebgBk, ;theko ehsh ikD tkbh ebgBk d/ e[ZM r[DK dk toDB ehsk j?. fJj ;ko/ io{oh gfoebgBk dh e;"Nh dk fBowkD eod/ jB. fJ; e;"Nh d/ nXko s/ jh gfoebgBktK dk w[bnzeD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; e;"Nh dhnK ftP/PsktK fBwB fbys jB^

1H gfoebgBk wzBD:'r (plausible) j'Dh ukjhdh j?L fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wZf;nk d/ fi; ;wkXkB dh ;zGktBk T[; ftZu ftnes ehsh rJh j?, T[j soeg{oD ns/ ;Zu gqshs j'D. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, T[; d/ uoK d/ ftZu fi; ;zpzX dh ebgBk ehsh rJh j?, T[j fe;h Bk fe;h fdqPNhe'D s'A soe;zrs (reasonable) j't/. i/eo T[; ;zpzX d/ fe;h th fdqPNhe'D s'A ;jh j'D dh ;zGktBk s/ ftPtk; BjhA ehsk ik ;edk sK T[; gfoebBk B{z T[fus BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. fit/A, fJj gfoebgBk fe “ftfdnkb/ ftZu T[gbpX e[o;h^w/iK dh ;zfynk dk ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?”, fJZedw ftPtk; s'A go/ dh rZb j?,



feT[Afe e[o;h^w/iK dh ;zfynk ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ftZu fe;h th fdqPNhe'D s'A e'Jh ;zpzXh gqshs BjhA j[zdk. fi; ;zpzX dh ebgBk ehsh rJh j? T[j Bk sK :'iBk ;zrs (relevant) j? ns/ Bk soe ;zGt (logically possible). e[o;h^w/iK dh ;zfynk dk ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX i[Vdk jh Bjh^Bk sK nB[Gt d/ nXko s/, Bk fe;h f;XKs (theory) d/ nXko s/ ns/ Bk ftrs y'iK d/ nXko s/. fJ; bJh fJj gfoebgBk wzBD:'r BjhA j?. fJ; B{z ;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; gqeko, T[fus gfoebgBk T[jh j[zdh j? fijVh ;wZf;nk dh soeg{oD, :'iB;zrs, gquZbs ns/ sZE nXkfos ;zGt ftnkfynk (;wkXkB) gq;s{s eo/. Bkb jh T[j ;wkXkB fefonk ;zpzXh fdqPNhe'D s'A n;zGt BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. fit/A, “fJj gfoebgBk fe fdB ftZu S/ xzN/ dh gVQkJh d/ ;EkB s/ nZm xzN/ dh gVQkJh eo d/D Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ;so B{z T[Zuk T[mkfJnk ik ;edk j?”, fefonkPhb d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A n;zGt j?. eJh ekoBK s'A gVQkJh d/ xzfNnK ftZu tkXk ehsk ikDk ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; d/ fJbktk gfoebgBk ftZu Pkfwb ;zpzX iK ;wkXkB gquZbs fB:wK ns/ f;XKsK d/ fto[ZX th BjhA j'D/ ukjhd/. fit/A, “ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ;so B{z T[Zuk T[mkT[D d/ bJh G?n ns/ em'o nB[Pk;B io{oh j?” fJ; gfoebgBk ftZu ;zGkts ;wkXkB “G?n ns/ em'o nB[Pk;B” wB'ftfrnkB d/ f;XKs d/ fto[ZX j?. fJ; bJh fJj gfoebgBk ;theko eoB d/ :'r BjhA j?.

2H gfoebgBk gqhyD^;zGt (Testable) j't/L fJ; dk noE j? fe gfoebgBk ftZu fi; ;zGkts ;wkXkB iK ;zpzX dh ebgBk ehsh rJh j? Gkt ;wZf;nk dh fijVh ftnkfynk (explanation) gq;s{s ehsh rJh j?, T[j nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe T[; dk gqhyD ehsk ik ;e/. fit/A, “p[ZXhwkB gozs{ n;cb ftfdnkoEh (underachievers) jhD GktBk s'A ghVs ofjzd/ jB” fJ; gfoebgBk ftZu ;cbsk ns/ jhD GktBk d'B'A nfijhnK ftP/Psktk jB fe T[jBk dk wkg Gkt gfoebgBk dk gqhyD ;zGt j?. j[D n;hA ejhJ/ fe “p[ZXhwkB ftfdnkoEhnK d/ n;cb j'D dk ekoB T[jBK d/ g{ot iBw d/ ;z;eko j[zd/ jB.” sK fJj gfoebgBk ;theko BjhA ehsh ik ;edh j? feT[Afe “g{otiBw d/ ;z;ekoK” dk wkg ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ; bJh gfoebgBk dk gqhyD jh BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. i/eo gfoebgBk ftZu Pkfwb uoK d/ BshfinK dk fttjkfoe o{g ftZu BohyD, gqhyD ns/ wkg BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, sK gfoebgBk dk th gqhyD BjhA j' ;edk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu T[j fBooEe ;wMh iKdh j?. fJ; soQK i/eo gfoebgBk ;zpzXh uoK d/ wkge nzeK d/ ftPb/PD dh e'Jh seBhe iK ftXh T[gbpXh BjhA j?, sK th T[; dk gqhyD ;zGt BjhA j't/rk. i/eo ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK dk ;o{g (nature) fJ; soQK dk j? fe T[jBK d/ wkg ftZu pj[s ;kbK dk ;wK bZr/rk sK T[; B{z th uzrh gfoebgBk BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk, Gkt/A fe fJj nekN fB:w BjhA j?.

i/eo gfoebgBk ftZu nfij/ uo Pkfwb jB, fiBQK B{z gfoGkfPs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, sK T[; dk th gqhyD BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fit/A, gfoebgBk “nkX{fBe :[r dhnK goftoshnK dk Xow d/ gZe/ ftneshnK dh ihtB^P?bh s/ p/b'VhAdk gqGkt fgnk j?” ftZu “nkX{fBe :[r”, “goftoshnK”, “Xow d/ gZe/”, ns/ “ihtB^P?bh” fJj ;ko/ Ppd iK uo nfij/ jB, fiBQK B{z t;s{fBPm Yzr s'A gfoGkfPs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh T[jBK dk wkg BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu gfoebgBk dk gqhyD th BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

fJ; soQK fe;h th ekoB iK fdqPNhe'D s'A i/eo gfoebgBk ;zpzXh uoK ns/ fB:wK dk wkg BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, sK T[j T[fus BjhA ;wMh iKdh, feT[Afe T[; dk gqhyD BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

3H gfoebgBk ftnkge j'Dh ukjhdh j?L gfoebgBk fizBh finkdk ftnkge j[zdh j?, T[Bh jh finkdk bkGdkfJe ns/ w[bnzeD ;wMh iKdh j?. fJ; dk noE j? fe T[j gfoebgBk fijVh ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzXs ;ko/ iK finkdk s'A finkdk sZEK ns/ go;fEshnK dh ftnkfynk (explanation) eodh j?, T[j ftnkge ns/ T[g:'rh ;wMh iKdh j?. fijVh gfoebgBk fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A pj[s ;hfws j[zdh j?, T[; dh e'Jh T[g:'rsk BjhA j[zdh. fJ; bJh gfoebgBk B{z T[g:'rh pDkT[D d/ bJh T[; d/ y/so B{z ftnkge pDkT[D dk gfonk; eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZy f;ZfynkoEh dh ftnkfynk eoB tkbhnK

B'N



B'N BthAnK gfoebgBktK T[gbpX jB gozs{ e'Jh th fJZe f;ZfynkoEh ;zpzXh ;ko/ sZEK dh ftnkfynk BjhA eodh. e[ZM fJZe dh ftnkfynk eodh j?, sK d{ih d{i/ sZEK dh. fe;h th fJZe gfoebgBk dk y/so fJzBk ftnkge BjhA j? fe T[j T[jBK ;ko/ sZEK ns/ xNBktK dh ftnkfynk eo ;e/, fiBQK dh j'o fGzB^fGzB gfoebgBktK eodhnK jB. wzB fbU fJZe gfoebgBk j? “T[gbpXh^gq/oDk (achievement motivation) pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD j?”. i/eo fJj gfoebgBk e/tb nZmthA iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne gqrsh dh ftnkfynk eodh j? ns/ fe;h go;fEsh, sZE iK xZNBk dh ftnkfynk BjhA eodh, sK T[; B{z pj[s finkdk ;ze[fus ;wfMnk ikt/rk ns/ T[; dh T[g:'rsk th finkdk bjhA j't/rh. j[D i/eo T[j jo/e ;so d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne gqrsh dh ftnkfynk eodh j?, sK T[; dh ftnkgesk tZX ikt/rh. fJ;h soQK i/eo T[gbpXh gq/oDk dk wjZst ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fJbktk nfXnkeK dh gqrsh, T[jBK dh frnkB gqkgsh, f;ybkJh, T[Bsh nkfd ftZu th gkfJnk iKdk j?, sK T[; dh ftnkgesk dk y/so j'o th finkdk ft;sfos j' ikt/rk. fJ;h soQK i/eo T[j T[dwhnK, tgkohnK, tehbK, eoweK, okiK ns/ okPNoK dh gqrsh dh th ftnkfynk eodh j?, sk T[; B{z pj[s finkd ftnkge ns/ T[g:'rh ;wfMnk ikt/rk. fJ; bJh fe;h gfoebgBk d/ nXko s/ i/eo fJZe nfijk ;XkoD (generalization) T[gbpX j[zdk j?, fijVk ftfGzB y/soK dh ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu xND tkbhnK xNBktK ns/ ;wZf;nktK dh ftnkfynk iK ;wkXkB gq;s{s eodk j?, sK T[; gfoebgBk B{z pj[s ftnkge, T[g:'rh ns/ bkGekoh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. r[oskeoPD dk f;XKs, g[owkD{^f;XKs ns/ ftek;tkd dk f;XKs nfijhnK gfoebgBktK d/ T[dkjoD jB, fiBQK dh ftnkfynkswe ;woZEk (explanatory power) ns/ ;wZf;n;k^ ;wkXkB ;zGktBk pj[s ftnkge ojh j?.

Nk;e gfoebgBk gqhyD s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

4H gfoebgBk f;XKsw{be j'Dh ukjhdh j?L gfoebgBktK ;zpXs y/so ftZu gquZbs f;XKsK s/ nXkos j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. joe/ gfoebgBk ftZu uoK d/ ftZu fJZe ;zpzX dh ebgBk ehsh iKdh j?, gozs{ fJj ebgBk f;XKs^;wofEs j'Dh ukjhdh j?, Gkt T[; soQK dk e'Jh m'; nXko j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJj nXko g{ot do;kJ/ f;XKsK, fB:wK ;XkoDK nkfd d/ o{g ftZu jh T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. fijVh gfoebgBk fJBQK d/ T[bN Bk j' e/ fJBQK f;XKsK d/ nB[o{g j't/, T[jh T[fus ;wMh iKdh j?. fit/A, fJj gfoebgBk fe “ftfdnkoEhnK dk ;ekokswe nkswp'X (positive self-concept) T[jBK dh gqhfynk ;zp zXh T[Zu ;soh ;cbsk dk ekoe j[zdk j?”, f;XKs^w{be ;wMh ik ;edh j?. gqhfynk ;zpzXh ;cbsk fJZe ftP/P soQK dk fttjko j?, fijVk j'o pj[s ;ko/ fttjkoK fit/A iwks ftZu fB:fws o{g s'A T[g;fEs ofjDk, fXnkB Bkb gVQBk, fB:fws o{g s'A nfGnk; eoBk, w[PfebK d/ fBtkoD dk gfonk; eoBk nkfd s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fttjko wB[Zy d/ ftnefsZst dhnK ftP/PsktK s'A gqGkfts j[zdk j?. ekob o"io ns/ eJh j'o wB'ftfrnkBeK d[nkok gqshgkds “nkswp'X f;XKs” (self-concept theory) dh fJj wkBsk j? fe ;ekokswe nkswp'X ouBkswe (constructive) ;zrfms ns/ ;zs[fbs (integrated) fttjkoK B{z iBw fdzdk j?. T[Zu ;soh gqhfynk ;zpzXh ;cbsk bJh fJ; soQK d/ fttjko io{oh jB. fJ; bJh ;ekokswe nkswp'X T[Zu ;soh gqhfynk ;zpzXh ;cbsk dk ekoe j'Dk ukjdh j?. fJ; gqeko, fJ; gfoebgBk B{z gquZbs f;XKs Bkb i[fVnk gkfJnk iKdk j?. gfoebgBk ;zpzXh, ftuko, nB[wkB, ;zpzX dh ebgBk f;XKs w{be Gkt f;XKs nXkfos j?. gquZbs f;XKsK dk fto'X iK yzvB eoB tkbhnK gfoebgBktK B{z T[fus BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk. nfijhnK gfoebgBktK fijVhnK toswkB f;XKsK dh ng{oDsk, T[jBK dhnK so[ZNhnK, T[jBK dh n;zrssk B{z d{o eoB bJh fBofws ehshnK iKdhnK jB, B{z sK ;theko ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ i/eo T[j gquZbs f;XKsK d/ Bkb w/b BjhA yKdhnK iK fe;h f;Xks d[nkok ;wofEs BjhA j[zdhnK sK T[jBK B{z ;theko BjhA ehsk iKdk.

5H gfoebgBk T[d/P nB[e{b j'Dh ukjhdh j?L fJ; dk noE j? fe gfoebgBk ;wZf;nk Bkb 206 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


;zpzXs j'Dh ukjhdh j?, Gkt T[; B{z ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB gq;s{s eoBk ukjhdk j?. fe;h ;wZf;nk d/ eJh fdqPNhe'DK s'A eJh ;wkXkB j' ;ed/ jB. cb;o{g ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK s'A T[; dhnK eJh gfoebgBktK j' ;edhnK jB, gozs{ fJBQK ;kohnK gfoebgBktK dk fNZu/ d/ nB[e{b j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zd/ j'J/ th ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB y'iD dk fijVk T[d/P j? T[; fdqPNhe'D s'A jo/e gfoebgBk B{z T[; T[d/P dh g{osh Bkb ;zpzXs j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, ftfdnkoEhnK dh gqhfynk ftZu n;cbsk d/ ekoB y'iD ftZu eJh fdqPNhe'DK s'A gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD ehsk ik ;edk j?. wB'ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoebgBk j't/rh “ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gq/oDk dh iK o[uh dh ewh”. ;wkiPkso d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoebgBk j' ;edh j? “ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nkofEe, ;wkfie tksktoD dk nB[e{b Bk j'Dk.” fJ;h soQK, f;ZfynkPk;so d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A gfoebgBk j' ;edh j? “f;Zfynk^ftXh dk T[fus Bk j'Dk”, gozs{ fJj ;kohnK gfoebgBktK fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zd/ j'J/ th jo/e ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB d[nkok :'r o{g ftZu ;zpzXs jB, fJ; bJh jo/e ;theko :'r j?. fGzB j'D dk fJj noE BjhA j? fe T[j fJZe^d{i/ dk fto'X eoB, pbfe T[jBK B{z fJZe^d{i/ dk ;woEB eoBk ukjhdk j?. joe/ gfoebgBk dk fBowkD fJZe fBPfus T[d/P d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh T[; B{z T[; T[d/P dh g{osh ftZu ;fj:'rh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, sK jh T[; B{z T[fus ns/ wzBD:'r ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

6H gfoebgBk ;ob j'Dh ukjhdh j?L fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB iK T[; dh ftnkfynk ;ob Yzr s'A do;kJ//, Gkt do;kJ/ ;wkXkB fJzB/ w[Pfeb f;XKsK, XkoDDktK, ;zebgBktK s/ nXkfos Bk j'D fe T[; B{z ;wMDk w[Pfeb j't/. i/eo fJj ;zGt j't/ sK ;G s'A ;ob Yzr Bkb gq;s{s ehsh rJh gfoebgBk jh finkdk T[fus ;wMh iKdh j??.

fJ;h soQK gfoebgBk B{z ;ob, ;zy/g ns/ ;zrms GkPk ftZu gq;s{s eoBk io{oh jz[dk j?. nDio{oh PpdK dk gq:'r, w[Pfeb PpdK dk gq:'r, ;zt/rkswe ns/ w[Zbe nGhftneshnK dk gq:'r gfoebgBk bJh T[fus BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJj gfoebgBk fe “ftfdnkoEh fijV/ ;cbsk d/ f;yo s/ ftokiwkB jB, fijV/ ftfdnkb/ d/ T[itb f;sko/ jB, p"FfXe gqshGk d/ XBh j[zd/ jB” T[go'es fdqPNhe'D d[nkok wzBh BjhA ik ;edh. f;ZX/^f;ZX/ fJj efjDk finkdk T[fus j[zdk j? fe “gqhfynk ftZu ;cbsk gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftfdnkoEh finkdk p[ZXhwkB j[zd/ jB.” 19H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

gfoebgBk nzro/Ih GkPk d/ Ppd „jkJhg'fEf;;‟ (hypothesis) dk gzikph o{gKsoD j?, fi; dk noE j? nfijh wkBsk (thesis) fijVh ni/ ng[PN (hypo) j?.

j"vB/N d/ PpdK ftZu, gfoebgBktK P'Xeosk dhnK nZyK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok T[j ;wZf;nk tkbh nt;Ek (nftt;fEs sZEK) ftZu MKe e/ d/ydk j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu'A ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB y'idk j?.

y'i th ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB eh jh fJZe ftP/P ns/ ftfrnkBe gqfefonk j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh y'i ftZu th gfoebgBktK dh wjZstg{oD G{whek j[zdh j?.

y'i ftZu gfoebgBk dh wjZstg{oD G{whek j[zdh j?, feT[Afe eJh T[d/PK dh g{osh T[jBK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok j[zdh j?. eofbro d/ nB[;ko gfoebgBk d/ fpBK th y'i ;zGt j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko ftP/P eoe/ nBt/PDkswe (exploratory) y'iK ftZu gfoebgBk io{oh BjhA j[zdh, gozs{ nkX{fBe ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu nfijk ;zGt BjhA j?.

tkB vkb/B dk ws j? fe T[jBK y'iK ftZu fiBQK ftZu ekoi^ekoB (cause-effect) ;zpzX dh y'i fNZuk j?, gfoebgBk ftP/P o{g s'A io{oh j[zdh j?.

B'N



B'N 19H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H nB[Gt nXhB^nB[G d/ nXhB.

2H f;oiBkswe^f;oiBPhb, BthnK uhiK B{z pDkT[D tkbk.

3H ngqfsPms^fBPcb Iho'. 19H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gfoebgBk dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ T[; d/ noE ;wMkU.

2H gfoebgBk dk torheoD eod/ j'J/ T[; d/ gqekoK dk toBd eo'.

3H gfoebgBk d/ wjZst iK T[d/P B{z ;gPN eo'.

4H gfoebgBk d/ ;o's iK fBoXkoe sZs dk toBD eo'.

5H gfoebgBk dk w[bnzeD eo' T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H gqekP ;szG 2H ftfrnkBe 3H ;XkoD 4H ;zebgBktK

5H (n) fBPuk 6H (T) gqPB 7H (n) fJZe sock

8H (J) wjZstg{oD 19H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^20L gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD ns/ BohyD

fJekJh^20L gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD ns/ BohyD (Formulation and Testing of Hypothesis) .

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


20H1 gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD (Formulation of Hypothesis)

20H2 gfoebgBk d/ w{bG{s nXko (Fundamental Basis of Hypothesis)

20H3 gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh ;zpzXh n"gukfoe go;fEshnK (Formal Conditions for

Testing Hypothesis)

20H4 gfoebgBktK dk gqhyD (Testing of Hypothesis)





T[d/P (Objectives)


gfoebgBk d/ ;{soheoD ns/ w{bG{s nXko B{z ;wMD ftZul

gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh ;zpzXh n"gukfoe go;fEshnK B{z ;wMD ftZul

gfoebgBk d/ gqhyD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


fe;h ;wZf;nk d/ eEB s'A T[; d/ ;wkXkB bJh fJZe s'A finkdk gfoebgBktK dk ;{soheoD ehsk iKdk j? id'A e'Jh ;wZf;nk ftnesh d/ ;kjwD/ T[sgzB j[zdh j? ns/ T[; dk ;wkXkB y'iD dk T[j gfonk; eodk j? sK gfjbK nkgD/ frnkB ns/ nB[Gt d/ nXko s/ T[j ebgBk eodk j? fe T[; dk ;zGt o{g s'A ;wkXkB eh j't/rk. fJBQK jh ;zGkts ;wkXkBK, ;zGkts T[ZsoK dh gfoebgBk gq;s{seosk T[j pknd ftZu T[jBK T[ZsoK dk BohyD eodk j? fe T[j feZE/ ;Zu j?. 20H1 gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD (Formulation of Hypothesis)

fe;h ;wZf;nk d/ eEB s'A T[; d/ ;wkXkB ;zpzXh fJZe s'A finkdk gfoebgBktK dk ;{soheoD ehsk iKdk j?. fJZE/ fJZe ;wZf;nk d/ bJh fszB gfoebgBktK dk ;{soheoD ehsk frnk j? fijVk ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB fBoXkfos eo ;eDr/^

(T) g[o;eko s'A nfXnB T[gbpXh ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?.

(n) g[o;eko s'A nfXnB T[gbpXh ftZu jok; j[zdk j?.

(J) g[o;ekko dk nfXnB T[gbpXh s/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA g?Adk j?.



B'N gfjbhnK d'B' gfoebBktK fdPk:[es gfoebgBk (Directional Hypothesis) j? ns/ fsZih gfoebgBk fdPkjhD gfoebgBk (Non-Directional Hypothesis) j?. f;Zfynk d/ f;XKs B{z iwks^f;Zfynk d/ bJh tofsnk ik ;edk j?. d{ih gfoebgBk d/ bJh e'Jh f;XKse nXko BjhA j? fJ; bJh fJ; B{z nZSh gfoebgBk BjhA efj ;ed/ ns/ fJ; dk gq:'r eoBk T[fus BjhA j?.

fsZih gqeko dh gfoebgBk d/ bJh fe;h f;Xkse nXko dh io{os BjhA j?, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z th tos ;ed/ jK, gozs{ gfjbh ns/ fsZih gfoebgBk ftZu'A f;oc fJZe gfoebgBk B{z jh tofsnk ik ;edk j?, d'BK jh toshnK BjhA ik ;edhnK feT[Afe fto'X dh GktBk T[sgzB eodhnK jB.

nkrwB ns/ fBrwB d'B'A jh fuzsB gqfefonktK ftZu tos/ iKd/ jB, eJh wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ftfdne f;XKs d'jK soQK dhnK gqfefonktK B{z tosd/ jB fiBQK ftZu fttjko gqko{gK B{z ekoi o{g ftZu tofonk iKdk j?.

B'N; P'X d/ bJh gfoebgBktK d/ ;{soheoD ;zpzXh nkrwB ns/ fBrwB fuzsB

gqfefonktK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

gfoebgBk dh g[PNh d/ ftP/P go;fEsh d/ BshfinK Bkb ;XkoBheoD ehsk iKdk j?. gfoebgBktK d/ nXko s/ P'X BshfinK d/ bJh ftfrnkBe ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

gfoebgBk ;zGkts XkoDk j[zdh j? fijVh frnkB ns/ f;XKs s/ nXkos j[zdh j?. P'Xeosk d/ fBod/PB dk ekoi eodh j?. P'X gqfefonk dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ns/ w[Pfeb ekoi fJZe uzrh gfoebgBk ;{soheoD eoBk j?. fJZe nZSh gfoebgBk dhnK fszB ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB^

(T) ;fji Bkb ;ko/ nzefVnK B{z fJeZso ehsk iKdk j?.

(n) fJ; d[nkok Bshi/ ns/ ;XkoBheoD ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB.

(J) BshfinK B{z gqkgs eoB bJh g{oh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK d[nkok ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j?.

P'X gqfefonk ftZu gfoebgBk dh G{whek wjZstg{oD j[zdh j?. gfoebgBk P'X dh e/Ado fpzd{ j[zdh j? fijVh fBnkdoP dh u'D, wkg ftXhnK, P'X gqko{g, nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ns/ ftPb/PD dh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dh u'D ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j?.

fJZe nfXnB d/ nB[;ko gqw[Zy gfoebgBk d/ gqhyD iK g[PNh dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? gozs{ T[; d/ Bkb j'o r"D gfoebgBktK dh th g[PNh j' iKdh j?. id'A eJh gfoebgBktK B{z tosd/ jK sK jo/e dk ;{soheoD ;jh o{g ftZu ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; dk f;Xkse nXko th gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. jo/e dh g[PNh bJh nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j? fi; B{z ;theko iK fBo;s ehsk ik ;e/. n?uHn?uH w?ek;B dk eEB j?, P'X dk fNZuk gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD eoBk ns/ T[; dh g[PNh eoBk BjhA j[zdk j? pbfe BthB ns/ Bt/A sZEK dh y'i eoBk j?. jo soQK d/ P'X ekoiK ftZu gfoebgBktK dk ;{soheoD ns/ g[PNh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fpBK gfoebgBktK d/ th P'X ekoi ehs/ iKd/ jB. gfoebgBk dk gq:'r ;XkoD o{g s'A ftfrnkBe P'X ekoiK ftZu jh ehsk iKdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

pj[^ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions): 210 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


1H fe;h fJZe eEB d/ ;wkXkB bJh HHHHHHHHHHHHH gfoebgBktK dk ;{soheoD ehsk iKdk j?.

(T) fJZe (n) e[ZM (J) fJZe s'A finkdk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

2H nkrwB ns/ fBrwB d'B' jh HHHHHHHHHH gqfefonk ftZu Pkfwb ehs/ iKd/ jB.

(T) nfXnB (n) fuzsB (J) ;zBw'jB (;) ;fj:'r

3H P'Xeosk d' ;so s/ n;bhnsK Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdk j?^fttjkfoe ;so ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH .

(T) nfttjkoe(n) XkoDkswe (J) ;wkfie (;) wB'ftfrnkBe

4H gfoebgBk ;zGkts HHHHHHHHHH j[zdh j? fijVh frnkB ns/ f;XKs s/ nXkfos j[zdh j?.

(T) XkoDk (n) gqshfpzp (J) ;wkb'uBk (;) nfXnB 20H2 gfoebgBk d/ w{bG{s nXko (Fundamental Basis of Hypothesis)

P'Xeosk d' ;soK s/ n;bhnsk Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdk j?^

(T) fttjkfoe ;so (Operational) ns/

(n) XkoDkswe ;so (Conceptual).

(T) fttjkfoe ;so s/ P'Xeosk B{z xNBktK ns/ sZEK d/ BohyD :'r PpdK ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; d[nkok P'X ftZu n;bhns ngDkJh ik ;e/.

(n) XkoDkswe ;so s/ P'Xeosk B{z xNBktK ns/ sZEK B{z ekoB^gqGkt d/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; d[nkok Pkfwb xNBktK dh ikDekoh j' ;e/. fJ; ;so s/ P'Xeosk xNBktK dh nw{os o{g ftZu gfoGkPk eodk j? fi; ftZu ftP/P xNBktK s'A ;XkoD tZb tXD dk gfonk; eodk j?. uoK d/ ;fj^;zpzX ns/ T[jBK dh fefonkPhbsk dk p'X j[zdk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A gfoebgBk d/ ;{soheoD ftZu fttjkfoe ;so s/ XkoDkswe ;so tZb tZXDk j[zdk j?. XkoDkswe ;so s/ P'Xeosk B{z BshfinK d[nkok ;XkoBheoD eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk fwbdh j? ns/ ftnkge T[g:'rsk dk frnkB j[zdk j?.

P'X d/ bJh fJj io{oh j[zdk j? fe xNBk ns/ sZEK dh d'BK ;soK s/ gfoGkPk ehsh ikt/ feT[Afe fttjkfoe ;so s/ gfoGkPk eoB s/ gfoebgBk dh g[PNh ;zpzXh nzefVnK dk fJeZsoheoD eoB ns/ ftPb/PD eoB Bkb ;jkfJsk fwbdh j? ns/ XkoDkswe ;so s/ gfoGkPk eoB Bkb P'X ekoiK ftZu XkoDkswe ;so s/ fttjkfoe ;so tZb tXDk g?Adk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' P'X dk fNZuk gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD ns/ g[PNh eoBk jh BjhA j[zdk

pbfe BthB sZEK dh y'i eoBk th j[zdk j?.

T[g:'rh gfoebgBktK d/ ;{soheoD ftZu w[PfebK (Difficulties in the formulation of Useful

Hypothesis)L ;XkoD s"o s/ T[g:'rh gofebgBktK d/ ;{soheoD ftZu nZr/ fbyhnK w[PfebK j[zdhnK jB^

1H ;gPN f;XKse ;zdoG dh ewh j'Dk.

2H f;XKse ;zdoG d/ gq:'r eoB dhnK ;woEktK ns/ :'rsktK dh ewh j'Dk.

3H T[gbpX P'X T[geoD ns/ ftXhnK dk ;zpzX ftZu ;koh ikDekoh Bk j'Dk.

4H gfoebgBktK B{z ;jh PpdK ftZu ;{soheoD eoB dh :'rsk dh ewh j'Dk.



B'N

Nk;e T[g:'rh gfoebgBktK d/ ;{soheoD ftZu j'D tkbhnK w[PfebK s/ nkgD/ ftuko

ftnes eo'.

20H3 gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh ;zpzXh n"gukfoe go;fEshnK (Formal Conditions for Testing Hypothesis)

fefonkswe o{g ftZu gfoebgBktK d'A soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB^

1H P'X gfoebgBk ns/

2H nzeVk ftfrnkB gfoebgBk iK Iho' gfoebgBk.

P'Xeosk nkgDh P'X gfoebgBktK B{z d' o{gK ftZu ;{soheoD eodk j?^ fdPk:[es gfoebgBk ns/ fdPkjhD gfoebgBk. fJBQK dh g[PNh bJh gqkgs nzefVnK dk ftPb/PD nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; ftZu Iho' gfoebgBk dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. P'X gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh bJh e[ZM n"gukfoe go;fEshnK dh io{os j[zdh j?, T[j fJ; soQK jB^

1H gfoebgBk d/ eEB ftZu fBwB gqfefonk Pkfwb j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb ;XkoBheoD ehsk ik ;e/.

;ktXkBh gfoebgBk B{z fttjkfoe ns/ ;gPN PpdK ftZu fbyDk ukjhdk j?. 2H gfoebgBk dk ;o{g fJ; soQK dk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; d[nkok fJ; B{z ;theko iK fBo;s ehsk ik ;e/.

3H gfoebgBk dk eEB ftP/P ns/ g[PNh d/ o{g ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; d[nkok gfoebgBk d/ fttjkfoe gZy dk gqhyD ehsk ik ;e/. 20H4 gfoebgBktK dk gqhyD (Testing of Hypothesis)

gfoebgBk dk f;oc fBowkD eo b?D Bkb jh ;wZf;nk dk ;wXkB BjhA j[zdk. gfoebgBk sK e/tb nB[wkBs ;wkXkB j[zdk j?. T[j ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB j?, fJj sK ;wfMnk iKdk j?, id'A T[j ;theko j' iKdh j?. e'Jh gfoebgBk ;theko iK n;theko pkjoh ;kePK d/ nXko s/ j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh gfoebgBk d/ fBowkD eo b??D d/ pknd P'Xeosk T[; dk gqhyD eodk j?. gqhyD d/ nXko s/ jh fJj Bshik T[gbpX j[zdk j? fe T[j gfoebgBk ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB gq;s{s eod j? iK BjhA. gfoebgBk d/ gqhyD d/ fszB gqw[Zy nXko j[zd/ jB^(i) gfoebgBk d/ BshfinK dk fBoXkoD, (ii) fJj fBPfus eoB d/ bJh fe fJj Bshi/ n;b ftZu T[gbpX j[zd/ jB iK BjhA T[jBK d/ wkg, BohyD, ;ZukJh bJh gqhfynK (tests) ns/ gqhyD ftXh nkfd dk fBowkD iK u'D eoBk, (iii) T[jBK gqhfynktK d/ nXko s/ wkg nze (P'X^;wZroh) gqkgs eoBk ns/ T[jBK dk ftPb/PD eoe/ fJj Bshik eZYDk fe fi; gfoebgBk B{z b? e/ ub/ ;B, T[j ;theko j'Jh iK n;theko.

1H gfoebgBk d/ BshfinK dk fBoXkoD

fJ; d/ nzsors fJj fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j? fe i/eo gfoebgBk ;Zu j? sK T[; d/ Bshi/ fe; o{g ftZu ns/ feZE/ T[gbpX j'Dr/. e[ZM gfoebgBktK sK nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK d/



Bshi/ pkjoh xNBktK, go;fEshnK ns/ sZEK ftZu f;ZX/^f;ZX/ T[;h ;fEsh, T[;h ;EkB, T[;h o{g ftZu fwb iKd/ jB. fit/A, i/eo gfoebgBk fJj j? fe “;Vqe^d[oxNBktK oks ftZu finkdk j[zdhnK jB”, sK gfoebgBk d/ ;Zu j'D s/ Bshik fJj j't/rk fe oks dhnK d[oxNBktK dh ;zfynk fdB ftZu j'D tkbhnK d[oxNBktK dh ;zfynk s'A finkdk j't/rh ns/ fJBQK dh ;zfynk gsk ehsh ik ;edh j?, gozs{ e[ZM gfoebgBktK nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB fe fiBQK d/ Bshi/ gqsZy o{g ftZu T[gbpX BjhA j[zd/. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ ngqsZy o{gK ns/ nfGftneshnK B{z y'iDk j[zdk j?.

T[dkjoD fit/A, i/eo gfoebgBk j? “wzdp[ZXh pkbeK dk ;wkfie ;wk:'iB w[Pfeb j[zdk j?.

fJ; gfoebgBk d/ ;Zu j'D s/ fJ; d/ BshfinK B{z gqsZy o{g ftZu BjhA d/fynk ik ;edk. ngqsZy o{g ftZu jh fJBQK BshfinK dh nGhftnesh fwb ;edh j?. fJj Bshi/ j' ;ed/ jB^wzdp[ZXh pkbeK dk go;go MrVk j'Dk, T[jBK d/ fwZsoK dh ;zfynk xZN j'Dk, T[jBK dk finkd ;zt/dBPhb j'dk, T[jBK dk ;G s'A nbZr ofjDk, ;kEhnK dk T[jBK B{z g;zd Bk eoBk nkfd. fJ; soQK d/ ngqsZy BshfinK B{z y'iDk ;ob BjhA j[zdk. fJBQK BshfinK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu fJj fBPfus eoBk pj[s io{oh j[zdk j? fe T[j io{oh o{g s'A gfoebgBk Bkb i[V/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. i/eo T[j gfoebgBk Bkb ;zpzX BjhA jB, sK T[jBK dk gqhyD eoBk th ftnoE j't/rk. Bkb jh T[jBK dh nGhftnesh ;gPN ns/ wkgB:'r fttjkoK iK go;fEshnK iK xNBktK d/ o{g ftZu j'Dh ukjhdh j?. 2H gqhyD^ftXh dh u'D ns/ gqhfynktK dk fBowkD

gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB dk ;zGkts o{g j[zdk j?. T[j ;zGkts ;wkXkB ;Zu th j' ;edk j? ns/ M{m th. fJ; bJh u'i dk nrbk edw fJBQK gfoebgBktK d/ gqhyD bJh T[jBK ftXhnK ns/ wkfXnwK dh y'i eoBk j[zdk j?. nfijh ;kefPnK B{z gq;s{s eoBk j[zdk j?, fiBQK d/ nXko s/ gfoebgBk B{z ;Zu iK M{m f;ZX ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj wkfXnw wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK iK BohyD d[nkok T[gbpX wkg nze (data) j[zd/ jB. gfoebgBk d/ fBrfws BshfinK (deduced consequences) ftZu Pkfwb uoK d/ fJj wkge nze jh P'X^;wZroh Gkt T[j ;{uBktK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK d/ nXko s/ ftPb/PD d[nkok gfoebgBk dh ;ZukJh ns/ M{m dk fBPuk ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh gqhfynktK dk fBowDk ns/ ftXhnK dh u'D t?X ns/ so[ZNh ofjs j'Dk ukjhdk j?, BjhA sK t?X ;{uBktK dh ewh ftZu Gkt ;jh ;keP/ T[gbpX Bk j'D s/ gfoebgBk d/ ;Zu ns/ M{m j'D d/ ftP/ ftZu ;jh Bshik BjhA eZfYnk ik ;edk. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


5H gfoebgBk dk fBwoDk eo b?D d/ pknd HHHHHHHHHHH T[;dk gqhyD eodk j?.

6H HHHHHHH dk fBowkD ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB dk ;zGkts o{g j[zdk j?.

7H gfoebgBk d/ gqhyD d/ gqw[Zy fszB HHHHHHHHHHHH j[zd/ jB. 3H gfoebgBk^gqhyDL nkyoh eVh

u[DhnK ftXhnK ns/ gqhfynktK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ;{uBktK iK P'X^;wZroh (data) dk ;zrqfj eoBk ns/ T[; d/ ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ gfoebgBk B{z ;theko iK n;theko eoBk gqw[Zy T[d/P j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK fXnkB ftZu oZyD dh rZb fJj j? fe gfoebgBk e/tb ;theko iK n;theko jh ehsh iKdh j?. T[; B{z f;ZX (proved) iK s;dheP{dk (verified) BjhA ehsk iKdk. “f;ZX j'Dk” iK “s;dheP{dk j'Dk” fJj nfij/ Ppd jB, fiBQK s'A fJj p'X j[zdk j? fe fJjh “nkyoh ;Zu” j?, “p/PZe ;Zu j?”, idfd t;s{f;Esh fJ; s'A fGzB j[zdh j?. n;bhns

B'N



B'N fJj j? fe gfoebgBk dk gqhyD e/tb ;zGkts o{g ftZu jh T[; B{z s;dhe eodk j?. fJ; bjh “;theko” iK “n;theko” ehsk ikDk fJBQK PpdK dk gq:'r jh T[fus ;wfMnk iKdk j? iK BshfinK B{z ;theko ehs/ ikD dh ;zGktBk d/ o{g ftZu jh ftnes ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; rZb dh ftnkfynk pj[s finkdk ft;Eko s'A ehsh rJh j?. 20H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

fe;h ;wZf;nk d/ eEB s'A T[; d/ ;wkXkB bJh fJZe s'A finkdk gfoebgBktK dk ;{soheoD ehsk iKdk j?.

P'X gqfefonk ftZu gfoebgBk dh G{whek wjZstg{oD j[zdh j?. gfoebgBk P'X gqfefonk dh e/Ado fpzd{ j[zdh j? fijVh fBnkdoP dh u'D, wkg ftXhnK, P'X gqko{g, nzefVnK d/ fJeZsoheoD ns/ ftPb/PD dh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dh u'D ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j?.

n?uHn?;H w?ek;B dk eEB j?, P'X dk fNZuk gfoebgBk dk ;{soheoD eoBk ns/ T[; dh g[;Nh eoBk BjhA j[zdk pbfe BthB ns/ Bt/A sZEK dh y'i eoBk j?.

gfoebgBk dk fBowkD eo b?D d/ pknd P'Xeosk T[; dk gqhyD eodk j?. gqhyD d/ nXko s/ jh fJj Bshik T[gbpX j[zdk j? fe T[j gfoebgBk ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB gq;s{s eodh j? iK BjhA.


1H ftXhnK^seBheh y/so ftZu ekoi eoB dh ftP/P fefonkswe gfoGkPe ftXh.

2H fBrwB^nB[wkB d/ bJh xZN ;XkoD s'A finkdk ;XkoD dk Bshik eZYDk. 20H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gfoebgBk d/ ;{soheoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMD/ j'<

2H gfoebgBk d/ gqhyD dk toBD eo'.

3H gfoebgBktK dh g[PNh bJh n"gukfoe go;fEshnK dk toBD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H (J) fJZe s'A tZX 2H (n) fuzsB 3H (n) ;{soheoD

4H (n) XkoDk 5H P'Xeosk 6H gfoebgBk 7H nXko 20H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;


2H ftfdne y'i ftXhnK^PohB ns/ PPheb, ftB'd g[;se wzfdo.


4H ftfdne y'i dh ekoigqDkbh^vkH okwgkb f;zx, GZN podoI. 214 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

fJekJh^21L r[Dkswe ns/ ;zfynkswe nzeV/

fJekJh^21L r[Dkswe ns/ ;zfynkswe nzeV/ (Qualitative and Quantitative Data) .

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


21H1 r[Dkswe ftPb/PD (Qualitative Analysis)

21H2 ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD (Quantitative Analysis)

21H3 f;ZNk^;EkgBk (Conclusion)

21H4 ;XkoD dh ;zebgBk (Concept of Generalization)





T[d/P (Objectives)


r[Dkswe ftPb/PD B{z ;wMD ftZul

;zfynkswe ftPb/PD B{z ;wMD ftZul

Bshik ;EkgBk ns/ ;XkoD dh ;zebgBk B{z ;wMD ftZu.


nXko^;wZroh (data) iK b/y^;p{s (documentary evidence) fi; d/ gqekoK ns/ ;zrqfj dh ftXhnK dk T[b/y fgZS/ ehs/ frnk j?, e/tb fJZe ;kXB jh j[zd/ jB. nkgD/^nkg ftZu T[jBK dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA j[zdk. fNZu/ sK j[zd/ jB y'i^T[d/PK dh g{osh iK ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkBXkB Bkb ;zpzXs BshfinK dk ;{soheoD iK ;wZf;nk tkb/ gqPBK d/ T[ZsoK B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh. b/y^;p{s Gkt P'X^;wZroh fJ; fNZu/ sZe gj[zuD dk fJZe wkso ;kXB j?. fJ; d/ ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ jh fJ; Bshi/ sZe gj[zfunk iKdk j?.

fJBQK ;p{sK (data) d/ ftPb/PD (analysis) iK fBo{gD (treatment) iK ftXkB (processing) bJh eJh soQK dhnK ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. e[ZM b/yeK B/ ftXkB ns/ ftPb/PD d/ ftZunzso ehsk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, r[bNzr (1967) ftXkB d/ nzsors e/tb ;p{sK B[z fJZe irQk fJeZso eoB, T[jBK B{z ftfGzB Pq/DhnK ftZu oZyD ns/ TjBK B{z j'o soQK dhnK io{oh nt;EktK gqdkD eoB B{z jh oZyd/ jB. ftPb/PD s'A T[jBK dk Gkt gfoebgBktK ns/ ;wZf;nk tkb/ gqPBK d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;p{sK d/ nXko s/ BshfinK dh ;EkgBk s'A j?, gozs{ j'o pj[s ;ko/ b/ye fJBQK d'BK d/ ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA eod/. T[j fJBQK ;ko/ ekoiK B{z ;wZroh^ftPb/PD d/ jh nzr ;wMd/ jB. fJBQK B{z ftPb/PDK dk nzr wzBhJ/ iK nbZr^nbZR oZyhJ/, fJ; Bkb e'Jh nzso BjhA g?Adk. n;b ftZu, P'X^;wZroh dk ;zrmB iK ftXkfJB, ftPb/PD ns/ ftnkfynk (Interpretation) fszB'A ekoi jB sK nbZr^nbZr jh.



B'N nXko^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD ns/ ftnkfynk dh e'Jh fJZe ftXh iK seBhe BjhA j?. y'i dhnK eJhnK ftXhnK jB ns/ T[jBK dh P'X^;wZroh th fJZe^d{i/ s'A ekch fGzB j[zdhnK jB. fJ; bJh jo soQK dh ;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD dh e'Jh fJZe ftXh j't/rk nfijk ;zGt BjhA j?. fi; soQK dh nXko^;wZroh j?, T[; dk ftPb/pD T[;h ftXh d/ d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?, fijVk T[; d/ bJh pj[s T[fus j?. sK th w'N/ s"o s/ nXko^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^ (i) r[Dkswe ftPb/PD (qualitative analysis) ns/ (ii) ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD (quantitative analysis). 21H1 r[Dkswe ftPb/PD (Qualitative Analysis)

fJfsjkf;e y'iK, e[ZM toDkswe y'iK ns/ B;b^Pk;soh y'iK (ethnographical studies) dh nXko^;wZroh r[Dkswe ns/ toDkswe j[zdh j?. ;zfynktK iK nzeK ftZu fJ; B{z ftnes BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh fJ; dk ftPb/PD th ;zfynkswe ftXh d/ d[nkok BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh fJ; d/ ftPb/PD bJh r[Dkswe Yzr jh ngDkfJnk iKdk j?.

fJ; d/ nzsors ;wkBsk d/ nXko s/ ;{uBktK dk torheoD ehsk iKdk j? Gkt gfoebgBktK d/ nXko s/ (fiBQK ;{uBktK dk fi; gfoebgBktK Bkb ;zpzX j?) ;w{jD (grouping) ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ Bshi/ dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?. i/eo gfjbK gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD BjhA ehsk frnk j? sK ;wZroh dk nfXnB eod/ ;w/A fiBQK^fiBQK ftP/PsktK dk gsk uZbdk j?, T[jBK d/ nXko torheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo “iBgd ftZu nDn"ugukfoe f;Zfynk dh ;fEsh” dk nfXnB ehsk frnk j? ns/ T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu eJh soQK dhnK ;{uBktK ehshnK rJhnK jB sK T[jBK ;kohnK ;{uBktK B{z ;wkBsk d/ nXko s/ e[ZM torK ftZu Pkfwb eoe/ T[jBK d/ nXko s/ T[; f;Zfynk dh ;fEsh d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK s/ gqekP gkfJnk ik ;edk j?. nzs ftZu, ;ko/ gfjb{nK B{z fJeZm/ oZy e/ ;wZro o{g s'A fJj eEB ehsk ik ;edk j? fe nDn"gukfoe f;Zfynk dh ;fEsh fej' fijh j?. fJ;h soQK, gq/Dkswe nfXnBK (observational studies) ftZu fttjkoK, xNBktK, ns/ gfo;fEshnK dk ntb'eB eoe/ fijVh ;wZroh T[gbpX j[zdh j?, T[; dk ;wkBsk d/ nXko s/ torheoD eoe/ T[jBK torK ftZu fiBQK ftP/PsktK dh Mbe fwbdh j?, T[jBK d/ nXko s/ ftneshnK, xNBktK nkfd dk toBD ehsk ik ;edk j?. finkdkso ;ot/yD, nfXnBK dk T[d/P ;z;EktK, ;w[dkfJnK, ;wki, iksh, eko'pkoK, gqfefonktK (processes) nkfd dh toswkB ;fEsh dk toBD eoBk jh j[zdk j?. fJBQK nfXnBK dh nXko^;wZroh finkdkso toDkswe iK Pkpfde j[zdh j?. T[; d/ torheoD d/ nXko s/ jh BshfinK dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?.

fJ;h soQK, B;b^Pk;soh nfXnBK (ethnographical studies) ftZu fizBh th ;wZroh T[gbpX j[zdh j?, T[; dk wjZstg{oD gqPBK d/ ;zdoG ftZu ftPb/PD (synthesis) ehsk iKdk j?. T[; d/ nXko s/ fJZe wjZtg{oD skDk^pkDk fsnko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; B{z e/tb toDkswe P?bh ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ;zg{oD ftPb/PD dk nXko soeg{oD ns/ f;XKse j[zdk j?. nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r fJ; ;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD ftZu BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN fJ; ;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD ftZu fJ; rZb s/ fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j? fe nfXnB d/ T[d/PK, gqfefonktK, ftXhnK, BshfinK d[nkok frnkB dk tkX/ nkfd d/ ftZu soeg{oD ns/ noEg{oD ;zpzX j't/. fJ;h s/ nfXnB dh r[DtZsk fBoGo eodh j?. ;zg{oD ;wZroh ns/ sZEK d/ ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ T[jBK B{z go;go ;zpzXs ns/ ;zrms o{g ftZu oZy e/ ;wZro gohgq/y dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?. gohgq/y d/ nzsors “feT[A”, “eh”, d/ fdqPK B{z toDkswe ns/ ftnkfynkswe P?bh ftZu T[GkoB s/ pb fdZsk iKdk j?. Bshi/ P'Xeosk d/ nkgD/ soeg{oD fBofDnK s/ nXkos j[zd/ jB.

fJ;h soQK fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK ftZu fijV/ ;p{s fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB, T[jBK dh nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh ;whfynk (internal and external criticism) ehsh iKdh j?. T[; d/ pknd toDkswe P?bh ftZu jh BshfinK dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?. ftPb/PD ns/ ;whfynk d/ nXko gqw[Zy o{g s'A P'Xeosk d/ soe, T[gwk (analogy), sZEK d/ torheoD, Pkfwb ;zpzX nkfd ofjzd/



jB. fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK ftZu th n;EkJh o{g s'A (tentatively) gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?. T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs ;p{sK dk ;zrqfj ehsk iKdk j?, fijV/ Pkpfde sZEK d/ o{g ftZu j[zd/ jB. T[jBK d/ soeg{oD ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ gfoebgBk dk gqhyD ehsk iKdk j?. fJj ;zg{oD ftPb/PD r[Dkswe j[zdk j?, fi; ftZu P'Xeosk d/ fuzsB, T[; dh ;{M^p{M (insight), T[; d/ fBoD/ (judgement), T[; dh ebgBk, soe ns/ p[ZXh dh wjZstg{oD G{whek ofjzdh j?.

r[Dkswe ftPb/PD d/ gqw[Zy T[dkjoD fgnki/ dk wkBf;e ftek; f;XKs, (cognitive

development theory), cokfJv dk nu/sB wB dk f;XKs, noBkbv rh;b d/ pkb^ftek; ;zpzXh nfXnB ns/ wkorq/N whv d/ nfXnB jB. s[bBkswe f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ftfGzB d/PK dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK, T[jBK dh nXkoG{wh doPB, gkmeow, ftek; nkfd d/ s[bBkswe nfXnB, r[Dkswe ftPb/PD d/ jh T[dkjoD jB.

r[Dkswe ftPb/PD ftZu fiBQK wkBf;e gqfefonktK dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?, T[j jB (i) nkrwB^fBrwB soe, (ii) T[gwk^nXkfos soe (reasoning by analogy), (iii) fuzsB ns/ ebgBk, (iv) ;wkBsktK dk ftPb/PD (analysis of similarities), (v) fGzBsktK dk ftPb/PD (analysis of differences), (vi) ;zpzXK dh ;EkgBk, (vii) ;zpzXK dh f;XKsK d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A ftnkfynk, (viii) nzs ftZu ;G d/ ;zPb/PD (synthesis) d/ nXko s/ BshfinK dk toDB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H fJfsjkf;e, toDkswe ns/ B;b^Pk;soh nfXnBK dh nXko ;wZroh HHHHHHHHHH ns/ toDkswe j[zdh j?.

2H fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK ftZu fJeZso ;p{sK dh nzdo{Bh ns/ HHHHHHHHHH ;whfynk ehsh iKdh j?.

3H ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD T[ZE/ ;zGt j[zdk j?, fiZE/ P'X ;wZroh HHHHHHHH ftZu T[gbpX jzdh j?.

21H2 ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD (Quantitative Analysis)

B'N

B'n; ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD T[; ;fEsh ftZu ;zGt j[zdk j?, fiZE/ P'X^;wZroh nzeK iK

;zfynk ftZu T[gbpX j[zdh j?.

fttjko ftfrnkBK ftZu fJj ;wZroh finkdkso wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK d/ gqkgs nze jh jB. gq/yD ;wZroh (observational data) th eJh tko nzeK d/ o{g ftZu T[gbpX j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK dh ;wZroh dk ftPb/PD nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK d/ nXkos/ ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk ftek; j' u[Zek j?. w{b o{g s'A fJBQK ftXhnK B{z d'A GkrK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?^ (i) toDkswe nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK ns/ (ii) nB[wkBkswe nzeVk ftfrBnkB (inferential

statistics) toDkswe nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'rh T[ZE/ ehsk frnk j?, fiZE/ ;zrqfjs ;wZroh B{z ;zy/g o{g ftZu gq;s{s eoe/ T[; d/ nXko s/ fe;h izB;zfynk (population), fe;h ;w{j iK fe;h fJZe ftP/P tor dh fe;h ftP/Psk dk toBD eoBk j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJZe nfXnkge ikDBk ukj[zdk j? fe T[; dh iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh wkBf;e :'rsk dk ;so eh j?. iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z T[j fJZe p[ZXh^gqhfynk fdzdk j?, fi;s/ T[jBK d/ wkg nze T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. T[jBK B{z ;{uhtko eoe/ T[jBK dk wZXwkB (mean) eZY e/ T[; d/ nXko s/ T[j iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ p[ZXh^;so dk toBD eo ;edk j?. wZXwkB d/ fJbktk j'o th



B'N eJh nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB jB, fiBQK dh rDBk ehsh iKdh j?. fGzB^fGzB go;fEshnK ftZu fGzB^fGzB nzeVk ftfrnkB wkBK dh rDB ehsh iKdh j?. fe;h nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dk gq:'r P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD bJh ehsk ikt/rk, fJj y'i d/ T[d/PK ns/ gfoebgBktK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh toDkswe ftXhnK

fJBQK d/ nzsors T[j ;kohnK ftXhnK nkT[AdhnK jB fijVhnK fe;h ;w{j iK izB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK dk e/tb toBD jh eodhnK jB iK P'X^;wZroh B{z e/tb ;ko nzP o{g ftZu (summarily) gq;s{s eodhnK jB. fe;h ftP/Psk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;w{j dh iK izB;zfynk dh eh ;fEsh j?, fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso fJBQK ftXhnK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ fwbdk j?^

1H wZXwkB (Mean)

2H wkfXne (Median)

3H pj[^nze (Mode)

4H gqwkg ftubD iK wkBe ftubD (Standard Deviation)

5H ;fj;zpzX (Correlation)

6H P'X^;wZroh dk o/ykfuZsoD (Graphical representation of data).

fJBQK ftXhnK d/ noE, gq:'r, nzeVk ftfrnkB rBDk nkfd dk ft;Eko s'A toBD g[;se ftZu nZr/ tkb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsk frnk j?.

nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh nB[wkBkswe ftXhnK

;ktXkBh fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r T[ZE/ ehsk iKdk j?, fiZE/ fJZe/ fBnkdoP (sample) d/

nXko s/ tZvh izB;zfynk (larger population) dhnK ftP/PsktK dk toBD eoBk j[zdk j?.

fJ; d/ nzsors th eJh soQK dhnK nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK nkT[AdhnK jB, gozs{ fJj ;kohnK ftXhnK fJZe jh ;zebgBk s/ nXkos jB. fJj ;zebgBk j? gqwkg^so[ZNh (standard

error) dh. T[go'es ;ko/ nzeVk ftfrnkB wkBK (wZXwkB, wkfXne, gqskg ftubD, ;fj;zpzX) dh gqwg^so[ZNh gsk eoe/ T[; d/ nXko s/ fJj eEB ehsk iKdk j? fe ;zpzXs Bshi/ ;zg{oD izB;zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu feZE/ sZe ;Zu j?. fJ; ;zebgBk ns/ fJBQK ;kohnK ftXhnK dk T[b/y th g[;se d/ d{i/ Gkr ftZu ehsk frnk j?. gqw[Zy ftXhnK fiBQK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?, fJj jB^

1H S.E.m Gkt wZXwkb dh gqwkg^so[ZNh (standard error of mean)

2H S.E.r Gkr ;fj;zpzX dh gqwkg^so[ZNh (standard error of correlation)

3H S.E. Gkt gqwkg ftubD dh gqwkg^so[ZNh (standard error of standard deviation)

ekoi^ekoB ;zpzX d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh ftXhnK

fttjko ftfrnkBK ftZu y'i dhnK eJh go;fEshnK nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu

xNBktK, fttjkoK ns/ BshfinK d/ ekoBK dk fBoXkoD eoBk j[zdk j?.



T[dkjoD fJj fBoXkfos eoBk fe “eh p[ZXh ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh dk ekoB j[zdh j?<”

p[ZXh ns/ gq/oDk d'bK fwbke/ fe; soQK ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkfts eodhnK jB<” nkfd. fJ; soQK d/ nfXnB gq:'rkswe y'i d/ nzsors nkT[Ad/ jB ns/ fJBQK dh gqfefonk eJh tko pj[s w[Pfeb j[zdh j?. fJBQK nfXnBK dh ftfPPN ftT{ ouBk j[zdh j?, fi; B{z gq:'rkswe nkebg (experimental design) efjzd/ jB. w[Pfeb s'A w[Pfeb nkebgK dk ftP/PZrK B/ ftek; ehsk j?. fJBQK nkebgK d/ nXko s/ fijVh P'Xh^;wZroh T[gbpX j[zdh j?, T[; d/ ftPb/PD dh th ftfPPN nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK jB. fJBQK B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB nkebg (statistical designs) efjzd/ jB. fJBQK dk T[b/y ft;Eko s'A nZr/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsk frnk j?. fJj gqw[Zy ftXhnK jB^

1H Nh^N/;N

2H n?c^N/;N (ANOVA, Analysis of Variance)

3H J/Be'tk (ANCOVA, Analysis of Covariance)

4H c?eN'ohnb fvIkJhB (Factorial Design)

5H gqfsrwB^ftPb/PD (Regression Analysis)

;zpzXK d/ ftPb/PD dhnK nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK

eJh nfXnBK dk T[d/P e/tb fJzBk jh ikDBk j[zdk j? fe d' uoK d/ ftZu e'Jh ;zpzX j? iK BjhA. fejVk fe; dk ekoB j?, fJj ikDBk T[d/P BjhA j[zdk. nfij/ nfXnBK dh ;wZroh dk ftPb/PD ;fj^;zpzXkswe ftXhnK (Correlation methods) d/ d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?, fJj ftXhnK th eJh soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB, fit/A^

1H o/Ae nkovo (rho) ns/ gq'v/eN w'w/AN ;fj;zpzXL id'A e/tb d' uoK d/ ftZu ;fj;zpzX gsk eoBk j't/ sK fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

2H d'eqfwe (biserial r), N/Noke'foe (tetrachoric r), ckJh^r[DKe (phicoefficient of

correlation) ns/ e'ANhi/A;h (contingency coefficient of correlation) nB[pzX r[DKe L fJj th d' uoK d/ ftZu ;zpzX gsk eoB dh ftfPPN ftXhnK jB.

3H E'Vk nB[pzX (partial r) L fiZE/ fe;h fJZe uo d/ gqGkt B{z fBo;s eoe/ d' uoK d/ ftZu ;zpzX gsk eoBk j[zdk j? sK fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo p[[ZXh ns/ gq/oDk d'B' ;w{fje o{g s'A ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB sK fJj ikDBk fe gq/oDk d/ gqGkt B{z fBoXkfos eoe/ p[ZXh dk ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ Bkb fezBk ;zpzX j?.

4H pj[uo ;fj;zpzX (multiple correlations) L fiZE/ fJj ikDBk j't/ fe fJZe s'A finkdk uo fJeZm/ fwbe/ fe;h nkfPqs uo B{z fezBk gqGkfts eod/ jB, T[ZE/ fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.

fJBQK ftXhnK dk eh noE j?, fe; soQK fJBQK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJBQK ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB wkBK dh rDBk fe; soQK dh ehsh iKdh j?, fJBQK ;kohnK rZbK dk T[b/y finkdkso ehsk frnk j?.

nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dhnK ngquZbs ftXhnK

nZr/ Nh^N/;N, n?c N/;N, nB'tk, J/Be'tk nkfd ftXhnK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK ftXhnK d/ gq:'r eh e[ZM PosK j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK PosK dk T[b/y nZr/ d/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsk frnk j?.

B'N



B'N i/eo fJj PosK g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK sK fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJj ftXhnK gqkub (parametrid tests) ejkT[AdhnK jB, gozs{ fiBQK go;fEshnK ftZu fJBQK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, T[jBK ftZu fJBQK d/ ngqkub ftebgK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. ngqkub ftXhnK eJh jB. fJBQK ftZu'A e[ZM finkdk gq:'r ftZu nkT[D tkbhnK ftXhnK fBwB fbys jB^

1H ekJh tor gqhfynk (Chi-square Test)

2H whvhnB N/;N (Median Test)

3H oB N/;N (Runs Test)

4H e/Hn?wH N/;N (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test)

5H wkB^tfjNBh „:{„ N/;N (Mann Whitney „U‟ Test)

6H tkbP N/;N (The Walsh Test)

7H ftbe"e;B^tkfb; fJefjoh ftuoD ftPb/PD (K.W. Oneway ANOVA)

8H ftbe"e;B ;wkB i'V N/;N (Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Singned Rank Test)

9H cokfJBvw?B d[tZbk ftuoD^ftPb/PD (Friendman‟s Two-way ANOVA by Ranks) ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;ZM iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State whether the following


4H ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD dk gqw[Zy T[dkjoD fgnki/ dk wkBf;e ftek; f;XKs j?.

5H r[Dkswe ftPb/PD ftZu wkBf;e gqfefonktK dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?.

6H ekJh tor gqhfynk nzeVk ftfrnkB dh ngqkub ftXh j?.

7H nfXnBK dh ftfPPn ftT{ ouBk B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB nkebg efjzd/ jB. 21H3 Bshik^;EkgBk (Conclusion)

P'X^;wZroh dk ftPb/PD y'i d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh Bkb i[Vh fJZe wjZstg{oD eVh j[zdh j?, gozs{ T[; d/ nXko s/ fijV/ Bshi/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB, T[j T[; ;w/A sZe ;koEe BjhA j[zd/, id'A sZe ;wZf;nk d/ ;zdoG ftZu T[jBK dh ftnkfynk BjhA ehsh iKdh. fJ; bJh ftPb/PD d[nkok gqkgs BshfinK B{z ;wZf;nk d/ T[d/PK Bkb i'VBk pj[s finkdk io{oh j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, wzB fbU ;wZf;n;k ;h “nZmthA iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh rfDs ftP/ dh ftfdne T[gbpXh dk ;ot/yD”. ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB bJh n;hA fJZe fBnkdoP dh u'D eoe/ T[; d/ nzsors nkJ/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJZe rfDs dh fBPgsh gqhfynk d/ e/ T[jBK d/ wke nzeK dk wZXwkB eZY b?Ad/ jK. wzB fbU T[j 60 nkT[Adk j?. fJj ;kv/ ftPb/PD dk Bshik nkfJnk, gozs{ fJj Bshik fBooEe j?. wZXwkB 60 nkgD/^nkg ftZu ;koEe BjhA j?. ;wZf;nk dk T[d/P wZXwkB gsk eoBk BjhA ;h. fJj Bshik ;kXe BjhA ;h. fJj sK ;kXB ;h, fi; B{z n;hA ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkB bJh u[fDnk ;h. fJj ;kXB ns/ e[ZM nfij/ fBPfus ;hwk d/ nzdo nze gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftfdnkEhnK dh ;zfynk iK gqhsPs (percentiles) nkfd gsk eoBk th j' ;edk ;h. fJ;h soQK i/eo ;wZf;nk j? “pkbe ns/ pkfbektK dh rfDs dh ftfdne T[gbpXh ftZu e'Jh nzso j? iK BjhA” ns/ n;hA T[jBK d/ T[gbpXh gqkgs nzeK d/ wZXwkBK d/ ftZu nzso eZY e/ ns/ T[; dk gqhyD eoe/ efjzd/ jB fe “nzso ;koEe j?” fijVk ;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD dk Bshik jh j?, sK fJ; dk th e'Jh noE Bjh



j't/rk. ;kvh ;wZf;nk sK fJj ikDB ;h fe T[jBK dh “T[gbpXh ftZu nzso j? iK BjhA”. T[go'es T[dkjoDK s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe y'i dh nXko^;wZroh dk ftPb/PD ;kB{z nzeVk ftfrnkB Bshik T[gbpX eokT[Adk j?, ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB T[gbpX BjhA eokT[Adk. ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB fJBQK BshfinK dh ;wZf;nk d/ T[d/PK d/ ;zdoG ftZu ftnkfynk eoB s/ T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. fJ;h soQK toDkswe nfXnBK dh ;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ fijVh sZE, ftP/PsktK, ekoB, ;zpzX nkfd T[Go e/ nkT[Ad/ jB, T[j e/tb fBofbgs, noEofjs ns/ n;zpzX sZE jh j[zd/ jb. fJj ;koEe sK jh pDd/ jB id'A fJBQK B{z ;wZf;nk Bkb i'V e/ T[jBK dk eEB ehsk iKdk j?. eZu/ wkb d/ o{g ftZu nXko^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD d/ d[nkok gqkgs fJBQK BshfinK dh ;wZf;nk d/ ;zdoG ftZu ftnkfynk eoB ns/ T[jBK dk eEB eoBk f;ZNk ;Ekfgs eoBk ejkT[Adk j?.

Bshik^;EkgBk dk ;o{g ns/ gqfefonk

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' y'i d/ Bshi/ (conclusions) ;wZf;nk d/ gqhfyns (Tested) ;wkXkB j[zd/

jB.

T[jBK dk gqshgkdB P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD d[nkok gqkgs BshfinK d/ nXko ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A ftPb/PD d/ Bshi/ ns/ Bshik^;EkgBk y'i gqfefonk d/ d' nbZr^nbZr ;'gkB jB. Bshik^;EkgBk bJh ;wZroh^ftPb/PD d[nkok gqkgs BshfinK B{z ;wZf;nk Bkb i'VBk j[zdk j? Gkt ;wZf;nk d/ T[d/PK d/ ;zdoG ftZu T[jBK dh ftnkfynk eoe/ T[jBK dk g{Bo eEB eoBk j[zdk j?. T[d/PK sZe gj[zuD d/ d[nkok finkdkso ;kohnK y'iK ftZu T[jBK dhnK gfoebgBktk j[zdhnK jB. fJ; bJh gfoebgBktK T[j ;zdoG gq;s{s eodhnK jB, fi;dhnK ;hwktK d/ nzdo jh BshfinK dh ;EkgBk ns/ eEB eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJj gfoebgBk^;zdoG jh BshfinK B{z ;koEe ns/ p'X tkb/ pDkT[Ad/ jB. i/eo n;hA ejhJ/ “n";s ftfdne T[gbpXh 60 j?”, sK fJ; dk e 'Jh noE BjhA j't/rk. fJ; B{z ;koEe pDkT[D d/ bJh gfoebgBk “ftfdne T[gbpXh ;zs'PiBe j?” d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJ; dh ftnkfynk eoBh j't/rh ns/ fBPfus eoBk j't/rk fe “n";s T[gbpXh 60” ;zs'PiBe j? iK BjhA. fJ; d/ bJh T[gbpX wkBdzvK iK ehs/ th T[gbpX ;p{sK, g{ot ;zgkds P'X^BshfinK, ftfdne gqsht/dBK dh ;z;s[shnK d/ Bkb s[bBk eoe/ ;whfynkswe o{g s'A Bshik ;EkgBk eoBh j't/rh ns/ nfijk eEB eoBk j't/rk fe feZE/ sZe T[gbpXh ;zs'PiBe j?. fJ; ;zg{oD fefonk ftZu P'Xeosk dh wkBf;e ;woZEk, ftP/ dk frnkB ns/ ebgBkPesh dk pj[s finkdk wjZst j[zdk j?.

Bshik^;EkgBk fJZe ftP/P fefonk j?. T[; dk ;o{g y'i dh ftXh s/ fBoGo eodk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK d/ BshfinK dk ;o{g fJfsjkf;e sZEK, T[jBK dhnK gfoebgBktK ns/ sZEK dhnK fJfsjkf;e ;whfynk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. gq:'rkswe y'iK ftZu fJj gqkgs wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK dhnK ftP/PsktK, wkg nzeK d/ gqeko ns/ y'i^nkebg (research design) d/ ;o{g nkfd s/ fBoGo eodk j?.

Bshi/ dh ;EkgBk d/ ;so s/ P'Xeosk ;jh BshfinK dh v[zxkJh ftZu ik e/ T[jBK dh f;XKsK (theories) ns/ fttjkfoesk dh iBwG{wh ftZu ;whfynk eodk j?. BshfinK d/ nzsokb ftZu Pkfwb ns/ nfdqP ;zpzXK ns/ gqfefonktK tZb ;ze/s eodk j?. fe; fdqPNhe'D s'A gqkgs Bshik ns/ f;ZNk ;Zu gqshs j[zdk j?, fJ; dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. fJ; ftnkfynk d/ wkfXnw s'A jh Bshi/ dk wjZst T[ikro j[zdk j?. T [dkjoD d/ bJh, Bshik “nDftnkj/ ftnesh ftZu nkswjZfsnk dh goftosh finkdk gkJh iKdh j?” dh ftnkfynk fe “fJekehgD ns/ nkswjZfsnk d/ ftZu ;zpzX j' ;edk j?, fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A wjZstg{oD j' ;edh j? fe fJj f;XKs (d[oyhw dk f;XKs) dk ;woEB eodh j?. d[oyhw d/ f;XKs B{z fJ; Bshi/ s'A ;woEB gqkgs j'fJnk j?. fJ; soQK Bshi/ dh ftnkfynk Bshi/ d/ wjZst B{z tXkT[Adh j?. Bshi/ dh ftnkfynk fJ; rZb s/ gqekP gkT[Adh j? fe Bshik fe; fdqPNhe'D s'A wZstg{oD j?. BshfinK dh



B'N ftnkfynk d/ nzsors P'Xeosk fJj ftuko eodk j? fe T[jBK dk T[d/P eh j?, T[jBK dh ;koEesk eh j?, T[j w{b ;wZf;nk dk eh T[Zso gq;s{s eod/ jB nkfd.”

BshfinK dh ;EkgBk bJh ;wZroh^ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ gqkgs BshfinK dk nzeVk ftfrnkB fdqPNhe'D s'A ftnkfynk eoBk th io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ nzsors Bshi/ dh ;koEesk dh gqhfynk eoBh j[zdh j?. fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r e/tb T[jBK jh nfXnBK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?, fiBQK dh P'X^;wZroh ;zfynkswe (quantitative) j[zdh j? ns/ T[; dk ftPb/PD th nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu BshfinK dk nXko fJZe fBPfus Yzr s'A u[fDnk frnk fBnkdoP j[zdk j?, gozs{ Bshi/ T[; fBnkdoP dh tZvh izB;zfynk (population) s/ jh bkr{ j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqfefonk B{z ;XkoBheoD (generalization) dh gqfefonk efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ nXko s/ Bshi/ dh ftnkgesk dk gsk uZbdk j? Gkt fJj frnks j[zdk j? fe T[; Bshi/ d/ ;Zu j'D dh ;zGktBk eh j?< ;ob GkPk ftZu noE j't/rk fe T[j Bshi/ feZE/ sZe ;zg{oD ;foPNh (total population) d/ pko/ ftZu ;jh j?.

;XkoBheoD dk nXko fBnkdoP dk izB;zfynk (population) dk gqshfBXh (representative) j'Dk j[zdk j?. i/eo fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk g{oD gqshfBXst eodk j?, sK jh fJ; soQK dh ;zGktBk d/ eEB Gkt ;XkoDsk dh ftnkgesk dh u'D ns/ T[b/y eoBk j[zdk j?. T[;h ;fEsh ftZu T[jBK ftXhnK dk gq:'r th ;zGt j[zdk j?, fiBQK d/ nXko s/ ;koEesk dh gqhfynk j[zdh j?. fJj ftXhnK jB^

1H wZXwkB dh gqwkg so[ZNh (S.E. m)

2H d' wZXwkBK d/ nzso dh gqwks so[ZNh (S.E.D.)

3H ;fj;zpzX rDKe dh gqwks so[ZNh (S.E. r)

4H ekJh tor (Chi-Square)

5H n?c^nB[gks 21H4 ;XkoDsk dh ;zebgBk (Concept of Generalization)

;XkoDsk dh ;zebgBk dk gq:'r BshfinK dh ;koeEsk dh gqhyD ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. fBnkdoP^nXkfos Bshi/ izB;zfynk (fi; dk fBnkdoP gqshfBXst eodk j?) eh T[; ftP/Psk dk feZE/ sZe gfoukoe j?, fJ; dk T[Zso ;XkoDsk dh gqfefonk d/ nXko s/ T[gbpX j[zdk j?, gozs{ nfijk eEB eoBk sK th ;zGt j[zdk j? id fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXst eo/ ns/ ;w^;zGktBk fB:w d/ nB[;ko u[fDnk frnk j't/, gozs{ nfijk finkdk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk fe fBnkdoP Ps^gqshPs izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXst eo/. fJ; bJh fijV/ Bshi/ nkT[Ad/ jB, T[jBK d/ ;Zu dh ;zGktBk (Gkt T[jBK d/ T[jh j'D dh ;zGktBk, i' T[; ;fEsh ftZu j[zd/, id'A y'i ;zg{oD izB;zfynk dhnK fJekJhnK s/ ehsk iKdk) th Ps^gqhsPs BjhA jzdh. fJj ;zGktBk fezBh j?, fJ;h dk eEB eoBk BshfinK dh ;koEesk dh gqhfynk eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh ;koEesk d/ ;soK (Levels of confidence) dk gq:'r eoBk j[zdk j?.

Nk;e ;XkoDsk d/ fB:w s/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D eo'.

;XkoDsk d/ fB:w

y'i d/ BshfinK d/ ;XkoDsk d/ nXkoG{s fB:w fJ; soQK jB^

1H ;XkoDsk T[Bk jh finkdk T[g:'rh ns/ t?X j't/rk fizBk fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk



gqshfBXst eo/rk. i/eo fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXst BjhA eodk sK T[; d/ Bshi/ izB;zfynk d/ pko/ ftZu ;Zu BjhA j' ;ed/ Gkt T[; ;fEsh ftZu ;XkoDsk ;zGt BjhA j't/rk

2H fiBQK go;fEshnK ftZu y'i ehsh rJh j?, T[j go;fEshnK fiZE/ sZe izB;zfynk dhnK go;fEshnK d/ ;wkB j'DrhnK, T[Bk jh ;jh ;XkoDsk ;zGt j't/rk. i/eo nfsfB:zsfos go;fEshnK ftZu gq:'rPkbk d/ nzdo y'i ehsh rJh j?, sK T[; d/ Bshi/ P[ZX (accurate) sK pj[s j'Dr/, gozs{ T[; dh ;XkoDsk dh ;zGktBk xZN j't/rh, feT[Afe gq:'rPkbk d/ pkjo T[; soQK dhnK fB:zsfos go;fEshnK BjhA j'DrhnK.

3H pj[s S'N/ fBnkdoP s/ ehsh rJh y'i d/ BshfinK d/ ;XkoDsk dh ;zGktBk th xZN j[zdh j?.

4H p/b'VhAdh iK ng{oD nXko^;wZroh th ;XkoDsk dh ftnkgesk B{z ;[zr/Vdh j?. fJ; bJh Bshi/ io{oh ns/ P[ZX P'X^;wZroh s/ nXkos j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

5H ;XkoDsk g{otfBoXkfos sZEK, f;XKsK ns/ gqfeosh d/ fB:wK d/ fto[ZX BjhA j'D/ ukjhd/.

6H T[jBK B{z ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB iK ;wZf;nk d/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso d/ o{g ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

7H BshfinK d/ ;XkoDsk d/ ;w/A y'i^nkebg dhnK ;hwktK, T[;h p/b'VhAdkgD, d'PK nkfd B{z th fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo ;fj;zpzX^r[DKe^nkebg (correlation design) dk gq:'r ehsk frnk j? sK fJj fXnkB ftZu oZyDk fe ekoi^ekoB ;zpzX (caus-effect relationship) d/ ftP/ ftZu ;XkoDsk BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJj fJ; nkebg dh n;woEsk j?. nfij/ jh ;ko/ y'i nkebgK d/ nkgD/^nkgD/ d'P jB. T[jBK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?.


nXko^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD ns/ ftnkfynk dh e'Jh fJZe ftXh iK seBhe BjhA j?. y'i dhnK eJh ftXhnK jB ns/ T[jBK dh P'X^;wZroh th fJZe^d{i/ s'A pj[s fGzB j[zdh j?.

w'N/ s"o s/ nXko^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^ (i) r[Dkswe ftPb/PD ns/ (ii) ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD.

fJfsjkf;e nfXnBK, e[ZM toDkswe nfXnBK ns/ B;tPk;soh nfXnBK dh nXko^;wroh r[Dkswe ns/ toDkswe j[zdh j?.

fGzB^fGzB go;fEshnK ftZu fGzB^fGzB nzeVk ftfrnkB dh rDB ehsh iKdh j?. fe;h nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh dk gq:'r P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD bJh ehsk ikt/rk, fJj y'i d/ T[d/PK ns/ gfoebgBktK s/ gq:'r fBoGo eodk j?.


1H ;XkoDsk^ ;XkoBheoD, nzefVnK B{z P'X dh fdqPNh s'A ;XkoD pDkT[Dk sK fe fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXst eo ;e/.

2H gq/fynkswe^ ntb'eB eoB :'r.

B'N



B'N 21H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H r[Dkswe ftPb/PD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

2H ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< ;zfynkswe ftPb/PD dhnK ftXhnK dk toDB eo'.

3H Bshik ;EkgBk s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ ;o{g ns/ gqfefonk dk toBD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H r[Dkswe 2H pkjoh 3H nzeK 4H M{m

5H ;Zu 6H ;ZM 7H M{m 21H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^22L nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftXhnK

fJekJh^22L nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftXhnK (Statistical Methods)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


22H1 nzeVk^ftfrnkB dk ftek;, noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Development, Meaning and Definition of Statistics)

22H2 nzeVk^ftfrnkB gd (Statistical Terms)

22H3 nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftZu gfjbk uoD (Initial Step in Statistics)

22H4 nktosh^tzv ;{uh (Frequency-distribution Table)





T[d/P (Objectives)


nzeVk^ftfrnkB dk ftek;, noE ns/ gfoGkPk B{z ;wMD ftZul

nzeVk^ftfrnkB gd ns/ gfjb/ uoD B{z ;wMD ftZul

nktosh tzv ;{uh B{z ;wMD ftZu.


nzeVk ftfrnkB B{z nzro/Ih STATISTICS fejk iKdk j?. STATISTICS b?fNB GkPk d/ Ppd STATUS iK fJNbh d/ Ppd STATISTA s'A fBefbnk gqshs j[zdk j?. Yule and Kendall B/ fJ; Ppd dh T[sgsh STATUS s'A dZ;h j?. STATUS ns/ STATISTA d'jK dk noE okifBfse ;fEsh iK „Political STATE‟ j[zdk ;h. gfjbK fJBQK PpdK dk gq:'r okiK dh okifBfse d/ ;zdoG ftZu ehsk iKdk ;h. gqkuhB ekb ftZu okik B{z nkgD/ oki Bkb ;zpzXs ftfGzB gqeko dh ikDekoh fit/A, T[; dh nkgD/^nkg dh Pesh, oki dh izB;zfynk, iBw^do, w"s^do, oki dh nkwdBh ns/ you nkfd dk fpT{ok oZyDk g?Adk ;h. oki dk fJ; gqeko dk fttoD j'bh^j'bh Statistics ejkT[D bZrk. fJ; soQK Science of Statistics dk nkozG j'fJnk. 22H1 nzeVk^ftfrnkB dk ftek;, noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Development, Meaning and Definition of Statistics)

Statistics Ppd d/ Gkt s'A fJj rZb ;gPN j' iKdh j? fe fJ; ftfrnkB dk gq:'r nkozG ftZu iBw^woD dhnK ;zfynktK, nkwdB^you dhnK ;zfynktK ns/ okiK dh izB;zfynk d/ fttoD dk b/yk^i'yk oZyD ftZu ehsk frnk ;h. gozs{, pknd ftZu fit/A ^ fit/A okiK dh okifBfse,



B'N ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe go;fEshnK w[Pfeb j[zdhnK rJhnK, Statistics Ppd dk noE ns/ gq:'r th w[Pfeb ns/ ftPkb j[zdk ufbnk frnk.

ekb nzso ftZu Statistics f;oc fJZe okifBfse ftPk jh BjhA fojk pbfe T[; dk y/so oki dh nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;wZ;fnktK ns/ go;fEshnK sZe c?b frnk. fJ; soQK Statistics Ppd dk nX[fBesw noE ;" ;kb s'A finkdk g[okDk gqshs BjhA j[zdk. ;skothA ;dh ftZu Insurance Scheme d/ Bkb^Bkb Statistics dk th gq:'r pj[s tfXnk ns/ fco frnkB d/ ;ko/ y/soK ftZu fJ; dk gq:'r j'D bZrk. nZieZbQ Statistics dk gq:'r Science,

Mathematics, Education, Psychology, Economics nkfd ;ko/ ftfPnK ftZu j[zdk j?.

ftfrnkBe B/ Statistics dh gfoGkPk fGzB^fGzB gqeko s'A ehsh iKdh j?. W.G. Sutcliffe B/ nkgDh g[;se „Elementary Statistical Methods‟ ftZu Statistics dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fbfynk j?^

“nzeVk^ftfrnkB fJZe nfijk ftfrnkB j?, fi; ftZu xNBktK d/ ;Zu, T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs nzefVnK dk ftXh g{oD Yzr s'A fJeZsoheoD ns/ ftt;Ek ns/ fe;h xNbk dh ;jh ;wM ns/ ft;sfos ftnkfynk Pkfwb j?.”

(Statistics comprises the collection, tabulation, presentation and analysis of an aggregate of facts, collected in a methodical manner without bias and related to predetermined purpose.)

B'N; gq'c/;o pkT{b/ (A.L. Bowley) d/ nB[;ko, “nzeVk^ftfrnkB B{z n;b ftZu rDBk

eoB dk ftfrnkB fejk ik ;edk j?.” “Statistics may be called the

science of counting.”

pkfvzrNB (Boddington) d/ nB[;ko, “nzeVk^ftfrnkB nB[wkBK ns/ ;zGktBktK dk ftfrnkB j?.”

“Statistics is the science of estimates and probabilities.”

b'ftN (Lovitt) d/ nB[;ko^ “nzeVk^ftfrnkB T[j ftfrnkB j?, fijVk fe;/ xNBktK dh ftnkfynk, fttoD ns/ s[bBk d/ bJh nzeVk sZEK dk fJeZsoheoD, torheoD ns/ ;{uheoD dk ekoi eodk j?.”

“Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, classification and tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanation, description and comparison of phenomena.”

cor[;B (Ferguson) d/ nB[;ko^ “nzeVk^ftfrnkB dk ;zpzX ;ot/yDK ns/ gqhyDK d[nkok gqkgs j'D tkbh ;wZroh d/ fJeZsoheoD, torheoD ns/ ftnkfynk s'A j?.”

“Statistics deals with collection, classification, description and interpretation of data, obtained by the conduct of surveys and experiments.” ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H p'fvzrNB d/ nB[;ko, nzeVk ftfrnkB nB[wkBK ns/ ;zGktBktK dk HHHHHHHHHHH j?.



2H fpyo/ j'J/ nze iK ;zfynktK w{b HHHHHHHHHHH ejkT[AdhnK jB.

3H fJZe tornzso ftZu Pkfwb nzeK dh ;zfynk tor nzsokb dh HHHHHHHH ejkT[Adh j?. 22H2 nzeVk^ftfrnkB gd (Statistical Terms)

nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftZu gqkgs j'D tkb/ e[ZM gqw[Zy gd fBwB nzfes jB^

nzeV/ (Data) ^ fpyo/ j'J/ nze iK ;zfynktK w{b nzeV/ ejkT[AdhnK jB. w{b nzeV/ fJZe soQK s'A nzeVk ftfrnkB gqfefonktK dh fdqPNh s'A io{oh ;wZroh ;wM/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ fJBQK d/ nXko s/ n;hA e'Jh Bshik sd sZe BjhA eZY ;ed/ id'A sZe fe fJBQK dk ;jh soQK s'A torheoD iK ftPb/PD Bk eo fbnk ikt/.

T[dkjoD w{b nzeV/ ;kv/ G"fse iK wB'ftfrnkBe BohyDK dk nzekswe ;o{g j[zd/ jB, fit/A, p[ZX^bpXh, gqhfynk gqkgs nze, T[ukJh, Gko nkfd.

ntorheos nzeV/ (Ungrouped Data) ^ id'A w{b nzeV/ fJZe S'N/ fBnkdoP (sample) s/ gqkgs ehs/ iKd/ jB sK nfijh ;fEsh ftZu torheoD io{oh BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk ns/ rDB ekoi th gqsZy o{g s'A (directly) ehsk ik ;edk j?, fit/A 10, 12, 20, 13, 17, 15, 8, 6, 16, 14 (N

= 10). nzefVnK dh fJ; soQK dh ftt;Ek ntorheos nzeV/ (N = 30) ejkT[Adh j?.

torheos nzeV/ (Grouped Data) ^ id'A nzeV/ fJZe tZv/ fBnkdoP (N > 30) s/ gqkgs ehs/ iKd/ jB, T[; ;w/A fJ; ;fEsh ftZu torheoD io{oh j' iKdh j? ns/ nzefVnK dh fJ; soQK dh ft;tEk torheos nzeV/ ejkT[Adh j?.

ft;sko (Range) ^ ;G s'A tZv/ nze ftZu'A ;G s'A S'Nk nze xNkT[D s/ i' nzso nkT[Adk j?, T[; B{z ft;sko iK gq;ko efjzd/ jB, Gkt

Range = Maximum Score – Minimum Score

tornzso iK tornzsokb (Class-Interval) ^ ft;sko Bkb nzefVnK dh tzv dh ;jh ikDekoh BjhA fwb gkT[Adh. fJ; bJh fJ; ft;sko B{z d[pkok S'N/^S'N/ ft;sko (Sub-Range) ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? ns/ fJjh Sub-Range tor nzsokb ejkT[Adh j?.

tornzsoK dh ;zfynk (Number of C.I.) ^ tornzsoK dh ;zfynk fBwB nzfes ;{so s'A gsk ehsh iKdh j?^

tornzso dh bzpkJh iK ;hwk (Size of C.I.) ^ fJZe tornzso ftZu Pkfwb nzeK dh ;zfynk tornzso dh bzpkJh iK tor nzsokb dh ;hwk ejkT[Adh j?. n;b nzeK dh ;zfynk ;wkt/Ph (Inclusive) ns/ fBtkoe (Exclusive) Pq/Dh d/ nXko s/ eZYh iKdh j?.

tornzso dk wZX fpzd{ (Mid-Point C.I.) ^ tornzso dk wZX fpzd{ tZX^s'A^tZX (Maximum) ns/ fBT{Bsw (Minimum) nzeK B{z i'V e/ ns/ 2 Bkb Gkr eoe/ gsk ehsk iKdk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' &


Mid Point of C.I. Max. Score + Mini. Score

2


B'N tornzso dh n;b ;hwk (Exact Limits of C.I.) ^ nzeVk ftfrnkB g?wkBk (Statistical

Scale) rfDse g?wkB/ (Mathematical Scale) s'A fGzB j?. rfDse g?wkB/ ftZu gow Iho' (Absolute Zero) j[zdh j? ns/ rfDs ftZu 5 dk noE 5 jh j? idfe, nzeVk ftfrnkB g?wkB ftZu gos Iho' Bk j'D d/ ekoB 5 dk noE 5 BjhA j? pbfe, 4H5 s'A b? e/ 5H5 sZe j?. fJ; soQK nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu fe;h nze dh n;b ;hwk gsk eoB d/ bJh fBwB ;hwk (Lower

limit) ftZu'A H5 xNk fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ T[Zu ;hwk (Upper limit) ftZu H5 i'V fdZsk iKdk j?. fJjh ekoB j??, nzeVk ftfrnkb g?wkBk, rfDse g?wkB s'A xZN gquZbs wzfBnk iKdk j?/.

fJ; bJh fe;h tornzso dh n;b ;hwk eZYD d/ bJh T[; dh fBwB ;hwk (Lower limit) ftZu'A H5 xNk fdzd/ jB ns/ T[Zu ;hwk (Upper limit) ftZu H5 i'V fdzd/ jB, T[dkjoD d/ bJh^ tornzso 3^5 dh n;b ;hwktK j'DrhnK, 2H5^5H5.

nktosh iK pkozposk (Frequency) ^ fi; nze dh g{oBo nktosh fizBh tko ehsh iKdh j? iK e'Jh nze fizBh tko d'jokfJnk iKdk j?, T[j T[; dh nktosh ejkT[aDh j?. T[dkjoD, 10, 12, 15, 10, 18, 22, 10, 25 ftZu 10 fszB tko d'jokfJnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh 10 dh nktosh 3 ejkJ/rh. fJ; B{z f iK F s'A do;kT[Ad/ jB.

nktosh^tzv (Frequency Distribution) ^ nzeK B{z T[jBK d/ neko ns/ ;[Gkt (Size and

magnitude) d/ nXko s/ ft;tfEs eoB dh gqfefonk nktosh^tzv ejkT[Adh j?.

frDsh fuzBQ (Tallies or Tally Mark) ^ frDsh fuzBQ n;b ftZu fJZe ftfPPN tornzs d/ nzsors g?D tkb/ nzeK dh n;b ;zfynk B{z gqdofPs eodk j?. uko frDsh g{oh j'D s/ gzithA frDsh d/ bJh gfjbh uko B{z fJZe fsoSh beho Bkb eZN fdzd/ jB, fit/A (gzi frDshnK dk dokpkT[Dk).

Pq/DhnK (Series) ^ tornzso dk ;[ftt;fEs ;o{g Pq/Dh ejkT[Adk j?. P/qDhnK d' soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB, fBtkoe (Exclusive) ns/ ;wkt/Ph (Inclusive). fBtkoe Pq/DhnK d/ nzsors fe;h tornzso dh T[Zu ;hwk f;oc fJe n"gukfoesk j?, fi; B{z n;hA T[;h tornzso ftZu Bk frD e/ (Pkfwb) T[; s'A nZr/ tkb/ tornzso ftZu frDd/ jK. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fBtkoe Pq/Dh ftZu T[Zu ;hwk pkjo eZY fdZsh iKdh j? (Exclude) idfe, ;wkt/Ph Pq/Dh ftZu tornzso dhnK d'B' ;hwktK B{z T[;h tornzso d/ nzsors Pfwb wzfBnk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh,

fBtkoe Pq/Dh

(Exclusive series) ;wkt/Ph Pq/Dh

(Inclusive series) 40^50 40^49

30^40 30^39

20^30 20^29

10^20 10^19

0^10 0^9

fiZE'A sZe Pq/DhnK B{z ftt;fEs eoB dk gqPB j?, n;hA fJBQK B{z eowK, nko'jh (ascending)

ns/ nto'jh (descending) ftZu fbyd/ jK. nko'jh eow ftZu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5HHHH fbyd/ jB

idfe, nto'jh eow ftZu 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 fbyd/ jB.


;{uh 22H1


f;Zfynk ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB dk T[g:'r (Use of Statistics in Education) ^ f;Zfynk ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB dk wjZst fBwB fbys ekoBK s'A j?^

(1) :EkoE toDB (Exact description)

(2) ;ob ns/ ;zy/g fuZso gq;s{s eoBk (Summarization-simple and meaningful)

(3) nzefVnK B{z ;ob ns/ p'Xg{oD pDkT[Dk.

(4) ;XkoD f;ZN/ eZYD ftZu ;jkfJe.

(5) GftZytkDh eoB ftZu ;jkfJe.

(6) ;zpzXK d/ pko/ ftZu frnkB gqkgs eoBk.

(7) s[bBkswe nfXnB ftZu ;jkfJe.

(8) ekoi^ekoB dk gsk brkT[Dk.

(9) gqhyD fBowkD ftZu ;jfJe.

(10) w[PfebK d/ fBdkB ftZu ;jkfJe.

B'N

Nk;e f;Zfynk ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB d/ wjZst B{z dZ;'.



4H ;G s'A tZv/ nze ftZu'A ;G s'A S'Nk nze xNkT[D s/ fijVk nzso nkT[Adk j? HHHHHHHHHH ejkT[Adk j?.

(T) gq;ko (n) fB;sko (J) tor (;) ;hwk

5H nzeVk ftfrnkB g?wkBk HHHHHH g?wkB/ s'A fGzB j?.

(T) tornzso (n) nktosh (J) rfDse (;) ;hfws

6H nzeK B{z T[jBK d/ neko ns/ ;[Gkn d/ nXko s/ ftt;fEs eoB dh gqfefonk HHHHHHHHHHH tzv ejkT[Adh j?.

(T) Pq/Dh (n) rDBk (J) nktosh (;) fBtkoe

7H tornzso dk ;[ftt;fEs ;o{g HHHHHHHHHHHH ejkT[Adk j?.

(T) Pq/Dh (n) yzv (J) nze (;) nko'jh 22H3 nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu gfjbk uoD (Initial Step in Statistics)

nktosh tzv ;{uh pDkT[Dk (Preparing a Frequency Distribution Table) ^ T[dkjoD (Illustration) ^ fBwB fbys nzefVnK dh ;jkfJsk s'A nktosh tzv ;{uh pDkU. Tornzso dh ;hwk 5 oZy'.

90, 93, 95, 98, 95, 97, 101, 100, 99, 104, 102, 103, 102, 104, 103, 105, 107, 106, 105, 106, 107, 105, 107, 106, 110, 109, 108, 110, 109, 108, 110, 120 (N = 30)



B'N 22H4 nktosh^tzv ;{uh (Frequency-distribution Table)

fefonk (Solution) ^ fBT{Bsw nze & 90

wXw nze & 120

gq;ko & 120 ^ 90 & 30

tornzsoK dh ;zfynk & 30

1 1 6 1 75

Range

Size

nktosh tzv ;{uh fBowkD bJh ftfGzB ;'gkB (Steps Involved in Preparing Frequency

Distribution Table)- nktosh tzv ;{uh pDkT[Ad/ ;w/A fBwB nzfes ;'gkBK dk fBoXkoD eoBk ukjhdk j?^

(1) ;G s'A gfjb, fdZs/ rJ/ nzefVnK d/ ;w{j ftZu fBT{Bsw ns/ nfXesw nze u[D'. fco, fJBQK nzeK B{z nbZr x/o/ ftZu pzd eo'.

(2) gq;kok eZY/ (;{so dh ;jkfJsk s'A) Gkt wZXw nze ftZu'A fBT{Bsw nze xNk fdU.

(3) i/eo tornzso ;hwk BjhA fdZsh rJh j?, sK fJZSk s'A fBoXkfos eo'. fXnkB oj/ fe ;hwk nfijh j't/ fiBQK B{z b?D s/ ;kv/ tornzsoK dh ftnkfynk dZ; (brGr) s'A finkdk Bk nkJ/. ;[thXk dh fdqPNh s'A tornzsoK dh ;zfynk 5^10 d/ ftZu jh oZy'.

(4) tornzsoK dh ;zfynk fBoXkfos eo'.

(5) ;{uh ftZu tornzsoK B{z (;wkt/Ph iK fBtkoe) nko'jh iK nto'jh eow ftZu fbyDk io{oh j?, gfjbk tornzso fBT{Bsw nze s'A jh nkozG j't/rk ns/ T[; ftZu fBoXkfos ;hwk Pkfwb j't/rh.

(6) j[D, fJZe^fJZe nze B{z fbU. nze fi; tornzso ftZu nkJ/, T[;h d/ ;kjwD/ fJZe yVh gkJh (frDsh fuzBQ) fyZu fdU. uko frDshnK g{ohnK j' ikD s/, gzithA frDsh d/ bJh fJZe fsoSh gkJh fyZu e/ pbke (Block) g{ok eo fdU.

;ktXkBh frDsh fuzBQ brkT[Dh dh gqfefonk sd sZe ikoh oZy' id'A sZe fe nfXesw nze

;{uh ftt;fEs Bk j' ikt/. 230 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

;{uh 22H2


(7) nktosh nkozG ftZu frDsh fuzBQK B{z frD d/ fby fdU.

(8) e[ZbQ nktoshnK B{z i'V fbU.

(9) nktoshnK dk e[ZbQ :'r, nzefVnK dh ;zfynktK d/ pokpo nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjh ;{uh dh T[fussk dh iKu j?. 22H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

1H nzeVk ftfrnkB B{z nzro/Ih ftZu STATISTICS fejk iKdk j?. STATISTICS b?fNB GkPk d/ Ppd STATUS iK fJNbh d/ Ppd STATISTA s'A fBefbnk gqshs j[zdk j?. gfjbK fJBQK PpdK dk gq:'r okiK dh okifBfse ;fEsh d/ ;zdoG ftZu ehsh iKdh ;h.

2H “nzevk ftfrnkB fJZe nfijk ftfrnkB j?, fi; ftZu xNBktK d/ ;Zu, T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs nzefVnK dk ftXhg{oD Yzr s'A fJeZsoheoD ns/ ftt;Ek ns/ fe;h xNBk dh ;jh ;wM ns/ ft;sfos ftnkfynk Pkfwb j?.”

3H fpyo/ j'J/ nze iK ;zfynktK w{b nzeV/ ejkT[AdhnK jB. w{b nzeV/ fJZe gqeko s'A nzeVk ftfrnkB gqfefonktK fdqPNh s'A io{oh ;wZroh ;wM/ iKd/ jB.

4H fJZe tor nzso ftZu Pkfwb nzeK dh ;zfynk tornzso dh bzpkJh iK tor nzsokb dh ;hwk ejkT[Adh j?. n;b nzeK dh ;zfynk pwkt/Ph (Inclusive) ns/ fBtkoe (Exclusive) Pq/Dh d/ nXko s/ eZYh iKdh j?.


1H pkozposk^ gqkgs nzefVnK ftZu fijV/ nze tko^tko nkJ/, fi; dh nktosh finkdk j't/.

2H fBtkoe^ fBtkoD eoB tkbk, d{o jNkT[Dk tkbk. 22H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK dh ;jkfJs s'A nktosh fBtkoD ;{uh pDkU. Tornzso dh ;hwk 10 oZy'.

135, 139, 138, 110, 116, 119, 122, 135, 134, 126, 127, 128, 131, 139, 140, 150, 145, 184, 148, 155, 154, 160, 158, 165, 170, 175, 180, 179, 190, 160, 170, 155, 148, 149, 123, 186, 117, 118, 119, 120H (N = 40)

2H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK dh ;jkfJ s'A nktosh tzv ;{uh pDkU. Tornzso dh ;hwk 3 oZy'.

18, 24, 10, 12, 20, 28, 20, 14, 18, 14, 18, 14, 20, 24, 18, 20, 20, 12, (N = 20)

3H fJZe fsjkJh jkJh ;e{bQ iwks d/ 30 ftfdnkoEhnK dh gqhfynk bJh rJh fi; dk gqkgs nze fBwB fbys j?. fJ; dh ;jkfJsk Bkb nktosh tzv ;{uh pDkU, tornzso dh ;hwk 10 oZy'.

38, 36, 80, 82, 85, 28, 30, 20, 90, 72, 75, 58, 42, 36, 75, 72, 68, 65, 70, 66, 48, 50, 10, 63, 57, 55, 62, 61, 50, 62H (N = 30)

B'N



B'N 4H fBwB nzeK dh ;jkfJsk s'A nktosh tzv ;{uh pDkU fi; ftZu tor nzsoK dh ;hwk 80 oZy'.

16, 18, 18, 11, 15, 5, 20, 18, 11, 25, 30, 15, 17, 11, 16, 22, 25, 20, 22, 15, 30, 32, 18, 7, 20, 25, 22, 22, 35, 37, 40, 20, 11, 25, 29, 10, 15, 35, 50, 10H (N = 40)


1H ftfrnkB 2H nzeV/ 3H ;hwk 4H (T) gq;ko

5H (J) rfDse 6H (n) nktosh 7H (T) Pq/Dh 22H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^23L e/Adoh goftosh d/ wkge^wZXwkB, wZXnze, pj[nze

fJekJh^23L e/Adoh goftosh d/ wkge^wZXwkB, wZXnze, pj[nze (Measurement of Central Tendency M, Md, Mo)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


23H1 e/Adoh goftosh dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Central Tendency)

23H2 wZXwkB (Mean):M

23H3 wZXnze (Median):Md

23H4 pj[nze (Mode):Mo

23H5 e/Adoh wkgeK dh wkBsktK (Assumptions Underlying M,Md and Mo)





T[d/P (Objectives)


e/Adoh goftosh dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk B{z ;wMD ftZul

wZXwkB, wZXnze ns/ pj[nze B{z ;wMD ftZul

e/Adoh wkgeK dhnK wkBsktK B{z ;wMD ftZu.


y'i d/ d"okB fijV/ nzeV/ fJeZso ehs/ iKd/ jB T[jBK s'A fe;h Bshi/ s/ BjhA gj[zfunk ik ;edk. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK nzefVnK dk torheoD ns/ ;{uheoD eoB io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh sZEK dh Pq/Dh ftZu'A n;hA fJZe nfijh ;zfynk dk gsk brkDk j? i' T[; Pq/Dh dk T[fus gqshfBXst eo ;e/. T[j w[Zb i' ;kB{z ;w{j dh :'rsk B{z ;zyg o{g s'A fJZe nze ftZu jh dZ; fdzd/ jB, e/dAoh goftosh d/ wkg ejkT[Ad/ jB. 23H1 e/Adoh goftosh dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Central Tendency)

nzefVnK dk nfXnB eod/ ;w/A nfXnBeosk fJ; rZb ftZu o[uh oZydk j? fe T[; B{z nkgD/ ;w{j dh goftosh B{z ikDB d/ bJh e/tb fJZe jh wkge dh ;jkfJsk b?Dh gJ/. fJ; soQK dh wkBsk B{z jh e/Adoh goftosh d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk iKdk j?. e/Adoh goftosh d/ noE B{z ;gPN eoB d/ bJh wzB fbU, gzi ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gqkgs nze 10, 11, 9, 12 ns/ 13 jB. fJj gqkgsnze d/yD ftZu fJZe d{i/ s'A fGzB io{o gqshs j[zd/ jB, gozs{ fco th, fJBQK ftZu'A fJZe soQK



B'N dh e/Adoh goftosh d/yD B{z fwbdh j?. efjD dk Gkt fJj j? fe fJBQK gzi gqkgs nzeK ftZu

fJZe gqkgs nze nfijk j?, fi; d/ fJod^frod (ukoK gk;/) pkeh j'o uko gqkgs nze e/Adfos

jB.

fBwB nzfes fuZso ftZu i/eo n;hA gqkgs nze 11 B{z r'b/ d/ e/Ado ftZu ;fEs eo fdzd/ jK ns/ pkeh ukoK gqkgs nzeK B{z fJ; gqkgs nze d/ fJod^frod, sK ;kB{z nfijk gqshs j[zdk j? fe fJj uko' gqkgs nze e/Ado ;fEs gqkgs nze d/ jh nk;^gk; jB iK uko' gqkgs nze e/Ado ftZu ;fEs gqkgs nze d/ tZb nkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB. ;XkoD GkPk ftZu n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe e[ZM gqkgs nze 11 s'A S'N/ jB ns/ e[ZM 11 s'A tZv/ jB. nzeVk ftfrnkB GkPk ftZu nzefVnK dh fJ; goftosh B{z n;hA e/Adoh goftosh efjzd/ jK. o'; (Ross) PqhwkB B/ e/Adoh goftosh dh ;gPN gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fbfynk j?^

“It is the tendency of the scores to bunch or concentrate somewhere near the centre.........It is that value which typifies or best represents the whole distribution.”

-Ross, C.C.

e/Adoh goftosh d/ wkge (Measures of Central Tendency) ^ e/Adoh goftosh d/ wkgeK dh io{os ns/ wjZst d/ ;zpzX ftZu r/o/N (Garrett) PqhwkB B/ fbfynk j?^

“The value of a measure of central tendency is two fold. Firstly, it is an average which represents all of the scores made by the group and as such gives a concise description of the performance of the group as a whole and secondly, it enables us to compare two or more groups in terms of typical performance.”

-Garrett

e/Adoh goftosh d/ fszB wkge jB^

(1) wZX iK wZXwkB (Mean)

(2) wZXnze (Median)

(3) pj[nze (Mode)


fuZso 23H1


23H2 wZXwkB (Mean):M

gfoGkPk (Definition) ^ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu fi; B{z n;hA wZXwkB (Mean) efjzd/ jB, ;XkoD rfDs ftZu T[; B{z n";s efjzd/ jB. ;ze/s o{g ftZu wZXwkB B{z (M) fuzBQ s'A gqdofPs eod/ jB. wZXwkB gsk eoB dk ;G s'A ;ob sohek fJj j? fe ;zfynktK d/ i'VQ B{z T[jBK dh ;zfynk Bkb Gkr eo fdZsk iKdk j?. e[ZM gqw[Zy gfoGkPktK fJ; soQK jB^

B'N

B'N; cofrT{;B (Ferguison) ^ “wZXwkB T[j wkB j? fijVk ;zfynktK d/ :'r B{z T[jBK

dh ;zfynk Bkb Gkr d/D s/ gqkgs j[zdk j?.”

“Mean is the sum of a set of measurements divided by the number of measurements of the set.”

ikB rfofcB (John Griffin) ^ “wZX feT[Afe fJZe ;w{j d/ ;ko/ w[Zb d/ gqshfBXh ;ot/ye d/ o{g ftZu gqkgs fJZe w[Zb j[zdk j?, nzeVk ftfrnkB noE ftZu, wZX B{z e/Adoh goftosh wkge wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.”

“In statistical usage since an average is a single value, used to represent all the values of a set of observations, an average may by thought of as a measure of central value.”

n?cH;hH fwb; (F. C. Mills) ^ “wZX fe;h tzv dk ;zs[bB e/Ado j?.”

“The Arithmetic Mean is the centre of gravity of a distribution.”

rDBk (Computation) ^ wZX ;zzpzXh d' gqkeko d/ nzeV/ j' ;ed/ jB^

(1) ntorheos nzeV/ (Ungrouped data)

(2) torheos nzeV/ (Grouped data)

ntorheos nzeV/L

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXwkB gsk eo'.

7, 10, 8, 13, 11, 14, 9, 9, 13, 15H

;wkXkB^ ntorheos nzefVnK ftZu wZX gsk eoB dk ;{so fBwB j?^

X

MN

fiZE/, M & wZX

X & nzefVnK dk :'r

N & nzefVnK dh ;zfynk

gqPB nB[;ko, X & 7O10O8O13O11O14O9O9O13O15&109 N & 10

109

10.9 .10

XM Ans

N



B'N wjZstg{oD uoDL

(1) ;ko/ gqkgs nzeK dk :'r eZY'.

(2) gqkgs nzeK dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk eZY'.

(3) wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu do;k e/ T[Zso dh rDBk eo'.

torheos nzeV/L torheos nzeV/ ;zpzXh gqPBK B{z d' soQK s'A jZb ehsk iKdk j?^

(1) bzph ftXh (Long method)

(2) ;zy/g ftXh (Short method)

(1) bzph ftXh (Long Method)^ fJ; ftXh d/ nzsors T[fus ;{so j/m fBwB fbys j?^

fiZE/, M & wZX & gqkgs nze ns/ nktosh dh r[Dk dk :'rcb

N & nktoshnK dk :'r.

T[dkjoDL dhox ftXh d[nkok fBwB fbyw nzefVnK dk wZX eZY'.

;wkXkBL

;{so ftZu wkB oZyD s/, 1480

29.60 .50

fXM Ans

N

wjZstg{oD uoDL

(1) jo/e tornzso dk wZX fpzd{ (X) gsk eo'.

(2) wZX fpzd{ (X) dh nktosh (f) ftZu r[Dk eo'.

(3) fJ; soQK gqkgs ;ko/ fX dk :'rcb eZY'. 236 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

;{uh 23H1


(4) N gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ;kohnK nktoshnK B{z i'V'.

(5) gqkgs wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu gqsh;Ekfgs eoe/ wZX dh rDB eo'.

(2) ;zy/g ftXh (Short-cut Method or Assumed Mean Method) ^ fJ; ftXh ftZu gqkgs ;{so fBwB j?^

. . .

fd

M A M C IN

fiZE/, M & n;b wZX

A.M. & ebgs wZX

fd & nktosh ns/ ftubD d/ r[DBcb dk :'r

N & e[ZbQ nktoshnK

C.I. & tornzso dh ;hwk iK bzpkJh

T[dkjoD L wZXwkB gsk eoB dh ;zy/g ftXh.

B'N

;{so ftZu wkB oZyD s/,


;{uh 23H2


B'N wjZstg{oD uoDL

(1) nktosh tzv ;{uh ftt;fEs eo'.

(2) ebgs wZX u[D'.

;ktXkBh ebgs wZX bJh T[; tornzso B{z u[fDnk iKdk j? fijVk fpbe[b ftZu ;fEs

j[zdk j? iK fi; tornzso dh nktosh ;G s'A finkdk j[zdh j?.

(fJj tornzso th brGr ftZu jh ;fEs j'Dk ukjhdk j?).

(3) ebgs wZX tkb/ tornzso d/ ;kjwD/ ftubB tkb/ ;szG ftZu 0 oZy' ns/ fJ; tornzso s'A tZv/ tornzsoK B{z XBkswe eofwe wkB (O1, O2, O3,HHHHHHH) ns/ S'N/ tornzsoK B{z foDkswe eofwe wkB (^1, ^2, ^3,HHHHHH) fdU.

(4) nktosh ns/ ftubB dk r[DBcb eZY'.

(5) fJ; soQK ;ko/ fd dk :'rcb gsk eo'. fuzBQ dk th fXnkB oZy'.

(6) tornzso dh ;hwk, A.M. ns/ N dk wkB gsk eoe/ fJBQK B{z ;{soK ftZu gqsh;Ekfgs eoe/ wZX dh rDBk eo'. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H wZXwkB T[j wkB j? fijVk ;zfynktK d/ :'r B{z T[jBK dh ;zfynk Bkb HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/D s/ gqkgs j[zdk j?.

2H e/Adoh goftosh d/ fszB wkg jB^wZXwkB, wZXnze ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.

3H HHHHHHHHHH ;zpzXh d' nzeV/ j' ;ed/ jB^torheos ns/ ntorheos nzeV/ 23H3 wZXnze (Median): Md

gfoGkPk (Definition)

gq'H pkT{b/ (Prof. Bowley) ^ “wZXnze, Pq/Dh ftZu T[; gd dk w[Zb j? i' fJZe tzv B{z d' pokpo GkrK ftZu tzvdk j?.”

“The Median is the point that divides a ranked distribution of measurements into two equal parts.”

fbzeft;N (Lindquist) ^ “nzefVnK dh tzv ftZu wZXnze T[j fpzd{ j?, fi; d/ fBZu/ 50# nzeV/ ;fEs j[zd/ jB ns/ fi; d/ T[Zgo th 50# nzeV/ ;fEs j[zd/ jB.”

“Median is that point on the scale of scores below which one half of the scores (50%) lie and above which one half of the scores (50%) lie.”

rDB (Computation) L wZXnze d' soQK d/ nzefVnK ftZu gsk ehsk iKdk j?^

1H ntorheos nzeV/ (Ungrouped Data)

2H torheos nzeV/ (Grouped Data)



ntorheos nzeV/L Gkt/A fe, ntorheos nzefVnK dk wZXnze eZYD d/ bJh fe;h ;{so dh

io{os BjhA j?, fco th, ;[thXk dh fdqPNh s'A 1

2

th termN

dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

e/; I L id'A wkg dhnK ;zfynktK NKe j'D.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK d/ wZXnze eZY'.

23, 23, 22, 20, 19, 17, 16, 15, 15, 25, 28, 13, 19H

;wkXkBL ;zfynktK B{z tXd/ eow ftZu d[pkok ftt;fEs eoB s/ ;kB{z gqkgs j[zdk j?,

13, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 23, 25, 28H

;{so d[nkok, wZXnze & 1

2

N

tK gd

& 13 1

2

tK gd

& tK gd

& 7 tK gd

& 19 (;Zst/A gd d/ bJh ;Zi/ s'A yZp/ iK yZp/ s'A ;Zi/ frD')

fJ; bJhL wZXnze &19 Ans.

id'A wkg dhnK ;zfynktK ;w j'D.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK d/ wZX nze eZY'.

34, 37, 46, 42, 33, 44, 30, 40, 35, 33H

;wkXkBL ;zfynktK B{z tXd/ eow ftZu d[pkok ftt;fEs eoB s/ ;kB{z gqkgs j[dk j?.

30, 33, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46H

j[D, 1

2

NMedian

tK gd

10 2

2

tK gd

11

2

tK gd

& 5H5 tK gd

&

B'N


gzitK gd O S/tK gd 2


B'N

35 37

2

72

2

&36

fJ; bJh Md & 36 Ans.

wjZstg{oD uoDL

1H fdZs/ rJ/ nzefVnK B{z nko'jh iK nto'jh eow ftZu ftt;fEs eo'.

2H nzefVnK dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk (N) gsk eo'.

3H ;{so dk gq:'r eoe/ wZXnze dh rDBk eo'.

4H ;w ;zfynktK dk wZXnze eZYD d/ bJh d' eofwe ;zfynktK (Successive term) fbU ns/ T[jBK B{z i'V e/ T[; dk nZXk eo fdU.

Torheos nzeV/L torheos nzefVnK ;zpzXh gqPBK ftZu wZX nze eZYD d/ bJh fBwB ;{so gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk iKdk j?^

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' 2 . .b

Nf

Md L C If

fiZE/, Md & wZXnze wkB.

L & T[; tornzso dh fBwB ;hwk fi; ftZu ;kvk wZXnze wkB ;fEs j?.

N/2 & e[ZbQ nktoshnK dk nZXk

bf & T[jBK ;ko/ tornzsoK dh nktoshnK dk i'V i' wZXnze ;w{j s'A fBZu/ (S'N/ ;fEs jB.

f & wZXnze ;w{j dh nktosh

C.I. & tornzso dh ;hwk.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes ;{uh s'A wZXnze dh rDBk eo'.

Sr. No. C.I. f` cf

1. 90-99 2 60

2. 80-89 6 58

3. 70-79 5 52


;{uh 23H3


4. 60-69 11 47

5. 50-59 20 36 Median group

6. 40-49 12 16

7. 30-39 3 4

8. 20-29 1 1

e[ZbQ N = 60

B'N

/ 2 30

2 . .

30 1649.5 10

20

49.5 (14 / 20) 10

49.5 7

56.5

b

N

Nf

Md L C If

fJ; bJh MD & 56H5 Ans.

iKuL ;kvk T[Zso wZXnze ;w{j ftZu nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJZE/ 56H5 fijVk fe 50^59 ftZu nkT[Adk j?, i' wZXnze ;w{j j?. fJ; bJh ;kvk T[Zso ;jh j?.

wjZstg{oD uoDL

1H nktosh tzv ;{uh ftt;fEs eo'.

2H ;zuJh nktoshnK eZY'. fJ; d/ d' sohe/ jB. gfjbk sohek fJj j? fe ;G s'A S'N/ tornzso d/ ;kjwD/ i' nktosh j? i' T[; B{z cf ;szG ftZu fJ;h soQK jh fby e/ fsoSk i'V eod/ ikU. d{ik sohek fJj j? fe ;G s'A tZv/ tornzso d/ ;kjwD/ tkbh nktosh cf ;szG ftZu fJ;h soQK jh fby e/ f;ZXk xNk eod/ ikU. fXnkb oj/, e[ZbQ nktoshnK dk i'V ;G s'A tZv/ tornzso d/ ;kjwD/ jh nkT[Dk j?, Gkt/A cf fe;h th sohe/ s'A eZY'.

3H e[ZbQ nktoshnK dk nZXk eo' ns/ d/y' fe fJj cf ;szG ftZu feZE/ nkT[Adk j?. fJjh s[jkvk wZXnze ;w{j j't/rk ns/ fJ; B{z x/o/ ftZu pzd eo fdU.

4H wZXnze ;w{j tkb/ tornzso dh n;b fBwB ;hwk gsk eo'.

5H tornzso ;hwk gsk eo'.

6H j[D fJBQK wkBK Gkt f, fb, N/2, L ns/ C.I. B{z ;{so ftZu gq;Ekfgs eoe/ wZXnze wkB dh rDBk eo'.

7H T[Zso dh ;ZukJh dh iKu (Check) eo'.

wjZstg{oD e/; I L id'A e[ZM tornzsoK d/ ;kjwD/ nktosh Iho' ns/ N/2 fJZe s'A finkdk tornzsoK ftZu ;fEs j't/.

(When there are gaps in distribution and N/2 lies in more than one C.I.)



B'N fiZE/, Md & wZXnze wkB

Md1 & T[j tornzso id'A n;hA N/2 d/yD d/ bJh T[Zgo s'A fBZu/ tZb frDd/ jK.

Md2 & T[j tornzso id'A n;hA N/2 gqkgs eoD d/ bJh fBZu/ s'A T[Zgo tZb frDd/ jK.

T[dkjoDL fBwBnzfes ;{uh s'A wZXnze dh rDBk eo'.

S.No. C.I. f cf

1. 90-99 2 10

2. 80-89 1 8

3. 70-79 0 7

4. 60-69 0 7

5. 50-59 2 7 Md1

6. 40-49 0 5

7. 30-39 0 5

8. 20-29 3 5 Md2

9. 10-19 2 2

e[ZbQ N = 10

j[D,

fJZE/,

j[D, fJBQK d'jK tornzsoK B{z fwbk e/ fJZe tornzso pDkfJnk ikt/rk, fijVk 20^59 nkT[Adk j? ns/ fco fJ; B{z n;b tornzso ftZu pdbD d/ bJh fBwB ;hwk ftZu H5 xNk fdzd/ jB ns/ T[Zu ;hwk ftZu H5 i'V fdzd/ jB. fJ; soQK, ;kv/ tornzso dh n;b ;hwktK j'DrhnK 19H5^59H5.

fJ; bJh wZXnze &


;{uh 23H4


wjZstg{oD uoDL

1H nktosh tzv ;{uh pDkU.

2H ;zuJh pkozposk ;szG g{ok eo'.

3H d/y' fe N/2 fe; tornzso ftZu nkT[Adk j?. i/eo fJj fJZe s'A finkdk tornzso ftZu nkT[Adk j? sK Md1 ns/ Md2 eZY'.

4H Md1 eZYD d/ bJh nktosh tkb/ ;szG ftZu T[Zgo s'A fBZub/ gk;/ B{z N/2 gqkgs j'D s/ frD' ns/ fJj fi; tornzso ftZu gJ/, T[; B{z x/o/ ftZu eo fdU.

5H fJ;h soQK fBZu/ s'A T[Zgob/ gk;/ B{z frDd/ j'J/ Md2 gsk eo'.

6H j[D, fJBQK tornzsoK B{z fwbk e/ fJZe tZvk tornzso pDkU ns/ fJ; B{z n;b ;hwktK d/ o{g ftZu fby'.

7H fJBQK wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu gqsh;Ekfgs eoe/ wZXnze wkB dh rDBk eo'.

wjZstg{oD e/; IL id'A N/2 e/tb fJZe jh tornzso ftZu ;fEs j't/, gozs{ e[ZM tornzsK d/ ;kjwD/ Iho' nktoshnK fco th ofj ikD.

(When N/2 lies in one C.I. only, but gaps are still there.)

Step: nfijh ;fEsh ftZu ;kB{z tornzsoK B{z nkg; ftZu fwbk e/ T[jBK dh ;zfynk xZN eoBh g?Adh j? ns/ d[pkok w{b ;{so gq:'r ftZu fbnkT[Dk g?Adk j?. fBwB nzfes T[dkoD ftZu T[AM sK (N/2) Gkt 8 fJZe jh C.I. 40-44 ftZu g?Adk j?, gozs{ e[ZM tornzsoK fit/A 35^39 ns/ 30^34 d/ ;kjwd/ Iho' nktoshnK fco th ofj iKdhnK jB. fJ; bJh fJZE/ n;hA d'^d' tornzsoK B{z fwbk e/ fJZe tornzso pDkT[Ad/ jK. ;gPN j?, nfijk eoB ftZu nktoshnK i[VdhnK ubhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ Iho' nktoshnK th d{o j' ikDrhnK.

fJj fefonk nkgBkT[D d/ pknd w{b ;{so gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk iKdk j?.

T[dkjoDL fBwBnzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXnze dh rDBk eo'.

B'N

S.No. C.I. f cf

1. 45-49 2 16


3. 35-39 0 7

4. 30-34 0 7

5. 25-29 3 7

6. 20-24 2 4

7. 15-19 2 2

e[ZbQ N = 16

N/2 = 8

fJ; gqPB ftZu, T[AM sK N/2 e/tb fJZe jh C.I. ftZu g?Adk j?, gozs{ e[ZM tornzsoK d/ ;kjwD/


;{uh 23H5


B'N Iho' fco th ofj iKd/ jB. fJ; bJh Iho' jNkT[D d/ bJh tornzsoK B{z nkg; ftZu fwbk e/ T[jBk dh ;zfynk xZN eo fdZsh iKdh j?. fJ; soQK ;{uh dk gfotosB o{g fBwB j' iKdk j?.

S.No. C.I. f cf

1. 45-54 5 16


3. 25-34 4 7

4. 15-24 4 4

e[ZbQ N = 16

Now, Hence, ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State Whether the Following


4H wZXnze, tzv B{z pokpo GkrK ftZu BjhA tzvdk.

5H wZXnze B{z Md th fbyd/ jB.

6H C.I. & tornzso dh ;hwk iK bzpkJh j[zdk j?.

7H wZX fe;h tzv dk ;zs[bB e/Ado j?. 23H4 pj[nze (Mode): Mo

eo' s/ eo' (Crow and Crow) d/ nB[;ko^ “gqkgs nzeK d/ ;w{j ftZu fi; nze dh nktosh ;G s'A finkdk j[zdh j?, pj[nze ejkT[Adk j?.”

“The score in a given set of data that appears most frequently is called the mode and is represented by the symbol Mo.”

e?Bh (Kenny) L “gqkgsnzeK d/ ;w{j ftZu fi; gqkgsnze dh nktosh ;G s'A finkdk j[zdh j?, T[; B{z pj[s nze wkB efjzd/ jB.”

“Mode is the most frequently occurring value in the series.” 244 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

;{uh 23H6

4

3

4


frbc'ov (Guilford)L “fe;h tzv ftZu T[j fpzd{ fi; dh nktosh ;G s'A tZX j't/, pj[nze ejkT[Adk j?.”

“The mode is strictly defined as the point on the scale of measurement with Maximum frequency in a distribution.”

rDBk (Computation) L pj[nze wkB th d' soQK d/ nzefVnK ftZu gsk ehsk iKdk j?^

1H ntotheos nzeV/ (Ungrouped data)

2H torheos nzeV/ (Grouped data)

ntorheos nzeV/

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A pj[nze dh rDBk eo'.

8, 9, 9, 13, 14, 13, 17, 16, 17, 16, 18, 20, 17H

;wkXkBL Here, 17 is evidently the most often recurring measure and is therefore the

crude or empirical mode.

fJZE/, 17 nze fszB tko d'jokfJnk frnk j?, fJ; bJh fJjh tzv dk pj[nze wkB j?.

torheos nzeV/L torheos nzeV/ dk pj[nze wkB eZYD d/ bJh fBwB ;{so gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk iKdk j?^ fiZE/, Mo & pj[ne wkB

L & ;G s'A finkdk nktosh tkb/ tornzso dh fBwB ;hwk

fa & T[; tor dh nktosh i' pj[nze ;w{j s'A T[Zgo (tZvk) ;fEs j?.

fb & T[; tor dh nktosh i' pj[nze ;w{j s'A fBZu/ (S'Nk) ;fEs j?.


B'N

Nk;e pj[nze s/ fJZe ;zy/g fNZgDh fby'.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A pj[nze dh rDBk eo'.

S.No. C.I. f

1. 123-127 6

2. 118-122 10

3. 113-117 20

4. 108-102 20

5. 103-107 15

6. 98-102 30 Mode group

7. 93-97 5

8. 88-92 8

9. 83-87 6

10. 78-82 4

N = 124


;{uh 23H7


B'N j[D,

Hence, B'NL (1) fJZe jh ;{uh s'A wZX, wZXnze ns/ pj[nze gsk eoB ftZu wZX ns/ wZXnze eZYD dk ;{so sK T[jh j?, gozs{ pj[nze eZYD ftZu ;{so ftZu fGzBsk nk iKdh j?.

T[dkjoD pjnze & 3 wZXnze ^ 2 wZX (Mo = 3Md – 2M)

(2) i/eo fe;h gqPB ftZu nfij/ d' tornzso j'D fiBQK dhnK nktoshnK ;G s'A finkdk j'D ns/ pokpo th j'D sK (a) i/eo T[j tornzso e[ZM d{oh s/ jB sK T[; gqPB ftZu d' pj[nze wkB j'Dr/ ns/ (b) i/eo T[j tornzso fJeZm/ jh jB sK pj[nze wkB T[jBK d'BK tornzsoK d wZX fpzd{nK dk wZXwkB j't/rk

23H5 e/Adoh wkgeK dh wkBsktK (Assumptions Underlying M, Md and Mo)

1H wZX (M)

1H id'A gqkgs nzeK dh tzv ;XkoD j'D.

2H id'A tzv d/ jo/e nze B{z wjZst d/Dk j't/.

3H id'A e/Adoh M[ekn (Centre of gravity) P[ZX o{g ftZu gsk eoBk j't/.

4H id'A ;G s'A tZX gquZbsk ng/fyns j't/.

5H id'A ;Zu pj[nze (True Mode) gsk eoBk j't/.

6H id'A wkBe ftubB (S.D.), ;fj^;zpzX (Correlation) ns/ gqwkfDe so[ZNh (S.E.) dh rDBk eoBh j't/.

2H wZXnze (Md)

1H id'A gqkgsnzeK dh tzv ;XkoD Bk j't/.

2H id'A e/Adoh goftosh dk finkdk P[ZXsk s'A gsk brkT[Dk j't/.

3H id'A finkdk P[ZXsk dh io{os Bk j't/.

4H id'A tzv fteos (Skewed) j't/.

5H id'A tzv ng{oD j't/ Gkt e[ZM torK ftZu Iho' nktosh j't/.

6H id'A ;w{j dk mhe wZX^fpzd{ gsk eoBk j't/.



7H id'A e'fBnK tZb nzeK dh goftosh finkdk j't/.

3H pj[nze (Mo)

1H id'A e/Adoh goftosh dk ibdh s'A nB[wkB brkT[Dk j't/.

2H id'A gqkgs nzeK dh tzv ;XkoD Bk j't/.

3H id'A tzv ng{oD (Incomplete) j't/.

4H id'A e/Adoh goftosh d/ ftP/P wkge dk frnkB gqkgs eoBk j't/.

5H id'A e/tb BohyD s'A jh e/Adoh goftosh dh rDBk eoBh j't/.

6H id'A e/tb ;XkoD gqeko d/ e/Adoh wkB s'A ezw ubk ;edk j't/. (When a rough estimate of central value will do.)

7H id'A e/Adoh wkB d/ bJh nfijk gqkgs nze gsk eoB dh io{os j't/ fi; dh nktosh ;G s'A finkdk j't/. r?o/N (Garrett) B/ mhe jh fbfynk j? ^ “When we describe

the style of dress of shoes worn by the „average woman‟ for instance, the modal or most popular fashion is usually meant. In like manner, in speaking of the average wage in a certain industry, we often mean the modal wage under specified conditions.”


nzefVnK dk nfXnB eod/ ;w/A nfXnBeosk fJ; rZb ftZu o[uh oZydk j? fe T[; B{z nkgD/ ;w{j dh goftosh B{z ikDB d/ bJh e/tb fJZe jh wkge dh ;jkfJsk b?Dh gJ/. fJ; soQK dh wkBsk B{z jh e/Adoh goftosh d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk iKdk j?.

o'; (Ross) PqhwkB B/ e/Adoh goftosh dh ;gPN gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fbfynk j?^

“It is the tendency of the scores to bunch or concentrate somewhere near

the centre..............It is that value which typifies or best represents the whole

distribution.”

e/Adoh goftosh d/ fszB wkge jB^(1) wZX iK wZXwkB (2) wZXnze ns/ (3) pj[nze.

gq'H pkT{b/ d/ nB[;ko, wZXnze, Pq/Dh ftZu T[; gd dk w[Zb j? i' fe tzv B{z d' pokpo

GkrK ftZu tzvdk j?.”


1H nktoshnK^ tko^tko j'Dk, d[jokU.

2H wZX^ ;XkoD rfDs ftZu fi; B{z n";s fejk iKdk j?, T[jh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu wZX ejkT[Adk j?.


1H e/Adoh goftosh d/ wkge s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ ebgs w[ZbK dk toDB eo'.

2H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK d/ wZXwkB, wZXnze ns/ pj[nze gsk eo'.

B'N



B'N

C.I. f

200-219 6

180-199 8

160-179 13

140-159 10

120-139 6

100-119 4

80-99 8 Ans. M = 148.12

60-79 2 Md = 155.5

40-59 1 Mo = 170.26

3H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXwkB frnks eo'.

C.I. f

0-10 2

10-20 18

20-30 30

30-40 40

40-50 35

50-60 20

60-70 6

70-80 3 Ans. M = 37.15

4H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXwkB frnks eo'

10, 16, 17, 22, 26H 24, 26, 11 Ans. M = 19

5H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXnze frnks eo'.

5, 7, 9, 12, 10, 8, 7, 15, 21 Ans. Md = 9

6H fBwB fbys nzefVnK s'A wZXnze ns/ pj[nze frnks eo'.

10, 6, 7, 10, 9, 8, 7, 5, 10 Ans. Md = 8

Mo = 10

7H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXnze frnks eo'.

20, 18, 16, 15, 11, 29, 39, 40, 15, 20 Ans. Md = 19


;{uh

;{uh


8H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXwkB, wZXnze ns/ pj[nze frnks eo'.

12, 16, 18, 25, 35, 40, 42, 12, 17, 19, 12H Ans. M = 22.5

Md = 18 Mo = 12

9H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXnze ns/ pj[nze frnks eo'.

62, 80, 72, 74, 72, 78, 76, 92, 88, 84, 80, 72H Ans. Md = 77

Mo = 72

10H fBwB fbys ;{uh s'A wZXnze frnks eo'.

B'N

C.I. f

90-99 2

80-89 1

70-79 0

60-69 0

50-59 2

40-49 0

30-39 0

20-29 3

10-19 2 Ans. Md = 39.5

11H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXnze frnks eo'.

C.I. f

45-49 5

40-44 5

35-39 10

30-34 20

25-29 0

20-24 15

15-19 10

10-14 8

5-9 4

0-4 3 Ans. Md = 27.0


;{uh

;{uh


B'N 12H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK s'A wZXnze frnks eo'

C.I. f

20-21 2

18-19 1

16-17 0

14-15 0

12-13 2

10-11 0

8-9 0

6-7 2

4-5 1

2-3 1

0-1 1 Ans. Md = 9.5

13H fBwBfbys nzefVnK (tzvK) s'A wZXnze frnks eo'.

C.I. f

1-3 6

3-5 53

5-7 85

7-9 56

9-11 21

11-13 16

13-15 4

15-17 4 Ans. Md = 65

14H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK d/ pj[nze frnks eo'.

C.I. f

45-49 2

40-44 3

35-39 7

30-34 13

25-29 8

20-24 4

15-19 3 Ans. Mo = 31.83


;{uh

;{uh

;{uh


15H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK d/ wZXwkB, wZXnze ns/ pj[nze frnks eo'. B'N

C.I. f

150-159 2

140-149 2

130-139 4

120-129 1

110-119 5

100-109 5

90-99 12

80-89 10

70-79 12

60-69 10

50-59 1 Ans. M = 92.62

Md = 88.50

Mo = 80.26


1H Gkr 2H pj[nze 3H wZXwkB 4H M{m

5H ;Zu 6H ;Zu 7H ;Zu 23H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






;{uh


B'N fJekJh^24L ;zGktBkL ;XkoD ;zGktBk teo ns/ gq:'r (Probability: Normal Probability Curve and its Uses) .


T[d/P (Objectives)


24H1 ;XkoD ;zGktBk dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Normal Probability)

24H2 ;XkoD ;zGktBk teo (Normal Probability Curve)

24H3 ;XkoD tzv dk gq:'r (Uses of Normal Distribution)

24H4 ;XkoD^;zGktBk^tzv^;{uh dk gq:'r

(Uses of Normal Probability Distribution Diagram)

24H5 nzefVnK dh tzv dh ftPwsk dk gfowkg

(Measuring Divergence from Normality)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;XkoD tzv dhnK ftP/PsktK B{z ;wMD ftZul

;XkoD^;zGktBk teo B{z ;wMD ftZul

;XkoD^tzv dk gq:'r ns/ ;{uh gq:'r B{z ;wMD ftZul

nzefVnK dh tzv dh ftPwsk d/ gfowkg B{z ;wMD ftZu.


id'A fe;h ;{uh d/ wZXwkB (Mean) d/ d'BK gk;/ nzeV/ fJ; soQK ;fEs j'D fe i/eo

n;hA T[jBK B{z fJZe toe^fuZso d[nkok fdykJhJ/ ns/ fBwB soQK dh xzNh dh

nkfeosh (bell-shape) dk fuZso pD/ sK T[; soQK d/ nze^tzv B{z ;XkoD nze^tzv

(normal distribution) efjzd/ jB.


fJekJh^24L ;zGktBkL ;XkoD ;zGktBk teo ns/ gq:'r

B'N

fJ; soQK dh tzv ftZu nzefVnK dh finkdkso ;zfynk wZX ftZu j[zdh j? ns/ T[; wZX fpzd{ s'A fit/A^fit/A n;hA d'jK tZb uZbd/ jK sK nzefVnK dh ;zfynk xZN j[zdh ubh iKdh j?. d'BK fjZf;nK d/ nzs ftZu ;G s'A xZN nzeV/ ofj iKd/ jB. d{ih rZb fJj j? fe wZXfpzd{ d/ ;Zy/^yZp/ d'jK gk;/ nze^tzv dh ;fEsh ftZu ;wkBsk ofjzdh j?.

T[go'es nkfeosh B{z i/eo n;hA T fpzd{ s/ d' pokpo GkrK ftZu tzvhJ/ sK T T[; dk wZXfpzd{ j't/rk. i/eo T n bzp o/yk fyZuD sK T n o/yk d/ d'jK gf;nK d/ tzv/ rJ/ gqd/P nkfeosh ns/ y/socb d'jK ftZu brGr ;wkB j'Dr/. fJjh ;XkoD^tzv dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk j?.

d{ik n;hA d/yd/ jK fe fJ; ftZu ;G s'A nzeV/ wZXfpzd{ d/ jh nk;^gk; jB ns/ P[o{ s'A d'jK gk;/ fit/A^fit/A jNd/ ikJhJ/, nzefVnK dh ;zfynk pokpo nB[gks ftZu xZN j[zdh iKdh j? ns/ e'fBnK s/ d'jK gk;/ pj[s xZN nzeV/ ofj iKd/ jB.

fJ; nkfeosh ftZu i/eo T fpzd{ s/ wZXwkB 100 ;fEs j? sK T[; d/ d'jK gk;/ n;hA d/yd/ jK fe fJZe pokpo nzeV/ jB. fJZe gk;/ 20 T[; s'A xZN jB sK d{i/ gk;/ th 20 T[; s'A finkdk. fJZe gk;/ 80^100 sZe d/ ftZu 20 nzeV/ g?Ad/ jB sK d{i/ gk;/ th 100^120 d/ ftZu 20 nzeV/ g?Ad/ jB. fco fJZe gk;/ 60^80 d/ ftZu 80 s'A fBZu/ e/tb 20 nzeV/ jN/ j'J/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ mhe nfijk jh j?. fJ; soQK d'jK gk;/ fpbe[b ;wkBsk j?. fit/A T d/ fJZe gk;/ j? T[;h soQK jh d{i/ gk;/ j?. T d/ d'jK gk;/ nzeV/ pokpo d{oh sZe jN/ j'J/ jB. fJZe gk;/ 100 s'A fizB/ xZN jB d{i/ gk;/ th 100 s'A T[B/ jh finkdk jB. fJj ;XkoD^tzv dk noE j[zdk j?.

nzeVkftfrnkB ftZu ;XkoD^tzv dk pVk wjZst j?. eJh ;EkBK s/ ;XkoD^tzv dk gq:'r pj[s ezw dk j[zdk j?. ;XkoD^tzv d/ nXko s/ jh ;kv/ wZXwkB dh T[g:'rsk, ;koEesk ns/ ti{d fBoXkfos j[zdk j?. nZr/ d/ T[dkjoD s'A fJj rZb ;gPN j' ikt/rh.

(1) 55, 50, 54, 52, 50, 50, 60, 70, 75, 84 wZXwkB & 600

10 & 60

(2) 62, 70, 60, 50, 68, 66, 62, 56, 54, 52 wZXwkB & 600

10 & 60

T[Zgo d/ d'B' nze^tzv ftZu wH wkH 60 j?. gozs{ d'jK dh ;koEesk ftZu iwhB n;wkB dk coe j?. fJZe ;w? ns/ d{ih ftPw. gfjbh dPk ftZu nzefVnK dk ft;sko^y/so 50 s'A 80 sZe j?l d{ih ftZu fJj 50 s'A 70 sZe jh j?. wZXwkB (Mean) d'BK dk jh j?. fJ; soqK n;hA d/yd/ jK


fuZso 24H1


B'N jK fe fgSbh T[dkjoD ftZu fJZe gk;/ 60 s'A fBZu/ S'N/ s'A S'Nk 50 j? ns/ tZv/ s'A tZvk 84. Gkt fJZe gk;/ 10 nzeK dk ft;sko j? n? d{i/ gk;/ 24 nzeK dk. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, 60 s'A T[Zgo ft;sko 24 nzeK sZe ufbnk frnk j? ns/ fBZu/ e/tb 10 jh nzeK sZe frnk j?. fJ; soQK wZXwkB d/ d'jK gk;/ ft;sko^ftPwsk (ksewness) nk rJh j?. i/eo n;hA fJ; rokc (graph) d[nkok fdykJhJ/ sK fJ; soQK nkfeosh pD/rh.

fJ; nkfeosh dh p dPk ftZu nzeV/ wZXwkB 60 d/ nk;gk; BjhA jB ns/ Bk d'jK gk;/ pokpo d{oh s/ jh ;fEs jB. fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe 60 s'A tZv/ nzeV/ finkdk jB ns/ 60 s'A S'N/ nzeV/ xZN jB. fJ; dk noE fJj j't/rk fe 60 wZXwkB pj[s T[g:'rh f;ZX BjhA j' ;edk. T[j ;G nzefVnK B{z ;jh^;jh dZ;D dh :'rsk BjhA oZydk. wHwkH 60 d/ noE nB[;ko brGr ;ko/ nzev/ 60 d/ pokpo j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, gozs{ T[Zgo dh dPk ftZu n;hA d/yd/ jK fe e[ZM nzeV/ 84 d/ pokpo th jB. fJj 60 s'A pj[s finkdk tZv/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ xZN s'A xZN nzeV/ 50 d/ pokpo jB. fJj fco th 60 d/ e[ZM nk;gk; jB. fJ; bJh wZXwkB d/ d'BK gk;/ nze^tzv ftZu ;wkBsk BjhA j?. fJ; B{z ftPw tzv (skewed distributed) efjzd/ jB.

d{ih dPk (n) ftZu th wZXwkB 60 jh j?, gozs{ T[; dPk ftZu nze^tzv^ft;sko 50 s'A 70 sZe jh j?. Gkt fJZe gk;/ 60 s'A 10 nzeV/ xZN ns/ d{i/ gk;/ th 60 s'A 10 finkdk nzefVnK sZe dk jh ft;sko j?.

fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe fizB/ nzeV/ 60 s'A xZN jB T[B/ jh 60 s'A finkdk jB. d'jK gk;/ tzv^;fEsh fJe' fijh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; tzv ftZu 60 dk wZXwkB finkdk ;jh Yzr s'A nzefVnK B{z ftnes eodk j?. fJ; B{z ;XkoD^tzv (normal distribution) efjzd/ jB. 24H1 ;XkoD ;zGktBk dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Normal Probability)

;XkoD ;zGktBk dhnK fBwB fbys ftP/PsktK jBL

(1) i/eo N 100 j? ns/ T[jBK dh tzv ;XkoD j? sK fJ; ;fEsh ftZu wZXwkB d/ T[Zgo^fBZu/ pokpo Gkt 50 gqshPs nzeV/ j'Dr/. i/eo n;hA ;XkoDdtzv dk g{oD ft;sko^y/so 100 Bk wzB e/ e/tb fJZe wzBhJ/ sK wZXwkB d/ T[Zgo^fBZu/ H5 dk ft;sko^y/so oj/rk.

(2) fJ; soQK wZXwkB d/ d'jK gk;/ ±1 dh ;hwk sZe e[Zb fwbk e/ d' fsjkJh Gkr nk iKdk j?. i/eo e[ZbQ ft;sko^y/so 100 j? sK wZXwkB O1H0 s'A wZXwkB ^1H0 sZe dh ;hwk d/ ftZu d' fsjkJh d/ brGr Gkr 68H26 nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB. i/eo e[ZbQ^ft;sko^y/so B{z 1 wzBhJ/ sK wZXwkB O1H0 ns/ wZXwkB (M)^1H0 d/ ftZu H6826 Gkr nkJ/rk.

(3) fJ: soQK MO2H0 ns/ (M)^2H0 dh ;hwk d/ ftZu brGr 95H44 gqshPs Gkr nkT[Adk j?. Gkt i/eo e[ZbQ ft;sko ^ y/so 100 nzeV/ dk j? sK brGr 95 nzefVnK


fuZso 24H2


MO2H0 ns/ (M)^2H0 d/ ftZu g?Dr/. i/eo e[ZbQ ft;sko n;hA 1 wzBhJ/ sK (M)^2H0 d/ ftZu nzefVnK dh ;zfynk H9544 gqshPs j't/rh.

B'N

fJ;h soQK M±3 dh ;hwk d/ ftZu 99H74 gqshPs nzeV/ g?Dr/.

fBZu/ dh nkfesh s'A fJj rZb j' ;gPN j' ikt/rhL

fJ; nkfeqsh ftZu T n fpzd{nK d/ ftZu dh ;hwk M±1 dh ;hwk dZ;dh j?. (M)O1 d/ ftZu 1$3 Gkr j? ns/ (M)^1 d/ ftZu 1$3 Gkr j?. (M)^1 d/ ftZu d/ fJZe fsjkJh nzeV/ (M) s'A fBZu/ Gkr S'N/ jB. fJ;h soQK (M)O1 d/ ftZu d/ fJZe fsjkJh nzev/ wZXwkB s'A tZv/ jB. fJ; soQK d'jK gk;/ ^1 s'A O1 sZe e[ZbQ d' fsjkJh nzeV/ jB.

fJ;h soQK J ns/ ; d/ ftZu 95H44 gqshPs nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB. J fpzd{ wZXwkB (b fpzd) s'A ^2 dh d{oh s/ j? ns/ ; O2 dh d{oh s/. fJBQK d'jK fpzd{nK d/ ftZu 95H44 gqshPs nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; dk noE fJj j'fJnk fe (M) s'A fBZu/ S'N/ nzeV/ ((M)^2 d/ ftZu) & 95.44

2&47H72 gqshPs nzeV/ j'Dr/ ns/ (M) s'A T[Zgo Gkt (M)O2 d/ ftZu th fJzB/ jh nzeV/

j'Dr/.

fJ;h soQK j ns/ e d/ ftZu dh d{oh (M)±3 sZe dh ;hwk dZ;dh j?. fJBQK d/ ftZu e[ZbQ nzefVnK dh ;zfynk 99H72 j[zdh j?.

T[dkjoD

wzB fbU 600 ftfdnkoEhnK d/ I.Q‟s jB fiBQK dk Mean 107H5 j?, gqkH ftH (S.D.) 8H6 j? ns/ nzefVnK dhj tzv ;XkoD j?.

sK ;XkoD^tzv dh T[go'es ftP/Psk d/ nB[;ko 600 ftZu'A 68H26 gqshPs (409H56) ftfdnkoEhnK d/ I.Q‟s 107H5±×8H6(M)±1 Gkt 98H9^116H1 d/ ftZu j'Dr/. fJ;h soQK 95H44 gqhsPs d/ 107H5±2×8H6(M±1 ) Gkt 107H5±17H2&90H3^124H7 d/ ftZu j'Dr/. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, 95 gqshPs dh dPk ftZu ;XkoD;zGktBk fJ; rZb dh j? fe T[jBK d/ I.Q‟s 124H7 ns/ 90H3 d/ ftZu j'Dr/. e/tb 5 gqshPs ftZu jh T[jBK d/ I.Q‟s d/ fJ; ;hwk d/ go/ j'D dh ;zGktBk j?. i/eo n;hA ±3 dh ;hwk B{z bJhJ/ sK efj ;ed/ jK fe 99H72 gqshPs d/ I.Q‟s 107H5±3 Gkt 106H4±3×8H6&107H5±25H8=81H7^133H3 d/ ftZu j'Dr/. e/tb 1 gqshPs pkbeK d/ jh I.Q‟s dh fJ; ;hwk s'A go/ j'D dh ;zGktBk j? Gkt ;XkoD^tzv dh dPk ftZu 600 ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu'A e/tb 6 ftfdnkoEhnK d/ jh I.Q. 81H7^133H3 dh ;hwk d/ go/ j'Dr/ ns/ 594 d/ fJ; ;hwk d/ ftZu j'Dr/.

(i) fJ; soQK ;XkoD^tzv ftZu Pkfb gqshPs ;zfynk ns/ ;hwk d/ d[nkok n;hA e[ZbQ nzefVnK dh


fuZso 24H3


B'N ;fEsh ikD b?Ad/ jB. fJj ;Xko^tzv dh fJZe pj[s tZvh ftP/Psk j? ns/ fJ; dh pj[s tZvh T[g:'rsk j?.

(ii) d{ih ftP/Psk fJj j? fe ;XkoD^tzv ftZu wZXwkB, wZXnze wkB (mdn.) ns/ pj[H wkH (mode) ;p tzv d/ wZXfpzd{ s/ g?Ad/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk wB th pokpo jh j[zdk j?.

(iii) fsZih ftP/Psk fJj j? fe ;XkoD^tzv dh ;fEsh ftZu nzsous{oEe (nHuH) gqkH ftH (S.D.) dk H6745 j[zdk j?, Gkt S.D. s'A brGr 40 gqshPs tZvk j[zdk j?. nHuH (Q) B{z ;w;zGkfts^so[ZNh iK ;H so[H (Probable Error) iK (P.E.) th efjzd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJBQK ;zpzXK B{z fJ; soQK ftnes eo ;ed/ jB.

P.E. & H6745 iK & 1H4826 P.E.

nHuH (Q) ns/ wZXwkB d/ ftZu fBZu/ s'A Gkt T[; s'A S'N/ 25 gqshPs nzeV/ ;fEs j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK, ;XkoD^tzv ftZu nzsous{oEe (Q) dk ft;sko^y/so „wZX gzikj‟ gqshPs nzeV/ j[zd/ jB ns/ feT[Afe Q ns/ P.E. ;XkoD^tzv ftZu fJZe jh j[zd/ jB fJ; bJh ±P.E. Gkt ±H6745 (feT[Afe P.E. & H6754 ) d/ ftZu wZXwkB d/ T[Zgo 25 gqshPs ns/ fBZu/ d/ 25 gqshPs nzeV/ nk iKdk j?.

fJ; soQK n;hA nzefVnK dh ;fEsh ikDB d/ bJh ±1 , ±2 , ±3 dk gq:'r Bk eoe/ ±P.E., ±2P.E., ±3P.E. dk th gq:'r eo ;ed/ jB. 24H2 ;XkoD^;zGktBk teo (Normal Probability Curve)

;XkoD^tzv dh fJj ftP/Psk ;zGktBk^f;XKs (theory of probability) s/ nXkfos j?. ;zGktBk f;XKs dh nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftZu jh BjhA pbfe ;ko/ ftfrnkBK ftZu pVk wjZst j?. fJ; bJh T[; B{z g{oDsk ;wM b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

i/eo fJZe xNBk d/ xfNs j'D d/ „T‟ sohe/ j[zd/ j'D ns/ „n‟ sohe/ nfij/ j'D fiBQK ftZu T[j xfNs BjhA j' ;edh sK T[; xNBk d/ j'D dh ;zGktBk (Probability) T$TOn j't/rh. fJ;h soQK Bk j'D dh ;zGktBk (probability) n$Ton j't/rh.

fJ;h soQK i/eo skP d/ 52 gZfsnK ftZu'A n;hA 1 gZsk fyZu b?Ad/ jK ns/ fJj ikDBk ukjhJ/ fe fJ; gZso d/ pkdPkj j'D dh eh ;zGktBk j?, sK ;zGktBk f;XKs d/ nB[;ko fej ;ed/ jK fe

fJ; dh ;zGktBk 4

52 j't/rh, feT[Afe 52 gZfsnK ftZu e[ZbQ uko ozrK d/ uko pkdPkj j'Dr/.

fJ; soQK gkB d/ pkdPkj dh ;zGktBk 1

52 j't/rh, feT[Afe ;ko/ skPK ftZu gkB dk pkdPkj

e/tb fJZe jh j?.

52 gZs/ jB fJ; bJh fyZu/ j'J/ gZs/ dh pkdPkj j'D ns/ Bk j'D dh e[ZbQ ;zGktBk 52 j?. fJ; ftZu'A uko pkdPkj jB. fJ; bJh fJ; ftZu'A 4 sohfenK ftZu fJ; gZs/ dh ;zGktBk dh ik ;edh j? ns/ 48 sohfenK ftZu fJ; d/ pkdPkj Bk j'D dh ;zGktBk j't/rh.

fJ; bJh xfNs j'D d/ sohe/ & 4 Bk xfNs j'D d/ sohe/ &48

fyZu/ j'J/ gZs/ d/ pkdPkj j'D dh ;zGktBk (T[go'es T$TOn fB:w d/ nB[;ko)

4 4

4 48 52



fJ;h soQK n$TOn fB:w d/ nB[;ko Bk xfNs j'D dh ;zGktBk 48 48

4 48 52

T[dkjoD fJZe f;Zek fi; d/ fJZe gk;/ w{osh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;zB Sfgnk j? T[Zgo T[Skfbnk iKdk j?. eh ;zGktBk fJ; rZb dh j? fe f;Ze/ d/ IhwB s/ fvZrD s/ T[Zgo w{osh oj/. xNBk d/ xfNs j'D dh e[ZbQ d' sohe/ jB iK

sK w{osh nkJ/rh iK ;zB. fJ; bJh w{osh dh ;zGktBk 1

( )2

P j't/rh ns/

;zB d/ ofjD dh ;zGktBk th 1

2 j't/rh.

i/eo n;hA xNBk d/ xfNs j'D ns/ Bk j'D dh ;zGktBktK B{z i'VhJ/ sK jo jkbs ftZu 1 nkJ/rk. j[D i/eo n;hA nfij/ d' f;Ze/ T[Skbd/ jK sK fBwB fbys sohfenK ftZu f;ZfenK d/ IwhB s/ froB dh ;zGktBk j't/rh.

w{H^w{H, w{H^;zB, ;zB^w{H, ;zB^;zB

e[ZbQ 4 sohe/ j'D dh ;zGktB j? iK sK d'jK f;ZfenK s/ w{osh j't/rh iK d'jK s/ ;zB iK fJZe s/ ;zB ns/ fJZe s/ w{osh iK fJZe s/ w{osh ns/ fJZe s/ ;zB. w{H;zB ns/ ;zB^w{H fJZe jh rZb j?. fJ; bJh ;zB^w{H dh ;zGktBk d[ZrD j't/rh Gkt d' tko nfijk j' ;edk j? fe fJZe f;Ze/ s/ w{osh ns/ fJZe s/ ;zB nkJ/. fJ; soQK

1H w{H^w{H j'D dh ;zGktBk 1

( )4

p

2H 2 w{H^;zB j'D dh ;zGktBk 2 1

( )4 2

p

3H ;zB^;zB j'D dh ;zGktBk 1

( )4

p

yZp/ gk;/ dhnK xNBktK ns/ ;Zi/ gk;/ dhnK ;zGktBktK B{z i'VB s/ w{HOw{HO;H w{HO;H;H iK (w{H2O2w{H ;HO;H2)&(w{HO;H)2 & 1

fJ;h soQK 3 f;ZfenK B{z T[SkbD s/ fBwB fbys 8 i'V (Combinations) gqkgs j'Dr/.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

w{H w{H

w{H

w{H w{H

;H

w{H ;H

w{H

;H w{H

w{H

w{H ;H

;H

;H w{H

;H

;H ;H

w{H

;H ;H

;H

gozs{ i'V (2), (3), (4) fJZe jh rZb j?. fJ; bJh w{H w{H ;H dh ;zGktBk fszB r[Dk Gkt 1 1 1 3

8 8 8 8 j't/rh, feT[Zfe e[ZbQ 8 i'V j? ns/ jo/e dh ;zGktB

1

8 j? Gkt 3 w{H2 ;H dh

;zGktBk 3

8 j't/rh.

fJ;h soQK w{H ;H ;H (5), (6), (7) i'VK dh ;zGktBk th 3

8 j't/rh Gkt 3 ;H2 w{H dh ;zGktBk

( )p th 3

8 j't/rh. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, d' f;ZfenK s/ ;zB ns/ fJZe s/ w{osh fJeZm/ nkT[D d/ i'V

B'N



B'N dh ;zGktBk 3 j? ^ Gkt 3 tko nfijk j' ;edk j?.

fJ; d/ fJbktk w{H w{H w{H dh ;zGktBk ( )p3

8 ;H ;H ;H dh th

1

8 j't/rh.

feT[Afe (1) w{H w{H w{H dh ;zGktBk 1

( )8

P

(2) 3 w{H2 ;H dh ;zGktBk 3

( )8

P

(3) 3 ;H2 w{H dh ;zGktBk 3

( )8

P

(4) ;H ;H ;H dh ;zGktBk 1

( )8

P

fJ; bJh w{H3 O 3w{H2 ;H O 3 ;H2 w{H O ;H3 & 1

(yZp/ ns/ ;Zi/ gk;/ dhnK xNBktK ns/ ;zGktBktK B{z i'VB s/)

iK (w{H O ;H)3 &1

fJ;h soQK, i/eo n;hA 10 f;Ze/ T[SkbhJ/ sK w{H ;H (w{osh ns/ ;zB) d/ i'V ns/ T[jBK dhnK ;zGktBktK (probability) (w{HO;H)10 & 1 dk ft;sko j't/rh, Gkt^

w{H10 O 10 w{H9 ;H O 45 w{H8 ;H2 O 120 w{H7 ;H3 O 210 w{H6 ;H4 O 252 w{H5 ;H5 O 210 w{H4 ;H6 O 120 w{H3 ;H7 O 45 w{H2 ;H8 O 10 w{H ;H9 O ;H10 & 1

Gkt xNBktK d/ xND d/ e[ZbQ Yzr 1 O 10 O 45 O 120 O 210 O 252 O 210 O 120 O 45 O 10 O 1 & 1024 j'Dr/. fJBQK ftZu'A,

(1) w{H10 j'D dh ;zGktBk j't/rh 1

1024

(dZ; fJeZm/ w{osh nkT[D dh ;zGktBk)

(2) w{H9 ;H j'D dh ;zGktBk j't/rh 10

1024

(9 s/ w{osh, 1 s/ ;zB nkT[D dh ;zGktBk & 10)

(3) w{H8 ;H2 j'D ;zGktBk j't/rh 45

1024

(8 s/ w{osh 2 s/ ;zB & 45)


1024

(7 s/ w{osh 3 s/ ;zB & 120)


1024

(6 s/ w{osh 4 s/ ;zB & 210)




1024

(fJ;h soQK)


1024

(fJ;h soQK)


1024

(fJ;h soQK)


1024

(fJ;h soQK)

(10) w{H ;H9 j'D ;zGktBk j't/rh 10

1024

(fJ;h soQK)

(11) ;H10 j'D ;zGktBk j't/rh 1

1024

(fJ;h soQK)

fJ;h soQK binomial theorem d/ nXko s/ xNBktK dh ;zGktBk fBoXkfos j[zdh j?.

j[D i/eo n;hA w{osh ns/ ;zB d/ fJBQK i'VK ns/ T[jBk dhnK ;zGktBktK (1, 10, 45, 120, 210, 252, 210, 120, 45, 10, 1) s'A rokc fsnko eohJ/ sK T[[j ;XkoD^;zGktBk^fj;N'rokw (normal probability histogram) ejkJ/rk. fJ; d/ bJh teo d/ :^X[ok (x-axis) s/ n;hA w{H10 ;H, w{H9 ;HHHHHHH nkfd i'VK B{z ;Ekfgs eoKr/ ns/ o^X[ok (y-axis) s/ T[jBK dh ;zGktBk^;zfynktK B{z. fJ; soQK fBwB fbys fj;N'rokw pD/rkL

B'N


fuZso 24H4


B'N T[go'es fj;N'rokw s'A fJZe rZb fpbe[ZbQ ;gPN j?. ;zfynk 252 ftZu dh ns/ ;G s'A tZvh ;zGktBk^;zfynk j?. fJ; d/ d'jK gk;/ ;zfynktK dh tzv ;wkB j?. fJZe gk; 210, 120, 45, 10, 1 j? sK d{i/ gk;/ th 210, 120, 45, 10, 1 jh j?. fJ; soQK fJ; fj;N'rokw ftZu 252 d/ d'jK gkf;nK dk y/socb pokpo j? ns/ d'jK gkf;nK d/ GkrK dh nkfeosh th fJe' fijh j?.

T[go'es fj;N'rokw (w{H;H)10 e/tb 10 f;ZfenK d/ w{H ns/ ;H d/ i'VK dk jh ft;sko gqrN eodk j?. fJ; bJh T[; ftZu 10 e'D fdykJh fdzd/ jB. i/eo f;ZfenK dh ;zfynk (N) nDfrDs eo fdZsh ikt/ sK fj;N'rokw ftZu fJzB/ nDfrDs e'D pDBr/ fe T[j fdykJh BjhA d/Dr/ ns/ T[jK d/ fpzd{nK B{z fwbkT[D s/ fJZe ;kb teo (smooth curve) pD ikt/rk fi; d/ wZXfpzd{ d/ d'jK gkf;nK dk y/socb T[go'es fj;N'rokw dh soQK jh pokpo j't/rk ns/ nkfeosh ftZu th d'B' Gkr fJZe' fij/ j'Dr/. fJ; bJh fJ; toe B{z ;XkoD^;zGktBk^teo (normal probability curve) efjzd/ jB. fJ; B{z ;zGktBk (probability curve) fJ; bJh efjzd/ jB fe xNBktK d/ i'VK ns/ T[jBK dhnK ;zGktBktK (probabilities) d/ nXko s/ fJ; B{z fsnko ehsk iKdk j?. d{i/ fJ; bJh th efjzd/ jB fe i/eo fJ; toe (curve) dk wZXfpzd{ b? e/ T[; B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzvd/ jK sK d'B' Gkr y/socb ns/ nkfeqsh ftZu fJZe ;wkB j[zd/ jB. ftZu tkb/ gk;/ ;G s'A finkdk ;zGktBktK (Probabilities) j[zdhnK jB ns/ fco T[; d/ d'jK gk;/ ;zfynktK dh fJZe fijh tzv jz[dh j?, fit/A fe T[Zgo d/ fj;N'rokw s'A ;gPN j?.

fJ;h teo d/ nXko s/ ;XkoD^tzv (normal distribution) dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ T[; dk gq:'r j[zdk j?. ;XkoD^tzv dhnK ;kohnK ftP/PsktK fJ;h nXko s/ bJhnK rJhnK jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu HHHHHHHHHHH dk pj[s wjZst j?.

2H ;XkoDtzv d/ nXko s/ jh HHHHHHHHHHHH dh T[g:'rsk, ;koEesk ns/ ti{d fBoXkfos j[zdk j?.

3H ;XkoD^tzv ftZu wZXwkB, wZXnze wkB ns/ pj[nze wkB ;XkoDtzv d/ HHHHHHHH fpzd{ s/ g?Ad/ jB.

24H3 ;XkoD tzv dk gq:'r (Uses of Normal Distribution)

nZr/ dhnK d' fszB T[dkjoDK s'A ;XkoDtzv dk gq:'r fpbe[b ;gPN j' ikt/rkL

T[dkjoD 1H

fJZe ;XkoDtzv ^;fEs nze^;w{j dk M 125 j? ns/ gqH ftH (S.D.) & 11 j?, sK (n) 114 ns/ 136 d/ ftZu e[ZbQ nzefVnK ftZu'A fezB/ nzeV/ g?Dr/< (p) fezB/ nzeV/ 140 s'A T[Zs/ g?Dr/<

M & 125 gqH ftH & 11

114 ^ 136 d/ ftZu nze gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk eZYDh j?.

(n) 114 wZXwkB 125 s'A 11 xZN ^1 fBZu/ j?. fJ;h soQK 136, wZXwkB 125 s'A 11 finkdk iK O1 d{o iK T[Zgo j?. fJ; bJh 114^136 d/ fBZu/ nzefVnK dh T[jh ;zfynk j't/rh i' M s'A ±1 dh ;hwk d/ ftZu j't/rh. feT[Afe ;XkoDtzv dh ;fEsh ftZu M s'A ±1 d/ ftZu 68H26 gqshPs nzeV/ g?Ad/ jB, fJ; bJh 114^136 d/ ftZu e[ZbQ nzefVnK dk d' fsjkJh iK 68H26 gqshPs nzeV/ j'Dr/.

(p) wZXwkB 125 s'A 140 e[ZbQ 15 tZvk j? iK 125^140 dk nze 15 nzeV/ d{o ;fEs j?. gqH 260 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


ftH (S.D.) s'A 11 s'A Gkr eoB s/ ejKr/ fe 125 s'A 140 dk nze 1H36 dh d{oh s/ ;fEs j?. fJ; bJh wZXwkB O1H36 (Gkt wZXwkB d/ T[Zgo e/tb fJZe jh gk;/) 41H31 gqshPs nzeV/ g?Dr/ (;{uh d[nkok). fJ; bJh 140 d/ T[Zgo e[ZbQ nzeV/ 50H0^41H31 & 8H69 gqshPs iK 9# j'Dr/.

T[dkjoD 2H

fJZe ;XkoD^tzv^;fEs nze^;w{j dk Mean 16 j? sK gqH ftH 4 j? sK ftZu d/ 75 gqshPs nzeV/ fe; ;hwk d/ ftZu g?Dr/.

ftZu d/ 75 gqshPs nzefVnK d/ nZX/ Mean d/ fJZe gk;/ g?Dr/ ns/ nZX/ d{i/ gk;/, BjhA sK ;XkoD^tzv j' BjhA ;edh Gkt 37H5# fJZe gk;/ g?Dr/ ns/ 37H5 gqshPs d{i/ gk;/. ;{uh (A) ftZu d/y e/ n;hA gsk brKd/ jK fe M O 1H15 d/ ftu 37H5 gqshPs nzeV g?Ad/ jB. fJ;h soQK d{i/ 37H5# Mean ns/ 1H15 d/ ftZu g?Dr/. fJ; bJh e[ZbQ 75# Mean±1H15 d/ ftZu g?Dr/. feT[Afe &4, fJ; bJh 75# nzeV/ M±1H15×4& M±4H60 d/ ftZu g?Dr/. M&16 j?, fJ; bJh T[j 16±4H6 d/ ftZu g?Dr/. fJ; bJh fJj ;hwk 20H6 ^ 11H4 j'Jh. 20H6 ns/ 11H4 d/ ftZu 75 gqshPs nzeV/ g?Dr/. 24H4 ;XkoD^;zGktBk^tzv^;{uh dk gq:'r (Uses of Normal Probability Distribution Diagram)

fe;h tzv ftZu wZXwkB (Mean) ns/ :^X[ok (x-axis) s/ tzv d/ fe;h gqH ftH d/ ftZu fezB/ gqshPs nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB, fJj frnks eoB d/ bJh fJZe ;{uh gq:'r ehsh iKdh j?.

g[;se d/ nzs ftZu ;{uh^(A) B{z d/y'. T[; d/ T[Zgo gfjbh bkJhB ftZu fbfynk j? x

H00

H02HHHHHH09 ns/ T[Zgo s'A fBZu/ ;szGK ftZu ;zfynktK fbyhnK jB. gfjb/ ;szG ftZu T[Zgo s'A fBZu/ B{z gqH ftH ( ) dh d{oh fdZsh rJh j? fijVh dPwbt d/ fJZe nze pknd sZe ehsh j?.

i/eo n;hA wH wkH ns/ 1H2 d/ ftZu nzefVnK dh ;zfynk d/yDh j? sK gfjbK x

d/ ;szG d/

fBZu/ 1H2 dk nze gVQKr/ ns/ T[Zgo dh gfjbh bkJh ftZu H00 B{z gVQ e/ T[;h ;szG ftZu fBZu/ tkb/ gk;/ nktKr/ mhe 1H2 d/ nZr/. fiZE/ d'B' fwbDr/ T[j Mean O 1H2 d/ ftZu nzefVnK dh gqshPs ;zfynk j't/rh. fJ;h soQK 1H38 d/ ftZu d/yDk j't/rk sK gfjbK ;szG ftZu 1H3 d/ ;kjwD/ o/yk fyZuKr/ ns/ fco T[Zgo dh gfjbh gzesh ftZu H08 d/y e/ T[;h d/ fBZu/ ;szG ftZu ub/ nktKr/. fiZE/ 1H3 d/ ;kjwD/ tkbh o/yk B{z fJj o/yk eZN/rh T[j nzefVnK dh gqshPs ;zfynk j't/rh.

d{i/ rZb fJj :kd oZyD dh j? fe ;{uh ftZu fijVhnK ;zfynktK fdZshnK rJhnK jB T[j 10,000 ftZu fdZshnK rJhnK jB. fJ; bJh gqshPs d/yDk j? sK d' nze yZp/ gk;/ jNk e/ dPwbt brk fdnKr/.

6H tkX{ T[dkjoD gqPB

1H M & 14H4

gqH ftH ( ) & 2H5, sK ;zg{oD tzv ftZu 12 ^ 16 gqkgs nzeK d/ ftZu gqsh jIko fezB/ ftfdnkoEh nkT[Dr/.<

M ns/ nze 12 d/ ftZu ^ d{oh 12 14.4 2.4

.962.5 2.5

B'N



B'N Mean ns/ ^H96 d/ ftZu gqshPs nzefVnK dh ;zfynk (;{uh s'A) &33H15 d{oh wZXwkB

ns/ nze 16 d/ ftZu 16 14.4

.642.5

wZXwkB ns/ OH64 d/ ftZu gqshPs nzefVnK dh ;zfynk (;{uh s'A) & 23H89, fJ; bJh 12 ^ 16 d'B' gqkgs nzeK d/ ftZu e[ZbQ gqshPs nzeV/ & 33H15O23H89 & 57H04

1000 ftZu & 57H04×10 & 570H4 Gkt 570

2H M & 14H4 & 2H5

i/eo nze^tzv ;XkoD jB sK 1000 ftZu fezB/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gqkgs nzeK dh 18 s'A finkdk j'D dh ;zGktBk j?<

^d{oh wZXwkB ns/ gqkgsnze 18 d/ ftZu & 18 14.4 3.6

1.442.5 2.5

wZXwkB ns/ 1H44 d/ ftZu gqshPs ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk (;{u s'A) & 42H51

fJ; bJh 18 d/ T[Zgo nze gqakgs eoB tkfbnK dh gqshPs ;zfynk & 50H0 ^ 42H51 & 7H49 {feT[Afe ;XkoD^tzv ftZu wZXwkB d/ T[Zgo fBZu/ dk jo nZXk Gkr 50% j[zdk j?}

fJ; bJh 1000 ftZu 18 s'A T[Zgo nze b?D s/ T[Zso gkD tkfbnK dh ;zfynk & 74H9 iK 75

gozs{ 18 nze dh ngo ;hwk 18H5 b?D s/ T[Zso ftZu 25 dk nzso nkJ/rk. i/eo ngo g[ZfSnk ikt/ sK g{oD nze dh tikJ/ ngo ;hwk B{z jh fbnk iKdk j? ns/ fiZE/ fe;h nze s'A fBZu/ d/ nzefVnK dh ;zfynk g[Zsh iKdh j? T[ZE/ T[; nze dh nZXh (lower) ;hwk bJh iKdh j?. fit/A^

3H T[go'es gqPB ftZu 8 s'A fBZu/ nze gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk eZYDh j?.

wZXwkB ns/ 8 d/ ftZu ^ d{oh 7.7 14.4 6.9

2.762.5 2.5

wZXwkB ns/ ^2H76 d/ ftZu gqshPs ftfdnkoEh & 49H71 (;{uh)

8 dh tikJ/ 7H5 b?D s/ ^d{oh & 2H76 ns/ gqshPs nzeV/ & 49H71

fJ; bJh 1000 ftZu eow nB[;ko & 497

7H5 s'A fBZu/ & 500^497 & 3

4H i/eo nzeK dh ;XkoD^tzv ftZu

wZXwkB (M) & 14H4

gqH ftH ( ) & 2H5 sK 15 s'A finkdk nze gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh eh ;zGktBk j?<

wZXwkB ns/ 15 gqkgs nzeK Gkt 15.5 14.4

.442.5

d{oh d/ ftZu

nzefVnK dh ;zfynk & 17H0# (;{uh (A) d[nkok).

15 s'A finkdk nze gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk & 50 ^ 17 & 33#

fJ; soQK fszB ftZu'A fJZe dh ;zGktBk j? fe T[; dk gqkgs nze 15 s'A T[Zgo j'Dr/.

5H wZXwkB ns/ 1H54 d/ ftZu fezB/ nzeV/ nkT[Dr/.< 262 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


;{uh (A) ftZu gfjb/ ;szG ftZu x

d/ fBZu/ 1H5 d/y' ns/ T[; d/ ;kjwD/ f;ZXh o/yk fyZu'. Fco

;G s'A T[Zgo tkbh gzesh ftZu H04 d/ fBZu/ tkb/ ;szG ftZu fBZu/ tkb/ gk;/ nkU ns/ fiZe/ 1H5 d/ mhe ;kjwD/ fyZuh rJh bkJhB B{z fJj eZN/ T[; ykB/ ftZu fijVh ;zfynk fbyh j?, T[j d/y'. fJj ;zfynk 43H83 j?. Gkt 100 ftZu 43H83 j?. i/eo g{oh tzv B{z 10,000 wzBhJ/ sK 4383 j?. i/eo 1 wzBhJ/ sK H4383 j't/rh ns/ 10 wzBhJ/ sK 4H383 j't/rh.

6H fJ;h soQK wZXwkB ns/ ^1H73 d/ ftZu 45H82 gqshPs nzeV/ j'Dr/. fJ; ftZu foDkswe (^) fuzBQ dk noE j? fe fJj nzeV/ wH wkH s'A xZN wkB tkb/ Gkt yZp/ gk;/ ;fEs j'D tkb/ j'Dr/.

7H fJ;h soQK i/eo n;hA 1H54 ns/ ^1H73 d/ ftZu e[ZbQ nzefVnK dh ;zfynk eZYDh j? sK Mean ns/ ^1H54 ns/ Mean ns/ 1H73 d/ ftZu d/ d'jK nzefVnK B{z i'V fdnKr/.

fJ; soQK e[ZbQ nzeV/ & 43H83 O 45H82 & 89H65 gqshPs j'Dr/. ;XkoD^tzv^teo ftZu T[jBK dh ;fEsh fJ; soQK j't/rhL 8H fJ;h soQK i/eo fJj eZYDk j? fe O1H54 d/ T[Zgo nze gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk feZBh j't/rh sK n;hA T[; ;fEsh B{z fuZso d[nkok fJ; soQK fdkyktKr/. fJ; nkfeqsh ftZu g{ok y/so ;XkoD^tzv dh jkbs ftZu fJZe fsjkJh wzfBnk iKdk j? fi; B{z

wZXwkB d' pokpo GkrK ftZu tzvdk j?. fJ; bJh TOn d'B' g{o/ dk 1

2 j't/rk. i/eo g{o/ Gkr

B'N


fuZso 24H5

fuZso 24H6


B'N ftZu 100 nzeV/ ;fEs jB sK nZX/ ftZu Gkr TOn ftZu 50 j'Dr/. O1H54 n";s d/ yZp/ gk;/ dk T[j y/socb j? fi; ftZu 43H82# nzeV/ nk rJ/ jB fJ; bJh n Gkr ftZu 50H0^43H82 & 6H18# j'Dr/.

i/eo g{o/ Gkr B{z 1000 wzBhJ/ sK T O n Gkr ftZu 500 nzeV/ j'Dr/ ns/ ;{uh d[nkok T Gkr ftZu 4382 j'Dr/. fJ; bJh n Gkr ftZu 61H8 j'Dr/.

fJ;h soQK n"H d/ yZp/ gk;/ th nzefVnK dh ;zfynk d/yh ik ;edh j?.

;zGktBk so[ZNh (PROBABLE ERROR)

fJ;h soQK d/ ;EkB s/ P.E. dk gq:'r th j[zdk j?. P.E. dh th ;{uh fdZsh ofjzdh j?. T[; ftZu d/y e/ nzefVnK dh ;zfynk eZY ;ed/ jB. Gkt P.E. B{z ftZu pdb e/ fco nzefVnK dh ;zfynk eZYh ik ;edh j? feT[Afe P.E. & H6745 d/ j[zdh j?. i/eo fJj eZYDk j? fe wZXwkB ns/ ^2H7P.E. d/ ftZu fezB/ nzeV/ j'Dr/ sK n;hA P.E. B{z ftZu pdb btKr/.

1 P.E. & H6745

^2H7 P.E. & 2H7 × H6745 &^1H82

dh ;{uh ftZu wZXwkB ns/ 1H82 d/ ftZu 46H56# nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh wH wkH ns/ ^2H7 P.E. d/ ftZu 46H56# nzeV/ j'J/.

9H iwks 8 d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fJfsjk; dh/ gqkgs nzeK dk wZXwkB fJ; ;w/A 40H0 j? ns/ rfDs d/ gqkgs nzeK dk wZXwkB 62H0 j?. e[ZM wjhB/ pknd d[pkok gqhfynk bJh ikD s/ fJfsjk; dk wZXwkB 52H0 ns/ rfDs dk 72H0 nkfJnk, sK ftfdnkoEhnK B/ fe; ftP/ ftZu T[Bsh ehsh ns/ d{i/ s'A fezBh finkdk T[Bsh ehsh. fJ;fsjk; ftZu gqH ftH ( ) 3H6 ns/ rfDs dk gqkH ftH ( ) & 9H60 j?.

fJ; ;w/A e[ZM wjhB pknd T[Bsh

fJfsjk; dk wZXwkB 40H0 52H0 12H0

rfDs dk wZXwkB 62H0 72H0 10H8

T[Bsh d{oh ftZu& (1) fJfsjk; ftZU & 12$3H60 & 3H33

(2) rfDs ftZu & 10H8$9H6 & 1H12

d'BK ftfPnK dh T[Bsh B{z ^d{oh ftZu pdb b?D s/ T[j go;go s[bBkswe (comparable) j' rJh. fJ; bJh ;gPN j? fe fJfsjk; ftZu tZX T[Bsh ehsh j?. 3H36$1H12 & brGr fszB r[Dk tZX T[Bsh ehsh j?.

10H uko gqPB n, p, ;, d ftZu'A n B{z 50# p B{z 60#, ; B{z 70# ns/ d B{z 80#, ftfdnkoEh ;jh^;jh eod/ jB. n ns/ p d/ ftZu i' w[Pfeb j? T[; dh ; ns/ d d/ ftZu dh w[Pfeb Bkb s[bBk eo'. i/eo tzv ;XkoD j? sK ukoK gqPBK dh w[Pfeb gqH ftH ( ) ftZu fBwB j't/rh.


fuZso 24H7


(1) : B{z 50# ftfdnkoEh ;jh eo b?Ad/ jB Gkt : ^g?wkB s/ (T n o/yk s/) n^fpzd{ s/ gJ/rk feT[Afe 50# fJZXo ns/ 50# Gkr T[ZXo oj/rk. fJ; bJh fJj fpbe[b T[; fpzd{ s/ gJ/rk fiZE/ wZXwkB g?Adk j?. fJ; bJh wZXwkB ns/ fJ; fpzd{ dh ^d{h Iho' j't/rh.

(2) „p‟ B{z 60# ;jh eod/ jB ns/ 40# BjhA eo gkT[Ad/. Gkt 60# ftfdkoEh T[Zg ns/ 40# fBZu/ oj/. n : sZe 50# j' iKd/ jB. 60# T[Zgo oZyD d/ bJh :^fpzd{ s'A fBZu/ 10# Gkr j'o b?Dk j't/rk p^fpzd{ sZe. fJ; bJh p dh ;fEsh wZXwkB (:^fpzd{) s'A T[Bh ^d{oh fBZu/ j't/rh fizBh d/ ftZu 10# nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB. ;{uh (A) ftZu d/yD s/ fJj ^H25 nkT[Adk j?.

: dh d{oh & 0H0 p dh d{oh &^H25

nzso &O H25 , fJ; bJh :, p s'A OH25 tZX w[Pfeb j?.

fJ;h soQK fpzd{ ; wZXwkB s'A 70^50&20# nzefVnK dh d{oh s/ j?. 20# nzeV/ H52 dh d{oh ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh ;, : s'A ^H52 xZN w[Pfeb j?.

fJ;h soQK „d‟, : s'A (80^50) & 30# Gkt ^H84 xZN w[Pfeb j?.

; ns/ d dh w[Pfeb dk nzso &^H84 ^H52 &^H32 Gkt ;, d s'A ^H32 tZX w[Pfeb j?. fJ; soQK : dh p s'A fijVh w[Pfeb j? T[j T[; w[Pfeb s'A fijVh ; dh d s'A j? 1H28 r[Dh j?

.321.28

.25

.

11H fJZe iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z :O, :, :^l pO, p^l ;O, ;, ;^ ns/ d rq/v (Pq/DhnK) fdZshnK rJhnK jB. i/eo ;zpzXs :'rsk ;wXkoD tzv j? sK 500 ftZu'A fezB/ ftfdnkoEh jo/e Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[D/r/<

fJ; gqPB ftZu ;XkoD^tzv d/ ;zg{oD ft;sko B{z 10 Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?. ;XkoD^tzv dk ;zg{oD ft;sko wZXwkB d/ d'B' gk;/ 3 sZe j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK e[ZbQ ft;sko &6 .

6 d/ ft;sko B{z 10 Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?.

fJ; soQK jo/e P/Dh dk ft;sko^y/so &6

10 &H60 j't/rk. fBZu/ d/ fuZso ftZu fJj ;fEsh

fJ; soQK j't/rhL wZXwkB d/ mhe ftZu T fpzd{ s/ j't/rk. T s'A p H6 d{o j?. p s'A p OH6 d{o j?. fJ; soQK p dh d{oh T s'A (H6 O H6) & 1H2 . fJ;h soQK n ^ dh d{oh T s'A 1H8 n dh

B'N


fuZso 24H8


B'N 1H8OH6&2H4 n/s nO dh 2H4 O H6 & 3H0 j'Jh.

(1) wZXwkB Gkt T fpzd{ ns/ H06 d/ ftZu nzefVnK dh ;zfynk (;{uh A s'A) &22H75#. fJjh p Pq/Dh gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk j't/rh. 500 ftZu fJj ;zfynk j't/rh.

50022.57 112.85

100 iK 113 H

feT[Afe wZXwkB d/ d'jK gk;/ tzv fJe' fijh j[zdh j?, fJ; bJh p^Pq/Dh gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk th 113 j't/rh.

(2) fJ;h soQK wZXwkB ns/ pO d/ ftZu dh d{oh 1H2 d/ nzsors nzefVnK dh ;zfynk ;{uh s'A 38H49#. Gozs{ wZXwkB ns/ p d/ ftZu 22H57# nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; soQK e/tb p^Pq/Dh gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk & 38H49 ^ 22H57 & 15H92 iK 16. fJj 500 ftZu & 80. fJzB/ jh ;O Pq/Dh tkfbnK dh ;zfynk j't/rh.

(3) fJ;h soQK wZXwkB ns/ n^ d/ ftZu dh d{oh 1H8 j? ns/ fJ; d/ ftZu nzefVnK dh ;zfynk & 46H41# j?, fJ; bJh n^Pq/Dh gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk 46H41^38H49 & 7H92 iK 8#, fJ; bJh 500 ftZu 8×5 & 40. fJzBh jh ;zfynk wZXwkB d/ yZp/ gk;/ ; Pq/Dh gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh th j't/rh.

(4) n ns/ ;^ gqkgs eoB tfbnK dh gqshPs ;zfynk & wZXwkB ns/ n iK ;^ d/ ftZu dh d{oh (2H40 ) d/ ftZu nkT[D tkb/ nzefVnK dk gqshPs j't/rh. wZXwkB ns/ ;^ d/ ftZu nkT[D tkb/ nzeV/ & 49H18 ^ 46H41 & 2H77, fJj 500 ftZu & 2H77 × 5 & 13H85 & 14

(5) fJ;h soQK d ns/ nO Pq/Dh gqkgs eoB tkfbnK dh ;zfynk & 49H865 (3H0 sZe nkT[D tkb/ nzefVnK dh gqshPs ;zfynk) ^49H18 (2H4 sZe nkT[D tkb/ nzefVnK) & H685. 500 ftZu & 5×H685 & 3H425 iK 3. fJ; soQK 500 ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu'A jo/e Pq/Dh d/ nzsors nkT[D tkb/ ftfdkoEhnK dh ;zfynk j't/rhL

d, ;^, ;, ;O, p^, p, pO, n^, n, nO

3, 14, 40, 80, 113, 113, 80, 40, 13, 3,

12H wzB fbU 500 ftfdnkoEhnK dh p[ZXh^bpXh (I.Q.) dh tzv ;XkoD (normal) j? ns/ T[; dk wXwkB 72 j? gqH ftH ( ) 10 j?. fJBQK ftZu'A 10# B{z n Pq/Dh, 30# B{z p, 40# B{z ;, 15# B{z d ns/ 5# B{z : Pq/Dh d/Dh j?. sK jo/e d' Pq/DhnK dh tzv eoB tkbh p[ZXh^bpXh (I.Q.) dk gsk brkU.


fuZso 24H9


wZXwkB ;XkoDtzv dh mhe d' pokpo Gkr eodk j?. fJ; bJh wZXwkB dk o/yk teo d/ mhe ftZu gJ/rh. T[Zgo dk 10# Gkr n d/ nzsors ns/ 30# p d/ nzsors nk iKdk j?. wZXwkB s'A r fpzd{ sZe g{ok Gkr 50# j?. e s'A r sZE fJj j't/rk (30 O 10) & 40# j't/ n ns/ p d/ nzsors nk frnk. fJ; bJh wZXwkB ns/ e d/ ftZu 50 ^ 40 & 10# ofj frnk.

fJ;h soQK S s'A i sZe 5# P d/ nzsors ns/ u s'A S sZe 15# d d/ nzsors nk frnk. e[ZbQ Gkr : ns/ d d/ nzsors &5O15&20#. wZXwkB s'A i sZe g{ok nZXk Gkr &50#. fJ; bJh wZXwkB ns/ u d/ ftZu dk Gkr &50^20& 30# j?.

wZXwkB d/ d'BK gk;/ u ns/ e sZe ; Gkr ofj frnk fi; ftZu yZp/ gk;/ 30# ns/ ;Zi/ gk;/ 10# nk iKdk j?.

jo/e d' Pq/DhnK B{z tzvB tkb/ I.Q. y, e, u ns/ S fpzd{nK s/ ;fEs j'Dr/.

(1) e, wZXwkB s'A T[Bh ^d{oh s/ j? fizB/ d/ ftZu 10# nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB. ;{uh s'A 10# dh ^d{oh &H25 , gozs{ &10. fJ; bJh fJ; fpzs{ s/ i' I.Q. j't/rk T[j wZXwkB H25 × 10 & 2H5 I.Q. T[Zgo Gkt 72O2H5 & 74H5 iK 75.

(2) fJ;h soQK „y‟ wZXwkB s'A T[Bh ^d{oh s/ j? fizBh ^d{oh d/ ftZu (10# O 30#) & 40# nzeV/ nkT[Ad/ jB. ;{uh s'A fJj d{oh 1H28# j?. feT[Afe d & 10 ns/ wZXwkB & 72 j?, fJ; soQK fJ; fpzd{ s/ ;fEs j'D tkbk I.Q. & 72 O 1H28 × 10 & 84H8 iK 85 j't/rk.

(3) fJ;h soQK u fpzd{ s/ ;fEs j'D tkbk I.Q. wZXwkB s'A yZp/ gk;/ H84 dh d{oh s/ j? feT[Afe 30# nzeV/ wZXwkB ns/ H84 d/ ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh fJ; fpzd{ s/ ;fEs j'D tkbk I.Q. & 727H84 × 10 & 72 ^ 8H4 & 63H6 iK 64.

(4) „d‟ fpzd{ wZXwkB s'A (30O15) & 45# ft;sko^y/so dh d{oh s/ j?. fJj d{oh ;{uh A ftZu 1H645 j?. fJ; soQK fJ; fpzd{ s/ ;fEs j'D tkbk I.Q. & 72 ^ (1H645 × 10) & 72 ^ 16H45 & 55H55 iK 56.

fJ; soQK ukoK tzv^fpzd{nK s/ ;fEs j'D tkb/ I.Q. j'Dr/ 56, 54, 75, 85 ^ Gkt 85 s'A T[Zgo I.Q. tkb/ n Pq/Dh ftZu jB, 75 s'A T[Zgo I.Q. tkb/ p Pq/Dh ftZu, 64 s'A T[Zgo tkb/ ; Pq/Dh ftZu, 56 s'A T[Zgo tkb/ d Pq/Dh ns/ 56 s'A xZN tkb/ : Pq/Dh ftZu. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


Statement are True or False)

4H ;XkoD^tzv ftZu teo d/ d'jK gk;/ d/ noX Gkr pokpo j[zd/ jB.

5H XBkswe ;e:{ ftZu finkdkso nzeV/ wZXwkB d/ ;Zi/ gk;/ ofjzd/ jB.

6H ;e:{ uko soQK dk j[zdk j?.

7H e[oe'fNe;, teo d/ ugNk ns/ f;yoh j'D d/ ;fEsh tZb ;ze/s eodh j?.

24H5 nzefVnK dh tzv dh ftPwsk dk gfowkg (Measuring Divergence From Normality)

B'N

B'N; ;XkoDtzv (normal distribution) ftZu wZXwkB, wZXnze wkB ns/ pj[nze (mode)

fszB' fJZe jh fpzd{ s/ g?Ad/ jB ns/ teo d/ d'B' gk;/ d/ noXGkr fJZe' fij/ j[zd/ jB.



B'N T[jBK ftZu ;wfwsh (symmetry) j[zdh j? fit/A fe gfjbh ;wtzv dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ nzsors

dZf;nk frnk j?. i/eo tzv^teo fJ; s'A fGzB ;fEsh ftZu j't/ sK T[; B{z ftPw tzv efjzd/

jB. ftPw^tzv (abnormal) d' soQK dk j' ;edk j?L^

(T) ;e:{ (Skew)

(n) e[oe'fN; (Kurtosis) iK ee[dteosk

(T) ;e:{ (Skew)

;e:{ ftPwsk ftZu wZXwkB ns/ wZXnze wkB (Mdn) d'B' fJZe ;EkB s/ g? e/ nbZr^nbZr g?Ad/ jB ns/ r[oskeoPD^e/Ado (center of gravity) ;Zi/ iK yZp/ gk;/ jfNnk j'fJnk j[zdk j?. ;XkoD tzv ftZu wZXwkB ns/ wZXnze^wkB (Mdn) d'BK dk wkB fJZe jh j[zdk j? ns/ ftPwsk Iho' j[zdh j?. fizBk jh fJZe^d{i/ d/ B/V/ j'Dr/ T[Bh jh ;e:{^wksok xZN j[zdh ikt/rh ns/ T[Bk jh tzv xZN j't/rh. ;e:{ th d' soQK dk j[zdk j?L

(1) XBkswe ;e:{ (Positive Skew)

(2) foDkswe ;e:{ (Negative Skew)

(1) XBkswe ;e:{ (Positive Skew) L XBkswe ;e:{ ftZu finkdkso nzeV/ wZXwkB d/ yZp/

gk;/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ ;Zi/ gk;/ E'V/ nzeV/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ d{o sZe c?b/ j[zd/ jB fit/A fe fBZu/ dh

nkfeqsh ftZu fdykfJnk frnk j?. Gkt wZXwkB s'A xZN wkB tkb/ nzeV/ ;zfynk ftZu pj[s

finkdk j[zd/ jB ns/ T[; s'A finkdk wkB tkb/ nzeV/ xZN j[zd/ jB, s/ T[j wZXwkB s'A pj[s

finkdk d{o sZe c?b/ ofjzd/ jB. d{i/ XBkswe ;e:{ ftZu wZXnze wkB (Mdn) wZXwkB d/

yZp/ gk;/ g?Adk j?.

(2) foDkswe ;e:{ (Negative Skew) L fJ; ;fEsh ftZu finkdkso nzeV/ wZXwkB d/ ;Zi/

gk;/ fJeZso j' iKd/ jB. Gkt wZXwkB s'A finkdk wkB tkb/ nzefVnK dh ;zfynk finkdk jzdh

j? ns/ T[j fJZe^d{i/ d/ e'b ;N/ j'J/ j[zd/ jB. d{i/ fJ; ftZu wZXnze wkB (Mdn) wZXwkB d/

;Zi/ gk;/ g?Adk j? Gkt wZXnze dk wkB wZXwkB s'A finkdk j[zdk j?. fBZu/ d/ fuZso s'A fJj

;gPN j?.


fuZso 24H10


;e:{^Xowsk dk gfowkg (Measure of Skewness) L ;e:{^ftPwsk dk ;{ue nze (Index) fBwB fbys ;{s d[nkok eZfYnk iKdk j?L

(1) 3( .)Mean Mdn

SK

d{ik ;{so PsKPh wkB d[nkok eZYD dk j?L

(2) 90 1050

2

P PSK P

d'jK ;{soK d[nkok eZY/ rJ/ gfowkgK ftZu fizBh jh ftPwsk (skewness) finkdk j't/rh T[Bk jh nzso finkdk j't/rk. fJ; bJh T[j go;go s[bBkswe BjhA jB.

(2) e[oN'f;; (Kurtosis)

e[oN'f;; (Kurtosis), teo (curve) d/ ugNk ns/ fPyoh (peaked) j'D dh ;fEsh tZb ;ze/s eodh j?. ;XkoD^tzv^teo B{z fizBk ugNk ns/ T[Zuk j'Dk ukjhdk j? i/eo T[; s'A finkdk ugNkgB iK fPyosk (peakedness) T[; ftZu gkJh iKdh j? sK T[j e[oN'f;; d/ nzsors nk iKdk j?.

;XkoD^tzv^teo B{z w/;'e[ofNe (Mesokurtic) th efjzd/ jB.

fi; e[oN'f;; dh T[ukJh ;wteo (normal curve) dh T[ukJh s'A finkdk j[zdh j? T[; B{z b?gN'e[ofNe (Leptokurtic) efjzd/ jB.

fi; e[oN'f;; dk ugNkgB ;wteo d/ ugN/gB s'A finkdk j[zdk j? T[; B{z gb?Nhe[ofNe (Platykurtic) efjzd/ jB. fBZu/ d/ fuZso ftZu fJj fszB'A ;fEshnK fdykJh rJhnK jBL

B'N


fuZso 24H11

fuZso 24H12


B'N e[oN'f;; dk gfowkg (Measure of Kurtosis)

e[oN'f;; d/ eZYD dk ;{so fBwB fbys j?L 90 10

QKu

P P

;XkoDtzv^teo dh e[oN'f;; H263 j[zdh j?. i/eo fe;h toe ftZu T[j fJ; s'A finkdk j? sK tzv b?gN'e[ofNe j[zdk j?.

Nk;e e[oN'fe; fe;/ B{z efjzd/ jB<

(J) nze^tzv d/ ftPw j'D d/ ekoB

nzeK dh e'Jh tzv ;XkoD Bk j' e/ ftPw (non-normal) feT[A j' iKdh j? fJ; d/ eJh ekoB j' ;ed/ jB. wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ftfdne^gqhyDK ftZu fJBQK ekoBK B{z ikDBk th io{oh j[zdk j?. fBwB fbys dPktK ftZu ;e:{ iK e[oN'fe; dh ;fEsh T[sgzB j' ;edh j?L

1H gqshu'D (Sample)

(1) fe;h th r[D iK ftP/Psk dk id'A n;hA gfowkgB eod/ jK sK n;hA T[jBK r[DXkoh iK ftP/PsktK^Xkoh t;s{nK ns/ ftneshnK dh izB;zfynk (population) ftZu'A e/tb e[ZM ;hfws ;zfynk d/ fJZe iK d' fBnkdoP (sample) b? b?Ad/ jB. T[jBK d/ jh r[DK dk gfowkgB eoe/ T[jBK d/ BshfinK B{z ;zg{oD izB;zfynk s/ bkr{ eo fdzd/ jK. nfijk fJ; bJh eod/ jK fe ;koh izB;zfynk dk gfowkgB n;zGt j[zdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ftPw^tzv d' soQK dh j[zdh j?^;e:{ ns/ e[oe'fN;.

fJ; fBnkdoP dhnK nkgDhnK ftP/PsktK s/ jh ;kv/ gfowkgK dh P[ZXsk ns/ :EkoEsk fBoGo ofjzdh j?. fJ; bJh id'A fJj u'D mhe BjhA j[zdh iK T[; ftZu e'Jh wjZstg{oD d'P nk iKdk j? sK gfowkgeK dh tzv th ;XkoD BjhA j' gKdh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh i/eo ;kv/ fBnkdoP ftZu finkdkso pkbe e[Pkro^p[ZXh iK wzd^p[ZXh tkb/ j'Dr/ sK T[jBK d/ p[ZXh^BshfinK d/ nzefVnK dh tzv ;XkoD BjhA j't/rh. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe fBNkdoP fJ; soQk dk j't/ fe T[; ftZu Bshik ;zpzXh r[D iK ftP/Psk dh tzvh th ;XkoD j't/l Gkt Bk T[; r[D d/ finkdk wksok^Xkoh j'D ns/ Bk fJzedw xZN Gkt ;jh soQK d/ j'D.

(2) t;s{nK iK ftneshnK dh r[D^wksok dh tzv dk jh BjhA pbfe T[jBK dh ;zfynk dk th gqGkt T[jBK d/ gfowkgeK dh tzv s/ g?Adk j?. i/eo fBnkdoP pj[s S'Nk j? Gkt T[; ftZu pj[s xZN t;s{nK iK ftneshnK dk gfowkg ehsk ik fojk j?, sK th tzvh ;XkoD BjhA j' gkT[Adh.

(3) pj[s ;ko/ j'o pkjoh gqGkt th fiBQK dk gfowkg^;zpzXh ftP/Psk Bkb ;zpzX j[zdk j?, gofwkgeK dh tzv ftZu ftPwsk T[sgzB eo fdzd/ jB fit/A pj[s finkdk T[wo, ;wkfie ;so, GkPk^frnkB nkfd nfij/ sZs jB fiBQK dk ;zpzX p[ZXh Bkb j?. i/eo fBnkdoP finkdk T[Zu iK fBubh u'D eod/ ;w/A T[jBK dk fXnkB Bk oZfynk frnk ns/ fe;h fJZe dh T[; ftZu gqXkBtsk nk rJh sK gfowkgeK dh tzv ftZu ;e:[B/; iK e[oN'f;; nk ;edh j?.

2H nP[ZX iK nB[T[fus gqhfynktK (Tests)

d{ik ekoB j? fe T[jBK gqhfynktK dk gq:'r i' T[; u'D d/ bJh T[fus BjhA j? ns/ fiBQK dk fBowkD th ;jh sohe/ s'A BjhA j'fJnk j?.



(1) nDT[fus gqhfynktK iK sK finkdk w[Pfeb j'DrhnK iK ;ob. cb;o{g gfowkge nze iK sK teo d/ yZp/ gk;/ finkdk ofjDr/ iK ;Zi/ gk;/. fJ; bJh tzv ;XkoD (normal) BjhA j't/rh. i/eo fJZe 12 ;kbh dh nt;Ek tkbk N/;N nZm ;kb d/ pkbeK iK 9 ;kb d/ pkbeK B{z fdZsk iKdk j? sK gfowke nze^tzv ;XkoD BjhA j't/rh. gfjbh jkbs ftZu T[j XBkswe (positive) ;e:{ j't/rk ns/ d{ih ftZu foDkswe (negative) ;e:{ j't/rk.

;ktXkBh i/eo gqhfynk dk fBowkB (test construction) mhe BjhA j'Jh j? sK T[j gquZbs

(reliable) ns/ :EkoE BjhA j't/rh. fJ; bJh fijV/ gfowkge nze nkT[Dr/, j' ;edk j? T[jBK dh tzv ;XkoD Bk j't/.

(2) fJ;h soQK i/eo gqhfynktK dk gqPk;B (administration of tests) mhe soQK BjhA j'fJnk j? sK th tzv^ftPwsk T[sgzB j' ;edh j?. 24H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu ;XkoD^tzv dk pj[s wjZst j?. eJh ;EkBK s/ ;XkoD^tzv dk gq:'r pV/ ezw dk j[zdk j?. ;XkoDt^tzv dk nXko s/ jh ;kv/ wZXwkB dh T[g:'rsk, ;koEesk ns/ n"fus fBoXkfos j[zdk j?.

;XkoD^tzv ftZu Pkfwb gqshPs ;zfynk ns/ ;hwk d/ d[nkok n;hA e[ZbQ nzefVnK dh ;fEsh ikD b?Ad/ jB. fJj ;XkoD^tzv dh fJZe pj[s tZvh ftP/Ps j? ns/ fJ; dh pj[s tZvh T[g:'rsk j?.

;XkoD^tzv ftZu wZXwkB, wZXnze wkB ns/ pj[nze wkB tzv d/ wZX fpzd{ s/ g?Ad/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk wkB th pokpo j[zdk j?.

;XkoD^tzv dh fJj ftP/Psk ;zGktBk^f;XKs (theory of probability) s/ nXkfos j?. ;zGktBk f;XKs dk nzeVk^ftfrnkB ftZu jh BjhA pbfe ;ko/ ftfrnkBK ftZu pj[s wjZst j?.


1H e[oN'f;;^ teo d/ ugNk ns/ fPyoh j'D dh ;fEsh B{z e[oN'f;; efjzd/ jB.

2H ;{uh^ ;koBh, Bkw ;{un, N/pb pDkT[Dk. 24H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ;XkoD^tzv s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; dhnK ftP/PsktK dk toDB eo'.

2H ;XkoD^;zGktB teo fe; B{z efjzd/ jB< T[dkjoD ;fjs ;wMkU.

3H ;XkoD^;zGktBk tzv^;{uh dk gq:'r fe; soQK ehsk iKdk j?<

4H nzefVnK dh tzv dh ftPwsk s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H ;XkoD^tzv 2H wZXwkB 3H wZX 4H ;Zu

5H M{m 6H M{m 7H ;Zu

B'N



B'N 24H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;




4H f;Zfynk seBhe ns/ w[bnzeD^vkH okwgkb f;zx, GZN podoI.


fJekJh^25L ftubB d/ wkgeL e:{vh, n?wvh, n?;vh

fJekJh^25L ftubB d/ wkgeL e:{vh, n?wvh, n?;vh (Measures of Dispersion QD, MD, SD)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


25H1 ftubB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Dispersion)

25H2 ftubB wkgeK d/ gqeko (Kinds of Dispersion Measures)

25H3 us[oEe ftubB (Quartile Deviation): QD

25H4 wZX ftubB (Mean Deviation): MD

25H5 wkBe ftubB (Standard Deviation): SD

25H6 ftubB wkBK dk gq:'r (Uses of Standard Deviation)





T[d/P (Objectives)


ftubB dk noE, gfoGkPk ns/ gqekoK B{z ;wMD ftZul

us[oEe ns/ wZX ftubB B{z ;wMD ftZul

wkBe ftubB B{z ;wMD ftZu.


ftubB T[j r[D j? fi; d[nkok fJj frnks j[zdk j? fe gdK d/ wkB T[jBK d/ wZXwkBK s'A fe; ;hwk sZe ftufbs jB. wZX w[ZbK (wZX, wZXnze ns/ pj[nze) s'A ;zg{oD Pq/Dh dh e/Adoh goftosh dk gsk bZr iKdk j? gozs{ fJ; d/ d[nkok Pq/Dh d/ ftfGzB gd w[ZbK dk g{oD ns/ fBPfus frnkB T[; nt;Ek ftZu BjhA gkT[Adk j? id'A wZXwkB ns/ j'o gdw[ZbK ftZu finkdk nzso j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh nfijhnK dPktK ftZu fe;h nfij/ wkg (Measures) dh io{os g?Adh j? i' finkdk^s'A^finkdk gdw[ZbK dh ikDekoh eok d/t/ Gkt gdw[ZbK dk wZXwkB s'A fBebDk ftubB j?. fJ; fpyokt B{z jh ftubB iK fty/gB dk wkge efjzd/ jB. 25H1 ftubB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Dispersion)

;XkoD noE ftZu fe;h ;w{j d/ nbZr^nbZr gqkgs nzeK dk T[; ;w{j d/ gqshfBXh wkB iK e/Adoh wkB s'A nzso iK c?bkt B{z jh T[; ;w{j dk ftubB efjzd/ jB.



B'N (The measure of scatter or spread of the separate scores around their central tendency is called the measure of variability or dispersion.)

e[ZM ftfPPN gfoGkPktK fJ; soQK j?^

1H eo' s/ eo' (Crow and Crow) ^ “fi; ;hwk sZe gqkgs nzeK ftZu, n";s iK e/Adoh goftosh d/ tZb e/Ados j'D dh goftosh j[zdh j? iK fi; ;hwk sZe T[j nkgD/^nkg B{z c?bkT[Ad/ jB, T[; B{z T[; dh ftubB^Phbsk efjzd/ jB.”

“The extent to which cases tend to gather around the average or central tendency or the extent to which they disperse themselves is called their variability or deviation.”

2H p'fozr, b?Archbv ns/ t/bv (Boring, Langfeld and Weld) ^ “ftubB d/ wkge ;kB{z fJj dZ;d/ jB fe nzeV/ nkgD/ wZXwkB s'A fezBh d{o sZe c?b/ j'J/ jB.”

“Measures of variability tell us how widely the data scatter about their mean.” 25H2 ftubB wkgeK d/ gqeko (Kinds of Dispersion Measures)

ftubB iK c?bkt (Spreadness or dispersion) frnks eoB d/ bJh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A uko wkgeK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?^

1H gq;ko (Range)

2H us[oEe ftubB (Quartile Deviation)

3H wZX ftubB (Mean Deviation)

4H wkBe ftubB (Standard Deviation)

1H gq;ko (Range)

gq;ko, ftubB dk ;G s'A ;ob wkge j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok fpBK fe;h rDBk d/ fJZe jh fdqPNh ftZu dZf;nk ik ;edk j? fe d' ;w{jK ftZu'A fejVk ;w{j ;wiksh (Homogeneous) j? iK fejVk ;w{j ftiksh (Heterogeneous) j?.

gq;ko dk ;ze/s fuzBQ (Symbol) R j? ns/ fJ; dk ;{so^

R = Maximum score – Minimum score.

T[dkjoD wzB fbU rfDs ftZu dZ; ftfdnkoEhnK dh gqkgs nze fJ; soQK

jB^55, 52, 50, 48, 90, 45, 60, 40, 43, 44 sK fJBQK dk gq;ko

j't/rk & 90 ^ 40 & 50H

fJ; wkge dhnK e[ZM gfo;hwktK th jB, fJ; bJh gq;ko dk gq:' pj[s jh ;hfws o{g Bkb eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; wkge dh ;G s'A tZvh ;hwk fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu e'fBnK (Ends) dh ;zfynktK B{z jh wjZst fdZsk iKdk j?, ;w{j d/ j'o nzeK B{z BjhA. fJ; bJh ftubB dk fJj wkge ;w{j d/ nzdo{Bh ft;oiB dk e'Jh frnKB BjhA eotkT[Adk.

d{i/, id'A N dh ;zfynk xZN j't/ iK nktosh tzv ftZu ykbh ;EkB (gaps) finkdk j'D, sK

nfijh ;fEsh ftZu gq;ko, ftubB dk ;jh wkg BjhA eo gkT[Adk. fJ; bJh nfijh ;fEsh

ftZu fJ; wkge dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?.



;ktXkBh id'A d' Bw{fbnK dh ;zfynk fGzB^fGzB j'D, sK ftubBK dh s[bBk eoB d/ bJh gq;ko

dk gq:'r BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j?, feT[Afe nfijh ;fEsh ftZu N dh ;zfynk tXD dk Bkb^Bkb gq;ko d/ tXD dh th finkdk ;zGktBk ofjzdh j?.

25H3 us[oEe ftubB (Quartile Deviation): QD

us[oEe ftubB, ft;sko ftubB dk fJZe ;[Xfonk j'fJnk o{g j?. (It is an improvement

over range deviation.) gq;sko wkge d/ nzsors e/tb e'fBnK s/ ;fEs wfjsw s/ fBT{Bsw nzeK s/ jh fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?, tzv d/ wZX nzeK B{z jh e'Jh wjZst BjhA fdZsk iKdk, fi; Bkb ;w{j dh ;wiksh dh pko/ ftZu ;jh ikDekoh BjhA fwb gkT[Adh. us[oEe ftubB ftZu fJ; ewh B{z d{o eoB dh Bio s'A wZX d/ gzikj gqshPs nzeK B{z wjZst fdZsk iKdk j?. tzv d/ T[Zgo d/ 25# ns/ fBZu/ d/ 25# nzeK B{z wjZst BjhA fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk ;ze/s fuzBQ Q j? ns/ ;{so nZr/ do;kJ/ nB[;ko j?^

3 1 75 25

2 2

Q Q P PQ

fuZso dh ;jkfJsk s'A fJ; B{z j'o finkdk ;gPN eoB dk gfonk; ehsk frnk j?^

us[Ee ftubB B{z Semi-inter Quartile Range th fejk iKdk j?. e[ZM ftdtkBK B/ fJ; B{z fJ; soQK gfoGkfPs ehsk j?^

B'N

B'N; ;feBo (Skinner) L “us[oEe T[j fszB fpzd{ jB, i' gqkgsnzeK dh tzv B{z uko

pokpo GkrK ftZu tzvd/ jB.” “Quartiles are the three points that divide a

distribution into four equal parts.”

n'v/b (Odell) L “us[oEe ftubB iK noX^nzso us[oEe gq;ko, gfjb/ ns/ fsZi/ us[oEeK d/ ftZu dh nZXh d{oh d{oh j[zdh j?.”

“The Quartile deviation or semi-inter Quartile Range is one-half of the distance between the first and third Quartiles.”

us[oEe ftubB frnks eoBk (Calculation of Quartile Deviation: QD) T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A us[oEe frnks eo'.


fuZso 25H1


B'N

Now,

and fiZE/ Q1, Q3 & ;w{j dk gfjbk ns/ fsZik us[oEe

L & T[; tornzso dh fBwB ;hwk fi; ftZu Q1 (P25) iK Q3 (P75) ;fEs j?.

fb & T[BQK ;ko/ tornzsK dhnK nktoshnK dk i'V i' Q1 iK Q3 tornzso d/ fBZu/ (S'N/) ;fEs jB.

fa & Q1 iK Q3 tornzso dh nktosh.


T[go'es T[dkjoD s'A Q1 Gkt P25 wkB fJ; soQK j?^


;{uh 25H1


fJ;h soQK, Hence,



1H fe;h ;w{j d/ nbZr^nbZr gqkgs nzeK dk T[; ;w{j d/ e/Adoh wkB s'A nzso iK c?bkt B{z jh T[; ;w{j dk HHHHHHHHH efjzd/ jB.

2H ftubB frnks eoB d/ bJh HHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A uko wkgeK dk gq:'r j[zdk j?.

3H us[oEe ftubB HHHHHHHHHHHH ftubB dk fJZe ;[Xfonk j'fJnk o{g j?. 25H4 wZX ftubB (Mean Deviation) : MD

;ze/s fuzBQ (Symbol) = AD or MD

wZX ftubB dk noE ;gPN j? eod/ j'J/ r?o/N (Garrett) fbyd/ jB^ “n";s ftubB iK wZX ftubB fe;h gdwkbk ftZu ftfGzB gqgks nzeK dk T[jBK d/ wZXwkB s'A ftubbK dk n";s j[zdk j?.”

“The Average Deviation or Mean Deviation (AD or MD) is the mean of the deviations of all the separate scores in a series taken from their mean (occasionally from the median or mode). In averaging deviations to find the A.D., no account is taken of signs and all deviations whether plus or minus are treated as positive.”

-Garrett, 1958

wZX ftubB, wZX s'A fGzB^fGzB gqkgs nzeK d/ ftubK dk wZXwkB j?. wZX ftubB frnks eoB ftZu n;hA wZXwkB ns/ gqkgsnzeK ftZu'A T[jBK d/nzso B{z frnks eod/ jB. n;hA wZXwkB B{z n;b gqkgsnzeK ftZu'A Bk sK xNKd/ jK ns/ Bk jh n;hA gqkgsnzeK B[{z wZXwkB ftZu'A xNKd/ jK, pbfe n;hA wZXwkB ns/ gqkgsnzeK dk nzso gsk eod/ jK. fJjh ekoB j? fe n;hA fuzBQK tZb e'Jh fXnkB BjhA fdzd/. don;b ;kvk Gkt sK e/tb f;oc wZXwkB s'A gqkgs nzeK dk ftubB, d{oh iK c?bkt frnks eoBk j?. Plus (+) ns/ Minus (-) fuzBQK d/ tZb fXnkB Bk d/Dk jh wZX ftubB dh ;G s'A tZvh ;hwk j? ns/ fJ;h bJh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu fJ; dk pj[s xZN gq:'r

B'N



B'N ehsk iKdk j?. wZX ftubB d' soQK d/ nzefVnK dk eZfYnk iKdk j?^

1H ntorheos nzeV/ (Ungrouped data)

2H torheos nzeV/ (Grouped data)

1H torheos nzeV/ dk wZX ftubB eZYDk (Mean Deviation from Ungrouped Data) L ntorheos nzefVnK dk wZX ftubB eZYD ftZu T[fus ;{so fBwB fbus jB^

fiZE/, M.D. & wZX ftubB

d & fe;h gqkgs nze dk wZXwkB s'A nzso.

d & fpBK fuBQK dk fXnkB fdZs/ ftubBKdk i'V.

N & nzeK dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes ntorheos nzefVnK s'A wZX ftubB frnks eo'.

Hence, 2H torheos nzefVnK dk wZX ftubB eZYDk (M.D. of Grouped Data) L torheos nzefVnK dk wZX ftubB eZYD ftZu T[fus ;{so fBwB fbys j?^

. .fd

M DN

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes torheos nzefVnK s'A wZx ftubB frnks eo'. 278 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

;{uh 25H2


B'N

Now,

Important Steps:

1H ;w{j d/ gqkgsnzeK dk wZXwkB frnks eo'.

2H jo/e tornzso dk wZX fpzd{ eZY'.

3H wZX fpzd{ ftZu'A wZXwkB xNke/ ftubB (X-M) eZY'.

4H jo/e ftubB ns/ ;zzpzXs nktosh dh r[Dk eoe/ fd eZY'.

5H gqkgs r[DBcbK dk i'V fd frnks eo'.

6H fJBQK ;ko/ wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu gqsh;Ekfgs eoe/ wZX ftubB dh rDBk eo'. 25H5 wkBe ftubB (Standard Deviation): SD

wZX ftubB frnks eod/ ;w/A ftubB d/ XzB ns/ foD fuBQK tZb e'Jh fXnkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ wZX ftubB dh fJjh ;G s'A tZvh ;hwk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; d'P B{z d{o eoB d/ bJh wkBe ftubB iK gqwkfDe ftubB frnks ehsk iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe wkBe ftubB, wZX ftubB dk fJZe ;[Xfonk j'fJnk o{g j?.

wkBe ftubB d/ nzso fuzBQK dh ;wZf;nk d{o eoB d/ bJh ftubBK dk tor eo fdZsk iKdk j? fi; Bkb foD fuzBQ th XzB fuzBQ ftZu pdb/ iKd/ jB. fco, fJBQK tor ehs/ rJ/ ftubBK dk n";s frnks eoe/ T[jBK dk torw[Zb b? fbnk iKdk j?. fJ;h B{z wkBe ftubB iK gqwkfDe ftubB efjzd/ jB.

ohPw?B (Reichmann) d/ nB[;ko^ “wkBe ftubB B{z n";s ftubB dk torw[Zb th fejk iKdk j?. fJj tzv d/ n";s s'A ;G ftubBK d/ torK d/ torw[Zb dk n";s j?.”

“The standard deviation is also known as root mean square deviation. It is square root of the mean value of all the deviation squared taken from the distribution mean.”


;{uh 25H3


B'N ;XkoD PpdK ftZu wkBe ftubB B{z fJ; soQK gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?^

Very generally, the standard deviation is a measure of how the scores cluster or disperse around the mean and is conventionally represented by the Greek Letter sigma.

Symbolically, 2d

N

rDBk (Calculation) L wkBe ftubB dh rDBk d/ bJh gqPBK d/ fBwB fbys fszB gqko{g do;kJ/ iKd/ jB^

e/; I L id'A e/tb ntorheos nzeV/ jh fdZs/ rJ/ j'D.

e/; II L id'A ntorheos nzefVnK d/ Bkb T[jBK dhnK nktoshnK th fdZshnK rJhnK j'D.

e/; III L id'A torheos nzeV/ fdZs/ rJ/ j'D.

e/; I L id'A e/tb ntorheos nzeV/ jh fdZs/ rJ/ j'D.

fJ: soQK d/ gqPBK B{z d' ftXhnK s'A jZb ehsk iKdk j?^n;b wZX ftXh (Actual Mean

Method) ns/ ebgs wZX ftXh (Assumed Mean Method). fJBQK ftXhnK ftZu T[fus ;{so fJ; soQK jB^

2

. .d

S DN

(n;b wZX ftXh)

22

. .d d

S DN N

(ebfgs wZX ftXh)

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A n;b wZX ftXh d[nkok wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.


;{uh 25H4


Now, T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A ebfgs wZX ftXh d[nkok wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.

B'N

Now,

wjZstg{oD uoDL

1H nze tzv B{z ftt;fEs eo'.

2H Gqkgs nze tzv s'A n;b wZX eZY'.

3H ;{so d = X - M dk gq:'r eoe/ ftubB eZY'.

4H ftubB dk tor d2 frnks eo'.


;{uh 25H5


B'N 5H gqkgs ftubB torK B{z i'V e/ 2d frnks eo'.

6H fJBQK ;ko/ wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu gqsh;Ekfgs eoe/ S.D. dh roDBk eo'.

e/; I L id'A ntorheos nzefVnK d/ Bkb T[jBK dhnK nktoshnK th fdZshnK rJhnK j'D.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK ftZu ebfgs wZX ftXh d[nkok wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.

Now,

Note:

1H i/eo nzeV/ 10^20 d/ ft;sko ftZu j'D, sK n;b wZX ftXh ;[ftXkiBe ofjzdh j?.

2H i/eo n;b wZX dPwbt fpzd{ ftZu nkJ/, sK ebgs wZX ftXh dk gq:'r eo'.

3H ebgs wZX nzefVnK dh u'D ;ktXkBh Bkb ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

e/; III L id'A torheos nzeV/ fdZs/ rJ/ j'D.

torheos nzefVnK Bkb ;zpzXs gqPBK dk wkBe ftubB d' ftXhnK s'A frnks ehsk iKdk j?^bzph ftXh (Long Method) ns/ ;zy/g ftXh (Short-cut Method). fJBQK ftXhnK ftZu T[fus ;{so fBwB fbys jB^


;{uh 25H6


2fd

N

(bzph ftXh)

ns/ 22

. .fd fd

C IN N

(;zy/g ftXh)

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes torhes nzefVnK s'A bzph ftXh d[nkok wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.

B'N

Now,

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' wkBe ftubB B{z n";s ftubB dk torw[Zb th fejk iKdk j?.

wjZstg{oD uoDL

1H jo/e tornzso dk wZXfpzd{ (X) frnks eo'. ;zpzXs ;{so j?^

2

X

2H ;ko/ tornzsoK d/ wZX fpzd{nK ftZu ;zpzXs nktosh s'A r[Dk eoe/ fX eZY'.

3H fJ; soQK ;ko/ fX wkBK dk :'rcb eZY'.

4H ;{so ( / )M fX N dk gq:'r eoe/ wZX dh rDBk eo'.


;{ih 25H7


B'N 5H ;{so d = X - M gq:'r eoe/ ftubB (d) eZY'.

6H jo/e tornzso dh nktosh B{z T[;h tor d/ ftubB Bkb r[Dk eoe/ fd frnks eo'.

7H fd ns/ d B{z r[Dk eoe/ fd2 frnks eo'.

8H fJ; soQK ;ko/ fd2 wkBK dk :'rcb frnks eo'.

9H 2fd wkB B{z N Bkb Gkr eo'.

10H gqkgs Gkrcb dk torw[Zb eZY'. fJjh nGhPN wkBe ftubB j't/rk.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK dk ;zy/g ftXh d[nkok wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.

Now, S.D. or

22

. .fd fd

C IN N

gqkgs wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu gqsh;Ekfgs eoB s/ n;hA gkT[Ad/ jK,

wjZstg{oD uoDL

1H T[fus tornzso iK ;G s'A tZX nktosh tkb/ tornzso B{z ebgs wZX wzBDk.

2H u'D/ u'J/ tornzso d/ ftubB B{z Iho' wzBDk

3H ;ko/ tornzsoK B{z ftubB gqdkB eoBk. fJ; d/ bJh u'D/ j'J/ tornzs (Assumed C.I.) s'A T[Zgo tkb/ (tZv/) tornzsoK B{z eow nB[;ko XBkswe nze (Integral values) fit/A, O1, O2, O3 ns/ fBZu/ tkb/ (S'N/) tornzsoK B{z foDkswe eowe nze fit/A, ^1, ^2, ^3 HHHHHHH fdZs/ iKd/ jB.


;{uh 25H8


4H jo/e tornzso dh nktosh ns/ ftubB B{z r[Dk eoe/ fd frnks eoBk.

5H fuzBQK dk fXnkB oZyd/ j'J/ fd wkBK dk :'r frnks eoBk. fJj fd ejkJ/rk.

6H jo/e tornzso d/ fd ftZu d Bkb r[Dk eoe/ 2fd eZYDk.

7H gqkgs 2fd wkBK dk :'rcb eZYDk. fJj 2fd ejkJ/rk.

8H gqkgs wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu gqhs;Ekfgs eoe/ S.D. dh rDBk eoBk. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

pj[ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions):

1H gq;ko, ftubB dk ;G s'A HHHHHHHHHHH wkge j?.

(T) ;ob (n) w[Pfeb (J) youhbk (;) dohxekfbe

2H us[oEe dk ;ze/s fuzBQ HHHHHHHHH j?.

(T) R (nko) (n) Q (feT{) (J) N (n?B) (;) M (n?w)

3H HHHHHHHHHHH ftubB, wZX s'A fGzB gqkgsnzeK d/ ftubBK dk wZXwkB j?.

(T) gq;ko (n) wZX (J) wZXwkB (;) wkBe

4H wkBe ftubB B{z n";s ftubB dk HHHHHHHHH th fejk iKdk j?.

(T) pokpo (n) nZXk (J) torw[Zb (;) ;zg{oD 25H6 ftubB wkBK dk gq:'r (Uses of Standard Deviation)

gq;ko (Range)

1H id'A ftubB wkB pj[s ibd frnks eoBk j't/.

2H id'A T[Zusw ns/ fBT{Bsw gqkgs nzeK d/ pko/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs eoBh j't/.

us[oEe ftubB (Q.D.)

1H id'A e/Adoh goftosh dk wkB wZXnze d[nkok gqdofPs ehsk frnk j't/.

2H id'A tzv ng{oD (Incomplete) j't/.

3H id'A e[ZM gqkgs nzeK dk wkB pj[s finkdk iK pj[s xZN j't/.

wZX ftubB (M.D.)

1H id'A tzv brGr ;XkoD j't/.

2H id'A ftubB pj[s finkdk c?fbnk j't/.

3H id'A ;XkoD gquZbsk dh io{os j't/.

B'N

Nk;e ftubB wkBK dk gq:'r ed'A ehsk iKdk j?<



B'N wkBe ftubB (S.D.)

1H id'A finkdk gquZbsk dh io{os j't/.

2H id'A ;fj^;zpzX r[DKe nkfd frnks eoBk j't/.

3H id'A tzv ;XkoD j't/.

4H id'A e/Adoh goftosh dk wkB wZXwkB d[nkok gqdofPs ehsk frnk j't/. 25H7 ;ko nzP (Summary)

;XkoD noE ftZu fe;h ;w{j d/ nbZr^nbZr gqkgs nzeK dk T[; ;w{j d/ gqshfBXh

wkB iK e/Adoh wkB s'A nzso iK c?bkt B{z jh T[; ;w{j dk ftubB efjzd/ jB.

p'fozr b?Archbv ns/ t/bv d/ nB[;ko, “ftubB d/ wkge ;kB{z fJj dZ;d/ jB fe

nzeV/ nkgD/ wZXwkB s'A fezBh d{o sZe c?b/ j'J/ jB.”

ftubB iK c?bkt frnks eoB d/ bJh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A uko wkgeK

dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?^ 1H gq;ko, 2H us[oEe ftubB, 3H wZX ftubB, 4H wkBe

ftubB.


1H us[oEe (Quartile) ^ T[j fpzd{ i' gqkgsnzeK dh tzv B{z uko pokpo GkrK ftZu tzvdk j?.

2H ftubB (Deviation) ^ fe;h ;w{j d/ nbZr^nbZr gqkgs nzeK dk T[; ;w{j d/ e/Adoh wkB s'A nzso j?.


1H fBwB nzfes nzeK dh ;jkfJsk s'A gq;ko frnks eo'.

15, 7, 19, 18, 21, 27, 18, 12, 29, 13 Ans. 22

2H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK dh ;jkfJsk s'A us[oEe ftubB frnks eo'.


;{uh


3H fBwBnzfes ;{uh dh ;jkfJs s'A us[oEe ftubB frnks eo'.

B'N

4H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK dh ;jfJsk s'A us[oEe ftubB frnks eo'.

5H fBwBnzfes nzeK dh ;jkfJsk s'A wZX ftubB gqkgs eo'^

4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20H Ans. M.D. = 4.44

6H fBwB fbys nzeK dh ;jkfJsk s'A wZX ftubB frnks eo'^

6, 8, 10, 12, 14H Ans. M.D. = 24

7H fBwB fbys nzeK dh ;jkfJsk s'A wkBe ftubB frnks eo'^

(a) 12, 18, 17, 13, 14, 16. Ans. = 2.10


;{uh

;{uh


B'N (b) 24, 23, 12, 14, 17, 18, 16, 20. Ans. = 3.90

(c) 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20. Ans. = 5.16

(d) 16, 13, 18, 17, 20, 19, 21, 17, 22, 12, 16, 16, 18, 15, 18, 19, 16, 13, 21, 17. Ans. = 2.7

8H fBwBnzfes yzfvs Pq/DhnK dh wdd s'A wkBe ftubB frnks eo'. X : 65, 68, 60, 72, 74, 71, 73, 80, 82, 83. f : 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 9, 6, 5, 2, 6. Ans. =6.36

9H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK dh wdd s'A wZX ftubB frnks eo'.

10H fBwB fbys nzefVnK dh wdd s'A wZX ftubB frnks eo'^

11H wkBe ftubB B{z gfoGkfPs eo'. Bkb jh fBwBnzfes nzefVnK dh ;jkfJsk s'A fJ; B{z (S.D.) frnks eo'^


;{uh

;{uh

;{uh


12H fBwB nzfes nzefVnK s'A wkBe ftubB frnks eo'. B'N

13H fBwB fbys nzefVnK s'A wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.

14H fBwB fbys nzefVnK dh ;jkfJsk s'A us[oEe, wZX ns/ wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.


;{uh

;{uh

;{uh


B'N 15H fBwBfbys nzefVnK dh ;jkfJsk s'A us[oEe, wZX ns/ wkBe ftubB frnks eo'.


1H ftubB 2H nzeVk ftfrnkB 3H ft;sko iK gq;ko 4H (T) ;ob

5H (n) Q (feT{) 6H (n) wZX 7H (J) torw[Zb 25H10 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H ftfdne seBheh^n?;H n?;H wkE[o, GZN podoI.

2H ftfdne seBheh gqpzX ns/ w[bnzeD^i/H ;hH nrotkb, GZN podoI.




;{uh

fJekJh 26 L ;fj^;zpzX eownzso ftXh, r[DB nkx[oD ftXh

fJekJh 26 L ;fj^;zpzX eownzso ftXh, r[DB nkx[oD ftXh (Correlation: Rank Difference

__ Method, Product Moment Method) __ .

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


26H1 ;fj^;zpzX dh gfoGkPk (Definition of Correlation)

26H2 ;fj^;zpzX d/ gqeko (Kinds of Correlation)

26H3 ;fj^;zpzX r[DKe (Coefficient of Correlation)

26H4 ;ghnow?B dh eownzso ftXh (Spearman‟s Rank Difference Method)

26H5 r[DB nkx{oD ftXh (Product Moment Method)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;fj^;zpzX dh gfoGkPk ns/ gqeko B{z ;wMD ftZul

;fj^;zpzX r[DKe B{z ;wMD ftZul

eownzso ns/ r[DB^nkx{oD ftXh B{z ;wMD ftZu.


;XkoD s"o s/ n;hA efjzd/ jK fe ftfrnkB ftPk T[jBK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z b?Dk ukjhdk j? fiBQK dh o[uh fJzihBhnfozr iK w?vheb d/ y/so ftZu ikD dh j't/, e'wo; T[jBK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z b?Dk ukjhdk j? i' tgko d/ y/so ftZu o[uh oZyd/ j'D, fjzdh, nzro/Ih ns/ ;z;feqs T[jBK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z b?Dh ukjhdh j? i' ;kfjse o[uh d/ j'D, ;zrhs ns/ ebk T[jBK ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh T[fus oj/rh i' ebkswe o[uh (Aesthetic Sense) oZyd/ j'D iK n;hA fJj ejhJ/ fe BkN/ eZd tkb/ ftnesh, bzp/ eZd tkb/ ftneshnK dh ng/fynk finkdk gqshGkPkbh j[zd/ jB, T[Zu/ bbkN tkb/ ftnesh ;wki ftZu ;G s'A finkdk wkD gqkgs eod/ jB, fi; d/ f;o s/ xZN pkb j[zd/ jB, T[j XzBtkB j[zdk j? nkfd^nkfd. ;kvh fJBQK XkoDktK d/ fgZS/ fJZe dhoxekbh nB[Gt iK ftP/P sZE i[V/ j[zd/ jB. Bkb jh, ;kv/ fJ; soQK d/ eEB iK GftZytkDh wkso e[ZM jh ;w/A d/ ntb'eB s/ nXkfos BjhA j[zd/ pbfe g[PNh ftZu ;jh soe fJeZm/ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. T[dkjo d/ s"o s/ i/eo n;hA wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu fJj fBPfus eoBk ukj[zd/ jK fe fe;h ftnesh ftP/P dh fJZe y/so ftZu T[gbpXh d{i/ y/so dh T[gbpXh s'A fe; ;hwk sZe i[Vh j'Jh j? iK gqGkfts j?, sK wB'ftfrnkB dh GkPk ftZu n;hA fJ; B{z uo okPhnK (Variables) d/ wZX ;zpzX s'A ;zp'fXs eoKr/. ftfGzB uo okPhnK d/ wZX ;zpzXh ;Ekfgs eoe/ n;hA n;kBh Bkb fJj GftZy^



B'N ^tkDh eo ;ed/ jK fe e'Jh ftnesh fe;h eko'pko ftP/P ftZu u[D/ ikD d/ :'r j? iK BjhA. Bkb jh, ftnesh d/ fttjko B{z th n;kBh Bkb fB:zsfos eo ;ed/ jK.

T[go'es toDB d/ nXko s/ fJj ;gPN j? fe ;e{bQh ftfPnK dh u'D dk ;zpzX ftfGzB soQK d/ eko'pkoK s'A j? ns/ ftnesh dhnK ftP/PsktK dk ;zpzX T[jBK d/ Gkth ihtB dhnK ;cbsktK ns/ T[gbpXhnK s'A j?. uo^okPhnK d/ wZX fJ; soQK d/ gko;goe ;zpzX B{z jh ;fj^;zpzX (Correlation) fejk iKdk j?. fBwB fbys T[dkjoDK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ;fj^;zpzX d/ noE B{z j'o finkdk ;gPN ehsk ik ;edk j?.

1H nfGGkteK dh ;wkfie^nkofEe ;fEsh dk pZfunK s/ gqGkt.

(Effect of Socio-economic conditions of the parents on child‟s

performance)

2H p[ZXh^bpXh ns/ T[gbpXh dk ;zpzX.

(Relationship between I.Q. and Achievement)

3H gq/oDk dk f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt.

(Effect of Motivation on Learning.)

4H xo/b{ tksktoD dk pkbeK dh ;wkfie fefeonktK s/ gqGkt.

(Effect of Home Environment on child‟s social activities)

5H f;ybkJh B{z gqGkth pDkT[D ftZu ;jkfJe ;wZroh dk :'rdkB.

(Role of Material Aids in increasing Teaching-Effectiveness)

6H fttjko^gfot/P dk pZfunK d/ wB'pb s/ gqGkt.

(Effect of Treatment-environment on Child‟s Morale)

7H pkbeK d/ wB'pb ns/ T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh ftZu ;zpzX.

(Relationship between Student Morale and Academic Achivement) 26H1 ;fj^;zpzX dh gfoGkPk (Definition of Correlation)

e[ZM w[Zy gfoGkPktK fJ; soQK jB^

id'A d' uo okPhnK fJZe d{i/ s'A fJ; soQK ;zpzXs j'D fe fJZe okPh d/ tXkT[D Bkb d{ih okPh th tX/ iK xN/ ns/ fJ; d/ T[bN, fJZe okPh d/ xND Bkb d{ih okPh th xN/ iK tX/, sK T[; ;fEsh ftZu n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fJBQK d' okPhnK d/ wZX ;fj^;zpzX j?.

fJ; soQK, ;fj^;zpzX d' uo okPhnK iK ;w{jK d/ wZX ;zpzX do;kT[Adk j?.

(Whenever two variables are related in such a fashion that the increase in one variable causes increase or decrease in another variable or decrease in one variable causes decrease or increase in another variable, i.e. vice-versa, then the two variables are said to be correlated. Thus, correlation is the relationship between two variables or two different sets of data.)

;fj^;zpzX d/ nzsors n;hA d' iK d' s'A tZX ;w{jK d/ wZX fJ; nkP/ s'A ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eod/ jK fe T[jBK ;w{jK d/ wZX n;b ftZu e'Jh ;zzpzX j? iK BjhA ns/ i/eo ;zpzX j?, sK T[j fezBk Gkt, T[;dh wksok eh j?<

“Correlation deals with the relationship between two or more different groups of



data in order to ascertain whether any relation exists between them or not and to

obtain a numerical expression of the degree of such a relationship.” -Bayliss B'N

B'N; ;fj^;zpzX d' uoK d/ ftZu B//Vsk d/ ;so dk fJZe nzeVk ftfrnkB wkg j?.

“Correlation is a statistical measure of the degree of association between two variables.”

;fj^;zpzX wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfyne d/ bJh T[Bk jh wjZstg{oD j?, fizBk fe fJZe o;kfJDPk;soh d/ bJh T[; dh sZeVh.

“The coefficient of correlation is almost as important to the psychological tester as is the balance to the chemist.”

-W.L. Sumner, ‘Statistics in Schools’, Oxford Basic Blackwell, 1950 26H2 ;fj^;zpzX d/ gqeko (Kinds of Correlation)

;fj^;zpzX w[Zy o{g s'A fszB soQK dk j[zdk j?.

1H XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX (Positive Correlation)

2H foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX (Negative Correlation)

3H Iho' ;fj^;zpzX (Zero Correlation)

XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX (Positive Correlation)

XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX T[; ;fEsh ftZu j[zdk j? id'A fJZe uo okPh d/ tXD Bkb d{ih uo okPh th tX/ Gkt, fi; ftfdnkoEh d/ rfDs ftZu T[Zusw nze nkJ/ jB T[;h ftfdnkoEh d/ nzro/Ih ftZu th T[Zusw nze nkT[D iK fJ; d/ T[bN, fJZe uo okPh d/ xND Bkb d{ih uo okPh th xN/ Gkt fi; ftfdnkoEh d/ ebk ftZu fBT{Bsw nze nkJ/ jB T[;h ftfdnkoEh d/ fjzdh ftZu th fBT{Bsw nze nkT[D, T[dkjoD d/ bJh^p[ZXh^bpXh s/ ftfdne T[gbpXh dk ;zpzX.

T[dkjoD (Example)

High I.Q. High percentage of marks

(T[Zu p[ZXh^bpXh) finkdk nze gqshPssk

Low I.Q. Low percentage of marks

(fBwB p[ZXh^bpXh) (xZN nze gqshPssk)

T[go'es T[dkjoD d/ nB[;ko fJZe ftfdnkEh fi; dh p[ZXh^bpXh dk ;so T[Zu j?, T[; d/ nzeK dh gqshPssk th T[Zu jh nkT[Dh ukjhdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJZe ftfdnkoEh fi; d/ gqhfynk ftZu T[Zu nze nkT[Ad/ jB, T[; dh p[ZXh^bpXh th T[Zu j'Dh ukjhdh j?. mhe fJ;h soQK, fi; ftfdnkEh dh p[ZXh^bpXh dk ;so fBwB j?, T[; d/ nzeK dh gqshPssk th fBwB nkT[Dh ukjhdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJZe ftfdnkoEh fi; d/ gqhfynk ftZu nze xZN nkT[Ad/ jB, T[; dh p[ZXh^bpXh th xZN jh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJj ;fEsh XBkswe ;fj^;zpzXh dhnK j[zdhnK jB.

n;zpzX rokc ;fj^;zpzX O 1H00 dk do;k fojk j?.

fJZe nB[gkse o/yk fJ; B{z rokc Bkb i'Vdh j?.



B'N

foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX (Negative Correlation)

foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX T[; ;fEsh ftZu j[zdk j? id'A fJZe uo okPh d/ tXD Bkb d{ih uo okPh xN/ Gkt, fijVk ftfdnkoEh gqhfynk ftZu gfjbk ofjzdk j?, T[;h ftfdnkoEh dh d{ih gqhfynk ftZu nkyoh ;fEsh (Position or Rank) nkT[Adh j? ns/ T[;h soQK ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;fEshnK fJedw T[bNhnK j' ikD iK fJ; d/ T[bN, n;hA ejhJ/ fe id'A fJZe uo okPh d/ xNB Bkb d{ih uo okPh tX/, Gkt, fijVk ftfdnkoEh fJZe gqhfynk ftZu nkyoh ;fEsh gqkgs eodk j? T[jh ftfdnkoEh d{ih gqhfynk ftZu gfjbk nkT[Adk j?. fJ; soQK dh ;fEsh ftZu Bekokswe iK foDkswe g{oD ;fj^;zpzX (Negative perfect correlation) j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK dh g{oD ;fEshnK finkdkso xZN jh j[zdhnK jB.

T[dkjoD (Example)

More extrovert students Low pass percentage

(finkdk pkjow[Zyh ftfdnkoEh) (xZN ;cb gqshPssk)

Less extrovert students High pass percentage

(fBwB pkjow[Zyh ftfdnkoEh) (finkdk ;cb gqshPssk)

T[go'es T[dkjoD d/ nB[;ko, fijVk ftfdnkoEh finkdk pkjow[Zyh j[zd/ jB T[j xZN ;cb

j[zd/ jB iK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ftfdnkoEh d/ n;cb j'D dk ekoB T[jBK dk pkjow[Zyh

ftnefsZst j?. mhe fJ; soQK, fijV/ ftfdnkoEh xZN pkjow[Zyh j[zd/ jB iK, nzsow[Zyh

(Introvert) j[zd/ jB, T[j gqhfynk ftZu finkdk ;cbsk gqkgs eod/ jB iK n;hA ejhJ/, T[jBK

dh fJ; ;cbsk dk ojZ; T[jBK dk nzsow[Zyh ftnefsZst j?.

n;zpzX rokc ;fj;zpzX ^ 1H00 dk do;k fojk j?.


fuZso 26H1


Iho' ;fj^;zpzX (Zero Correlation)

Iho' ;fj^;zpzX T[; ;fEsh ftZu j[zdk j? id'A fJZe uo okPh d/ tXD iK xND dk d{ih okPh s/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA g?Adk Gkt, fe;h ftfdnkoEh d/ fJZe ftP/ ftZu gqkgs nzeK d/ nXko s/ n;hA T[;h ftfdnkoEh d/ fe;h j'o ftP/ d/ gqkgs nzeK d/ pko/ ftZu e[ZM nB[wkB BjhA brk ;ed/.

T[dkjoD (Example)

Children from good social status Pass percentage 80

(T[Zu ;wkfie^;so tkb/ pkbe) (80# ;cb)

Children from poor social status Pass percentage 80

(fBwB ;wkfie^;so tkb/ pkbe) (80# ;cb)

T[go'es T[dkjoD d/ nB[;ko, pkbeK d/ ;wkfie ;so dk T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh Gkt, ;cb, n;cb j'D Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX j?. pkbe Gkt/A gqafsPms xokfBnK s'A nkT[D iK rohp gfotkoK s'A, T[jBK dh ;cbsk gqshPs ;wkB jh j't/rh. fJ;h soQK, fJZE nZsk ;zrhseko fJZe nZSk ebkeko j' th ;edk j? ns/ BjhA th.

n;zpzX rokc ;fj;zpzX 0 d/ Bidhe do;kfJnk ofjzdk j?.

B'N


fuZso 26H2

fuZso 26H3


B'N ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh n;kwhnK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks):

1H ;fj^;zpzX d' uo okPhnK iK ;w{jK d/ HHHHHHHHHH ;zpzX do;kT[Adk j?.

2H ;fj^;zpzX w[Zy s"o s/ HHHHHHHHHHHH gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB.

3H fijV ftfdnkoEh finkdk HHHHHHHHHH j[zd/ jB T[j gqhfynk ftZu xZN ;cb j[zd/ jB. 26H3 ;fj^;zpzX r[DKe (Coefficient of Correlation)

f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu pj[Xk gqkgs nzeK dhnK d' Pq/DhnK d/ ;zpzX dh wksok fBoXkfos eoB dh io{os g?Adh j?. fJ; ;zpzX B{z ;fj^;zpzX r[DKe (Coefficient of Correlation) s'A ftnes ehsk iKdk j?.

T[go'es toDB d/ nXko s/ fJj Bshik fBebdk j? fe XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX ftZu fJZe okPh ftZu fBg[Dsk finkdk j'D Bkb d{ih okPh ftZu th finkdk j[zdh j? ns/ fJZe ftZu xZN j'D Bkb d{ih ftZu th xZN j[zdh j?. foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX ftZu fJZe ftP/ ftZu xZN fBg[Dsk dk ;zpzX d{i/ ftP/ ftZu finkdk fBg[Dsk d/ Bkb j?. ;zpzX T[Bk jh xDk wzfBnk ikt/rk fizBh finkdk r[Dk nze dh wksok j't/rh. Iho' ;fj^;zpzX ftZu fJZe ftP/ dh T[gbpXh d/ nXko s/ d{i/ ftP/ dh T[gbpXh d/ pko/ ftZu e'Jh nB[wkB BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk. fJBQK fszBK ;zpzXK B{z nzfee o{g ftZu eow nB[;ko O1H00, ^1H00 ns/ H00 Bkb gqdofPs eod/ jB. fJ; soQK dhnK g{oD go;fEshnK finkdkso xZN jh nkT[AdhnK jB, fJ; bJh ;fj^;zpzX dh fJj wksok O1H00 ns/ ^1H00 d/ wZX wzBhnK iKdhnK jB.

n;b ftZu ;fj^;zpzX ;kB{z fJj do;kT[Adk j? fe d' okPhnK d/ ;zpzX dh gqfesh (Nature) eh j?< fJ; fdqPNh s'A ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze T[j nze j[zdk j? fijVk ;kB{z fJj ;ze/s fdzdk j? fe d' uo okPhnK fe; ;hwk sZe fJZe d{i/ Bkb ;zpzXs jB Gkt, fJZe uo okPh ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB d/ ekoB d{ih uo okPh ftZu fe; ;hwk sZe gfotosB ;zGt j?. fJ; ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze dhnK ;hwktK O1H00 ns/ ^1H00 (±1) d/ wZX j[zdhnK jB ns/ fJ; B{z (ρ) iK rho Bkb gqdofPs ehsk iKdk j?.

“The coefficient of correlation (r) is a convenient quantitative index of relationship, i.e. what is the degree of relationship? or, to what extent two variables are related with each other? The coefficient of correlation is almost as important to the psychological tester as is the balance to the chemist”. W.L. Sumner, ‘Stat, in Schools’

-Lindquist and Blummers.

;fj^;zpzX r[D nze iK Bshik ftnkfynk (Interpretation of Correlation Coefficient or

Results)

;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze iK gqkgs BshfinK dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ bJh ;kB{z fuzBQ (Sign) ns/ Bshi/ dh wksok (magnitude) fJBQK d' rZbK s/ fXnkB d/Dk j[zdk j?. i/eo ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze XBkswe nkT[/Adk j? sK fJ; dk noE fJj j't/rk fe fdZs/ rJh tzv ftZu fJZe uo okPh d/ tXD Bkb d{ih uo okPh th tX/rh iK fJZe uo okPh d/ xND s/ d{ih uo okPh th xN/rh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo pkbeK dh p[ZXh^bpXh ns/ T[jBK dh ftP/ ;zpzXh T[gbpXh ftZu ;fj^;zpzX frnks ehsk ikt/ sK fJ; ;fEsh ftZu ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze XBkswe (Positive) nkJ/rk ns/ fJ; rfDse sZE (Mathematical fact) dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ fejk ikt/rk fe fit/A^fit/A pkbeK dh p[ZXh^bpXh (I.Q.) tX/rk T[jBK dh ftP/ ;zpzXh T[gbpXh ftZu th tkXk j't/rk.



fJ;h soQK, fJ; d/ T[bN i/eo ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze foDkswe nkT[Adk j? sK fJ; dk noE fJj j't/rk fe fdZsh rJh tzv ftZu fJZe uo okPh xN/rh iK fJZe uo okPh d/ xND Bkb d{ih xN/rh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo wB[Zy dh T[wo ns/ T[; dh :kdPesh ftZu ;fj^;zpzX frnks ehsk ikt/ sK fJ; ;fEsh ftZu ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze foDkswe nkJ/rk ns/ fJ; rfDse sZE dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ fejk ikt/rk fe fit/A^fit/A ftnesh dh T[wo tXdh j? T[; dh :kdPesh (Memory or

Retention power) xNdh iKdh j?.

;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze iK gqkgs BshfinK dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ bJh frbcov ;{uh (Guilford‟s

Table) dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, fijVk fBwB j?^

;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze dh wksok ftnkfynk

H00 s'A ± H20 sZe BK^wkso (Negligible)

± H21 s'A ± H40 sZe fBwB (Low)

± H41 s'A ± H70 sZe ;XkoD (Moderate)

± H71 s'A ± H90 sZe T[Zu (High)

± H91 s'A ± H99 sZe nfs T[Zu (Very High)

± 1H00 sZe g{oD (Perfect)

;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze frnks eoB dhnK ftXhnK (Methods of Computing Coefficient of Correlation)

;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze frnks eoB dhnK gqw[Zy ftXhnK fBwB fszB jB^

1H eow nzso ftXh (Spearman‟s Rank Difference Method)

2H r[DB^nkx{oD ftXh (Pearson‟s Product-Moment Method)

3H gqfefoD^nko/y ftXh (Scatter-Diagram Method)

26H4 ;ghno w?B dh eownzso ftXh (Spearman’s Rank Difference Method)

eownzso ftXh B{z n;hA Pq/Dh eow ftXh d/ Bkw s'A th p[bkT[Ad/ jK. fJ; ftXh dk gqshgkdB ukob; ;ghno^w?B (Charles Spearman) B/ ehsk ;h ns/ T[jBK d/ Bkw s/ jh fJ; ftXh B{z ;ghnow?B ;fj^;zpzX ftXh efjzd/ jB ns/ fJ; ftXh d[nkok gqkgs ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze B{z n;hA ;ghnow?B ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze iK ;ghnow?B Pq/Dheow ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze th efjzd/ jB. fJ; ftXh s'A gqkgs ;fj^;zpzX B{z b?fNB GkPk d/ nZyo ρ (rho) Bkb gqdofPs eod/ jK.

Where there are relatively few measures in the series, the Rank Difference method of correlation is employed generally. As the name indicates the size of the correlation coefficient (ρ) depends upon the sum of the differences in ranks between each pair of measures (a pair means one individual‟s measures in the two variables).

fJ; ftXh ftZu d'BK uoK d/ gqkgs nzeK B{z T[jBK d/ neko d/ nXko s/ nbZr^nbZr eowpZX ehsk iKdk j?. d'BK uoK d/ gqkgsnzeK B{z nbZr^nbZr eow d/D d/ pknd ftfGzB ftfdnkoEhnK d[nkok gqkgs d'B' eowK (Rank assigned on two variables) dk nzso (D) frnks eoe/ T[; dk tor eo fdZsk iKdk j?, i' D

2 ejkT[Adk j?. fco, ΣD2 dk wkB frnks eo b?D d/ pknd

fBwB ;{so dh ;jkfJsk s'A ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze dk wkB frnks eo b?Ad/ jB.

ρ or rho =

2

2

61

( 1)

D

N N

B'N



B'N fiZE/, ρ & ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze

ΣD2 & eowK d/ nzso d/ torK dk i'V

N & e[ZM ftfdnkoEh ;zfynk

T[dkjoD 1L d' ftfPnK rfDs ns/ noEPk;so ftZu pkoK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fwb/ gqkgs nze fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ jB. eow nzso ftXh d/ d[nkok fJBQK d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze eZY'.

noEPk;so L 60 34 40 50 45 41 22 43 42 66 64 46

rfDsL 75 32 34 40 45 33 12 30 36 72 41 57

;wkXkBL ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze frnks eo'.

ftfdnkoEh noEPk;so rfDs R1 R2 D D2

A 60 75 3 1 2 4

B 34 32 11 10 1 1

C 40 34 10 8 2 4

D 50 40 4 6 2 4

E 45 45 6 4 2 4

F 41 63 9 9 0 0

G 22 12 12 12 0 0

H 43 30 7 11 4 16

I 42 36 8 7 1 1

J 66 72 1 2 1 1

K 64 41 2 5 3 9

L 46 57 5 3 2 4

N = 12 Σd2 = 48


;{uh 26H1


ftnkfynkL noEPk;so ns/ rfDs d/ d' ftfPnK ftZu pkoK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fwb/ gqkgs nze dk Bshik fJj do;kT[Adk j? fe fJBQK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX T[Zu XBkswe j?.

T[dkjoDL fBwB nzfes nzefVnK d/ d[nkok fgsk ns/ g[Zso d/ ftZu bzpkJh dk ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze gqkgs eo'.

fgsk dh bzpkJh fJzuK ftZu 20 25 32 28 30 27 35 60 80

g[Zso dh bzpkh fJzuK ftZu 21 27 30 24 28 22 37 64 82

;wkXkBL fgsk ns/ g[Zso dh ftZu bzpkJh d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze dh rDBk eo'.

B'N

fgsk dh bzpkJh g[Zso dh bzpkJh R1 R2 D D2

20 21 9 9 0 0

25 27 8 6 2 4

32 30 4 4 0 0

28 24 6 7 1 1

30 28 5 5 0 0

27 22 7 8 1 1

35 37 3 3 0 0

60 64 2 2 0 0

80 82 1 1 0 0

N = 9 Σd2 = 6


;{uh 26H2


B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' eow nzso ftXhdk gqshgkdB ukob; ;ghnow?B B/ ehsk ;h.

ftnkfynkL fJj Bshik do;kT[Adk j? fe fgsk ns/ g[Zso dh bzpkJh d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX nkfs T[Zu^XBkswe j?.

T[dkjoD 3L fBwB nzfes nzefVnK (tzvK) d/ d[nkok Pq/Dh eow ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze dh rDBk eo'.

ftfdnkoEh A B C D E F G H I J K L

ftfrnkB 50 54 56 59 60 62 61 65 67 71 71 74

rfDs 22 25 34 28 26 30 32 30 28 34 36 40

;wkXkBL

ftfdnkoEh ftfrnkB d/ gqkgs nze

rfDs d/ gqkgs nze

R1 R2 D D2

A 50 22 12 12 0 0

B 54 25 11 11 0 0

C 56 34 10 3.5 6.5 42.25

D 59 28 9 8.5 .5 .25

E 60 26 8 10 2 4

F 62 30 6 6.5 .5 .25

G 61 32 7 5 2 4

H 65 30 5 6.5 1.5 2.25

I 67 28 4 8.5 4.5 20.25

J 71 34 2.5 3.5 1 1

K 71 36 2.5 2 .5 .25

L 74 40 1 1 0 0

N = 12 Σd2 = 74.50


;{uh 26H3


ftnkfynkL rfDs ns/ ftfrnkB d/ d' ftfPnK ftZu pkoK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fwb/ gqkgs nze dk Bshik fJj do;kT[Adk j? fe fJBQK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX T[Zu XBkswe j?.

ftnkfynk (Interpretation) L ftfrnkB ns/ rfDs gqkgs nzeK d/ wZX Pq/Dheow ;fj^;zpzX dk wkB OH739 j?. ;gPN j? fe ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze XBkswe ns/ T[Zu Pq/Dh dk j?. fJ; bJh ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze d/ nXko s/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe fi; ftfdnkoEh B/ ftfrnkB ftZu finkdk nze gqkgs ehs/ jB T[; dh goftosh rfDs ftZu th finkdk nzd gqkgs eoB dh j? ns/ fi; ftfdnkoEh ftfrnkB ftZu xZN nze gqkgs ehs/ jB T[; dh gqftosh rfDs ftZu th xZN nze gqkgs eoB dh j?. Bkb jh, nfijk finkdkso ftfdnkoEhnK B/ ehsk j?.

T[dkjoD 4L eownzso ftXh d/ d[nkok fBwB nzfes nzefVnK d/ d' ;w{uK d/ wZX dk ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze frnks eo'.

Set A 80 80 80 75 75 62 74 66 71 59 67 67

Set B 75 75 69 73 62 58 70 61 61 61 63 72

;wkXkBL 1

B'N

Set A Set B R1 R2 D D2

80 75 2 1.5 .5 .25

80 75 2 1.5 .5 .5

80 69 2 6 4 16

75 73 4.5 3 1.5 2.25

75 62 4.5 8 3.5 12.25

62 58 11 12 1 1

74 70 6 5 1 1

66 61 10 10 0 0

71 61 7 10 3 9

59 61 12 10 2 4

67 63 8.5 7 1.5 2.25

67 72 8.5 4 4.5 20.25

N = 12 Σd2 = 68.50


;{uh 26H4


B'N ftnkfynkL d' ;w{jK d/ nzefVnK d/ wZX T[Zu XBkswe ;zpzX B{z fJj Bshik fJZE/ do;kT[Adk j?.

;EkB eow ftXh dhnK ;hwktK (Limitations of Rank-Method) L ;EkB eow ftXh finkdk gquZbs BjhA j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu nzeK d/ e/tb ;EkB eow (Ranks) s/ jh fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?, T[jBK d/ nkgD/ wkB s/ e'Jh fXnkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, A, B,

C d/ rfDs ftZu nze eow nB[;ko 30, 40, 50 jB ns/ nzro/Ih ftZu 70, 80, 90 sK gfjbh ns/ d{ih go;fEsh ftZu ;EkBeow 3, 2, 1 jh j'Dr/. j[D i/eo nzro/Ih d/ nzeK B{z 100, 110, 120 eo fdZsk ikt/ sK th ;EkB eow T[jh ofjDr/. j[D fJ; ftXh d[nkok jo/e ;fEsh ftZu ;wkB jh T[Zso nkJ/rk. ;gPN j?, fJj ftXh finkdk ;jh BjhA j?.

;ktXkBh nozGe nt;Ek ftZu fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ y'i ns/ ;jh

BshfinK d/ bJh fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ikDk ukjhdk.

fJ; d/ fJbktk id'A nzefVnK dh ;zfynk, fiBQK d/ wZX ftZu ;kB{z nB[pzX dh wksok eZYDh j[zdh j?, 30 s'A finkdk j'D sK nfijh ;fEsh ftZu fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r finkdk T[fus BjhA j?.

;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze d/ T[g:'r (Utility of Correlation Coefficient) L ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze d/ gqw[Zy T[g:'r fJ; soQK jB^

1H GftZytkDh ftZu ;jkfJe (Prediction)

2H gqhyD dh gquZbsk frnks eoB ftZu (To determine Reliability)

3H gqhyD dh t?Xsk frnks eoB ftZu (Estimation of Validity)

4H w[PfebK d/ fBdkB ftZu ;jkfJe (Useful in Diagnosis)

5H tzP eow ns/ tksktoD d/ gqGkt dh ikDekoh gqkgs eoB ftZu.

6H GoKshnK dk fBtkoD eoB ftZu (False Beliefs)

7H ekoe^ftPb/PD ftZu T[g:'r (Use in Factor-Analysis)

8H ekoi^ekoB ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB ftZu (Cause and effect Relationship)

T[go'es fpzd{nK d/ fJbktk ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze dh T[g:'rsk fJ; soQK th ;gPN ehsh ik ;edh j?^

1H i/eo fe;h ftfdnkoEh B/ rqfj gqhfynktK ftZu T[Zusw nze gqkgs ehs/ jB sK n;hA fJ; d/ nXko s/ fJj GftZytkDh eo ;ed/ jK fe T[j ftfdnkoEh p'ov gqhfynk ftZu th gfjbh Pq/Dh io{o gqkgs eo/rk

2H gquZbsk frnks eoB ftZu Gkt/A Test-Retest Method brkU iK Split Half Method iK 302 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


j'o e'Jh, ;kB{z ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze dk wkB eZYDk jh j't/rk.

3H t?Xsk fBoXkoD ftZu ;kB{z nkgD/ gqhyD B{z fe;h e;"Nh Bkb ;fj^;zpzXs eoBk jzdk j? ns/ ;fj^;zzpzX r[Dk nze d/ nXko s/ jh t?Xsk frnks ehsh iKdh j?.

4H i/eo fe;h tZv/ ;w{j s/ gqhyD d/ e/ n;hA fJj f;ZX ehsk j? fe ftfrnkB ns/ rfDs ftZu XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX j[zdk j? ns/ gqsZy ftZu n;hA iwks ftZu nfijk BjhA d/yd/ sK fJ; ;fEsh ftZu ;fj^;zpzX ;kvh fJ; ;wZf;nk dk fBdkB eodk j?.

5H coKf;; rkbNB, ekob fgno;B ns/ EkoBvkJhe B/ tzP eow ns/ tksktoD dk ftneshnK s/ gqGkt d/yD d/ bJh eJh gq:'r ehs/ jB.

T[dkjoD ekob fgno;B B/ 5000 pkbeK s/ gq:'r eoe/ fJj f;ZX ehsk fe f;o dh pDktN, w[ynkfeqsh nkfd dk ftnesh dhnK wkBf;e :'rsktK Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?.

6H p[ZXh d/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbK ;ghnow?B B/ Factor-Analysis Technique dk ;jkok fbnk ;h.

7H tksktoD dk ftfdnkoEhnK dh T[gbpXh ns/ wB'pb s/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j?, fJ; soQK d/ ;zpzX th d/y/ iKd/ jB.

B'N

Nk;e ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze d/ T[g:'r s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.


fBwB nzfes eEBK ftZu ;Zu iK M{m dh gfjukD eo' (State whether the following


4H ;fj^;zpzX d' uoK d/ ftZu B/Vsk d/ ;so s/ fJZe nzeVk ftfrnkB wkg j?. 5H XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX T[; ;w/A j[zdk j? id'A fJZe uo okPh d/ tXD Bkb d{ih uo okPh

xN/.

6H eow nzso ftXh B{z Pq/Dh eow ftXh th efjzd/ jB. 7H pkbeK d/ wB'pb ns/ T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh ftZu e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j[zdk.

26H5 r[DB nkx{oD ftXh (Product Moment Method)

fJ; ftXh B{z fgno;B ftXh th efjzd/ jB.

d' uoK x ns/ y i' fe (x1y1), (x2y2).........(xnyn), fit/A eJh i'fVnK d/ wkBK dh eow nB[;ko e[ZM ftP/PsktK B{z (;w/A, ;EkB nkfd B{z) ftnes eod/ jB. toswkB nfXnB ftZu ekob fgno;B ftXh dk gq:'r d' uoK d/ wZX nB[o/yh ;fj^;zpzX ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

ekob fgno;B d/ ;fj^;zpzX B{z r(x, y) d[nkok fBwB nB[;ko gfoGkfPs ehsk iKdk j?^



B'N

iK ;XkoD s"o s/,

fiZE/ x ns/ y AM‟s dh eow nB[;ko x Pfozybk ns/ y Pfozybk jB.

fJ; B{z ekob fgno;B d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[D nze d/ gfoebB dh gqsZy (f;ZXh) ftXh ejh iKdh j?.

i/eo fJ; ftZu Gow dh e'Jh ;zGktBk Bk j't/ sK, n;hA r(x, y) B{z p; r fbyd/ jB.

fJ; B{z rfDse ftXh d[nkok ^1≤ r ≤1 f;ZX ehsk ik ;edk j?.

i/eo uoK d/ wZX ;fj^;zpzX nB[o/yh j? sK ekob fgno;B d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze d/ wkB dh ftnkfynk fBwB nzfes soQK eoKr/^

‘r’ dk wkB uoK d/ wZX ;fj^;zpzX nB[o/yh dh ;fEsh

g{oD ;gPN XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX

T[Zu ;fEsh XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX

;XkoD XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX

fBwB ;fEsh XkBkswe ;fj^;zpzX

e'Jh ;fj^;zpzX BjhA

fBwB ;fEsh foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX

;XkoD ;fEsh foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX

T[Zu ;fEsh foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX

g{oD ;gPN foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX

fNZgDh 1H ekob fgno;B d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze B{z gq'veN w'w/AN ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze iK ekob fgno;B gq'veN w'w/AN ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze d/ o{g ftZu th toDB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fNZgDh 2H ekob fgno;B d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze ftZu r B{z P(x,y) iK e/tb P d/ d[nkok th fBod/fPs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

nZyo P rqhe toD dk ‘rho’ j?.

fNZgDh 3H ekob fgno;B d/ finkfwsh, ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze B{z rDBk (fBoXkoD) dk r[Dk nze th fejk iKdk j?.

T[dkjoD d/ bJh

i/eo r & 0H753 j? sK fBoXkoD dk

r[Dk nze (0H753)2 & 0H567 j't/rk.

fBoXkoD dk r[Dk nze jw/PK 0 ns/ 1 d/ ftZu ;fEs j?. (fi; ftZu d'B' Pkfwb jB.) fNZgDh 4H i' fe ftnes j[zdk j?.



T[dkjoDL fBwBnzfes ;{uh dh ;jkfJsk s'A ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze frnks eo'.

X 10 12 15 8 5 16

Y 15 16 8 10 11 12

fJ; d/ nB[;ko T[Zgo tkb/ gqPB B{z fJ; soQK eoKr/^

wH wkH x & 11, wH wkH y & 12. fJ; soQK,

1H gfjbK n;hA d'jK nze^;w{jK dk nbZr^nbZr wH wkH eZY btKr/

2H fco c'jK nze^;w{j d/ wH wkH ns/ nzeK dknzso eZY btKr/. Gfjbh ;{uh d/ jo nze ftZu'A T[; d/ wH wkH xNkT[Ad/ uZbKr/. fJ; soQK wH wkH (11) ns/ gfjbh ;{uh d/ nzeK dk nzso (x) nk ikt/rk. fJ;h soQK d{ih ;{uh d/ jo/e nze ftZu'A T[; dk wH wkH (12) xNkT[Ad/ ub/ iktKr/. fJ; soQK ;kB{z (y) ;szG fwb ikt/rk.

3H j[D nrb/ ;szGK ftZu n;hA x ns/ y tkb/ ;szGK dhnK ;zfynktK dk tor eo fdnKr/. fJ; soQK, x2 ns/ y2 tkb/ ;szG fwb ikDr/.

4H fco nZr/ tkb/ ;szG ftZu n;hA x ns/ y tkb/ ;szGK dhnK ;zfynktK B{z nkg; ftZu eow nB[;ko r[Dk eoe/ oZyKr/. fJ; soQK xy tkbk ;szG fwb/rk.

5H fco x2, y

2 ns/ xy tkb/ fszB'A ;szGK dhnK ;zfynktK B{z nbZr^nbZr i'V btKr/. fJj eownB[;ko Σx, Σy ns/ Σxy fJ; soQK fby/ ikDr/.

fJzBk eoB d/ pknd j[D n;hA ;{so dk gq:'r eoKr/. gq'veN w'w/AN ftXh Bkb nB[H r[H eZYD dk ;{so fJ; soQK j?L

B'N


;{uh 26H5


B'N

2 2

xyr

x y

T[Zgo gqPB ftZu,

fJ; soQK 3H fJZe fsZih ohfs d/ nB[;ko n;hA n;b wH wkH (actual mean) Bk eZY e/ e/tb wzBh rJh (assumed mean) s'A th ezw ubk ;ed/ jK. fBZu/ fJ;h gqPB B{z ebgs wH wkH s'A eZfYnk frnk j?L

tkH wH wkH x & 11, tkH wH wkH y & 12

wzfBnk j'fJnk wH wKH x & 10, y & 10

Cx & 1, Cy & 2

Cx [gfjbK tkH wH wkH (mean) ns/ wzB/ j'J/ wH wkH (mean) dk nzso] & 11 & 10 ^ 1

Cy [d{i/ tkH wH wkH (mean) ns/ wzB/ j'J/ wH wkH (mean) dk nzso] & 12 ^ 10 & 2


;{uh 26H6


;{sonB[;ko fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r nfijhnK go;fEshnK ftZu ;[thXkiBe ns/ T[g:'rh j[zdk j? fiBQK ftZu n;b wH wkH dPwbt fGzB ftZu nkT[Adk j?, fit/A 104H3 iK 98H6 nkfd, feT[Afe nfijh ;fEsh ftZu wH wkH (mean) B{z n;b nzeK (true scores) ftZu'A xNkT[D ftZu ns/ T[jBK d/ nzso dk tor pDkT[D ftZu pj[s w[Pfeb g?Adh j?. fJ; bJh n;hA T[; d/ ;EkB s/ T[;h d/ nk;^gk; g{oD ;zfynk ftZu nzeK dk wZXwkB b? b?Ad/ jB. fJj nB[wkfBs wZXwkB (assumed mean) ejkT[Adk j?. fJ; Bkb x ns/ y ns/ T[jBK d/ tor pDkT[D dh n;[thxk d{o j' iKdh j?.

n;b ftZu o/Ae gqDkbh (rho) dk gq:'r T[; ;w/A finkdk T[fus ofjzdk j? id'A E'V/ nzefVnK d/ ftZu nB[H r[H eZYDk j't/. nzefVnK dh 30 ;zfynk sZe o?Ae gqDkbh dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; s'A tZX ;zfynk tkb/ nzefVnK dk nB[H r[H gq'veN^w'w/AN gqDkbh d[nkok eZYDk ukjhdk j?.

o?Ae gqDkbh d[nkok eZfYnk j'fJnk nB[H r[H (rho) brGr gq'veN^w'w/AN ohfs d[nkok eZY/ j'J/ nB[H r[H d/ pokpo jh nkT[Adk j?. i/H ghH frbc'ov dk efjDk j? fe fe;h th jkbs ftZu d'B'A ohshnK d[nkok eZY/ j'J/ nB[H r[H ftZu H018 s'A tZX nzso BjhA j[zdk ns/ jo/e ;fEsh ftZu gq'veN^w'w/AN d[nkok eZfYnk j'fJnk nB[H r[H (r) o?Ae gqDkbh d[nkok eZY/ j'J/ nB[H r[H (rho) s'A tZvk j[zdk j?. (e/tb Iho' ns/ O1H0 nB[H r[H dh ;fEsh B{z SZv e/) gozs{ fJj eEB fttjkfoe fdqPNhe'D s'A fpbe[b ;jh BjhA T[sodk. fgSb/ T[dkjoD s'A fJj rZb ;gPN j?. o?Ae gqDkbh s'A nB[H r[H (rho) OH085 nkT[Adk j? ns/ gq'veN^w'w/AN ^H047 nkT[Adk j?. d'jK dk nzso H038 d/ brGr j?. d{i/ (rho) pVk j? r s'A. gq'veN w'w/AN nB[H r[H T[jBK jh go;fEshnK ftZu eZfYnk iKdk j? fiZE/ fBwB fbys PosK g{ohnK j[zdhnK j'D^

1H id'A gqshdoP (sample) tZvk (large) j't/.

2H id'A nzeK dh tzv ;XkoD j't/.

3H id'A wkge brksko (continuous) o{g s'A T[bgpX j'D. 26H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

id'A d' uo okPhnK fJZe d{i/ s'A fJ; soQK ;zpzXs j'D fe fJZe okPh d/ tXD Bkb d{ih okPh th tX/ iK xN/ ns/ fJ; d/ T[bN, fFJZe okPh d/ xND Bkb d{ih okPh th xN/ iK tX/, T[; ;w/A T[; ;fEsh ftZu n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fJBQK d' okPhnK d/ wZX ;fj^;zpzX j?.

;fj^;zpzX w[Zy o{g s'A fszB soQK dk j[zdk j?^ 1H XBkswe ;fj^;zpzX, 2H foDkswe ;fj^;zpzX, 3H Iho' ;fj^;zpzX.

f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu pj[Xk cb nzeK dhnK d' Pq/DhnK d/ ;zpzX dh wksok fBoXkfos eoB dh io{os g?Adh j?. fJ; ;zpzX B{z ;fj^;zpzX rDk nze (Coefficient of

Correlation) s'A ftnes ehsk iKdk j?.

B'N



B'N eownzso ftXh B{z n;hA Pq/Dh eow ftXh d/ Bkw s'A th p[bkT[Ad/ jK. fJ; ftXh dk gqshgkdB ukob; ;ghno^w?B (Charles Spearman) B/ ehsk ;h ns/ T[jBK d/ jh Bkw s/ fJ; ftXh B{z ;ghnow?B ;fj^;zpzX ftXh efjzd/ jB ns/ fJ; ftXh d[nkok ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze B{z n;hA ;ghnow?B ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze iK ;ghnow?B Pq/Dh eow ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze th efjzd/ jB.

;EkB eow ftXh finkdk gquZbs BjhA j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu nzeK d/ e/tb ;EkB eow (Ranks) s/ jh fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?, T[jBK d/ nkgD/ wkB s/ e'Jh fXnkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk.

fJ; B{z ekob ghno;B d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[Dk nze d/ ezfgT{fNzr dh vkfJo?eN ftXh fejk iKdk j?.


1H nkx{oD ^ uZeo yKdk j'fJnk, x[zwdk j'fJnk.

2H gqehoDB ^ fSsokDk, fpy/oBk. 26H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ;fj^;zpzX s'A eh Gkt j?< eh fJj jw/PK d' uo okPhnK d/ ftZu ekoB ns/ gqGkt ;zpzXK B{z do;kT[Adk j?.

2H ekob fgno;B d/ ;fj^;zpzX r[Dknze dhnK w[Zy ftP/PsktK eh jB. fJj ckow{bk fejVhnK ntXkoDktK s/ nXkfos j?<

3H ;fj^;zpzX r[Dknze s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ ;XkoD fB:w dh ftnkfynk eo'.

4H ;ghnow?B d/ eownzso ftXh d[nkok fJBQK d/ ;fj^;zpzX rDk nze frnks eo'.

(T[ZsoL H46)

5H fBwBnzfes nzefVnK d/ d[nkok ;ghnow?B dh ;fj^;zpzX r[Dknze frnks eo'^

(T[ZsoL H64) T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessments)

1H wZX 2H fszB 3H pkjow[Zyh

4H ;Zu 5H M{m 6H ;Zu 7H M{m.




p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^27L ekJh tor N/;N (Chi-Square Test) .


T[d/P (Objectives)


27H1 ngquZb N/;N tK dk noE ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Structure of Non-Parametrical Test)

27H2 ekJh tor N/;N (Chi-Square Test)





T[d/P (Objectives)


ngquZb N/;N tK d/ noE ns/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD ftZul

ekJh tor N/;N B{z ;wMD ftZu.


fJj gfjbK dZf;nk ik u[Zek j? fe gquZb (parametric) N/;N tK fit/A^Nh^N?;N ns/ n?c^N?;N d/ gq:'r eJh PosK s/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB. id'A sZe fJj PosK g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK fJBQK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ;XkoD^tzv ns/ ftuoD^;wo{gsk (homogeneity of variance) fJj d' ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD PosK jB. y'i dhnK nB/e go;fEshnK ftZu fJj g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK. fJ; bJh T[jBK ftZu fJBQK N/;N tK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJBQK go;fEshnK ftZu ngquZb N/;N tK (non-parametric tests) dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. jo/e gquZb N/;N d/ eJh ngquZb ftebg T[gbpX jB. 27H1 ngquZb N/;N tK dk noE ns/ ;o{g (Meaning and Structure of Non-Parametrical Test)

gquZb N/;N tK dk gq:'r izB;zfynk^ftP/PsktK (gquZbK) d/ ftP/ ftZu e[ZM ntXkoDktK s/ nXkfos j[zdk j?. fJBQK gquZbK (parameters) dhnK ftP/PsktK s/ fJBQK dk gq:'r fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; bJh fJBQK B{z gquZb N/;N tK efjzd/ jB. mhe fJ; d/ T[bN ngquZb N/;N tK izB;zfynk d/ d/ gquZbK d/ ftP/ ftZu fe;h dhnK e'Jh PosK BjhA brKdh, fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z ngquZb N/;N tK efjzd/ jB. fe;h^fe;h ngquZb N/;N ftZu e[ZM nfGXkoDktK Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB, gozs{ T[j pj[s xZN ns/ ;XkoD gqeko dhnK j[zdhnK jB. ;wZro ;foPNh ftZu uok dh tzv^;zpzX fJBQK dh e'Jh Pos BjhA j[zdh. fJ; bJh fJBQK B{z tzv^w[es (distribution

free) nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh th efjzd/ jB. ngquZb nzeVk ftfrnkB seBheK ftZu gquZbK (parameters) fit/A^wZXwkB, tzv nkfd d/ ;EkB s/ uoK dhnK tzvK (distributions) d/ nXko s/ ;w{jK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?.


fJekJh^27L ekJh tor N/;N

ngquZb N/;N tK d/ bkG

fJBQK N/;N tK d/ fBwB fbys bkG jB^

1H pj[s S'Nh fBnkdoP (N = 6) dh ;fEsh ftZu e/tb fJBQK jh N/;N tK dk gq:'rh ehsk ik ;edk j?.

2H fJBQK dk gq:'r T[ZE/ th ehsk ik ;edk j?. fiZE/ fBnkdoPk B{z fGzB^fGzB iB;foPNhnK ftZu'A SKfNnk frnk j't/.

3H ;wZro izB;foPNh ftZu uoK dh tzv dk o{g (sample) fe;h th soQK dk feT[A Bk j't/, gozs{ fJj N/;N tK T[gbpX Bshi/ dh ;zGktBk (probability) dk ;jh^;jh eEB eoB dh ;woEk oZydhnK jB.

4H id'A P'X^;wZroh Pq/DhnK (categories) ns/ nB[;fEshnK (ranks) dk o{g ftZu T[gbpX j'D sK e/tb fJBQK jh N/;N tK dk gq:'r ;zGt j[zdk j?.

5H fJBQK N/;N tK B{z ;wMDk, T[jBK d/ gq:'r B{z f;ZyDk ns/ T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs ;zrDBk nkfd pj[s ;ob j[zd/ jB.

6H T[jBK go;fEshnK ftZu th fJBQK dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? fiBQK ftZu gquZb N/;N tK gqkgs j[zdhnK jB.

7H fe;h th gquZb N/;N dh nfijh ;fEsh ftZu fiZE/ T[; dhnK PosK g{ohnK Bk j'D, ngquZb N/;N tK dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

ngquZb N/;N tK dk d'P

fJBQK N/;N tK d/ e[ZM nkgDhnK ;hwktK th jB^ fiBQK dk T[b/y fBZu/ ehsk frnk j?^

1H gquZb N/;N dh fe;h fJZe ;fEsh ftZu fBPfus nkeko tkb/ fBnkdoP s/ fizBh N/;N ^Pesh (power of the test) T[gbpX jzdh j? T[Bh jh N/;N ^Pesh gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ngquZb N/;N tK dh ;fEsh ftZu fBnkdoP d/ neko B{z pj[s finkdk tZvk eoBk j't/rk. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJBQK N/;N tK dh Pesh (power) xZN j[zdh j?.

2H fJBQK N/;N tK ftZu e'Jh th N/;N nfijh BjhA j? fi; ftZu uoK d/ nzsofefnk gqGktK dk nfXnB ehsk ik ;e/. fJBQK w[PfebK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th ngquZb N/;N tK dk pj[s wjZst j? feT[Afe y'i dhnK go;fEshnK finkdkso nfijhnK j[zdhnK jB fe T[jBK ftZu gquZb PosK g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK ns/ T[jBK d/ ftebg y'iD/ j[zd/ jB.

e[ZM ftP/P ns/ finkdk T[fus ngquZB N/;N tK dk toDB fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsk frnk j?.

ngquZb ;s[zso ;w{j nkebg

fJ; d/ f;ob/y d/ nB[;ko T[BK gquZb N/;N tK dk toDB ehsk frnk j? fiBQK dk gq:'r ;[szso ;w{jK dh s[bBk eoB ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H ekJh^tor nkebg d' uoK d/ go;gfoe ;zpX dh HHHHHHHHHH j?.

2H J/eb fBnkdoP dh ;fEsh ftZu nktoshnK frnks eoB d/ bJh HHHHHHHHHHH T[gebgBk dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

B'N



B'N 3H ekJh tor gquZb N/;N HHHHHHHHHHHHH dk jh ngquZb ftebg j?. 27H2 ekJh tor N/;N (Chi-Square Test)

ekJh tor (x2) fJZe nfijh ngquZb nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh j? fi; ftZu fJj N/;N ehsh iKdh j? fe nktoshnK dh fJZe tzv i' fe;h y'i d/ nXko s/ gqkgs j'Jh j? T[j fe;h T[gebgBk d/ nXko s/ do;kJhnK nktoshnK dh tzv Bkb ;koEe o{g s'A fGzB j? iK BjhA. i/eo fGzB BjhA j? sK T[jBK d'jK B{z ;zpzXs ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; dk ekJh^tor d' uoK d/ iK d' nktosh^tzvK d/ gko;gfoe ;zzpzX dh N/;N ftXh j?. gqkgs ns/ do;kJhnK nktoshnK d/ ftZu i' nzso jB eh T[j e/tb ;zi'rK d/ ekoB jB iK n;b jB, fJj ikDB d/ bJh th fJ; ftPb/PD^ftXh dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; nkebg d/ eJh gqeko jB. w[Zy o{g s'A uko fGzB go;fEshnK ftZu fJ; dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJj jBL

1H J/eb ;w{j ;fEsh.

2H d' ;[szso ;w{jK dh ;fEsh.

3H ezfNi/A;h^ftPb/PD.

4H d' s'A tZX ;[szso ;w{jK dh ;fEsh.

1H J/eb ;w{j ;fEsh

fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r T[ZE/ ehsk iKdk j? fiZE/ gqkgs nktosh^tzv dh s[bBk fe;h nfijh tzv

d[nkok ehsh iKdh j? i' fe fJZe wkBe (standard) tzv j[zdh j? ns/ i' fe;h fBPfus

T[gebgBk fit/A^;XkoD^tzv dh T[gebgBk iK ;wkB tzv dh T[gebgBk d/ nXko s/ do;kJh

j[zdh j?. fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD s'A fJj ;gPN j' ikt/rk.

T[dkjoD 1

fJZe P'Xeosk fJj ikDB ukj[zdk j? fe eh gVQhnK^fbyhnK fJ;sohnK n;b ftZu B"eoh eoBk g;zd eodhnK jB. fJj ikDB d/ bJh T[; B/ 48 gVQhnK^fbyhnK fJ;sohnK B{z u[fDnk ns/ T[jBK s'A g[ZfSnk fe eh T[j B"eoh eoBk g;zd eoDrhnK. T[jBK B{z fszB ftebgK („jK‟, „BjhA‟, „sN;E‟) ftZu'A fJZe ftebg u[DB B{z fejk. jo/e T[Zso dhnK nktoshnK T[; B{z fJ; soQK gqkgs j'JhnK^24, 12, 12. ;wkB tzv d/ nXko s/ T[; B/ fJj N/;N ehsh fe gqkgs tzv (24, 12, 12) ;wkB tzv (16, 16, 16) d[nkok ;koEe o{g s'A fGzB j?. T[; dh XkoD fJj ;h fe i/eo n;b ftZu fJ;sohnK B"eoh eoBk g;zd eodhnK jB sK T[jBK dh fJj tzv do;kJh tzv (16, 16, 16) s'A fGzB j'Dh ukjhdh j? Gkt d{i/ PpdK ftZu ejhJ/ fe i/eo B"eoh eoB iK Bk eoB, fe;h tZb T[jBK dk ftP/P M[ekn BjhA j? sK 48 fJ;sohnK dh tzv fszB'A ftebg T[ZsoK d/ nzsors ;wkB (16, 16, 16) j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; tzv d[nkok gqkgs tzv ;koEe o{g s'A fGzB j? iK BjhA fJ; dh N/;N T[; B/ ekJh^tor d[nkok ehsh. fJ; d/ bJh gfjbK T[; B/ fBwB nB[;ko ;{uh fsnko ehsh ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ ekJh^tor dk wkB eZfYnk. fJ; rDBk dh ;zg{oD ftXh fBZu/ dh ;{uh ftZu fdZsh rJh j?^

B'N; ekJh^tor nkebg d' uoK d/ iK d' nktosh^tzvK d/ gkogfoe ;zpzX dh N/;N

ftXh j?.



B'N T[go'es ;{uh ftZu Fo dk noE j? gqkgs nktoshnK, Fe dk noE j? do;kJhnK nktoshnK.

fJj J/eb fBnkdoP ekJh^tor dk T[dkjoD j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu P'X^;wZroh e/tb fJZe jh fBnkdoP (48 fJ;sohnK) s'A fJeZso ehsh rJh j? Gkt fJZe jh fBnkdoP dk gq:'r ehsk frnk j?.

ekJh^tor eZYD dk ;{so j?^

fi; ftZu Fe dk noE j? do;kJhnK nktoshnK ns/ Fo dk noE j? gqkgs nktoshnK.

T[go'es ;{so d[nkok ;{uh^1 dh jo/e ykB/ dk ekJh^tor wkB eZfYnk frnk j?. pknd ftZu ;ko/ ykfBnK d/ wkB B{z i'V fbnk frnk j?. fJj ;zg{oD ekJh^tor 6H0 nkfJnk j?.

T[dkjoD fit/A^Nh^;?N ftZu Nh d/ wkB dh ;koEesk dh N/;N ehsh iKdh j?, mhe T[;h soQK ekJh^tor N/;N ftZu ekJh^tor d/ wkB dh ;koEesk dh N/;N ekJh^tor ;{uh^D d/ nXko s/ eod/ jB.

i/eo gqkgs ekJh^wkB ;{uh^D ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ wkB d/ pokpo iK T[; s'A tZX j? sK T[; B{z ;koEe wzfBnk iKdk j?. pkeh ;wZf;nk gqfefonk s/ soe mhe Nh^N/;N dh soQK jh ofjzd/ jB.

;[sozso nzPK (df) dh rDBk

;{uh^D d/ gq:'rK ftZu df dh ;zegbBk dk gq:'r th ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z frnks eoB dk ;{so j? (r - 1) × (k - 1) Gkt gzeshnK ns/ ;szGK dh ;zfynk ftZu'A fJZe^fJZe xNk e/ pkeh B{z go;go r[Dk eo b?Ad/ jB. fgZS/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD ftZu 3 ;szG ns/ gzeshnK jB. fJ; bJh df & (3 ^ 1) × (2 ^ 1) & 2 .

;koEesk^ ;{uh^D ftZu 2df ns/ 0H5 ;so s/ ekJh^wkB 5H991 j?. gqkgs wkB 6H0 j? i' ;{uh wkB s'A finkdk j?. fJ; bJh T[gebgBk Ho fe “d'B' tzvK ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA j?” B{z n;theko eoe/ fJj Bshik fBeb/rk fe tzvK ftZu ;koEe nzso j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu efjDk j't/rk fe fJ;sohnK B"eoh eoBk g;zd eodhnK jB feT [Afe “jK” T[Zso dhnK nktoshnK ;G s'A tZX jB. i/eo “Bk” T[Zso dhnK nktoshnK tZX j[zdhnK jB sK Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe T[j B"eoh eoBk g;zd BjhA eodhnK. fJ; bJh n;b ftZu Bshik eh j't/rk, fJj ykfBnK dhnK nktoshnK d/ BohyD s/ fBoGo eodk j?.

i/eo fJZe gk;V N/;N eoB j't/ sK ekJh dk wkB ;{uh^D ftZu H05 ;so d/ bJh ;szG H01 ftZu H01 d/ bJh ;szG H02 ftZu d/yDk ukjhdk j?.


;{uh 27H1


B'N do;kJhnK nktoshnK dhnK T[gebgBktK

J/eb fBnkdoP ;fEsh ftZu do;kJhnK nktoshnK frnks eoB d/ bJh “;wkB tzv” T[gebgBk dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? fit/A fe fgZS/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD ftZu ;gPN ehsk frnk j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk “;XkoD^tzv” T[gebgBk dk th gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fe; dk gq:'r fezBk eoBk ukjhdk j? y'i go;fEsh s/ fBoGo eodk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh i/eo n;hA fJj ikDBk ukj[zdk jK fe fe;h iwks d/ gqkgs nzeK dh tzv ;XkoD j? iK BjhA sK do;kJhnK nktoshnK ;XkoD^tzv d/ nXko s/ eZYDhnK j'DrhnK.

ekJh^tor dhnK ;hwktK

ekJh^tor N/;N dk gq:'r fBwB fbys go;fEshnK ftZu tofis j?^

1H id'A df e/tb 1 j't/ Gkt k (;w{j) & 2 j't/ ns/ e'Jh do;kJh nktosh 5 s'A xZN j't/.

2H id'A df sK 1 s'A tZX j't/, gozs{ 20# s'A tZX nktoshnK 5 s'A xZN j'D iK e'jh do;kJh nktosh 2 s'A xZN j't/.

2H d' ;[szso ;w{j nkebg

fJ; ;fEsh ftZu d' ;[szso ;w{jK dh s[bBk ekJh^tor d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?, mhe T[;h soQK jh fit/A^Nh N/;N ftZu Nh dk wkB eZY e/ ehsh iKdh j?. nzso fJzBk j? fe fJ; ftZu Nh d/ ;EkB s/ ekJh^tor dk wkB eZYe/ T[;dh ;koEesk dh N/;N ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zfunk iKdk j? fe d'B' ;w{j fe;h ftP/Psk iK nkfPqs uo d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB jB iK BjhA. “d'B' ;w{j fJZe^;w{j s'A fGzB BjhA jB” fJj T[gebgBk (Ho) N/;N dk nXko j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh ekJh^tor gquZb N/;N Nh dk jh ngquZb ftebg j?. Nh^gqhyfnk dhnK PosK g{ohnK Bk j'D s/ fiZE/ T[jBK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk T[ZE/ ekJh^tor dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh wzB fbU fJZe P'Xeosk fJj ikDBk ukj[zdk j? fe “B"eoh eoB dh fJZSk ftZu g[oyK ns/ fJ;sohnK ftZu e'Jh nzso j?.” T[j nfijk fJZe gqPB e[ZM fJ;sohnK ns/ g[oyK s'A g[ZSdk j? ns/ T[Zso d/ fszB ftebgK “jK”, “Bk” ns/ “sN;E” d/ o{g ftZu P'X^;wZroh gqkgs eodk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu ekJh^tor dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

gq:'r dh ftXh

ekJh^tor d/ gq:'r dh fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th T[jh ftXh j't/rh fi; dk toDB J/eb ;w{j dh ;fEsh ftZu gfjbK ehsk frnk j?. d'jK ftZu nzso fJjh j? fe fJ; ;fEsh ftZu fJZe ;w{j dh irQk d' ;w{j j?. ;{uh fsnko eoe/ T[; d/ jo/e ykB/ dk ekJh^tor wkB eZYDk j't/rk ns/ nzs ftZu ;kfonK B{z i'V e/ ekJh^tor gqkgs eoBk j't/rk. ekJh^tor eZYD dk ;{so th gfjbK jh j[zdk j? Gkt ekJh^tor & fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD d[nkok ;zrDBk dh ftXh dk ;gPNheoD ehsk frnk j?.

T[dkjoD^2

wzB fbU T[Zgo fdZs/ rJ/ gqPB B{z P'Xeosk B/ 90 g[oyK ns/ 100 fJ;sohnK s'A g[ZfSnk ns/

„jK‟, „Bk‟ ns/ „sN;E‟ fszB soQK d/ ftebgK d/ o{g ftZu T[Zso gqkgs ehs/. T[jBK T[ZsoK

dh nktosh^tzv fsnko eoe/ fJZe ;{uh pDkJh ns/ fJ; T[gebgBk dh N/;N ehsh fe

“g[oyK ns/ fJ;sohnK dh B"eoh dh fJZSk ftZu e'Jh ;koEe nzso BjhA j?.” fBwB fbys

;{uh P'X^;wZroh ns/ ;zrDB dh gqfefonk B{z gqdofPs eodh j?.



B'N fJ; ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB ftZu, ekJh tor wkB ftZu jo/e ykB/ dh nktosh dh rDBk eoBh gt/rh ns/ nzs ftZu ;ko/ gqkgs wkBK B{z fBwB gqfefonk d[nkok oZy e/ jZb ehsk ikt/rk.

1H Fe (1) i.e., cell-1 = 41 90

19.42190 0

(out of 190 total Fe for „yes‟ reaponse

= 41; how many out of 90, total of first row)

2H Fe (2) i.e., for cell-2 = 132 90

16.52190 1

(out of 190 Fe for „No‟ response =

132; how many out of 90).

3H Fe (3) i.e., for cell-3 = 17 90

8.05190 1

(out of 190 Fe for cell-3, indiff. response = 17; how many out of 90).

4H Fe (4) = 11 100

21.57190 1

(same argument).

5H Fe (5) = 132 100

64.44190 1

(same argument).

6H Fe (6) = 17 100

9.00190 1

(same argument).

After this, we find out (Fo – Fe) for each cell. These values are also given in the table for each cell.

fJ; d/ pknd jo/e (Fo - Fe) dk tor eZY e/ T[; B{z Fe Bkb Gkr d/ e/ ekJh^tor ftZu pdb


o'Irko dh io{os ns/ fbzresk ftZu ;zpzX

;{uh 27H2


B'N b?Ad/ jB. fJj eow nB[;ko 1H51 O H20 O H47 O 1H30 O H18 O H49 nkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK

;kfonK dk i'V Gkt Σ x2 & 4H51 .

ekJh^tor dh ;koEesk

;{uh^D ftZu (2 × 1 & 2df) s/ ns/ H05 ;so s/ ekJh wkB j? 4H991, gozs{ gqkgs wkB nkT[Adk j? 4H15 i' ;{uh wkB s'A xZN j?. fJ; bJh H05 ;so s/ Ho Gkt “nzso BjhA j?” dh ebgBk B{z n;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. cb;o{g “nzso BjhA j?” B{z ;theko eoBk gJ/rk feT[Afe ekJh^tor dk wkB ;koEe BjhA j?. T[j ;zi'r nB[;ko th j' ;edk j?.

Bshik

fJ; bJh fJj Bshik fBefbnk fe fbzr (Sex) dk B"eoh dh fJZSk d/ Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?.

3H ezfNBi/A;h ftPb/PD (2 × 2 ;{uh)

nktoshnK dh tzv i/eo 2 × 2 ;{uh ftZu gq;s{s ehsh rJh j't/ sK ekJh^tor eZYD dh fJZe d{ih ftXh th j[zdh j? fijVh pj[s ;ob j? fi; dk gq:'r finkdkso go;fEshnK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu gzeshnK (r) dh ;zfynk th 2 ns/ ;szGK (k) dh ;zfynk th 2 jzdh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ftZu df & (r ^ 1) (k ^ 1) Gkt (2 ^ 1) (2 ^ 1) & 1 j[zdh j?. ekJh tor eZYD dk ;{so fBwB soQK jz[dk j?^

fi; ftZu AD BC dk noE j? fe AD ftZu'A BC iK BC ftZu'A AD fe;h B{z th fe;/

ftZu'A xNkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

T[go'es ;{so ftZu (AD - BC) ftZu'A 2

N B{z xNkfJnk iKdk j? fi; B{z :/N;^P[ZXh (Yates

Correction) efjzd/ jB.

fJ; dk ekoB gqkgs ekJh^wkBK B{z T[jBK d/ n;b Gkt f;XKs nXkfos ns/ do;kJh ekJh^tor tzv d/ nB[;ko pDkT[Dk j[zdk j?. w'o/B (1954) d/ nB[;ko, ;{uhpZX tzv pkfJUB'fwnb tzv (bionomial distribution) j[zdk j? i' nyzv (continuous) BjhA j[zdk id'A fe ekJh^tor tzv nyzv j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh pkfJUB'fwnb tzv B{z ekJh^tor tzv d/ ;wo{g pDkT[D d/ bJ fJj P[ZXh ehsh iKdh j?.

T[dkjoD^3

fJZe P'Xeosk fJj ikDBk ukj[zdk j? fe eh ftfdnkoEhnK dk nkofEs^;wkfie ;so T[jBK dh

ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. T[j 48 fBwB ;so nkofEe^;wkfie ;so d/

ftfdnkoEhnK B{z u[D e/ T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z ;cb iK n;cb d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzv e/

fJeZso eodk j?. fJ; P'X^;wZroh B{z 2 × 2 dh ;{uh ftZu ftt;fEs eodk j? ns/

ekJh^tor dk wkB ezfNBi/A;h ;{so d/ nXko s/ eZY e/ T[gebgBk dh N/;N eodk j?. fBwB

;{uh ns/ ;zpzXs nXkfos ;zrDBk fBZu/ fdZsh rJh j?.



B'N

fJ; ;wZf;nk ftZu w"i{d gqPB dk T[Zso ikDB d/ bJh ekJh tor N/;N ngDkJh ik ;edh j?. fJ; ftZu nzefVnK B{z 2 × 2 dh ezfNBi/A;h ;{uh pDk e/, wkBK B{z ;{so ftZu oZyD s/,

;koEesk ns/ Bshik

;{uh^D ftZu 1 df ns/ H05 ;so s/ ekJh^tor dk wkB j? 3H84. gqkgs ekJh^tor wkB 0H4537 j? i' ;{uh wkB s'A pj[s xZN j?. fJ; bJh Ho T[gebgBk “d'B' ;w{jK (HSES ns/ LSES) dh ftfdne T[gbpX ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA j?” B{z ;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. gqkgs ekJh^tor ;koEe BjhA j? Gkt T[j ;zi'r ekoB th j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh nkyoh Bshik fJj j't/rk fe ftfdnkoEhnK nkofEe^;wkfie ;so T[jBK dh ftfdnkBe T[gbpXh B{z gqGkfts BjhA eodk. nkofEe^;wkfie ;so ns/ ftfdne T[gpXh d/ ftZu e'Jh ;zpzX gqshs BjhA j[zdk.

2 × 2 ezfNBi/A;h ftXhnK dh ;hwktK

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ezfNBi/A;h ftXh dk gq:'r T[ZE/ jh ehsk ik ;edk j? fiZE/ do;kJhnK

nktoshnK io{oh o{g s'A tZvhnK j'D.

i/eo fJj Pos g{oh BjhA jzdh sK nk;^gk; dhnK nktoshnK B{z fwbk e/ ns/ ykfBnK (cells) dh ;zfynktK B{z xZN eoe/ 2 × 2 ;{uh dhnK nktoshnK B{z tXkfJnk ik ;edk j?, sK th fBwB fbys rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk io{oh j?^


;{uh 27H3


B'N 1H id'A N dk neko 40 s'A finkdk j't/ sK nyzvsk bJh P[ZXh dk gq:'r io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.

2H id'A N 20^40 d/ ftZu j't/ sK T[go'es ;{so dk gq:'r sK jh eo' id'A ykfBnK dhnK ;kohnK do;kJhnK nktoshnK 5 iK 5 s'A tZX j'D.

;ktXkBh id'A N 20 s'A xZN j't/ sK ekJh^tor dk gq:'r BjhA eoBk ukjhdk.

4H d' s'A tZX ;[szso ;w{j

i/eo d' s'A tZX ;[szso ;w{jK dh s[bBk eoB j? sK th ekJh^tor dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu nktshnK K × r ;{uh ftZu ftt;fEs ehsk iKdk j?. ngqfsPms T[gebgBk (Ho) gfjbK fijh ofjzdh j? fe k ^ fBnkdoP nkg; ftZu fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB BjhA j?. ekJh^tor N/;N th T[;h soQK jh ehsh iKdh j? fit/A fgZS/ toDB ehsk frnk j?, gozs{ fJ; ftZu jo/e yzB/ dhnK do;kJhnK nktoshnK eZYD dh ftXh fGzB j[zdh j?. fJ; dk toDB fJZe T[dkjoD d[nkok nZr/ ehsk ikt/rk.

fJj ftXh gquZb N/;N J/eb ftuoD ftPb/PD (one-way analysis variance) dk jh ngquZb ftebg j?. i/eo fe;h y'i dh ;fEsh ftZu d' s'A tZX ;w{jK dh s[bBk eoBh j't/ gozs[ F ^ N/;N dh Pos g{oh Bk j[zdh j't/ sK T[ZE/ fJ; dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

T[dkjoD^4

fJZe P'Xeosk, p[ZXh ns/ ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ ftZu e'Jh ;zpzX j? iK BjhA, fJj ikDB d/ bJh fJZe N/;N d/ 100 ftfdnkoEhnK dh p[ZXh dk wkg eodk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z fszB Pq/DhnK ftZu tzvdk j?, fit/A^finkdk p[ZXhwkB, ;XkoD o{g s'A p[ZXhwkB ns/ xZN p[ZXhwkB. fJ;h soQK T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gpXh B{z uko Pq/DhnK ftZu tzvdk j?, fit/A gfjbk, d{ik, fsZik ns/ n;cb. fi; Pq/Dh ftZu fizB/ ftfdnkoEh nKd/ jB T[jBK B{z b? e/ 4 × 3 dh fJZe ;{uh fsnko eodk j? fi; dk gqko{g ns/ ekJh^tor dh ;zrDBk T[; d/ fBZu/ gq;s{s ehsh rJh j?.


ftfdne T[gbpXh

;{uh 27H4


;{uh^4 ftZu O d/ ;kjwD/ jo/e ykB/ dhnK gqkgs nktoshnK fdZshnK rJhnK jB ns/ E d/ ;kjwD/ do;kJhnK nktoshnK fdZshnK jB. do;kJhnK nktoshnK eZYD d/ jo/e ykB/ d/ gzesh :'r ns/ ;szG :'r B{z r[Dk eoe/ e[ZbQ nktoshnK dh ;zfynk (N) Bkb Gkr d/ fdzd/ jB. fJ; d/ fgZS/ fJ; soQK dk soe ofjzdk j?. ykBk fJZe B{z fbU. fJ; ftZu ;ko/ ftnesh T[j jB fijV/ gfjbh gzesh ns/ gfjb/ ;szG ftZu nKd/ jB. fe;h fJZe ftnesh d/ fJ; gzesh ftZu j'D dh ;zGktBk (probability) T[j j't/rh i' fJ; gzesh d/ :'r dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk (N) Gkt 100 Bkb Gkr eoB s/ nkJ/rh Gkt T[j j'/t/rh 28$100. fJ;h soQK T[; ftnesh d/ gfjb/ ;szG ftZu j'D dh ;zGktBk j't/rh 21$100. fJ; soQK T[; dh gfjbh gzesh ns/ ;szG ftZu j'D dh ;zGktBk

j't/rh 28 21

100 100 . fJj j'Jh ;zGktBk (probability) i' fJZe ftZu'A j[zdh j?. e[ZbQ nktoshnK

100 jB. fJ; bJh 100 ftZu'A fezBhnK j'DrhnK fJj ikDB d/ bJh fJ; ;zGktBk

28 21

100 100

B{z 100 Bkb r[Dk eo fdnKr/. fJ; soQK gfjb/ ykB/ dh e[ZbQ do;kJhnK

nktoshnK j'DrhnK 28 21 100

5.88100 100 1

fJ;h soQK j'o ;ko/ ykfBnK dhnK do;kJhnK

nktoshnK T[jBK d/ gzesh^:'r ns/ ;szG :'r B{z r[Dk eoe/ 100 Bkb Gkr d/ e/ eZY ;ed/ jK. ;{uh^4 ftZu fJj nzfes jB. fJBQK d/ nXko s/ nZr/ fby/ ;{so d[nkok jo/e ykB/ dk ekJh^tor eZY ;ed/ jKL

B'N

Nk;e ekJh^tor d/ d' s'A tZX ;[szso ;w{j s/ gqekP gkU.

Gkt T[go'es dk wkB eZYD s/ ekJh^tor& ;koEesk ns/ Bshik

fJ; T[dkjoD ftZu, df & (4 ^ 1) (3 ^ 1) & 6.

;{uh^D ftZu df ns/ H05 ^ ;so s/ ekJh^tor 12H59 j?. T[dkjoD ftZu gqkgs wkB 12H948 j?. i' ;{uh^wkB s'A tZX j?. fJ; bJh Ho fe “p[ZXh ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkfts BjhA eodh” iK p[ZXh dk ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?” B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj Bshik ;Ekfgs ehsk iKdk j? fe p[ZXh ftfdne T[gbpXh B{z gqGkfts eodh j? iK T[j d'B' fJZe^d{i/ Bkb ;zpzXs jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)





B'N 4H ekJh^tor tzv nyzv j[zdh j?.

5H ezfNi/A;h ftXh dk gq:'r T[ZE/ ehsk iKdk j? fiZE/ do;kJhnK nktoshnK io{oh o{g s'A S'NhnK j'D.

6H ekJh^tor N/;N ftZu jo/e ykB/ dhnK do;kJhnK nktoshnK eZYD dh ftXh fGzB j?.

7H id'A d'A s'A xZN ;[szso ;w{j dh s[bBk eoBh j't/ sK ekJh^tor dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.


gquZb N/;N tK dk gq:'r izB;zfynk^ftP/Psktk (gquZbK) d/ ftP/ ftZu e[ZM ntXkoDktK s/ nXkfos j[zdk j?. mhe fJ; d/ T[bN ngquZb N/;N tK izB;zfynk d/ gquZbK d/ ftP/ ftZu e'Jh PosK BjhA brKdhnK. fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z ngquZb N/;N tK efjzd/ jB.

ekJh^tor 2x fJZe nfijh ngquZb nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh j? fi; ftZu fJj

N/;N ehsh iKdh j? fe nktoshnK dh fJZe tzv fijVh y'i d/ nXko s/ gqkgs j'Jh j?

T[j fe;h T[gebgBk d/ nXko s/ do;kJhnK nktoshnK dh tzv s'A ;koEe o{g s'A

fGzB j? iK BjhA.

fJ; nkebg d/ eJh gqeko jB. w[Zy o{g s'A uko fGzB go;fEshnK ftZu fJ; dk

gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJj jBL 1H J/eb ;w{j ;fEsh, 2H d' ;[szso ;w{jK dh ;fEsh,

3H ezfNi/A;h^ftPb/PD, 4H d'A s'A tZX ;[szso ;w{jK dh ;fEsh.


1H f;XksnXkfos^ f;XKs d/ nXko s/.

2H foDkswe^ nzefVnK d/ nzsors T[j ;zfynktK fijVhnK foDkswe (Negative) j[zdhnK

jB T[jBK B{z foDkswe fejk iKdk j?.


1H ngquZb N/;N tK s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< fJBQK d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk toDB eo'.

2H ekJh^tor nkebg s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ gqekoK dk toDB eo'.

3H d'^;[szso ;w{j nkebg s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< toDB eo'.

4H ezfNi/A;ih ftPb/PD eh j?^toDB eo'.


1H N/;N ftXh 2H „;wkB iK ;XkoD tzv‟ 3H Nh N/;N 4H ;Zu

5H M{m 6H ;Zu 7H M{m 320 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY



p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N (T-Test) .


T[d/P (Objectives)


28H1 nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD d/ gqw[Zy nXko (Main Basis of Statistical Analysis)

28H2 gquZb gqhfynkL Nh^N/;N (Parametrical Test: T-Test)

28H3 Nh^N/;NL ftP/P fNZgDh (T-Test Special Remark)

28H4 fJZe^g[ZSh ns/ d'^g[ZSh gqhyD (Single-end and Double-end Test)





T[d/P (Objectives)


nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD d/ gqw[Zy nXko B{z ;wMD ftZul

gquZb gqhfynk Nh^N/;N B{z ;wMD ftZul

fJZe^g[ZSh ns/ d'^g[ZSh gqhyD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


gfjbK d/ nfXnkfJnK ftZu gq:'rkswe nkebgK dh ftT{^ouBk, T[jBK d/ gqeko ns/ fB:wK nkfd dh ftnkfynk ehsh rJh ;h. nrb/ nfXnkfJnK ftZu P'X^;wZroh d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dhnK e[ZM ftP/P ftXhnK dk toDB ehsk frnk j?. y'ieosk ftfGzB gof;EshnK ftZu ftfGzB gqeko dh P'X^;wZroh fJeZso eod/ jB. jo soQK P'X^;wZroh dk ftPb/PD fe;h fJZe nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh d[nkok ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fGzB^fGzB soQK dh ;wZroh dk ftP/bPD fGzB^fGzB ftXhnK s'A ehsk iKdk j?. nfijhnK eJh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK jB fiBQK dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk B{z fJZe nfijh ftXh dh u'D eoBh j[zdh j? fe fijVh ;wZf;nk d/ ;o{g, T[d/PK ns/ fJeZso ;wZroh d/ ;zdoG ftZu pj[s finkd T[fus j't/. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk d/ bJh fJj ikDBk pj[s io{oh j? fe fejVhnK^fejVhnK gqw[Zy ftXhnK jB, fe; ftXh dk gq:'r feBQK go;fEshnK ftZu ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; dk gq:'r fe; soQK ehsk iKdk j?. nrb/ nfXnkfJnk ftZu ftfGzB nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk fJBQK jh ;zdoGK ftZu toDB ehsk frnk j?. 28H1 nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD d/ gqw[Zy nXko (Main Basis of Statistical Analysis)

gq;s{s nfXnkJ/ ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh gqfefonk Bkb ;zpzXs e[ZM j'o rZbK


fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N

dh ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?. nfijk eoBk io{oh gqshs j[zdk j? feT[Afe nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD d/ fJj gqw[Zy nXko jBL

1H w{bG{s gqfefonk

2H ngqfsPms T[gebgBk

3H ;koEesk gqhfynk

4H so[ZNhnK d/ gqeko (;koEesk d/ ;zdoG ftZu)

5H nzeVk ftfnrkB gqhyD gqshwkB

6H gquZb gqhyD

7H ngquZb gqhyD.

1H w{bG{s gqfefonk

jo/e gq:'rkswe y'i d/ nzsors nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh gqfefonk ftZu fBwB fbys gd^eow j[zdk j?^

1H nzeVk ftfrnkB T[gebgBk iK ngqfsPms (null) T[gebgBk dk T[b/y.

2H ngqfsPms T[gebgBk dh n;thefosh ;zpzXh fJZe T[fus nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk (test) (fit/A Nh^N/;N iK n?c^N/;N iK e'Jh j'o gqhfynk) dh u'D.

3H ngqfsPms T[gebgBk dh n;thefosh ;zpzXh ;koEesk d/ ;so (fit/A H01 iK H05) dh u'D ns/ T[b/y.

4H gd^2 d/ nzsors fBoXkfos nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk^wkB (Value of statistical test) dk rDBk (computation) .

5H gd^4 d/ nzsors gqkgs nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB dh sZs;zpzXh ;{uh tkbk nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB Bkb s[bBk eoBk ns/ fJj fBoDk b?Dk fe T[; d/ nXko s/ ngqfsPms T[gebgBk B{z n;theko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? iK BjhA.

6H Bshik^fBo{gD y'i T[gebgBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu.

2H ngqfsPms T[gebgBk

gq:'rkswe P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD dk gfjbk dotkIk, fiZE'A dkfyb j'dk j[zdk j?, ngqfsPms T[gebgBk (null hypothesis) j?. fJ; dk nftPeko fdtzrs ftfrnkBe rfDsr o'Bkbv fcPo B/ ehsk ;h. y'i T[gebgBk fi; B{z ftfrnkB T[gebgBk (scientific hypothesis) iK w"fbe T[gebgBk (substantive hypothesis) th efjzd/ jB ns/ i' fJZe ;ekokswe ns/ fttjkfoe (operational) eEB wkso j[zd j? ns/ fi; ftZu d' uoK d/ ftZu fJZe ;zpzX ftP/P dh ebgB Pkfwb ofjzdh j?, B{z ngqfsPms T[gebgBk ftZu pdbDk j[zdk j? feT[Afe ngqfsPms T[gebgBk dk jh nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhyD ;zGt j[zdk j?. T[;h dh n;thefosh d/ nXko s/ y'i T[gebgBk d/ ftP/ ftZu e[ZM efjDk iK Bshik eZYDk ;zGt j[zdk j?. nfijh e'Jh th nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh BjhA j? fi; d/ nXko s/ y'i T[gebgBk B{z f;ZX/^f;ZX/ ;theko iK n;theko ehsk ik ;ed/ ns/ T[; d/ ;zpzX ftZu Bshik^fBo{gD ehsk ik ;e/. e/tb ngqfsPms T[gebgBk dh n;thefosh (rejection) iK ;thefosh (non-rejection) d/ nXko s/ jh y'i T[gebgBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu Bshik^;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ;h ekoB y'i T[gebgBk B{z ftebg T[gebgBk (alternative

hypothesis) H1 th fejk iKdk j?. i/eo ngqfsPms T[gebgBk (H0) n;thefos j' iKdk j? sK ftebg T[gebgBk (H1) Gkt, y'i T[gebgBk B{z ;theko eo fbnk iKdk j?. fJ;h soQK i/eo ngqfsPms T[gebgBk (H0) B{z n;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk sK y'i T[gebgBk Gkt ftebg

B'N



B'N T[gebgBk (H1) B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j?. ngqfsPms (H0) ns/ y'i (H1) T[gebgBktK d/ ftZu fJ; soQK dk T[bNk (inverse) ;zpzX ofjzdk j?. y'i nkebg dh ouBk eod/ ;w/A nkozG ftZu jh fJBQK d'jK soQK dhnK T[gebgBktK dk T[/b/y eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?.

ngqfsPms T[gebBk B{z T[; ;fEsh ftZu n;theko ehsk iKdk j? id'A gqkgs nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB (NhH n?cH, ekJh^tor nkfd) g{otfBoXkfos ;koEesk^;so s/ sZs;zpzXh ;{h ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ wkB d/ pokpo iK T[; s'A finkdk j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK H0 jh T[gbpX P'X^;wZroh d/ gqhyD dk fJZewkso nXko j[zdk j?.

3H ;koEesk^gqhfynk

;koEesk^gqhfynk dk T[d/P fJj ikDBk j[zdk j? fe nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk d/ nXko s/ i' Bshi/, i' nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB gqkgs j'fJnk j?, T[j e/tb ;zi'r ekoB sK BjhA j? Gkt T[j T[; uo d/ ekoB j?, T[; T[guko d/ ekoB j?, nkfPqs uo s/ fi; d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB ehsk ik fojk j?. id'A H0 B{z fe;h ;koEesk^;so s/ n;theko eo fdZsk iKdk j? sK fJj ;theko ehsk iKdk j? fe gqkgs Bhsik nfXnB;zpzXh uo iK T[guko d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'fJnk j?. T[j e/tb ;zi'r wkos jh BjhA j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, gqkgs Bshik n;b, :EkoD (real) j? Gkt ;[szso uo d/ gqGkt;o{g T[sgzB j'fJnk j?, nfijk wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK nZr/ fbys soe nXkfos eow ;koEesk^gqhfynk ftZu Pkfwb ofjzdk j?L

H0 n;thefos → Bshik ;koEe → Bshik n;b Gkt gq:'r nXhB T[guko d/ gqGkt d/ ekoB, ;zi'r ekoB BjhA,

H0 n;tefos BjhA → Bshik ;koEesk s'A go/ → Bshik ;z;i'wkso, Gkt gq:'r nXhB T[guko dk e'jh gqGkt BjhA,

fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;koEesk^;so dh ;zegBk B{z uzrh soQK ;wMDk pj[s io{oh j?. fJ; B{z rohe GkPk d/ Ppd nbck (α) d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJ; dk noE j[zdk j?. “T[j ;zGktBk fi; dk P'Xeosk ngqfsPms T[gebgBk B{z n;theko eoB ;zpzXh u'D eodk j?.” T[dkjoD bJh H05 ;so B{z fJ; T[d/P Bkb u[fDnk iKdk j? sK fJ; dk noE j't/rk fe gqkgs nzeVk ftfrnkB wkB (Nh, n?c, ekJh nkfd) d/ xfNs j'D dh ;zGktBk ;zGkftsk (probability) i/eo H05 (gzi gqshPs) iK T[; s'A xZN j? sK H0 B{z n;theko ehsk ikt/rk. fJ; bJh fit/A jh ;koEesk^;so dk fBoXkoD j' iKdk j? T[;h ;w/A fJj th fBPfus j' iKdk j? fe ngqfsPms T[gebgBk (H0) B{z ed'A n;theko ehsk ikt/rk. fJ; soQK ;koEesk^;so T[j e;"Nh j?, T[j nXko j? fi; dk gq:'r H0 B{z n;theko eoB ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. nbck iK ;koeEsk^;so ;w;zGkftsk^toe dh nXko o/yk s/ ;fEs fJZe nfijk ftGkiB fpzd{ j[zdk j? fi; d[nkok fBZu/ T[j ;kohnK ;w;zGkftsktK j[zdhnK jB fijVhnK H0 B{z n;theko eodhnK jB ns/ T[Zgo T[j i' T[; B{z n;theko BjhA eodhnK.

ngqfsPms T[gebgBk B{z n;theko eoB bJh ;XkoD s"o s/ H05 ns/ H01 ;soK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. gozs{ fJBQK dh u'D finkdkso fJZSk nB[;ko (wBwkB/ Yzr s'A) ehsh iKdh j?. fB:wnB[;ko ;koEesk^;so dh u'D ftfrnkBe ns/ soeg{oD j'Dh ukjhdh j?. Bkb T[; dh u'D P'X^;wZroh fJeZso eoB s'A gfjbK jh ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? feT[Afe fBnkdoP^gfoGkPk (size) fJZe nfijk sZs j? fi; dk fJ; fBoD/ ftZu fXnkB oZyDk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk B{z ;wZf;nk d/ ;o{g B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ BshfinK d/ wjZst ns/ io{oh P[Xsk d/ nXko s/ nbck dh u'D eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJj fBoDk b?Ad/ ;w/A e[ZM fJ; soQK d/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso d/D// ukjhdh jBL

1H Bshi/ fezB/ wjZstg{oD jB<

2H nP[ZX BshfinK ftZu fezBh w[Pfeb (jkBh) j'D dh ;zGktBk j?<


fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N

3H fezBh P[ZXsk (accuracy) io{oh j?<

4H go;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko ;zi'r^so[ZNh (chance error) d/ xfNs j'D dh eh ;zGktBk j?< nkfd

4H so[ZNhnK d/ nXko

Gkt/A y'i dk nkebg fe;h th soQK dk j't/ ns/ nbck^;so th e'Jh j't/, ngqfsPms T[gebgBk (H0) B{z n;theko eoB iK ;theko Bk eoB ftZu so[ZNh j'Dk ;[Gkfte j?. ;koEesk^;so dk fBoDk eod/ jh fJBQK so[ZNhnK dk th fBoXkoD j' iKdk j?. ngqfsPms T[gebgBk d/ n;thefos j'D ns/ ;thefos Bk j'D s/ d' soQK dhnK so[ZNhnK j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK B{z NkJhgÎ ns/ NkJhgÎI gqeko dhnK so[ZNhnK efjzd/ jB. NkJhgÎ dk noE j[zdk j? H0 dh nP[ZX iK rbs (incorrect) n;thefos (rejection) L Gkt H0 ;Zu j[zd/ j'J/ t T[; B{z n;theko eo d/Dk. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJ; dk noE j? fe fJj Bshik eZYD fe ;[szso uo iK T[guko dk nkfPqs uo s/ gqGkt fgnk j? id'A fe n;b ftZu e'Jh gqGkt BjhA fgnk j? feT[Afe nkfPqs uo ftZu T[sgzB iK T[gbpX gfotsB e/tb ;zi'r ekoB j' ;edk j?. d{ih NkJhgÎI so[ZNh dk noE j? H0 dh nP[ZX iK rbs ;thefosh, Gkt H0 B{z ;theko eo b?Dk idfe T[; B{z ;theko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk ;h. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJj Bshik fBefbnk fe ;[szso uo dk nkfPqs uo s/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA g?Adk, idfe gqGkt g?Adk j?, e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?, id'Afe ;zpzX j?. NkJhgÎ so[ZNh dh ;zGkfts ;koEesk^;so s/ fBoGo eodh j?. i/eo ;koEesk dk ;so tZvk j? (fit/A H01 d/ ;EkoB H05) sK H0 d/ nP[ZX o{g s'A n;theko j'D dh ;zGktBk tZX iKdh j? Gkt NkJhgÎ so[ZNh dh ;zGktBk tZX iKdh j?. fJ; bJh NkJhgÎ so[ZNh ;koEesk^;so ftZu jh Pkfwb ofjzdh j? ns/ T[; B{z nbck (α) jh fejk iKdk j?. NkJhgÎI so[ZNh Bz phNk (β) fejk iKdk j?. fJBQK d'jK so[ZNhnK dh ;hwk fBnkdoP d/ Bshik s/ th fBoGo eodh j?. fJ; bJh nfijk fejk iKdk j? fe nbck (α) ns/ N (fBnkdoP^Bshik) d'B' d/ ;zpzX ftZu fBoDk y'i d/ nkozG ftZu, fB:'iB d/ ;w/A jh fbnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. ;hrb dk efjDk j? fe “i/eo n;hA d'jK soQK dhnK so[ZNhnK dh ;zGktBk B{z xZN eoBk ukjz[d/ jK sK n;hA fBnkdoP dk Bshik (N) tXkT[Dk ukjhdk j.”

d'jK soQK dhnK so[ZNhnK d/ ftZu fJZe ftP/P gqeko dk ;zpzX j[zdk j?. i/eo fJZe soQK dh so[ZNh d/ xZN eoB dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? sK d{ih soQK dh so[ZNh tZX iKdh j?. fJ; bJh P'Xeosk B{z d'jK soQK dhnK so[ZNhnK d/ ftZu fJZe ;wM"sk eoe/ finkdk s'A finkdk ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoB dk gfonk; eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ;h B{z nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dh Pesh (power) efjzd/ jB. nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk (statistical test) dh Pesh dk noE j[zdk j? “H0 dh P[ZX (;jh^;jh) n;thefosh” fi; B{z fJZe ;{so d/ d[nkok fJ; soQK ftnes ehsk iKdk j?^

Pesh (Power) & 1 ^ β (NkJhgÎI so[ZNh)

feT[Afe NkJhgÎI so[ZNh dh ;zGktBk fBnkdoP d/ N d/ tXD s/ xZN j[zdh j?, fJj uzrh soQK

;wfMnk ik ;edk j? fe fBnkdoP dk gfowkD tZvk eoe/ d/D s/ nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dh

Pesh th tZX iKdh j?.

5H nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dk gqshwkB

;koEesk frnks eoB iK T[gebgBk dh gqhfynk eoB bJh fe;h fJZe nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk (Nh^N/;N iK n?c^N/;N nkfd) dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK ftZu'A jo/e nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh iK gqhfynk fJZe ftP/P nzeVk ftfrnkB gqshwkB (statistical model) s/ nXkos j[zdh j?. fit/A^Nh^N/;N dk nXko Nh^tzv gqskwkB j[zdk j?. fJ;h soQK n?c^N/;N dk nXko n?c tzv j[zdh j?. fJ;h soQK d/ eJh nzeVk ftfrnkB gqshwkB iK gqhfynktK jB fiBQK dk gq:'r ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu T[gebgBktK dh gqhfynk bJh ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj ;wZf;nk T[sgzB j' iKdh j? fe fe;h fJZe go;fEsh ftZu fe; nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/. eJh ftebg ;zGt j'D s/ fe;h fJZe B{z u[DB d/ fgZS/ fJZe m'; soe ns/ ftuko j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N fJZe ;G s'A wjZstg{oD fB:w fJj j? fe T[;h nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j? fijVh T[; go;fEsh ftZu ;G s'A tZX PeshPkbh j't/ Gkt fi; ftZu ngqfsPms dh nP[ZX n;thefosh dh ;zGktBk xZN ns/ P[ZX n;thefosh s'A ;zGktBk tZX j't/. fJjh nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dh Pesh ejkT[Adh j?. fJ; bJh nzeVk ftfrnkB gqshwkB dh u'D ftZu fJZe rZb fXnkB ftZu oZyD dh T[;dh Pesh j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk j'o e[ZM rZbK dk th fXnkB oZyDk j[zdk j?, fit/A^fBnkodoP dh u'D dh ftXh, izB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK, wkge nzeK dk gqeko, wkge d/ bJh do;kfJnk frnk g?wkBk nkfd. fJBQK ;kfonK Bkb ;zpzXs jo/e nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dhnK e[ZM PosK j[zdhnK jB. fJj PosK g{ohnK j'D s/ jh T[; gqhfynk dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. e[ZM nzevk ftfrnkB gqhfynktK nfijhnK jB fiBQK dhnK PosK pj[s ifNb jB ns/ fJ; bJh T[j finkdk PeshPkbh j[zdhnK jB. d{i/ gk;/ e[ZM gqhfynktK dhnK PosK iK sK jB jh BjhA ns/ i/eo jB sK pj[s ;XkoD fijhnK jB. fJ; bJh fJj gqhfynktK finkdk PeshPkbh BjhA j[zdhnK. T[jBK d/ nXko s/ fijV/ Bshi/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB, T[j pj[s finkdk P[ZX ns/ t?X Bk j'e/ ;XkoD ;so d/ j[zd/ jB, gozs{ fJj th :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe PeshPkbh gqhfynktK dhnK PosK T[jBk dhnK nXkoG{s XkoDktK i/eo g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK sK T[jBK go;fEshnK ftZu T[jBK d/ Bshik xZN PeshPkbh gqhfynktK d/ BshfinK s'A th xZN P[ZX j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; bjh wjZstg{oD rZb fJj d/yD dh j? fe gq;s{s go;fEshnK ftZu fejVh gqhfynk finkdk T[fus j't/rh. e'Jh nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk nifjh BjhA j? fijVh ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu PeshPbh pDh oj/.

Pesh ns/ nXkoG{s XkoDktK (assumptions) d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A d' soQK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB gqshwkB jB, fiBQK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJj jB^

(i) gquZb (parametric)

(ii) ngquZb (non-parametric)

gquZb gqhfynktK d/ nzsors Nh^N/;N, n?c^N/;N ns/ T[jBK d/ ftfGzB o{g nkT[Ad/ jB. fJj gqhfynktK finkdk PeshPkbh j[zdhnK jB, gozs{ fJBQK dhnK PosK th pj[s em'o jB. fJ; bJh fJj sK jh PeshPkbh jzdhnK jB id'A T[jBK dhnK fJj PosK g{ohnK j[zdhnK jB. d{i/ gk;/ ngquZb gqhfynktK jB fiBQK dh BK^wkso dhnK jh e[ZM PosK j[zdhnK jB, e[ZM ftZu sK gquZb (parameter) ;zpzXh e'Jh th Pso BjhA j[zdh. jo/e dhnK PosK ns/ nXkoG{s nfGXkoDktK nZr/ toDs ehshnK rJhnK jB.

6H gquZb gqhfynktK dhnK PosK

pj[s ;ko/ b/yeK d/ nB[;ko finkdkso gquZb gqhfynktK dhnK PosK fBwB fbys j[zdhnK jB^

1H fBnkdoP dh u'D T[; ;wZro izB;zfynk ftZu'A ehsh rJh j't/ fi; ftZu uoK dh tzv ;XkoD (normal) j't/. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu BBbh dk efjDk j? fe fJ; Pos d/ g{ok Bk j'D Bkb T[; ;w/A sZe e'Jh tZvh ;wZf;nk T[sgzB BjhA j[zdk id'A sZe fe wkge nzeK dh tzv, ;XkoD^tzv s'A finkdk fGzB (fit//A^J^teo) Bk j't/. BBbh dk fJj th efjDk j? fe i/eo fJj fB:w Gzr th j[zdk j? sK th T[; s'A e'Jh tZvh jkBh BjhA j[zdh feT[Afe Nh^N/;N ns/ n?c^N/;N pj[s finkdk PeshPkbh wzB/ iKd/ jB ns/ “;XkoD^tzv dh nfGXkoDk d/ g{ok Bk j'D dk BshfinK s/ Bkwkso dk jh gqGkt g?Adk j?.”

2H d{ih nfGXkoD (assumption) tzvh dh ;ikshsk (homogeneity) dh j?. fJ; dk noE

j[zdk j? fe ;ko/ s[Bkswe ;w{jK dk nyhobk ;w{j ftuoD ;wkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. n?c^N/;N d/

gq:'r dh ;fEsh ftZu sK fJj pj[s finkdk io{oh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. nfijk Bk j'D s/

n?c^N/;N d/ Bshi/ dh ;koEesk T[Go e/ BjhA nkJ/rh id'A fe n;b ftZu ;w{jK d/ ftZu

;koEe nzso j't/rk.


fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N

T[go'es d'jK nfGXkoDktK d/ ;zpzX ftZu eofbro p'B{ (1960), J/Avo;B (1961), r/w; ns/ b[ek; (1966) nkfd dk efjDk j? fe “;XkoD^tzv ns/ ;ikshsk s/ io{os s'A tZX pb fdZsk frnk j?.”

3H fJZE fsZih nfGXkoDk fJj j? fe uoK s/ T[gbpX wkge nze nyzv (continuous) ns/

;XkoD^nzsokbh (equal interval) j'D/ ukjhd/ jB sKfe rfDsr gqfefonktK dk ;zgkdB ;zGt j'

;e/.

4H fJZe u"Eh nfGXkoDk fi; dk T[b/y ;hrb B/ ehsk j?, fJj j? fe ;w{jK ftZu fJekJhnK dh tzv ns/ ;wZro izB;zfynk ftZu'A T[jBK dh u'D ;XkoD^;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ehsh ikDh ukjdh j?, Gkt BohyD (observations) wkgB nkfd ;[szso j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

i/eo fJj PosK iK nfGXkoDktK fe;h P'X^go;fEsh ftZu g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK sK gquZb gqhfynktK d/ ftP/ ftZu fJj efjDk j? fe T[j finkdk PeshPkbh j[zdhnK jB, T[fus BjhA j't/rk. ;zGt o{g s'A fJj efjDk th w[Pfeb j't/rk fe cbkDh gqhfynk dh Pesh j?. T[; ;fEsh ftZu P'X d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk d/ ftP/ ftZu th nB[wkB brk ;eDk w[Pfeb j't/rk. Bkb jh ;fEsh ftZu T[gebgBk^gqhyD dh ;zGkftsk T[b/y th noEg{oD BjhA j't/rh.

7H ngquZb gqhfynktK dhnK PosK

ngquZb gqhfynktK wkge nzeK dh tzv d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;XkoD^tzv fijh fe;h nfGXkoDk dk pzXB BjhA brkT[AdhnK. fJ; bJh fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A T[jBK B{z tzvw[es (distribution-free) gqhfynktK fejk iKdk j?. fJ;h soQK wkge nzeK dh nyzvsk ns/ T[jBK d/ ;XkoD^nzsokbh j'D dh Pos th fJj BjhA brKdh. fJBQK gqhfynktK dk gq:'r pj[s S'N/ fBnkdoPK dh ;fEsh ftZu th ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z bx{^fBnkdoP gqhfynktK th fejk iKdk j?. pj[s S'N/ fBnkdoP dh ;fEsh ftZu gquZb gqhfynktK dk g:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

ngquZb gqhfynktK dk gq:'r fBwB fbys go;fEshnK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?^

(i) id'A P'X^;wZroh Gkt wkge nze (fit//A^I, II, III) iK nB[;fEsh (ranks) d/ o{g ftZu j'D.

(ii) id'A wkge nzeK dh tzv pj[s finkdk ftPw (skewed) j't/ iK tzv fet/A j't/rh, nB[wkB brk ;eDk ;zGt Bk j't/.

(iii) id'A fBnkdoP dk gfowkD pj[s S'Nk j't/.

(iv) id'A P'X^;wZroh yzv wkge nzeK ftZu Bk j' e/ e/tb goftoshnK d/ o{g ftZu T[gbpX j'D.

T[go'es toDB s'A ;gPN j? fe nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dh u'D eod/ ;w/A T[go'es pj[s

;kohnK rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk g?Adk j?. ftP/P o{g s'A^

(i) gqhfynk dh Pesh.

(ii) Gqhfynk dh nXkoG{s nfGXkoDktK

(iii) T[gbpX wkge nzeK dk ;o{g, nkfd.

nZr/ nkT[D tkb/ e[ZM nfXnkfJnK ftZu wjZstg{oD gquZb ns/ ngquZb gqhfynktK dk toDB

ehsk frnk j?. T[jBK dk gq:'r feZE/ ns/ fet/A ehsk iKdk j?, fJ; dk ft;Eko Bkb toDB ehsk

frnk j?.

B'N



B'N ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H ngqfsPms T[gebgBk dk nftPeko fdtzrs ftfrnkBe rfDsr HHHHHHHHHH B/ ehsk

;h.

2H y'i T[gebgBk B{z HHHHHHHHHH T[gebgBk (H1) th fejk iKdk j?.

3H Nh N/;N dk nXko HHHHHHHHH gqshwkB j[zdk j?.

4H nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk dh Pesh dk noE j[zdk j? „(H0) dh P[ZX HHHHHHHH .‟ 28H2 gquZb gqhfynkL Nh^N/;N (Parametrical Test: T-Test)

gquZb gqhfynktK d/ nzsors Nh^N/;N n/s n?c^N/;N nKd/ jB. fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu e/tb Nh^N/;N dk toDB ehsk frnk j?.

i/eo ;[szso uo s/ e/tb ;w{jK dh ouBk ehsh rJh j? Gkt ;[szso uo dk gqj;sB (manipulation) e/tb d' Pq/DhnK ftZu ehsk frnk j? ns/ e/tb fJBQK d' ;w{jK dh jh w[bBk nkfPqs uo s/ ehsh ikDh j? sK T[; ;fEsh ftZu Nh^N/;N dk gq:'r ehsk frnk j?. Nh^N/;N gquZb gqhfynk j? ns/ fJ; ftZu fJZe jh ;[szso uo j[zdk j? fi; dk d' iK d' s'A tZX Pq/DhnK ftZu gqj;sB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK d/ y'i nkebgK B{z “J/eb uo nkebg” (single

variable designs) efjzd/ jB.

fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A Nh^N/;N d' soQK j[zd/ jB^

(i) ;[szso ;w{jXkoh, ns/

(ii) ;fj^;zpzXh iK g{BowkgXkoh.

;[szso ;w{j dh ;fEsh ftZu d'jK ;w{jK dhnK fJekJhnK fGzB j[zdhnK jB. ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{jK dh ;fEsh ftZu fJekJhnK d/ fJZe jh ;w{j B{z d' T[gukoK d/ nXhB oZfynk iKdk j?. i/eo fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB eoe/ d'jK ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j? sK ;w{jK dhnK fJekJhnK fGzB j[zd/ j'J/ th T[jBK B{z ;fj^;zpzXh jh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. Nh^N/;N dk gq:'r d'BK jh ;fEshnK ftZu ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ d'jK d/ ;{so nbZr^nbZr jB.

fJZe d{i/ fdqPNhe'D s'A T[go'es d'jK soQK dhnK Nh^gqhfynktK d/ d' o{g j[zd/ jB^

(i) bx{^fBnkdoPh ns/

(ii) tZvh^fBnkdoPh.

fJBQK d'jK ;fEshnK ftZu th nbZr^nbZr ;{soK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK Nh^gqhfynk d/ e[ZbQ uko gqeko j[zd/ jB^

(i) tZvh^fBnkdoP ;[szso ;w{j, (ii) tZvh fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j, (iii) bx{^fBnkdoP ;[szso;w{j, (iv) bx{ fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j.

jo/e dk nbZr^nbZr toDB nZr/ ehsk frnk j?.

1H tZvh fBnkdoP ;[szso ;w{j Nh^N/;N

fJ; gqhfynk dk gq:'r T[ZE/ ehsk iKdk j? fiZE/ ;w{jK dh ;zfynk d' j't/, ;w{j ;[szso


fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N

j'D, fBnkdoP tZvk j't/ ns/ gquZb gqhfynktK dhnK PosK g{ohnK j[zdhnK j'D. fJ; ftZu ;w{jK dh s[bBk T[jBK d/ wZXwkBK d/ nzso d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?. T[gebgBk, fi; dk gqhyD ehsk iKdk j? T[j fJ; soQK dh j[zdh j?, “;w{jK d/ wZXwkBK ftZu e'Jh ;koEe nzso BjhA j?.” fJ; d/ bJh wZXwkBK d/ nzso B{z Nh^wkB iK ekPmk^nB[gks (C.R. Value) ftZu gfotofsss ehsk iKdk j?. gqkgs Nh iK ekPmk nB[gks dh s[bBk gfjbK u'Dh j'Jh ;koEesk^;so s/ (H05 iK H01) Nh^;{uh ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ wkB s'A ehsh iKdh j?. ;{uh ftZu Nh dk wkB d/yd/ ;w/A ;[szso nzPK (degrees of freedom) B{z th fXnkB ftZu oZyDk j[zdk j?. i/eo gqkgs Nh^wkB T[; ;koEesk^;so s/ ns/ T[B/ ;[szso nzP s/ ;{uh wkB d/ pokpo iK T[; s'A tZX j[zdk j? sK ngqfsPms T[gebgBk (H0) B{z ntheko eo fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ ftebg T[gebgBk (H1) B{z ;theko ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo fJj gqkgs wkB ;{uh wkb s'A xZN gkfJnk iKdk j? sK H0 B{z n;theko Bk eoe/ H1 B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK, ngqsZy o{g s'A Gkt H0 B{z n;theko Bk eoe/ y'i^T[gebgBk d/ ftP/ ftZu Bshik eZfYnk iKdk j?. fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD d[nkok fJj ;gPN j' ikt/rkL

T[dkjoD T[gebgBk^ frnkoK ;kb d/ pkbeK dh T[gbpXh^gq/oDk d/ ;so ns/ T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA j[zdk.

ftPb/PD nkebg^ T[Zu T[gbpXh gq/oDk (ach. motivation) tkb/ ns/ fBwB T[gbpXh gq/oDk tkb/ 11 ;kb d/ pkbeK d/ d' ;[szso ;w{jK dh ouBk eoe/ T[jBK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh (gqhfynk d/ nzeK) d/ nbZr^nbZr wZXwkB ns/ ftubB wkB eZY/ iKd/ jB

fBwB T[dkjoD dh ;{uh ftZu ;wZroh B{z gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?^ fJj tZvh fBnkdoP ;[szso ;w{j T[dkjoD j?. fJ; ftZu ekPmk nB[gks (C.R. iK Nh) eZYD dh gqfefonk fJ; soQK dh j[zdh j?^

gdeow 1L jo/e wZXwkB dh gqH so[ZNh (S.E.) eZY'. fJ; dk ;{so j?^ fJ; soQK fJ;h soQK,

B'N


;{uh 28H1


B'N gdeow 2L j[D fJBQK d/ nXko s/ S.E.D (S.E. of difference) eZY'. fJ; dk ;{so j?^ HHHH;{so (1)

fJ; ;{so d/ nB[;ko, gdeow 3L j[D Nh dk wkB frnks eo'. fJ; ;{so j?^

gdeow 4L

;koEesk dh iKu^ fJ; d/ bJh 196 df ns/ H05 ;so dh ;{uh (B) ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ Nh wkB (1H97) d/ Bkb gqkgs Nh^wkb dh w[bBk eoBh j't/rh. ;gPN j? fe gqkgs Nh^wkB 1H162 ;{uhrs Nh wkB 1H97 s'A xZN j?. fJ; bJh fJj nzso H05 ;so s/ ;koEe BjhA j?. fJ; ;so s/ ;koEe BjhA j? sK H01 ;so s/ th ;koEe BjhA j't/rk. fJ; bJh H0 B[{z n;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Bshi/ ti'A H1 (nzso j[zdk j?) B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j?.

gdeow 5L

Bshik^ fJ; soQK fJj Bshik fBefbnk fe d'B' ;w{jK d/ wZXwkB ftZu n;b nzso BjhA j? Gkt T[gbpXh^gq/oDk ns/ ftfdne T[gbpXh ftZu ;zGt o{g s'A e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j[zdk.

2H tZvh^fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j Nh^N/;N

T[dkjoD^1 ftZu fdZsh rJh ftXh dk gq:'r T[ZE/ ehsk iKdk j? fiZE/ ;w{j ;[szso j[zd/ jB, gozs{ id'A ;w{j ;fj ;zpzXh iK ;wkB (matched) j[zd/ jB sK fBwB fbys ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu gqwkg so[ZNh (S.E.) eZYD dk ;{so sK T[dkjoD^1 dh soQK jh ofjzdk j?, gozs{ S.E.D eZYD dk ;{so fBwB fbys j[zzdk j?^

HHHHHH;{so (2)

iK fJ;h soQK Nh dk wkB eZYD dk ;{so th g{ot jh ofjzdk j? Gkt fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD d[nkok T[; B{z ;gPn ehsk frnk j?.

T[dkjoD^2L frnkoK ;kb d/ 625 pkbeK d/ fJZe ;w{j B{z fJZe ftnefsZst ;zs[bB gqhfynk fdZsh rJh. fJ; s/ T[jBK d/ wZXwkB ns/ gqHftH (S.D.) eow nB[;ko 96H7 ns/ 8H0 gkJ/ rJ/. fJ; d/ pknd d' wjhfBnK sZe ;w{fje ;bkj T[guko fdZsk frnk. d' wjhfBnK d/ pknd T[jBK B{z d[pkok T[jh ;zs[bB gqhfynk fdZsh rJh. fJ; tko T[jBKd/ ;zs[bB dk wZXwkB 106H7 ns/ gqkH ftH 10H00 gkfJnk frnk. d'B' tko dh ;zs[bB gqhfynktK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX 0H52 ;h. eh ;w{fje ;bkj T[guko gqGktPkbh ;h< fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso gqkgs eoB d/ bJh d'jK tko dh ;zs[bB gqhfynk d/ wZXwkBK d/ nzso dh ;koEesk dh gqhfynk eoBh j't/rh, feT[Afe d'B' ;w{j ;fj^;zpzXh jB. fJ; soQK T[jBK d/ wZXwkBK d/ nzso dh S.E.D eZYD d/ bJh ;{so^2 dk gq:'r eoBk j't/rk. ;zg{oD gqfefonk


fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N

fJ; soQK j't/rh^

1H S.E.1 (gfjbh tko d/ wZXwkB dh) 2H S.E.2 (d{ih tko d/ wZXwkB dh)

3H

d{i/ ftebg^;{so dk gq:'r eoB s/ th S.E.D dk fJjh wkB ikt/rk.

4H

fJj Nh^wkB jo/e ;so s/ ;{uh^B ftZu 624 df (N - 1) s/ fdZs/ rJ/ wkB s'A pj[s finkdk j?. fJ; soQK H0 B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj Bshik fBebdk j? fe ;w{fje ;bkj T[guko dk ;zs[bB s/ fBPfus gqGkt g?Adk j?.

;[szso nzPK dh rDBk

fJj :kd oZyDk io{oh j? fe ;[szso ;w{jK dh ;fEsh ftZu ;[szso nzPK dh rDBk n1 + n2 - 2 ;{so d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk ekoB fJj j? fe ;fj^;zpzXh ns/ ;wkB ;w{jK dh ;fEsh ftZu fJZe jh ftnesh dh gqhfynk d' tko j[zdh j?, fJ; soQK T[jBK d/ wkge nzeK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j?. d{ih tko dh gqhfynk s/ gqkgs j'D tkb/ wkge nzeK d/ gfotosB dh ;[szsosk xZN iKdh j? feT[Afe ;w{j T[jh ofjD d/ ekoB ;w{j dh d{ih tko dh T[gbpXh gfjbh tko dh T[gbpXh s'A fpbe[b fGzB, ;[szso BjhA j' ;edh. fJ; soQK gfjbh tko fijV/ wkge nze nkfJnk j? T[; s'A d{ih tko dk wkge nze ed/ th ;[szso BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; bJh fJZe ftnesh d/ d'jK tko d/ wkge nzeK B{z d' df B/ d/ e/ fJZe df jh fdZsh iKdh j?. fJ; soQK ;fj^;zzpzXh ;w{jK dh ;fEsh ftZu df eZYD d/ bJh N - 1 ;{so dk jh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

3H bx{ fBnkdoP ;[szso ;w{j Nh^N/;N

i/eo d'B' ;[szso ;w{jK dhnK fJekJhnK dk i'V 30 s'A xZN j't/ sK T[; B{z bx{ fBnkdoP ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; f;Esh ftZu S.D. ns/ S.E.D eZYD d/ bJh ;{so fGzB j[zd/ jB. pkeh gqfefonk g{ot jh ofjzdh j?. S.D. ns/ S.E.D eZYD d/ ;{so fJ; soQK j[zd/ jB^ fi; ftZu Σx

2 ns/ Σy2 eow nB[;ko d'B' ;w{jK d/ nzeK d/ nkgD/^nkgD/ wZXwkBK s'A bJ/ rJ/

nzsoK d/ torK dk i'V j?.

rDBk dh ;zg{oD gqfefonk dk ;gPNheoD nZr/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD d[nkok ehsk frnk j?.

B'N



B'N

Nk;e ;[szso nzPK dh rDBk fet/A ehsh iKdh j?.

4H BshikL ;{uh^B ftZu 11 df (n1 + n2 – 2) ns/ H05 ;so dh Nh dk wkB j? 2H20, gozs{ gqkgs Nh dk wkB j? 2H271. fJ; soQK d'B' wZXwkBK dk nzso n;b (;koEe) j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ;so s/ H0 B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j?. H01 ;so s/ fJj ;koEe BjhA j? feT[Afe T[; ;so s/ Nh dk ;{uh wkB 3H11 j? ns/ gqkgs wkB T[;s'A xZN j?.

fJj ftPb/PD^ftXh gq:'rPkbk ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ nfXnBK d/ ;zdoG ftZu pj[s wjZstg{oD j? feT[Afe fJBQK nfXnBK ftZu fBnkdoP dk Bshik S'Nk jh j[zdk j? gozs{ fJ; ;fEsh ftZu ;w{jK dh ;ikshsk iK ;wo{gsk dh iKu eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. ftubB^;wo{gsk (homogeneity of variance) j'D s/ fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

4H bx{ fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j Nh^N/;N

fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th S.E.D eZYD dk ;{so T[jh ofjzdk j? fijVk tZvh fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh

;w{j dh ;fEsh ftZu gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? Gkt fJ; ;fEsh ftZu,


;{uh 28H2

fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N

gozs{ fJ; B{z gqkgs eoB dh fJZe d{ih ftXh th j?. fJ; dk nXko d'jK ;w{jK d/ wkge nzeK d/ nzsoK dh tzv jzdk j?. nzsoK d/ wZXwkBK ns/ gqH ftH (S.D.) eZY/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK B{z eow nB[;ko D ns/ SD dk BKt fdZsk iKdk j?. fJBQK d/ nXko s/ S.E.D eZYh iKdh j? fi; dk ;{so j?^

fJ; S.E.D B{z . .D

D

S E ;{so dh Nh wkB ftZu pdb fbnk iKdk j?. fBwB fbys T[dkjoD s'A

fJj ;gPN j' ikt/rk^

i/eo ;{so^2 dk gq:'r eoe/ Nh dk wkB eZfYnk ikt/ sK th T[Bk jh nkJ/rk fizBk T[go'es ftXh d[nkok gqkgs j[zdk j?.

B'N


;{uh 28H3


B'N ;{uh^B ftZu 8df (N - 1) ns/ H05 s/ Nh dk wkB 2H31 fwbdk j?. gqkgs Nh^wkB 1H08 j? fijVk ;{uh wkB s'A xZN j?. fJ; soQK H0 B{z n;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh y'i T[gebgBk (H1) B{z Gkt “nzso j?” B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj Bshik ;Ekfgs ehsk iKdk j? fe X ns/ Y wkge nzeK d/ ftZu e'Jh ;koEe nzso BjhA j?.

fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r tZvh fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{jK dh ;fEsh ftZu th ehsk ik ;edk j?. rDBk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fJj ftXh pj[s ;ob j?, gozs{ fJ; d/ nXko s/ pj[s xZN ;{uBk gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJ; d[nkok d'B' ;w{jK d/ wkge nzeK d/ ftZu dk frnkB BjhA jzdk ns/ Bk fJ; d[nkok ;w{jK d/ wZXwkBK ns/ gqH ftH dk jh gsk uZbdk j?.

gozs{ fJj :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe tZvh ns/ bx{ fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{jK d'jK go;fEshnK ftZu Nh dk wkB eZYD dhnK ftXhnK fJZe' jh jB, gozs{ i/eo ;w{jK B{z wZXwkB ns/ gqH ftH d/ nXko s/ wZXwkB pDkfJnk frnk j? sK S.E.D eZYD dk ;{so fBwB fbys j[zdk j?^

pkeh ;ko/ gqfefonk fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th gfjbK jh ofjzdh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' jo/e nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh iK gqhfynk fJZe ftP/P nzeVk ftfrnkB

gqshwkB s/ nXkfos j[zdh j?.


pj[ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions):

5H T[gebgBk dh gqhfynk eoB bJh fe;h fJZe HHHHHHHHHHH gqhfynk dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. (T) rfDse (n) nzeVk ftfrnkB (J) okifBsh (;) fJBQK ftZu e'Jh BjhA

6H nXkoG{s ntXkoDktK dh fdqPNh s'A nzeVk ftfrnkB gqshwkB HHHHHHHHH soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB. (T) fJZe (n) d' (J) uko (;) gzi

7H Nh^N/;N HHHHHHHHHHHH gqhfynk j?.

(T) gquZb (n) ngquZb (J) fBnkdoPh (;) ;iksh

8H fJ; soQK d/ y'i (Nh^N/;N) nkebgK B{z HHHHHHHHHHH efjzd/ jB.

(T) d'^uo nkebg (n) uo nkebg (J) J/eb uo nkebg (;) fszB' 28H3 Nh^N/;N L ftP/P fNZgDh (T-Test: Special Remark)

Nh^N/;N d/ gq:'r Bkb ;zpzXs e[ZM nfGXkoDktK dk T[b/y ehsk ik u[Zek j?. fJBQK ftZu e[ZM jBL (i) izB;zfynk ftZu uoK d/ tzv dk ;XkoD (normal) j'Dk ns/ (ii) fBnkdoPK dhnK izB;zfynktK (populations) d/ ftuoD (variances) dk ;wo{g j'Dk. fJBQK dh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK d[nok iKu th ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJBQK dk T[b/y nzeVk ftfrnkB dh T[Zu ;soh g[;seK fit/A, j/i (1973) dh g[;se nkfd ftZu ehsk frnk j?. fco th wjZstg{oD rZb fJj j? fe Nh^N/;N fJZe PeshPkbh nzeVk ftfrnkB gqhfynk j? ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ T[go'es nfGXkoDktK d/ Gzr j'D s/ th finkdk e[gqGkfts BjhA j[zd/, gozs{ fGzB nkeko (N) tkb/ ;[szso ;w{jK dh ;fEsh fJ; dk ngtkd (exception) j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu i/eo ftuoD dh


fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N

;ikshsk (homogeneity of variance) dh Pos g{oh BjhA j[zdh sK Bshik nDb'VhAd/ o{g s'A gqGkfts j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; soQK fJ; ;fEsh ftZu T[go'es nfGXkoDk dh iKu io{o ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. i/eo fJj Pos BjhA j[zdh sK Nh^gqhfynk dk gq:'r BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j?. tZvh fBnkdoP dh ;fEsh ftZu fJBQK PosK d/ g{ok Bk j'D s/ ftP/P nzso BjhA g?Adk, gozs{ bx{ fBnkdoP dh ;fEsh ftZu ftuoD dh ;wkBsk dh ewh BshfinK B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. gozs{ fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th i/eo fBnkdoPK d/ gfowkD (Ns) ;wkB j'D sK ;wZf;nk eZ[M xZN j' iKdh j?.

;ktXkBh bx{ fBnkdoPK dh ;fEsh ftZu Nh^gqhfynk eoB s'A gfjbK ftuoD^;iksh dh iKu

ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. 28H4 fJZe^g[ZSh ns/ d'^g[ZSh gqhyD (Single-end and Double-end Test)

fJ; ;zebgBk dh ftnkfynk nfXnkJ/^10 ftZu gq:'rkswe nkebg d/ nzsors ehsh ik u[Zeh j?. fJZE/ e/tb fJj dZ;Dk j? fe fJZe^gk;V gqhfynk dh ;fEsh ftZu ;{uh dk Nh wkB fet/A d/yd/ jK. fJZe^g[ZSh iK fJZe^gk;V iK ;kfdP gqhfynk d/ bJh ;{uh ftZu H05 ;so s/ H10 ;szG ns/ H01 ;so s/ H02 ;szG ftZu Nh dk wkB d/fynk iKdk j?. i/eo d'^gk;V gqhfynk d/ nXko s/ e'Jh gqkgs Nh^wkB fe;h ;koEesk^;so s/ ;koEe (singnificant) BjhA nkT[Adk j? sK fJZe^gk;V gqhfynk dk gq:'r eoB s/ T[j edh^edh ;koEe xfNs j' iKdk j?, gozs[ fJj fBoDk fe fejVh gqhfynk (fJZe^g[ZS iK d'^g[ZS) dk gq:' ehsk ikt/rk, y'i dh ;wZroh fJeZso eoB s'A gfjbK fB:'iB ;so s/ jh fbnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

Nh^N/;N dh ;zt/dBPhbsk tXkDk

B'N

B'N; Nh^N/;N dh ;zt/dBPhbsk dk noE j? ;[szso uo iK T[gukoK d/ nkfPqs uo s/ gJ/

gqGkt B{z T[Gko e/ gq;s{s eoB dh T[; ;woZEk Gkt T[; dh gqGkftsk (ekoi ;woZEk).

eJh nfij/ T[gkn jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok Nh^gqhfynk dh fJ; ;zt/dBPhbsk B{z tXkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJBQK dk T[b/y nZr/ ehsk frnk j?.

1H e'bkjb d/ ;so B{z xNkDkL fJ; ;zdoG ftZu e'bkjb dk noE j? nfB:zsfos uoK dk gqGkt. fJj gqGkt eJh o{g ftZu T[g;fEs j[zd/ jB. gq:'rkswe nkebgK d/ fB:wK ns/ ftfGzB gqekoK d/ nzsors fJBQK dk toDB ehsk ik u[Zek j?. w[Zy o{g s'A fJBQK d/ ;o's j[zd/ jB^

(i) y'inXhB ftneshnK B{z fdZs/ rJ/ fBod/P,

(ii) nfXnB ;zpzXh uoK dk ng{oD fB:zsoD,

(iii) nfXnB dh ftt;Ek ns/ go;fEshnK s/ fB:zsoD Bk j'Dk,

(iv) P'Xeosk dh gqftosh (bias) ns/

(v) y'inXhB ftneshnK dh wkBf;e ;fEsh (mental set).

fJ; soQK fJBQK d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'J/ “e'bkjb” (gqGkt) B{z fB:zsfos eoB dk jo ;zGt gfonk; eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; d[nkok gq:'rkswe gqGkt (experimental effects) i' ;[szso uo iK T[gukoK d/ ekoB do;kJ/ j[zd/ jB, T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nk ;eD.



B'N 2H fBnkdoP d/ gfowkD (size) B{z tXkDkL Nh^gqhyD dh ;zt/dBPhbsk B{z tXkD dk fJj d{ik T[gkn j?. nfijk eoB Bkb ;w;zGkfte so[ZNh (random error) xZN j' iKdh j? ns/ NkJhg^I ns/ NkJhg^II so[ZNhnK th xZN iKdhnK jB. fJ; soQK, ;[szso uo dk gqGkt finkdk ;gPN j' iKdk j? ns/ Nh^gqhfynk dh ;zt/dBPhbsk tZX iKdh j?.

3H “coP” ns/ “SZs” d/ gqGkt B{z d{o eoBkL fJ; dk noE j? fe uoK d/ wkg bJh do;kJhnK gqhfynktK Bk sK pj[s ;ob j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB ns/ Bk pj[s w[Pfeb. i/eo T[j pj[s ;ob j'DrhnK sK finkdkso ftneshnK d/ nze pj[s T[Zu/ j'Dr/, Ps^gqshPs th j' ;ed/ jB. T[; ;fEsh ftZu e[ZM d/ gqhfynk s/ j'o T[Zu/ ikD dh ;zGktBk xZN ikt/rh. Bshi/ ti'A T[gukoK d[nkok T[sgzB nzso xZN j' ikDr/. fJ; ;fEsh B{z “SZs s'A Neoke/ fBZu/ coP tZb nkT[D dh xNBk” fejk iKdk j?. fJ;h soQK i/eo gqhfynk pj[s w[Pfeb j? sK pj[s ;ko/ ftnesh (gqkgs nzeK d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A) coP s'A jh T[Zgo BjhA T[mk gkDr/. fJ; B{z “fBnkdoP dk gqGkt” fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th T[gukoK d/ gqGkt ;gPn BjhA j' gkT[Ad/. fJ; soQK gqhfynktK Bk sK finkdk w[Pfeb j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB ns/ Bk finkdk ;ob, sK jh Nh^N/;N dh ;zt/dBPhbsk finkdk j' iKdh j?.

4H wkge nzeK dh gquZbsk tXkDkL nfijk wB'ftfrnkBe gqhyDK dh gquZbsk tXkD, fJZe tko tikJ/ eJh tko wkg eoe/ ns/ T[jBK dk n";s b? e/ ns/ wkg^go;fEshnK ns/ ftt;Ek B{ z nZSh soQK fB:zsfos eoe/ ehsk ik ;edk j?.

5H finkdk T[fus nkebg dh u'DL nfXnB^10 ftZu pj[s ;ko/ gq:'rkswe nkebgBK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK ftZu ;[szso ;w{j nkebg, ;wkB ;w{j nkebg, ;fj;zpzXh g{BowkgXkoh ;w{j nkebg (repeated measures design) th nkT[Ad/ jB. Nh^gqhfynk dh ;zt/dBPhbsk g{BowkgXkoh ;w{j nkebg ftZu ;G s'A tZX j[zdh j?, T[; s'A xZN ;wkB ;w{j nkebg ftZu ns/ ;G s'A xZN ;[szso ;w{j nkebg ftZu j[zdh j?. nfijk nfXnB ;zpzXh uoK d/ xZN ns/ finkdk fB:zsoD d/ cb;o{g j[zdk j?. ;[szso ;w{j nkebg ftZu fJj gqhyD fB:zsoD ;G s'A xZN j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK Nh^gqhfynk dh ;zt/dBPhbsk tXkT[D dk fJZe T[gkn fJj th j? fe T[; nkebg dh u'D ehsh ikt/ fi; ftZu Nh^gqhfynk dh ;zt/dBPhbsk ;G s'A finkdk j[zdh j?, gozs{ jw/PK nfijk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu Nh^gqhfynk dh ;zt/dBPhbsk th j'o d' dh ng/fynk xZN j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK jo/e d/ r[D^d'PK ns/ T[; dh T[fussk B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk io{oh j[zdk j?. fco th i/eo y'i dh go;fEsh ftZu ;zGt j't/ sK T[;h nkebg dh u'D eoBh ukjhdh j? fijVh Nh^gqhfynk dh ;G s'A tZX ;zt/dBPhbsk B{z XkoD eodk j?.


gq:'rkswe P'X^;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD dk gfjbk d"o, fiZE'A dkfyb j'Dk j?, ngqfsPms T[gebgBk j?. fJ; dk nftPeko fdtzrs ftfrnkBe rfDsr o'Bkbv fcPo B/ ehsk ;h.

i/eo ;[szso uo s/ e/tb ;w{jK dh ouBk ehsh rJh j? Gkt ;[szso uo dk gqj;sB (manipulation) e/tb d' Pq/DhnK ftZu ehsh rJh j? sK e/tb fJBQK d' ;w{jK dh s[bBk nkfPqs uo s/ ehsh ikDh j? sK T[; ;fEsh ftZu Nh^N/;N dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

Nh^N/;N gquZb gqhfynk j? ns/ fJ; ftZu fJZe jh ;[szso uo j[zdk j? fi; dk d' iK d' s'A tZX Pq/DhnK ftZu gqj;sB ehsk iKdk j?.

Nh^N/;N d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB^ (i) ;[szso ;w{jXkoh ns/ (ii) ;fj^;zpzXh iK g{BowkgXkoh.

bx{ fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j N/;N dk gq:'r tZvh fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh dh ;fEsh ftZu th ehsk ik ;edk j?. rDBk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fJj ftXh pj[s ;ob j?, gozs{ fJ; d/ nXko s/ pj[s xZN ;{uBk gqkgs j[zdh j?.


fJekJh^28L Nh^N/;N


1H ngqfsPms T[gebgBk^ gq:'rkswe P'X;wZroh d/ ftPb/PD dk gfjbk uoD, fiZE'A P'X fefonk nkozG j[zdh j?, ngqfsPms T[gebgBk efjzd/ jB.

2H ;XkoD^nzsokbh^ ;wkB d{oh tkb/, ;wkB nzsokb tkb/. 28H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H nzeVk ftfrnkb ftPb/PD d/ gqw[Zy nXkoK dk toDB eo'.

2H gquZb gqhfynk^Nh^N/;N s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ gqekoK dk toDB eo'.

3H fJZe^g[ZSh ns/ d'^g[ZSh gqhyD dk toDB eo'.

4H tZvh^fBnkdoP ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j Nh^N/;N s/ gqekP gkU. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H o'Bkbv fcPo 2H ftebg 3H Nh^tzv 4H n;thefosh

5H (n) nzeVk ftfrnkB 6H (n) d' 7H (T) gquZb 8H (J) „J/eb uo nkebg‟ 28H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;




B'N



B'N fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N _ (F-Test) _ .


T[d/P (Objectives)


29H1 fJZe^sock ftuoD^ftPb/PD (One-way Analysis-variance)

29H2 ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg (Normal Probability Group Design)

29H3 g{BowkgXkoh nkebg (fJZe sock nB'tk) (One-way Anova)

29H4 d'^sock ftuoD^ftPb/PD (;[szso ;w{j) (Two-way Analysis of Variance)

29H5 d'^sock ftuoD ftPb/PD (;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j) (Two-way Analysis of Variance)

29H6 ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg (Randomized Block Design)

29H7 ;fj^ftuoD ftPb/PD (Co-variance Analysis)

29H8 b?fNB tor nkebg (L.S.D.) (Latin Square Design)





T[d/P (Objectives)


fJZe sock ftuoD ftPb/PD ns/ ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg B{z ;wMD ftZul

g{BowkgXkoh nkebg (fJZe sock nB'tk) B{z ;wMD ftZul

d'^sock ftuoD^ftPb/PD B{z ;wMD ftZul

;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg ns/ ;fj^ftuoD ftPb/PD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


fgSb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD dh Nh^gqhfynk dk toDB ehsk frnk ;h. Nh^gqhfynk dk gq:'r T[;h ;fEsh ftZu ehsk ik ;edk j? fi; ftZu e/tb d' ;w{jK dh s[bBk eoBh j't/. fJ; ftZu fJZe ;[szso uo B{z e/tb d' T[gukoK iK d' ;soK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j?, gozs{ y'i dhnK go;fEshnK jw/PK jh nfijhnK BjhA j[zdhnK fe T[j ;[szso uo d/ e/tb d' ;soK iK d' T[gukoK sZe jh ;hfws j'D. nB/e go;fEshnK ftZu ;[szso uo B{z eJh T[gukoK iK ;soK ftZu tzvDk finkdk T[fus ;wfMnk iKdk j?. T[; ;fEsh ftZu d' s'A tZX ;w{jK dh go;go s[bBk eoBh j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh gq/oDk d/ ;so s/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh s/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j?, fJ; dk nfXnB eoB bJh P'Xeosk gq/oDk d/ fszB ;so (pj[s finkdk gq/fos, ;XkoD o{g s'A gq/fos, pj[s xZN g/q/fos) iK fszBK s'A th finkdk ;so fBoXkfos eoe/ ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fszB iK T[; s'A th finkdk ;w{jK ftZu tzv ;edk j? ns/ ftfdne


fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

T[gbpXh s/ T[jBK dh s[bBk eoe/ nfXnB eodk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu Nh^gqhfynk dk gq:'r

BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; go;fEsh ftZu fi; ftXh, fi; gqhfynk dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? T[;

B{z ftuoD^ftPb/PD (analysis of variance) efjzd/ jB. fJ; dk nftPeko o'Bkbv fcPo B/

ehsk ;h ns/ ;zy/g ftZu fJ; B{z nB'tk (Anova) efjzd/ jB.

ftuoD^ftPb/PD ftZu d' wZXwkB d/ nzso dh irQk ;w{jK d/ ;ko/ wkge nzeK dh ;zg{oD ftuoDsk (total variance) ns/ T[; d/ ftfGzB Gkr iK yzr ftPb/PD dk nXko j[zd/ jB. fJ; d/ gq:'r d/ fgZS/ th T[jh nfGXkoDktK ofjzdhnK jB fiBQK dk T[b/y Nh^gqhfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu ehsk frnk j?. Nh^N/;N dh soQK fJj gqhfynk th fi; B{z n?c^N/;N fejk iKdk j?, fJZe gquZb gqhfynk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; dk gq:'r sK jh ehsk ik ;edk j? id'A gquZb gqhfynktK dhnK nfGXkoDktK dh g{osh j[zdh j?. fJj fJZe pj[s finkdk nfsT[fus (versatile) gqhfynk j? fi; d/ nB/e gfotofss o{g jB ns/ fiBQK dk nB/e y'i go;fEshnK ftZu gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; dk ;G s'A ;ob o{g ;ob ftuoD^ftPb/PD (simple analysis of variance) ns/ g{oh soQK ;w;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg (complety randomized groups design) iK fJZe sock ftuoD ftPb/PD (one-way analysis of variance) j?. d{i/ w[Pfeb o{g d'^sock ftuoD ftPb/PD (two-way Anova) ns/ eowr[fDs^ftPb/PD (factorial analysis) jB. gfjbK ;ob ftuoD^ftPb/PD ftXh dk toDB ehsk ikt/rk. 29H1 fJZe^sock ftuoD^ftPb/PD (One-way Analysis-Variance)

„ftuoD‟ dk Pkpfde noE GkPk ftZu „nzso‟ j[zdk j?, gozs{ nzeVk ftfrnkB dh GkPk ftZu fJ;

dk noE j[zdk j? “nzsoK d/ torK dk n";s.” fJj nzso wkgeK ns/ wZXwkB d/ ftZu bJ/ iKd/

jB. w{b o{g s'A ftuoD dk ;{so j[zdk j?L

ftuoD (variance) &

2

X X

N

iK j'o P[ZX o{g ftZu &

2

1

X X

N

iK

2

1

x

N

1H ;zg{oD ftuoD d/ yzv

B'N

B'N; ;zg{oD ftuoD (total variance) Gkt ;ko/ gqkgs nzeK d/ wZXwkB s'A bJ/ rJ/ nzsoK

d/ :'r B{z eJh yzvK iK T[gKrK (components) ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?.

xZN s'A xZN d' Gkr iK yzv sK jw/PK jh ofjzd/ jB. fJj jBL (1) nzso;w{j ftuoD (between

groups variance) ns/ nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (within groups variance). i/eo fJBQK d'jK dk

i'V eohJ/ sK T[j ;zg{oD ftuoD d/ pokpo j't/rk. fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD d[nkok fJ; B{z

;gPN ehsk frnk j?L



B'N

wzB fbU fe T[go'es ;{uh fszB ;[szso ;fj^;wGkfte ;w{jK (T[Zu gq/oDk, ;XkoD gq/oDk, fBwB gq/oDk ;so tkb/) d/ pkbeK dh ftfdne T[gbpXh d/ gqkgs nze gq;s{s eodh j?. fJBQK ;w{jK B{z A-1, A-2, A-3 efj ;ed/ jB. fJ; ;{uh d/ ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ fJj gqhfynk eoBh j? fe “eh gq/oDk dk ftfdne T[gbpXh s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?<”

fJ; ;{uh d/ nXko s/ gfjbK ;zg{oD tzv dh rDBk eod/ jB fi; B{z T[dkjoD^1 ftZu gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?.

T[dkjoD^1


fszB ;w{uK d/ nzeV/

e[ZbQ ftuoD dh rDBk

;{uh 29H1

fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

B'N

fJj ;zg{oD ftuoD d' ekoBK s'A T[sgzB wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fJZe sK T[jBK nzsoK d/ ekoB fijVk gq/oDk d/ fszB fGzB ;soK ftZu Pkfwb jB. d{i/ T[jBK nzsoK d/ ekoB fijV/ jo/e ;w{j ftZu ;fEs pkbeK d/ ftZu ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK d'jK ekoBK s'A T[sgzB ftuoD B{z (i) nzso;w{j ftuoD ns/ (ii) nzdo{Bh ftuoD efjzd/ jB. nzso;w{j ftuoD T[gukoK d/ ekoB ns/ nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD fBnkdoP^u'D dh so[ZNh (sampling error) iK ;zi'riBe so[ZNh (chance error) fi; B{z ;w;zGkfte so[ZNh th efjzd/ jB ns/ i' ;ko/ ;w{jK B{z ;wkB pDk d/D d/ pknd th e[ZM Bk e[ZM ofj jh iKdh j?, d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'fJnk wzfBnk ikdk j?. nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (within

groups variance) jo/e gq:'rkswe y'i ftZu so[ZNh (error) d/ o{g ftZu jh ikfDnk iKdk j?.

2H nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (Between Groups Variance)

fBZu/ fdZsh rJh T[dkjoD^2 ;{uh d/ nXko s/ fi; ftZu fszB' ;w{jK d/ wZXwkBK B{z wkge nzeK d/ o{g ftZu ftt;fEs ehsk frnk j?, nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD dh rDB ehsh rJh j?. fJj ;{so

2

1

x

N

d/ d[nkok 1H0 nkT[Adh j? ns/ ;{so

2x

N

d/ d[nkok H666 nkT[Adh j?.

T[dkjoD^2

3H nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (Within Groups Variance)

;{uh^1 d/ jo/e ;w{j (A-1, A-2, A-3) dk nzdo{Bh ftuoD frnks eoB dk th ;{so T[jh j? i' fgZS/ fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; B{z frnks eoB d/ bJh fszB' ;w{jK dk ftuoD nbZr^nbZr


ftuoD dh rDBk


B'N ;w{j dk 2x ;{uh^1 ftZu fdZsk frnk j?. fJj eow nB[;ko 10, 10, 4 j?. jo/e ftZu

N - 1 & 4 j?. fJ: soQK

nzso ;w{j ftuoD (Vb)

10 10 464 4 4 2.0

3 3

nzso ;w{j ftuoD (Vb)

10 10 4

5 5 5 1.603

d'B' ;{soK d[nkok T[go'es d'B' soQK d/ ftuoD fBwB soQK j'J/L

(i) ;{so 2

1

x

N

d[nkok (a) Vb = 2.0 (b) Vw = 1.0

fJ; soQK fJ; ;{so d/ nB[;ko,

Vb + Vw = (2.0 = 1.0) = 3.00

(ii) ;{so 2x

N

d[nkok (a) Vb = 1.60 (b) Vw = .666

fJ; soQK fJ; ;{so d/ nB[;ko,

Vb + Vw = 1.60 + .666 = 2.266

(iii) ;{so 2

1

x

N

d/ nB[;ko,

;z;g{oD ftuoD (Vb) = 2.428

;{so 2x

N

d/ nB[;ko, Vb = 2.266

;{so 2

1

x

N

d/ nB[;ko,

Vt (2.428) = Vb + Vw (3.0)

;{so 2x

N

d/ nB[;ko,

Vt (2.666) = Vb + Vw (1.60 + .666) = 2.266


fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

T[go'es rDBk d/ nXko s/ fJj ;gPN o{g s'A d/fynk ik ;edk j? fe ;{so 2x

N

dk gq:'r

eoB s/ ;zg{oD ftuoD (Vt) i' 2H666 j?, nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (Vb) ns/ nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (Vw) i' eow nB[;ko 1H60 ns/ H666 jB, d/ i'V d/ fpbe[b pokpo j?. fJ; soQK fJj f;ZX j[zdk j? fe ;zg{oD ftuoD nzdo{Bh ;w{j ns/ nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD d'jK d/ i'V d/ pokpo j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z ;{so d/ o{g ftZu fJ; soQK ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?L

Vt = Vb + Vw

gozs{ ;{so 2

1

x

N

dk gq:'r eoB s/ nfijk BjhA gkfJnk iKdk. T[jBK ftZu E'Vk nzso nkT[Adk

j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu Vt & j? ns/ Vb + Vw = 1 + 2 = 3.0 nkT[Adk j?. fJj nzso fJ; bJh

nkT[Adk j? fe ;{so 2

1

x

N

ftZu jo (denominator) d/ ;EkB s/ ;[szso nzP (N - 1) dh

;zebgBk B{z gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk iKdk j?. rfDs d/ fB:wK d/ nB[;ko nfijk ehsk ikDk finkdk ftfrnkBe ns/ ;zs'PiBe ;wfMnk iKdk j?, feT[Afe fJ; ;{so d/ nXko s/ T[gbpX fJj wkB ;wZro izB;zfynk (population) ftZu ;fEs fJBQK jh wkBK d/ pj[s B/V/ nk iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK fJ;h ;{so dk gq:'r fJBQK wkBK B{z frnks eoB ftZu finkdkso ehsk iKdk j?. ;{so

2x

N

dk sK fJZE/ gq:'r e/tb fJj ;gPN eoB d/ bJh ehsk frnk j? fe (Vt) B{z jw/K jh d'

GkrK (Vb ns/ Vw) ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?. Vb B{z SSA ns/ Vw B{z SSw ns/ Vt B{z SST d/ o{g ftZu fbfynk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK SST + SSw. fJ; ;{so B{z ;dk :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

4H nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (SSA) dh ftnkfynk

nzdo{Bh ftuoD T[j ftuoD j[zdk j? i' jo/e ;w{j d/ wZXwkB ns/ fszB' ;w{jK d/ (i/eo fszB s'A finkdk ;w{j jB sK T[jBK ;kfonK d/) ;w{jfe wZXwkB d/ nzsoK d/ torK d/ i'V B{z N - 1 Bkb Gkr eoB s/ nkT[Adk j?. T[dkjoD^2 s'A fJj ;gPN j?. fJ; ftuoD dh T[sgsh dk ekoB ;[szso uo (T[; d/ ftfGzB ;soK ftZu ehs/ rJ/ nzsok iK ftfGzB T[gukoK) B{z wzfBnk iKdk j?.

B'N

B'N; nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD, T[j ftuoD j[zdk j? fi; ftZu T[guo iK ;[szso uo dk gqGkt

Pkfwb j[zdk j? ns/ fi; dh y'i bJh y'i ehsh iKdh j?.

fJj ftuoD g{o/ dk g{ok T[gukoK (;[szso uo) d/ ekoB finkdkso BjhA j[zdk. xZN s'A xZN ;w^;zGkfte so[ZNh (;zi'riBe), so[ZNh sK T[; ftZu ofjzdh jh j?. fJ; so[ZNh s'A i/eo fJj ftuoD finkdk j't/ sK jh T[; B{z fBPfus o{g s'A T[gukoK d/ ekoB ;theko ehsk ik ;edk j?.

nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD (SSA) dh ftnkfynk

fJj ftuoD j[zdk j? i' nbZr^nbZr ;w{jK ftZu ;fEs ftneshnK iK fJekJhnK d/ ftZu pkeh oj/ nzsoK d/ ekoB T[sgzB j[zdk j?. fJj ;jh j? fe ;w{jK B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ns/ nfXnB ;zpzXh uoK B{z fB:zsfos eoe/ fiZE/ sZe ;zGt j't/ ;wkB pDkT[D dk gfonk; ehsk iKdk j? sK th nfijk j' BjhA gkT[Adk fe ;ko/ ;w{jK dhnK fJekJhnK d/ ftZu nzso g{oh soQK ysw j' ikt/. fJ; soQK fJ; ekoB d[nkok nzdo{Bh ;w{j ftuoD th g{oh soQK Iho' BjhA j' gkT[Adk. fJ; pkeh ftuoD B{z jh SSW fejk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; B{z ;zi'riBe wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftuoD dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJ; dk nB[wkB (estimate) brkfJnk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ fJ; B{z g{oh soQK ysw BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh fJ; B{z “so[ZNh” dk BKt fdZsk frnk j?.



B'N n?c^nB[gks (F-Ratio)

T[dkjoD SSA ns/ SSW d/ nB[gks d/ nXko s/ fJ; rZb dk fBoDk ehsk iKdk j? fe gq:'rkswe gqGkt Gkt ;[szso uo iK T[gukoK dk nkfPqs uo s/ gqGkt g?Adk j? iK BjhA.

nB'tk (Anova) ftZu ;w{jK d/ ftZu nzso dh ;koEesk, T[jBK dh gko;gfoe s[bBk dk nXko fJjh nB[gks j[zdk j?. fJ;h nB[gks Gkt SSA/SSW B{z n?c^nB[gks (F-ratio) efjzd/ jB. ;o o'Bkbv fcPo B/ fJZe u/b/ ;B/v/e'o (Snedecor) B/ T[jBK d/ ;zBwkB ;o{g fJ; nB[gks B{z n?c (F) dk BKt fdZsk ;h.

i/eo gquZb gqhfynktK dhnK nfGXkoDktK dh g{osh j[zdh j? ns/ nB/e ;w^;zGkfte fBnkdoPK B{z b? e/ n?c^nB[gks eZY/ iKd/ jB sK T[jBK th tzv ;XkoD j't/rh, rfDsrK dh nfijh wkBsk j?. fJ;h nXko s/ n?c^wkBK dh fJZe ;{uh fGzB^fGzB ;[szso nzPK B{z b?e/ ;B/v/e'o B/ fsnko ehsh j? fi; B{z n?c^;{uh fejk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z fJ; g[;se d/ nzso ftZu gfofPPN d/ nzsors ;{uh^C eoe/ gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ;{uh ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ n?c^wkBK d/ Bkb gqkgs n?c^wkB dh s[bBk eoe/ Bshik^;EkgB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; w[bnzeD d/ fgZS/ soe fJ; soQK ofjzdk j?. i/eo T[gukoK ftZu ehs/ rJ/ nzsoK dk e'Jh gqGkt nkfPqs uo s/ BjhA g?Adk sK SSA dk wkB SSW d/ pokpo jh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; ;fEsh ftZu n?c dk wkB 1H0 j't/rk.

fJ;h soQK i/eo ;[szso uo dk n;b ftZu nkfPqs uo s/ gqGkt fgnk j? Gkt T[j nkfPqs uo dk ekoB j? sK n?c dk wkB 1H0 s'A finkdk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, gozs{ 1H0 s'A T[j fezBk T[Zgo j't/ fJj fejk ik ;e/ fe ;[szso uo iK T[gukoK dk gqGkt ;koEe (significant) Gkt n;b j?< fJ; ;wZr;nk dk ;wkXkB n?c^;{uh ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ wkBK d/ d[nkk j' iKdk j?. gqfefonk fJ; soQK dh j? fe P'X^;wZroh d/ nXko s/ gfjbK n?c dk wkB eZfYnk iKdk j?. fJ; n?c^wkB dh s[bBk fco ;{uh ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ wkB Bkb ehsh iKdh j?. i/eo P'X^;wZroh d/ nXko s/ gqkgs ehsk frnk n?c^wkB ;{uh d/ H05 iK H01 fe;h th ;so s/ fBoXkfos ;[szso nzPK s/ fdZs/ rJ/ wkB d/ pokpo iK T[; s'A tZX j? sK ngqfsPms T[gebgBk B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj Bshik eZfYnk iKdk j? fe T[gukoK dk nkfPqs uo s/ n;b gqGkt g?Adk j?. n?c^wkB d/ ;zpzX ftZu e[ZM j'o sZEK B{z th nZSh soQK ;wMDk ukjhdk j?. fJj jB^

1H n?c^wkB eZYD d/ fB:w sK fJj jB fe SSA ns/ SSW ftZu i' th tZvk j't/ T[; B{z T[Zgo nzP (numerator) d/ ;EkB s/ ns/ d{i/ B{z fBZu/ jo (denominator) d/ ;EkB s/ oZfynk iKdk j?. tZvk d'jK ftZu'A e'Jh th j' ;edk j?. fJ; soQK e'Jh th T[Zgo iK fBZu/ oZfynk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ ftuoD ftPb/PD dh ;fEsh ftZu SSA B{z jw/PK T[Zgo oZyDk ukjhdk j?. i/eo fe;h ;fEsh ftZu SSA ns/ SSW finkdk j't/ sK n?c dk wkB eZYD dh io{os jh BjhA j? feT[Afe fJ; d[nkok fJj s[ozs ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe T[gukoK dk e'Jh gqGkt BshfinK s/ BjhA j? Gkt n?c ;koEe BjhA j?.

2H n?c^N/;N io{os fJZe^gk;V (one-tailed) N/;N j? feT[Afe fJ; d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJj ftuko ehsk iKdk j? fe eh SSA wkB SSW s'A fJzBk T[Zgo j? fe T[; B{z ;koEe fejk ik ;e/< fJ; d/ bJh SSW B{z ;XkoD tzv teo d/ wZX (0H0 fpzd{ s/) oZfynk iKdk j? ns/ fJj d/fynk iKdk j? fe SSA T[; s'A fezBk T[Zgo j?. T[Zgo teo dk fJZe e'Bk, fJZe jh fdPk ftZu j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh fJj fJZe g[ZS gqhfynk j[zdh j?.

3H ;[szsonzPK dh ;zebgBk n?c^N/;N ftZu pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. fJBQK dk gq:'r ;{uhrs T[; wkB dh u'D ftZu ehsk iKdk j? fi; d/ Bkb gqkgs n?c^wkB dh s[bBk eoBh j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ bJh n?c^nB[gks ;{uh^C B{z uzrh soQK ;wMDk io{oh j?. fJ; ;{uh ftZu ;G s'A T[Zgo fysi fdPk ftZu SSA d/ ;[szsonzP (df) ns/ ;Zi/ gk;/ ;szG ftZu bzp o{g ftZu SSW d/ df d/y e/ d'jK gk;/ uZb e/ fiZE/ fJZe fpzd{ s/ fwbd/ jB T; ;EkB s/ d' wkB T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. fJBQK


fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

ftZu fJZe jbe/ ekb/ ozr ftZu ns/ d{ik w'N/ xD/ ozr dk j[zdk j?. xD/ ekb ozr tkbk iK pVk wkB H01 ;so dk ns/ jbe/ ekb/ ozr tkbk Gkt S'Nk wkB H05 ;so dk j[zdk j?. nZr/ fdZshnK rJhnK T[dkjoDK s'A fJj ;G rZbK ;gPN j' ikDrhnK. 29H2 ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg (Normal Probability Group Design)

(fJZe sock nB'tk)

fgSb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu SSt, SSA, ns/ SSW eZY e/ fdykJ/ rJ/ ;B, gozs{ fi; ftXh ftZu T[jBK B{z eZfYnk frnk ;h, n;b ftZu T[; dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. n;b ftZu fi; ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, T[; dk gd^eow fJ; soQK j[zdk j?L

(1) C P[ZXh^gd dk wkB (correction term) eZYDk,

(2) SSt eZYDk,

(3) SSA eZYDk,

(4) SSW eZYDk,

(5) SSA ns/ SSW B{z wZXwkB ftZu pdbDk,

(6) n?c^nB[gks eZYDk,

(7) fJ; dh ;{uh d/ wkB Bkb s[bBk eoBk,

(8) ;koEesk dh gqhfynk d/ nXko s/ Bshik eZYDk.

fBZu/ fdZsh rJh ;{uh d/ nXko s/ fJBQK ;kfonK B{z frnks eoB dhnK ftXhnK ;gPN ehshnK rJhnK jB. fJ; ;{uh ftZu X ;[szso uo j? fi; d/ fszB ;so, X1, X2, ns/ X3 jB. fJBQK fszB' ;w{jK ftZu ;fEs ftneshnK d/ nkfPqs uo s/ gqkgs nze ftZu jh fdZs/ rJ/ jB^

T[dkjoD^3

B'N

(Having obtained measures on dependent variable for all the subjects in the different groups a table like the above is prepared. In this X is our independent variable which has three treatment conditions or levels, X1, X2 and X3. The analysis of variance will follow the following steps):


;{uh 29H2


B'N 1. Correction Term (C) = (Σ X)2/N = (60)

2/ 15 = 240.0

2H SST = ;{uh^2 ftZu torK d/ ;ko/ nzefVnK dk i'V fdZsk frnk j?.

Ex2 – c = (6

2 + 2

2 ..... 4

2 + 6

2) – 240.0 = 34.0

3H

i/eo ;ko/ ;w{jK ftZu N ;wkB j?, sK T[go'es ;{so fJ; soQK fbyKr/

2 2 2

1 2 3X + X + XC

N

l ;ko/ wkBK B{z oZy s/,

4H

5H Mean SSW = 10

5.02

, fit//A fe fJZE/ fszB ;w{j jB ns/ df j? (3 ^ 1) & 2

6H Mean SSW = 24

2.002

, df j't/rk 12H

7H F-ratio M

A

M

W

SS 52.50

SS 2

8H ;koEesk^ n?c^wkB ;koEe BjhA j? feT[Afe 2, 12 df T[Zs/ ns/ H05 ;so s/ ;{uh^C dk wkB n?c^wkB 3H88 j?. gqkgs F-ratio fJ; s'A xZN j?. fJ; bJh H0 B{z n;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Bshik ;koEe BjhA j?.

9H Bshik^ T[guko fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB BjhA jB ns/ jo/e dk nkfPqs uo s/ ;wkB gqGkt g?Adk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, ;[szso uo X nkfPqs uo B{z gqGkfts BjhA eodk

fNZgDh^1

SSW d/ ;[szso nzPK (df) dh rDBk d' soQK Bkb ehsh ik ;edh j?L

(i) jo/e ;w{j d/ N ftZu'A fJZe xNk e/ pkeh ;kfonK B{z i'V e/ fit/A fgSb/ T[dkjoD ftZu (5^1) O (5^1) O (5^1) & 12 ehsk frnk j?.

(ii) d{ih ftXh j? fe ;zg{oD df ftZu'A ;w{jK df dh ;zfynk xNke/, fit/A fgSb/ T[dkjoD ftZu ;zg{oD df dh ;zfynk 15 ^ 1 & 14 j? ns/ ;w{jK d/ df dh ;zfynk 3 ^ 1 & 2 j?. fJ; soQK SSW dh df & 14 ^ 2 iK 12.

(iii) SSA d/ ;[szso nzPK dh ;zfynk ;w{jK dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk ftZu'A fJZe xNke/ nk iKdh j?.

fNZgDh^2

fJj th d/y' fe SSt ns/ SSA d/ eZYD dh ftXh th T[jh j? fi; dk ;gPNheoD T[dkjoD^1 ns/ 2 ftZu ehsk frnk j?. e/tb nzso fJj j? fe T[; T[dkjoD ftZu fJj ftXh wZXwkB ns/ jo/e d/ nzso (deviation) d/ o{g ftZu ;h idfe T[go'es T[dkjoD ftZu T[j w"fbe wkgenzeK (raw scores) d/ gq:'r s/ nXkofos j?. nzso^gqXkB wkgenzeK (deviation form) d/ o{g


fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

ftZu T[; dk ;{so ;h Σx2/N1, gozs{ w"fbe nzeK d/ o{g ftZu fJj ;{so j[zdk j?L

22 ( X)

xN

fi; ftZu Σx2/N1 P[ZXh^gd (C) j[zdk j?. fJj P[ZXh^gd SSA ns/ SSt ;kofonK d/ eZYD ftZu

fJZe jh ofjzdk j?. fJ; soQK T[; B{z fJZe tko f;oc nkozG ftZu jh eZYDk j[zdk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftXh ftZu w"fbe nzeK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK SST dk noE j[zdk j? ;ko/ nzefVnK (scores) d/ nbZr^nbZr torK dk i'V. fJ;h soQK SSA dk noE j[zdk j? ;w{jK (;szGK) d/ i'V d/ nbZr^nbZr torK dk i'V.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' SSA/SSW B{z n?c^nB[gks (F-ratio) th efjzd/ jB.

29H3 g{BowkgXkoh^nkebg (fJZe sock nB'tk) (One-way Anova)

g{ot dh T[dkjoD ftZu ;[szso ;w{jK B{z b?e/ fJZe^sock nB'tk d/ ftPb/PD dh ftXh dk toDB ehsk frnk ;h. fJZE/ T[;h ftxh dk toDB g{BowkgXkoh nkebg (repeated measures

design) d/ ;zdoG ftZu ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu ftneshnK dk fJZe jh ;w{j ;ko/ T[gukoK d/ nXhB oZfynk iKdk j?. fit/A g{ot^gqhyD, pknd ftZu ehsk^gqhyD nkebg ftZu ftneshnK d/ fJZe jh ;w{jK dk gfjbK ns/ pknd ftZu d' tko gqhyD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;h soQK ftneshnK B{z fJZe iK d' uoK s/ ;wkB pDke/ fco T[jBK B{z ;w{jK ftZu tzv e/ T[jBK dk wkgB ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK d'jK soQK dhnK ftt;EktK ftZu nB'tk (fJZe sock) d/ g{BowkgXkoh nkebg dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftXh d/ nzsors fijVh rDBk ehsh iKdh j? T[j gfjbK dhnK ;[szso ;w{jK dh ftXh s'A E'Vk fGzB j[zdh j?.

g{BowkgXkoh nkebg dh ftP/P T[g:'rsk fJ; rZb ftZu Pkfwb j? fe T[; d/ d[nkok ;w{j tkbhnK fJekJhnK d/ wZX ;fEs nzsoK d/ ekoB i' ftuoD T[sgzB j[zdk j? ns/ fi; B{z so[ZNh^ftuoD efjzd/ jB, T[j xZN j' iKdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK y'i dh P[Xsk ns/ t?Xsk tZX iKdh j?. fJ; soQK fJekJhnK dh fGzBsk (heterogeneity of subjects) d/ fB:zsoD dk fJj fJZe :'r wkfXnw j?, gozs{ fJ; s'A fJj BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk fe fJj nzso, fGzBsktK fpbe[b ysw j' iKdhnK jB. e[ZM sK fco th pDhnK ofjzdhnK jB, fco th T[j xZN io{o j' iKdhnK jB, feT[Afe fJ; ftZu fJZe jh ;w{j dhnK fJekJhnK fB:zsfos ;w{j dhnK fJekJhnK d/ o{g ftZu ekoi eodhnK jB.

fJ; nkebg dk fJZe d'P fJj dZf;nk iKdk j? fe fJ; ftZu fJekJhnK d/ g{ot^gqhyD dk gqGkt T[jBK d/ pknd d/^gqhyD s/ g?Adk j?. g{ot^gqhyD d/ pknd fJekJhnK ftZu pj[s ;ko/ gfotosB nk iKdk j? ns/ T[j T[; ;wZro izB;zfynk (population) dh gqshfBXh BjhA ofjzdhnK fi; ftZu'A T[jBK dh u'D ehsh rJh j?. fJBQK d' ekoBK s'A y'i d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk (precision) ns/ pkjoh t?Xsk (external validity) d'jK s/ p/b'VhAdk gqGkt g?Adk j?. fJBQK w[PfebK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ fJ; nkebg B{z ;[szso^;w{j s'A T[Zu ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z nzdo{Bh ;w{j nkebgt iK ;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j nekbg th fejk iKdk j?. fJ; nkebg ftZu ftuoD dk fJZe BtK ;o's j'o i[V iKdk j? fi; B{z nzsoftnesh ftuoD (between subjects variance) iK SSS efjzd/ jB fi; B{z SST ftZu'A eZYD d/D s/ so[ZNh^ftuoD SSw j'o th xZN j' iKdk j?. fJ; soQK fJ; ;fEsh ftZu SST d/ fszB Gkr j' iKd/ jB Gkt SST = SSA + SSS + SSW. fJ; ftZu SSW B{z SSerror th efjzd/ jB. nZr/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD s'A ;gPN j' ikt/rk fe fJBQK ftuoDK dh rDBk fe; soQK ehsh iKdh j? ns/ e; soQK Bshi/ dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?.



B'N T[dkjoD^4

g[Bof;woD (recall) s/ :kd eoB dh eow^gZXsh (order) d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoB bJh 8 ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJZe PpdK d/ 10 i'V :kd eoB B{z fdZs/ rJ/ ns/ d' fdB pknd T[jBK B{z g{Bof;woD eoB B{z fejk frnk. fJ; d/ pknd T[jBK B{z PpdK d/ 10 i'VK dh d{ih ;{uh :kd eoB B{z fdZsh rJh ns/ d' fdB dk pknd d[pkok T[jBK B{z g{Bof;woD eoB fejk frnk. fJ; soQK :kd eoBk, g{Bof;woD eoBk fJj ekoi PpdK dh 6 ;{uhnK sZe uZfbnk. fJ; d/ nXko s/ fi; T[gebgBk dh gqhfynk ehsh ikDh ;h T[j ;h “g{Bof;woD s/ :kd eoB dh eow^gZXsh dk e'Jh gqGtk BjhA g?Adk.” fJ;h XkoDk ;h fe gfjbh ;{uh d/ pknd g{Bof;woD ;G s'A finkdk j[zdk j? ns/ T[; d/ pkdn eow nB[;ko T[j xZN j[zdk iKdk j?.

gqhyD^ftXh dk ;gPNheoD eoB bJh P'X^;wZroh B{z fBwB fbys ;{uh ftZu gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?. nzeVk ftfrnkB rDBk ns/ ftPb/PD bJh E'V/ gfotosB dk Bkb T[;h gd^eow B{z ngDkfJnk frnk j? fi; dk toDB ;[szso^;w{jK dh ;fEsh ftZu ehsk ik u[Zek j?. fJj fJ; soQK j?L

fJ; e/; ftZu ftPb/PD B{z g{ok eoB d/ bJh n;hA ;[-szso ;w{j nkebg d/ fgSb/ T[dkjoD dk nB[;oD eoKr/.


;{uh 29H3

fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

T[go'es ftZu, Sse × r dk noE j? ;szGK (columns) ns/ gzeshnK (rows) d/ ftZu j'D tkbh

nzsofefonk dnkok T[sgzB ftuoD. fJ; B{z nzsofefonk^ftuoD (interaction variance)

efjzd/ jB.

9H Bshik^ ;{uh^C ftZu 3, 35 df ns/ H01 ;so s/ F dk wkB 3H59 j?. gqkgs n?c^wkB 10H32

j? fijVk ;{uh^wkB s'A pj[s finkdk j?. fJ; bJh H0 B{z n;theko eoe/ fJj Bshik eZfYnk

iKdk j? fe i/eo :kd eoB dh eow^gZXsh g{Bof;woD s/ fBPfus gqGkt g?Adk j?. gfjbh ;{uh

d/ pknd g{Bof;woD ;G s'A finkdk ;h. T; d/ pknd T[j eow nB[;ko xZN j[zdk iKdk j?.

rDBk^;zpzXh ftnkfynk (Computation Explanation)

g{BowkgXkoh nkebg dh ;fEsh ftZu n?c^wkB eZYD dh ftXh ;[szso ;w{j nkebg dh ;fEsh s'A e[ZM fGzB j[zdh j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu jo/e ftnesh dk d{ih, fsZih, u"Eh tko nkfd Gkt fJZe s'A finkdk tko ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK T[jBK d/ wkge nzeK d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX (correlation) xfNs j' iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, ftneshnK (subjects) d/ i'VK d/ ftZu th fJZe Bt/A gqeko dk ftuoD T[sgzB j' iKdk j?. Gkt/A fe jo/e ;w{j ftZu T[jh ftnesh ofjzd/ jB, gozs{ fJZe gqhyD d/ pknd T[jBK ftZu eJh soQK d/ nzso nk iKd/ jB ns/ T[j g{oh soQK T[;h soQK BjhA ofjzd/ fit/A ;B. fJ; ekoB ftuoD dk fJZe BtK gqeko i[V iKdk j?. fJ; soQK SST d/ fszB Gkr j' iKd/ jB ^ SSA + SSS + SSW. fJBQK ftZu'A SSS B{z T[j ftuoD ;wfMnk iKdk j? i' ftneshnK d/ fJZe jh ;w{j B{z fGzB^fGzB wkg^;fEshnK ftZu oZyD d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'J/ T[jBK d/ ftZu nzsoK d[nkok g?dk j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z gzesh^wZX (between rows) ftuoD SSr iK SSS th fejk iKdk j?. SSA dh soQK SSS eowpZX (systematic) ftuoD j[zdk j?. ;w{jK d/ wkgenzeK d/ ftZu fizBk finkdk ;fj^;zpzX j[zdk j?, eowpZX ftuoD T[Bk jh finkdk j[zdk j? ns/ so[ZNh ftuoD T[Bk jh xZN j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh SSS iK SSrows dh rDBk ehsh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ gd^eow^4 d/ nzsors fJ; B{z ;gPN ehsk frnk j?.

;[szso ;w{j nkebg ns/ g{BowkgXkoh nkebg d/ ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD fdqPNhe'D s'A d{ik nzso so[ZNh^gd (error term) Gkt SSw dh u'D ftZu j[zdk j?. ;[szso^;w{j nkebg dh ;fEsh ftZu fJj SSw j[zdk j?, gozs{ g{BowkgXkoh nkebg ftZu fJj “pkeh ftuoD” (residual

variance) fi; B{z nzsofefonk^ftuoD (interaction variance) iK SSc × r th efjzd/ jB, j[zdk j?. n;b ftZu g{BowkgXkoh nkebg dh ;fEsh ftZu SSw dh rDBk ;zGt jh BjhA j[zdh, gozs{ fJj :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe SSw ns/ SSres, d'B' so[ZNh dk nB[wkB (estimate) gq;s{s eod/ jB, pbfe SSres finkdk uzrk nB[wkB ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK g{BowkgXkoh nkebg dh ;fEsh ftZu SSw dh pikJ/ SSres dk jh n?c^wkB eZYD ftZu gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; dh rDB fit/A fe g{ot tkbh T[dkjoD d/ gd^eow^5 ftZu do;kfJnk frnk j? SST s/ SSA ns/ SSS d'jK d/ i'V B{z xNk e/ ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; B{z “pkeh ftuoD” (residual iK remainder variance) th fejk iKdk j?.

B'N



B'N 29H4 d'^sock ftuoD^ftPb/PD (;[szso ;w{j) (Two-way Analysis of Variance) .

g{ot fbys ftXh dk gq:'r fit/A fe T[dkjoD ftZu dZf;nk frnk j?, T[Ze/ ehsk iKdk j? fiZE/ fJekJhnK d/ fJZe jh ;w{j dk nkfPqs uo s/ tko^tko wkg ehsk ikt/ iK ;wkB ;w{jK dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/, gozs{ fJ; dk gq:'r T[; ;fEsh ftZu th ehsk ik ;edk j? fiZE/ fe;h fJZe uo d/; gqGkt B{z fB:zsfos eoBk j't/. fJ; dk T[dkjoD fBZu/ fdZsk frnk j?. fJj ftXh d'^sock ftuoD^ftPb/PD (;[szso ;w{j) dh Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[Adh j?.

T[dkjoD^5

fJZe P'Xeosk 11^;kb d/ pkbeK d/ rqfj^gfot/P d/ T[jBK d/ wB'ftfrnkBe ftek; s/ gJ/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eodk ukj[zdk j?. T[j gzi ftfdnkfbnK d/ pkbeK d/ rqfj^gfot/P ns/ T[jBK d/ wB'ftfrnkBe ftek; d/ wkge nze fJeZso eodk j?. rqfj^gfot/P s/ T[j ftfdnkb/tko pkbeK d/ d' ;w{j (b'VhAd/ ns/ p/b'VhAd/ rqfj^gfot/P tkb/) pDkT[Adk j?. ftfdnkb/tko T[jBK d/ nkfPqs uo (ftek;) s/ gqkgsnzeK B{z wZXwkB d/ o{g ftZu fBZu/ fdZsh rJh ;{uh ftZu ftt;fEs eoe/ n?c^N/;N d[nkok ftPb/PD eoBk ukj[zdk j?. gozs{ T[j ;zd/j eodk j? fe ftfGzB ftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD fJZe^d{i/ s'A pj[s fGzB j'D d/ ekoB ftfdnkfbnK dk gqGkt rqfj^gfot/P d/ gqGkt B{z T[GoB s'A o'e ;edk j?. fJ; soQK T[; B{z fB:zsofs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; bJh T[j g{ot ftXh dk fBwB fbys soQK gq:'r eodk j? fi; d[nkok ftfdnkfbnK dk gqGkt ysw j' ikt/.

rqfj^gfot/P ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe

ftek; d/ wZX ;zpzX (N = 9 in each Cell)

;e{bQ

rqfj^gfot/P e[ZbQ

(fBwB ;w{j) (T[Zu ;w{j)

1 56 35 91

2 59 38 97

3 62 32 94

4 57 31 88

5 52 45 97

i'V

Means

286

6H36

181

4H02

467

fJ; B{z mhe T[;h soQK ehsk ik ;edk j? fit/A fe gfjb/ T[dkjoD ftZu ehsk frnk ;h fi; ftZu fJZe ftfPnK d/ wZX nzso j'D d/ ekoB ftuoD ysw eo fdZsk frnk ;h (gzeshnK d/ wX nzso) fJ; g{oh gqfefonk B{z fJ; soQK d'y'L

1H C (correction term) = (467)2/10 = 21808.9

(jo/e ;w{j d/ wZX ;e'o B{z ftneshrs ;e'o d/ o{g ftZu fbnk frnk.)

2H SST – (562 + 59

2 ....... 31

2+ 45

2) – C = 1204.1


;{uh 29H4

fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

3H SSA (rqfj gfot/P) &

2 2286 181C

5 & 1102H5

4H SSrow (ftfdnkbk) &

2 2 2 291 97 ......88 97C

2

5H SSres = SST – (SSA + SSschools)

= 1284.1 – (1102.5 + 30.6) & 151H0

6H Mean SS(A) = 1102.5/1, df being 1 & 1102H5

7H Mean Ssres = Mean SSH × s = 151 0

4 & 37H75

8H F = 1102.5

37.75 & 29H20

9H Bshik^ ;{uh^C ftZu 1, 4 df ns/ H01^;so s/ n?c dk wkB j? 21H27 idfe P'Xeosk dk gqkgs n?c^wkB 29H20 j? i' ;{uh wkB s'A finkdk j?. fJ; soQK H0 B{z n;theko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj Bshik eZfYnk iKdk j? fe rqfj^gfot/P pkbeK d/ wB'ftfrnkBe ftek; B{z gqGkfts eodk j?.

fJ; ftZu g{ot fbys ftXh dh soQK SST B{z fszB GkrK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j? ^ SSA + SSschools +

SSres. ftfdnkfbnK d/ nzsoK d/ ekoB T[sgzB ftuoD (SSs)rows B{z SST ftZu'A eZY fdZsk iKdk j? fJj fXnkB ftZu oZy dh rZb j? fe i/eo ftfdnkfbnK d/ pkbeK dh ;zfynk ;wkb j? sK T[jBK d/ wkgenzeK d/ wZXwkB B{z fJZe^fJZe wkgenze d/ o{g ftZu wzB e/ ;{uh ftZu do;kfJnk ik ;edk j?. rDBk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fJ; Bkb BshfinK s/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA g?Adk. fJj ;zg{oD fefonk mhe T[[;h soQK dh j? fit/A T[dkjoD^4 ftZu T[b/ys j?.

so[ZNh^ftuoD (SSres) T[dkjoD^4 ns/ T[dkjoD^5 d/ nzsors fi; so[ZNh^ftuoD dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j? fJ; d/ eJh Bkw jB fit//A “pkeh ftuoD” (remainder iK residual variance) ns/ “nzsofefonk ftuoD” (interaction variance). fJ;h soQK fJ; B{z fbfynk th eJh soQK s'A iKdk j? fit/A Ssres, SSe×r nkfd. fJj T[j ftuoD j[zdk j? i' T[gukoK d/ ekoB e'Jh nzso Bk j'D s/ th ofjzdk j? ns/ fi; B{z ;zi'riBe iK ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok fJekJhnK dh u'D eoB ns/ ;w{jK ftZu T[jBK dh tzv eoB s/ th T[jBK d/ ftZu ofj rJ/ nzsoK d[nkok T[sgzB wzfBnk iKdk j?. Bkb jh fJj T[j ftuoD j[zdk j? fijVk ;zg{oD ftuoD ftZu'A T[gukoK d/ ftuoD (SSA) ns/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ ftuoD (SSS) d'jK B{z eZY d/D s/ pkeh pudk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; B{z SSw dh ng/fynk finkdk P[ZX wzfBnk iKdk j?. i/eo ftfdnkfbnK d/ tksktoD d/ nzsoK d/ gqGkt, nfXnB tkb/ uoK d/ gqGkt ns/ T[gukoK d/ gqGkt B{z g{oh soQK ysw eo fdZsk ikt/ sK SScxr dk wkB SSw d/ pokpo j't/rk BjhA sK SScxr dk wkB SSw s'A jw/PK xZN jh j[zdk j?. i/eo fJj T[; s'A xZN j't/ sk T[; B{z ;zi'r ekoB jh ;wMDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; ;fEsh ftZu SSw dk jh n?c wkB bJh gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;t?^w[bzeD (Self Assessment)


1H n?c^N/;N fJZe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gqhfynk j?.

2H ftuoD dk nzeVk ftfrnkB GkPk ftZu noE j[zdk j?HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.

B'N



B'N 3H n?c^N/;N io{oh HHHHHHHHHH N/;N j?. 29H5 d'^sock ftuoD^ftPb/PD (;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j) (Two-way Analysis of Variance) .

d'^sock iK d'gE (;[szso^;w{j) ftuoD ftPb/PD dk T[dkjoD fgSb/ ;fcnK ftZu (T[dkjoD^5) ftZu gq;s{s ehsk ik u[Zek j?, gozs{ y'i dh nfijh ;fEsh th j' ;edh j? fi; ftZu ;w{j ;fj^;zpzXh iK ;wkB j'D. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu th nB'tk dk gq:'r ehskik ;edk j? gozs{ fJ; dh ftXh ftZu gfjbK s'A E'Vk nzso j[zdk j?. d'gE ftuoD^ftPb/PD (;fj^;zpzXh ;w{j) dh fJ; ftXh dk T[dkjoD nZr/ fdZsk frnk j?.

T[dkjoD^6

fJZe P'Xeosk 6 ;kb d/ pkbeK d/ f;ZyD s/ nfGnk; d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk ukfjnk. fbzr (sex) d/ gqGkt B{z T[; B{z fB:zsfos ehsk. fJ; soQK 5 pkbe ns/ 5 pkfbektK B{z T[; B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok u[fDnk ns/ T[jBK B{z gzi nfGnk;^gqhyDK (practice trial) d/ nXhB ehsk. jo/e gqhyD d/ pknd T[jBK dh f;Zfynk dk wkg ehsk frnk. fJ; soQK i' P'X^;wZroh gqkgs j'Jh T[; d/ nXko s/ nrkwh ;{uh fsnko ehsk rJh ns/ io{oh ftfGzb ftuoDK dh rDBk ehsh rJh. ;zg{oD rDBk B{z ;{uh d/ fBZu/ do;kfJnk frnk j?L

(d'^sock ftuoD) (;fj^;zpzX wkge nkebg)

f;ZyD dh gqfefonk

fJ; ftPb/PD ftZu fBwB nzfes gd^eow Pkfwb jB^

1H C & e[ZbQ ;zfynk B{z ;w{j I ns/ ;w{j II ftZu tzvD s/ torK dk e[ZbQ i'V


;{uh 29H5

fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

B'N



B'N

Bshik^ n?c ;{uh^C ftZu 4, 32 df ns/ H01^;so s/ F dk wkB j? 4H02 wf idfe nfGnk; dk gqkgs F^wkB j? 9H386 i' ;{uh^wkB s'A pj[s finkdk j?. fJ; soQK H0 B{z n;theko ehsk frnk j? fJj Bshik eZfYnk frnk fe nfGnk; dk f;Zfynk s/ fBPfus gqGtk g?Adk j?. fbzr (sex) dh F-ratio (3H44) th H05 ;so s/ ;koEe j?. fJ; soQK ;teko eoBk j't/rk fe fbzr dk gqGkt th f;Zfynk s/ g?Adk j? Gkt pkbe ns/ pkfbektK dh f;Zfynk ftZu nzso j[zdk j?, gozs{ nzsofefonk^ftuoD (1H472) ;koEe BjhA j? fi; d/ nXko s/ efjDk j't/rk fe nfGnk; ns/ fbzr d'B' id'A fJZe^d{i/ d/ Bkb nzsofefonk eod/ jB sK T[; dk f;ZfynkoEh s/ s/ e'Jh ;koEe gqGkt BjhA g?Adk.

d'^sock nB'tk (;fj^;zzpzXh ;w{j) dk gq:'r T[ZE/ ehsk iKdk j? fiZE/ d' ;[szso uo j'D ns/ fJekJhnK d/ fJZE jh ;w{j dk nkfPqs uo wkg tko^tko ehsk frnk j't/. fJ; dk gq:'r T[ZE/ th ehsk ik ;edk j? fiZE/ fe;h fJZe uo d/ gqGkt B{z fB:zsofs eoe/ d{i/ d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB ehsk ikDk j't/. 29H6 ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor^nkebg (Randomized Block Design)

fJ; nfXnkJ/ d/ nkozG ftZu “;w^;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg” dk toEB ehsk frnk ;h fi; ftZu fJekJhnK B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j? ns/ fJj wzB fbnk iKdk j? fe ;w{j nfXnB tkb/ uoK d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A ;wo{g j' rJ/, gozs{ n;b ftZu ;wo{g j' BjhA gkT[Ad/. T[jBK dhnK fJekJhnK ftZu fco th nzso ofj iKd/ jB fiBQK d/ ekoB y'i dh P[ZXsk (accuracy) xZN j' iKdh j?. fJekJhnK, ftP/P o{g s'A wB[ZyK, d/ ftZu eJh soQK dhnK ftfGzBsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. ;w{jK ftZu T[jBK dh ;w^;zGkfte tzv fJBQK nzsoK ns/ fGzBsktK B{z g{oh soQK ysw eoB ftZu ;woZE BjhA j[zdh. Bshi/ ti'A T[gukoK d/ gqGkt fdqPNhr'uo BjhA j' gkT[Ad/. fJ; soQK fJBQK nzsoK B{z j'o th xZN eoB ns/ y'i dh P[ZXsk iK nzdo{Bh t?Xsk tXkT[D d/ T[d/P s'A P'Xeosk fJZe j'o nkebg dk gq:'r eod/ jB fi; B{z “;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg” (randomized block-design) efjzd/ jB. ;zy/g ftZu fJ; B{z RB-k nkebg d/ o{g ftZu fbfynk iKdk j? fi; dk noE j? k ;zfynk^;w{j nXkfos ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg. fJ; nkebg d/ d[nkok P'X^;wZroh gqkgs j[zdh j? T[; dk ftuoD^ftPb/PD th T[dkjoD^5 ftZu fdZsh rJh ftXh d/ nB[o{g j[zdk j, fi; ftZu so[ZNh^gd (error term) d/ ;EkB s/ SSw dk gq:'r Bk eoe/ SSe×r dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. nZr/ fdZs/ rJ/ T[dkjoD ftZu fJ; dh ;zg{oD gqfefonk dk toDB ehsk frnk j?.

T[djkoD^7

fJZe P'Xeosk 11 ;kb d/ pkbeK d/ f;Zfynk s/ fttjko^fB:zsoD dhnK d' seBheK (gqPz;k ns/ dzv) d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk ukj[zdk ;h. Bkb jh p[ZXh B{z fB:zsfos eoBk ukjz[dk ;h


;ko nzP ;{uh 29H6

fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

feT[Afe p[ZXh f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy ekoe sZs ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK T[; B{z p[ZXh s/ 3^3 pkbeK d/ ;wkB p[ZXh tkb/ gzi ;ztor (blocks) pDkJ/. fJZe ;ztor ftZu fszB pkbeK dh eow nB[;ko 119, 120, 121 p[ZXh^bpXh ;h, d{i/ ftZu 110, 111, 112 p[ZXh^bpXh ;h, fsZi/ ftZu 99, 100, 101 u"E/ ftZu 90, 91, 92 ns/ gzit/A ftZu 81, 82, 83 p[ZXh^bpXh ;h. jo/e ;ztor ftZu'A fJZe^fJZe pkbe B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh s'A T[; B/ fszB ;w{jK (gqPz;s ;w{j, dzvs ;w{j, fB:zsfos ;w{j) ftZu tzfvnk. gq:'r fJZe wjhB/ sZe uZfbnk. T[;d/ pknd T[jBK dh f;Zfynk dk wkg ehsk frnk. ;koh ;wZroh B{z fBwB nB[;ko ;{uh ftZu Pkfwb ehsk frnk. fJ; d/ pknd ftuoD^ftPb/PD ehsk frnk. ;zg{oD rDBk^gqfefonk ;{uh ftZu fBZu/ fdZsh rJh j?L

B'N

9H Bshik^ gqkgs F-ratio (1H196) ;{uh^C ftZu 2, 8 df ns/ H05^;so s/ fdZs/ rJ/ wkB 4H46 s'A xZN j?. fJ; soQK H0 B{z n;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJj Bshik fBefbnk fe fttjko^fB:zsoD dhnK ftXhnK ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA j?. T[jBK dk f;Zfynk s/ ;wkB gqGkt g?Adk j?.


;{uh 29H7


B'N ;obsk s'A fJ; rZb B{z ikfDnk ik ;edk j? fe SSblock × treatment Gkt pkeh ftuoD SSw s'A edh th finkdk BjhA j' ;edh. fJ; dk gfowkD (size) SSblocks d/ gfowkD s/ fBoGo eodk j?. i/eo fJj tZvk j't/rk sK SSc × r dk gfowkD S'Nk j't/rk.

RB-k nkebg dh T[g:'rsk

fJ; nkebg d/ fBwB fbys bkG jB^

1H fJ; ftZu fJekJhnK d/ ftZu ;fEs nzso xZN j' iKd/ jB feT[Afe T[jBK B{z ;wkB pDke/ ;ztorK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j?. fJ; ekoB so[ZNh^ftuoD SSw th xZN j' iKdk j? ns/ y'i dh nzdo{Bh t?Xsk tZX iKdh j?.

2H ;ztorK ftZu nzso j'D d/ ekoB i' ftuoD T[sgzB j[zdk j? T[; B{z th eZY fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ekoB so[ZNh th xZN j' iKdh j?.

3H ;[szso ;w{j^;w;zGkfte nkebg dh s[bBk ftZu fJj nkebg T[Zu j?. fJ; dh gqGkftesk

(efficiency) dh rDBk th ;{so w

c r

MeanSS100

MeanSS

d/ nXko s/ ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; s'A

;gPN j? fe fJj nkebg ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg dh s[bBk ftZu finkdk PeshPkbh j?.

4H fJj nkebg pj[s finkdk buhbk j?. ;ztorK ns/ T[guko d/ fezB jh ;soK B{z b? e/ fJj ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j?.

5H ftPb/PD dh ;obsk fJ; dh tkX{ ftP/Psk j?.

d'P^ fJ; nkebg dk fJZe d'P, T[; dh fJZe n;[thXk th j?. id'A T[gukoK dh ;zfynk finkdk j[zdh j?. sK ;ztorK ftZu ;wo{g fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk finkdk j'D d/ ekoB T[jBK B{z ;wo{g pDkT[Dk w[Pfeb j' iKdk j?. fJZe ;ztor ftZu fJzBh finkdk ;wkB fJekJhnK dk fwbDk pj[s n;[ftXkiBe j' iKdk j? ns/ i/eo fJZe s'A finkdk uoK s/ T[jBK B{z ;wkB pDkT[Dk j't/ sK fJj j' finkdk w[Pfeb j' iKdk j?. 29H7 ;fj^ftuoD ftPb/PD (Co-Variance Analysis) gq:'rkswe y'i ftZu nfXnB tkb/ uoK dk fB:zsoD pj[s finkdk io{oh ;wfMnk iKdk j? feT[Afe T[; dh ewh ftZu Bshik finkdk P[ZX ns/ t?X BjhA gkT[Ad/. fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh bJh eJh T[gkfJnK ns/ ftXhnK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK ftZu'A fJZe ;fj^ftuoD^ftPb/PD (analysis of covariance) jB. fJ; B{z ;zy/g ftZu “nBe'tk” (ANCOVA) th efjzd/ jB. fJj nB'tk dk jh ft;sko o{g j?. nBe'tk uoK d/ fB:zsoD dh fJZe nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh j?. fJ; d[nkok y'i d/ BshfinK dh P[ZXsk ns/ t?Xsk tZX iKdh j?. fgSb/ T[dkjoD ftZu ;w^;w;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg dk toDB ehsk frnk ;h fi; ftZu p[ZXh s/ fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB pDke/ T[jBK B{z T[gukoK d/ nzsors tzfvnk frnk ;h fJ; soQK p[ZXh B{z fB:zsfos ehsk frnk ;h. ;fjftuoD^ftPb/PD ftZu nfijk Bk eoe/ T[; dk wkg ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ nzeVk ftfrnkB ftPb/PD d/ d[nkok T[; d/ gqGkt B{z fBPekf;s ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[gukoK d/ ftuoD (SSTr) ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh d[nkok ;zP'XB eoe/ ;fjuo (covariate) p[ZXh s/ nkozG ftZu fJekJhnK d/ ftZu ;fEs nzsoK d/ ekoB T[sgzB gqGkt B[z fBPekf;s ehsk ik ;edk j?. pknd tkb/ wkgenzeK d/ nkozGe wkgenzeK s/ gqshrwB gqGkt fi; B{z nzdo{Bh ;w{j gqshrwB efjzd/ jB, d/ wkfXnw Bkb nfijk ;zGt j' iKdk j?. fJ; soQK ;fjftuoD^ftPb/PD fJZe nfijh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXh j? fi; ftZu ftfGzB T[gukoK d/


fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

ftuoDK d/ ftZu nzsoK dh ;koEesk dh gqhfynk sZe ehsh iKdh j?, id'A T[jBK ftZu'A T[; ftuoD B{z eZY fdZsk iKdk j? i' nkozG ftZu nfXnB tkb/ uo iK uoK d/ ekoB T[jBK d/ ftZu T[sgzB j'Jh. d{i/ PpdK ftZu nzso;w{j ftuoD ftZu'A ;fjuoK ftZu nkozGe nzsoK d[nkok T[sgzB j'J/ ftuoD B{z eZYe/ Gkt T[; B{z ;zP'fXs eoe/ fJj ftuoD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK SST(y), SSA(y) ns/ SSw(y) ftZu'A T[; ftuoD B{z eZY fdZsk iKdk j? i' X (T[guko) ns/ Y (T[guko) d/ ftZu ;fj^;zpzX j'D d/ ekoB T[sgzB j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK nkyoh ftPb/PD fJBQK ;zP'fXs ftuoDK d/ nXko s/ jh ehsk iKdk j?. nZr/ dh T[dkjoD s'A fJj ;gPN j' ikt/rk.

fBwB nzfes ;{uh ftZu X wzB fbU uo p[ZXh j? ns/ Y pkbeK dh f;Zfynk T[gbpXh j?. fszB T[guko ;w{j (gqPz;s, dzvs ns/ fB:zsfos) jB. P'Xeosk fJj ikDBk ukj[zdk j? fe eh pkbeK dh f;Zfynk T[gbpXh s/ fJBQK T[gukoK dk ;koEe o{g Bkb nbZr^nbZr gqGkt g?Adk j?, gozs{ p[ZXh d/ gqGkt B{z T[j fB:zsfos eoBk ukj[zdk j?. ;zg{oD P'X^;wZroh ;{uh ftZu gq;s{s ehsh rJh j? ns/ ftPb/PD dh gqfefonk dk gd^eow th T[; d/ fBZu/ fdZsk frnk j?.

T[dkjoD^8

B'N


;{uh 29H8


B'N


fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

8H Bshik^ H0 B{z n;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Mean Adj. SS.A(y) dk wkB Mean Adj

SSW(y) d/ wkB s'A xZN j?. fJ; soQK F-ratio eZYD dh io{os jh BjhA j?. T[j fJ; s'A xZN j't/rk. fJ; soQK ;koEe BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; bJh Bshik fJj fBefbnk fe p[ZXh B{z fB:zsfos eoB d/ pknd T[gukoK dk e'Jh gqGkt pkbeK dh f;Zfynk T[gbpXh s/ BjhA g?Adk.

nBe'tk ftubhnK nfGXkoDktK

nBe'tk dk gq:'r fiBQK PosK iK nfGXkoDktK s/ nXkfos j?. T[j jBL

;ktXkBh T[guko^;w{jK B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok fJZe jh iB;foPNh d[nkok u[fDnk ikDk

ukjhdk j?.

1H nzdo{Bh ;w{j ;zP'fXs wkgenzeK dh tzv ;XkoD j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

2H T[guko ;w{jK B{z ;wo{g (homogeneous) j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H Y wkgenzeK (pknd tkb/) dk X wkgenze (nozGe) s/ gqshrwB jo/e T[guko ;w{j ftZu ;wkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

4H gqshrwB o/yh (linear) j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

nBe'tk dh T[g:'rsk

fBwBfbys go;fEshnK ftZu nBe'tk dh pj[s finkdk T[g:'rsk j[zdk j?L

1H fiZE/ ;zg{oD (intact) ;w{jK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, fit/A^f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu eJh ;e{bK dh g{oh iwks s/ gq:'r eoBk feT[Afe iwks s'A e/tb e[ZM ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nbZr eZYe/ T[jBK s/ gq:'r eoBk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu fJekJhnK B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ;w{jK ftZu tzvDk th ;zGt BjhA j[zdk, gozs{ ;e{bQ pj[s ;ko/ fdqPNhe'DK s'A fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK T[jBK d/ ftZu nzsoK dk d[PgqGkt BshfinK s/ g?Adk j?. T[; B{z ysw eoB d/ bJh fJZe d' wjZstg{oD uoK dk fB:zsoD nBe'tk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?.

2H nkozG ftZu i/eo fe;h uo s/ fJekJhnK d/ ftZu nzso j'D dk nfj;k; Bk j't/ ns/ pknd ftZu T[; d/ gqGkt B{z fBPekf;s eoBk io{oh j't/ sK nBe'tk dk gq:'r ;jkfJe f;ZX j[zdk j?.

B'N

Nk;e nBe'tk dh T[g:'rsk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

pj[^;fjftuoD ftPb/PD

T[Zgo fJZe ;fjuo (covariate) dk T[dkjoD gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?, gozs{ ;fjftuoD^ftPb/PD dk gq:'r T[; ;fEsh ftZu th ehsk ik ;edk j? fiZE/ fJZe s'A tZX ;fjuoK (covariates) B{z fB:zsfos eoBk j't/. d' ;fjuoK sZe sK rDBk ;ob j[zdh j?, gozs{ fJZe s'A tZX ;fjuoK dk fB:zsoD eoBk j't/ sK rDBk pj[s bzph ns/ w[Pfeb j[zdh j?, gozs{ fB:wK ftZu e'Jh gfotosB



B'N BjhA j[zdk. fJ; ftXh dk ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg d/ Bkb th gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. b?fNB tor nkebg ns/ eqwr[fDs^nkebg (factorial designs) d/ Bkb^Bkb th gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. feoe (1968) ns/ fbzveft;N (1970) B/ fJBQK dk ft;Eko s'A toDB ehsk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


4H g{BowkgXkoh nkebg ftZu ftneshnK dk fJZe jh HHHHHHHHHHH ;ko/ T[gukoK ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?.

(T) ;zrmB (n) iksh (J) ;w{j (;) ;zouBk

5H ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg d/ d[nkok HHHHHHHHHHHHH gqkgs j[zdh j?.

(T) fB:w (n) P'X ;wZroh (J) nzsofefonk (;) ;XkoD

6H gq:'rkse y'i ftZu nfXnB tkb/ uoK dk HHHHHHHHHHH pj[s io{oh j[zdk j?.

(T) fB:zsoD (n) wkg (J) P[Xsk (;) Bshik,

7H HHHHHHHHHH nkebg ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg s'A th T[Zu j?.

(T) eqwr[fDs nkebg (n) b?fNB tor (J) nBe'tk (;) nB'tk 29H8 b?fNB tor nkebg (L.S.D.) (Latin Square Design)

fJj nkebg ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg s'A th T[Zu j?. fJ; ftZu d' nfXnB tkb/ uoK dk fB:zsoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;ztor nkebg dh soQK fJ; ftZu th ;w{jK B{z ;wo{g pDkT[D d/ bJh ;ztorK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ fJ; ftZu d' nfXnB tkb/ uoK s/ ;ztro pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK jo/e ;ztor dhnK fJekJhnK xZN s'A xZN T[jBK d' uoK s/ ;wkB j' iKdhnK jB. fJBQK nfXnB tkb/ uoK d/ ftfGzB ;soK B{z ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK ftZu tzv fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK b?fNB tor nkebg (L.S.D.) ftZu nfXnB tkb/ uoK d/ gqGktK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh fwb iKdh j?.

nfGXkoDktK

fJ; nkebg dk gq:'r sK jh ;zGt j[zdk j?L

id'A ;ztornXhB (blocking variables) ns/ T[gukoK dh ;zfynk pokpo j't/. T[gukoK B{z gzeshnK ftZu ns/ ;szGK ftZu ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok tzfvnk iKdk j?. Bkb jh fJj rZb th fXnkB ftZu oZyD dh j? fe jo/e T[guko, jo/e ;szG ns/ gzesh ftZu fJZe jh tko nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. gzesh ns/ ;szG d/ jo/e ykB/ (cell) ftZu fJZe jh T[guko nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

fJZe fJj th Pos j? fe fJ; nkebg dh fe T[gukoK d/ gqGkt i'V/ ik ;eD tkb/ (additive) j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK d/ Bkb T[jBK dh nzsofefonk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. Bkb ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK dh th fJZe^d{i/ d/ Bkb nzsofefonk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. fBZu/ d/ T[dkjoD d[nkok fJ; d/ T[g:'r dh gqfefonk B{z ;wMkfJnk frnk j?.

wzB fbU fJZe P'Xeosk u{fjnK dh ;XkoD fefonkPhbsk s/ fJZe n"PXh dhnK gzi wksoktK d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk ukj[zdk j?, gozs{ T[j ;'udk j? fe u{fjnK dh T[wo th fJZe nfijk sZs j? i' T[jBK dh fefonkPhbsk B{z gqGkfts eo ;edk j?. fJ; soQK T[wo B{z fB:zsfos eoB d/ bJh T[j u{fjnK d/ ;wkB T[wo tkb/ gzi ;ztor pDkT[Adk j?^fJZe ftZu 5^6 wjhB/, d{i/ ftZu 7^8, fsZi/ ftZu 9 s'A 10, u"E/ ftZu 11 s'A 12 ns/ gzit/A ftZu 13 s'A 14 wjhB/ d/ u{j/ oZydk j?. jo/e ;ztor ftZu 5 u{j/ oZydk j?. i/eo gq:'r fJ; soQK j? fe fJZe fdB ftZu e/tb 5


fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

u{fjnK dh gqhfynk jh ehsh ik ;edh j? sK T[j ;'usk j? fe fdB^gqshfdB j'D tkb/ gfotosB th Bshi/ B{z gqGkfts eo ;ed/ jB sK T[jBK B{z th T[j fB:zsfos eoB dk gfonk; eodk j?. fJBQK ;kohnK rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZye/ T[j P'X^;wZroh B{z ftPb/PD bJh ftt;fEs eoB d/ bJh fBwB soQK dh fJZe ;{uh fsnko eodk j?. fJ; ftZu fdBK B{z T[Zgo ;szG^f;ob/yK d/ o{g ftZu ns/ T[wo d/ ;ztorK B{z yZp/ gk;/ T[Zgo s'A fBZu/ tZb oZydk j?. fco u{fjnK d/ jo/e ;ztor ftZu'A fJZe^fJZe b? e/ ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok gzi fdBK ftZu nbZr^nbZr tzv eodk j?. T[es ;{uh fJ; soQK dk o{g b?Adh j?L

T[dkjoD^9

B'N

b?fNB tor nkebg

T[wo wjhfBnK ftZu

fdB

;'wH wzrbH p[ZXH thoH P[ZeoH

13-14 1 3 4 2 5

11-12 5 4 3 1 2

9-10 2 5 1 4 3

7-8 4 2 5 3 1

5-6 3 1 2 5 4

fJ; d/ pknd T[gukoK (n"PXh) dh ftfGzB wksoktK B{z ;w^;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok jo/e ;szG ns/ gzesh ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j?, gozs{ fJj Pos ofjzdh j? fe jo/e T[guko gzesh ns/ ;szG ftZu e/tb fJZe jh tko nkJ/. fJ; soQK T[bN T[gukoK dh i' ftt;Ek pDdh j? ns/ T[j nZr/ fdZsh rJh ;{uh ftZu gq;s{s ehsh rJh j?L

T[gukoK dh ftt;Ek

T[wo wjhfBnK ftZu

fdB

;'wH wzrbH p[ZXH thoH P[ZeoH

13-14 A E C B D

11-12 D C B A E

9-10 E A D C B

7-8 B D A E C

5-6 C B E D A

These A, B, C, D and E letters denote five levels of durg in which:

A = 10 mg, B = 15 mg, C = 20 mg, D = 25 mg, E = 30 mg,

Suppose the experiment was conducted and the researcher obtained following scores on the dependent variable.


;{uh 29H9

;{uh 29H9 (T)


B'N

b?fNB tor nkebg nzeVk

T[wo wjhfBnK ftZu

fdB

;'wH wzrbH p[ZXH thoH P[ZeoH e[ZbQ

13-14 8 10 4 6 10 38

11-12 8 2 4 14 15 43

9-10 12 10 6 5 9 42

7-8 5 4 12 14 3 38

5-6 3 7 12 7 10 39

36 33 38 46 47 200


;{uh 29H9 (n)

fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N

B'N

BshfinK dk ;ko nzP

ftuoD d/ ;o's SS Df Mean SS F

T[wo 4.4 4 1.1

fdB 30.8 4 7.7 2.26

T[guko (Drugs) 272.0 4 68.0 20.00

rbsh 40.8 12 3.4

fJ; soQK gqkgs BshfinK s'A ;gPN j[zdk j? fe n"PXh dh ftfGzB wksoktK dk u{fjnK dh fefonkPhbsk d/ ;so s/ nbZr^nbZr ;koEe gqGkt g?Adk j? feT[Afe T[gukoK d/ ftuoDK d/ nzso H01 ^ ;so s/ ;koEe jB. T[go'es T[dkjoD ftZu T[gukoK dk n?c^wkB (20H0) j? i' 4, 12 df s/ 01^;so s/ ;koEe j?. fJ; soQK Bshik fBebdk j? fe n"PXh u{fjnK dh fefonkPhbsk B{z gqGkfts eodh j?.

b?fNB tor nkebg d/ gq:'r

fJj nkebg T[; ;fEsh ftZu pj[s T[g:'rh j? fiZE/ P'Xeosk d' nfXnB tkb/ uoK d/ gqGkt B{z fB:zsfos eoBk ukj[zdk j?. fJj uo j[zd/ jB fijV/ nkfPqs uo Bkb ;zpzXs j[zd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z fB:zsfos BjhA ehsk iKdk sK BshfinK dh P[ZXsk ns/ t?Xsk ;zfdrX j' iKdh j?. fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z ;ztorheoD (blocking) d/ wkfXnw s'A fBPeoh ehsk iKdk j?.

iht^ftfrnkB ns/ n"PXh ftfrnkB ftZu L.S.D. dk pj[s wjZst j? feT[Afe fJBQK ftZu fJekJhnK d/ ftZu ;fEs nzsoK d/ gqGkt B{z ysw eoe/ n"PXh iK ;[szso uoK d/ gqGkt dk ihtK d/ fttjko s/ g?D tkb/ gqGktK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. ;ztorheoD d/ wkfXnw s'A fJBQK nfXnB tkb/ uoK d/ gqGkt B{z fJ; nkebg ftZu Iho' pDk fdZsk iKdk j?. fJBQK uoK s/ fJekJhnK B{z ;wkB pDke/ T[jBK B{z fJZe ;ztor ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK eJh ;ztor pDk e/ fJ; nkebg dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, i/eo Gkt ns/ neko (size) d/ nXko s/ ;ztor pDkT[D/ jB sK fJ; soQK pDBr/L

Size

tiB S'Nk wkfXnw TZ[uk

40 – 50 kg.

60 – 70 kg.

80 – 90 kg.

fJ; soQK, Gko ns/ neko d/ ftfGzB ;soK B{z ;szG ns/ gzeshnK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ gqGkt B{z gq:'r d[nkok fBPekf;s ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; dh d{ih T[g:'rsk T[gukoK ftZu eqw gqshs'be (counter balancing) ftZu j[zdh j? feT[Afe fit/Afe nZr/ tkbh ;{uh ftZu fdykfJnk frnk j?L


;{uh 29H9 (J)

;{uh 29H10


B'N

tiB eqw^1 eqw^2 eqw^3

;w{j^1 a3 a1 a2

;w{j^2 a1 a2 a3

;w{j^3 a2 a3 a1

T[go'es ;{uh s'A ;gPN j? fe jo/e T[guko eqw d/ nzsors ;wkB o{g s'A xfNs j[zdk j?.

g{oD ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j ns/ ;ztor nkebgK ns/ n?bH n?;H vhH nkebgK dh so[ZNh dh s[bBk

T[dkjoD y'i dh P[ZXsk ns/ t?Xsk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A n?bH n?;H vhH (b?fNB tor nkebg) g{oD ;w^;zGkfte^;w{j nkebg ns/ ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg d'jK s'A T[Zu j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu so[ZNh dk gfowkB (size of

error) T[jBK d'jK s'A xZN j?.

g{oD^;w^;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg so[ZNh & g{oD ftuoD (SST) ^ T[guko ftuoD (SSTr) ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg ftZu so[ZNh ^ SSTr – SSblocks i.e., SSTr – SSrows gozs{ n?bH n?;H vhH ftZu so[ZNh = SSTr – (SSrows + SScolumns).

;gPN j? fe n?bH n?;H vhH ftZu SScolumns d/ ekoB T[sgzB so[ZNh dk fJZe tkX{ Gkr xZN j' ikD ekoB T[j T[go'es d'jK dh s[bBk ftZu xZN j[zdh j?.

;w^;zGkfte torK dh ;[szso nGhftosh

fJ; nkebg ftZu ;[szso nzPK dh ewh j' iKdh j? feT[Afe ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK d'jK d/ df B{z SSw d/ df ftZu'A xNkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; ekoB fJj io{oh j[zdk j? fe finkdk df d/ Bkb SSW dk wkB eZfYnk ikt/. fJ; T[d/P dh g{osh bJh ;zg{oD gq:'r d/ fJbktk b?fNB torK dh ;[szso o{g s'A b?e/ nfGftosh (replication) ehsh ikt/. fJj b?fNB tor gfjbK tkb/ torK s'A ;[szso j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ ;w^;zGkfte ftXh s'A T[jBK dh u'D ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJBQK ;ko/ b?fNB torK B{z fJeZm/ fwbk e/ ftPb/PD eoB s/ df dh ;zfynk tZX iKdh j? ns/ finkdk P[ZX Bshi/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; d[nkok T[gukoK d/ gqGkt th finkdk ;gPN o{g s'A T[Go nkT[Ad/ jB. 29H9 ;ko nzP (Summary)

Nh^N/;N dh soQK fJj gqhfynk th fi; B{z n?c^N/;N th fejk iKdk j?, fJZe gquZb gqhfynk j?. fJj fJZe pj[s finkdk nfsT[fus gqhfynk j? fi; d/ nB/e gfotofss o{g jB ns/ fi; dk nB/e y'i go;fEshnK ftZu gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

„ftuoD‟ dk Pkpfde noE GkPk ftZu „nzso‟ j[zdk j?, gozs{ nzeVk ftfrnkB dh GkPk ftZu fJ; dk noE j[zdk j? “nzsoK d/ torK dk n";s.” fJj nzso wkgenzeK ns/ wZXwkB d/ ftZu bJ/ iKd/ jB.

nzso;w{j ftuoD T[j ftuoD j[zdk j? fijVk jo/e ;w{j d/ wZXwkB ns/ fszBK ;w{jK d/ ;w{fje wZXwkB d/ nzsoK d/ torK d/ i'V B{z N ^ 1 Bkb Gke eoB s/ nkT[Adk j?.

SSA/SSW B{z n?c^nB[gks (F-ratio) efjzd/ jB. ;o o'Bkbv fcPo d/ fJZe u/b/ ;B/v/e'o (Snedecor) B/ T[jBK d/ ;wkB ;o{g fJ; nB[gks B{z n?c (F) dk BKt fdZsk ;h.


;{uh 29H11

fJekJh^29L n?c^N/;N


1H ftuoD^ nzso, nzeVk ftfrnkB d/ nzsors gqkgs nzefVnK ftZu^nzsoK d/ torK dk n”;s.

2H nkebg^ ouBk, t/P, gqeko. 29H11 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H fJZe sock ftuoD ftPb/PD s'A eh ;wMd/ j'<

2H ;w^;zGkfte ;w{j nkebg eh j?< T[dkjoD ;fjs dZ;'.

3H g{BowkgXkoh nkebg s/ gqekP gkU.

iK

fJZe sock nB'tk dh T[dkjoD ;fjs ftnkfynk eo'.

4H d'^sock ftuoD ftPb/PD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< ft;sfos toDB eo'.

5H ;w^;zGkfte ;ztor nkebg fe; B{z efjzd/ jB< T[dkjoD ;fjs ;gPN eo'.

6H b?fNB tor nkebg (L.S.D.) B{z ;wMkU. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H gquZb 2H nzsoK d/ torK dk n";s 3H fJZe gk;V 4H (J) ;w{j

5H (n) P'X^;wZroh 6H (T) fB:zsoD 7H (n) b?fNB tor 29H12 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^30L y'i ypo dk b/yB (Preparation of Research Report)


T[d/P (Objectives)


30H1 toDB gq;s{sh dh o{go/yk (Format of the Thesis)

30H2 b/yB P?bh (Style of Writing)

30H3 ;{uhnK ns/ nkfeqshnK dh ouBk (Construction of Tables and Figures)

30H4 jtkbk ;wZroh dh gq;s{sh (Presentation of Reference Materials)

30H5 nzfsek dh gq;s{sh (Presentation of an Appendix)

30H6 ypo dk NzeB (Typing of Report)

30H7 ypo dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Report)





T[d/P (Objectives)


toDB gq;s{sh dh o{go/yk ns/ b/yB^P?bh B{z ;wMD ftZul

;{uhnK ns/ nkfeqshnK dh ouBk B{z ;wMD ftZul

jtkbk ;wZroh ns/ nzfsek dh gq;s{sh B{z ;wMD ftZul

ypo dk NzeB ns/ w[bnzeD B{z ;wMD ftZu.


y'i ekoi g{oD j' ikD d/ pknd ;zg{oD toDB P'X^gqpzX d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s eoBk j[zdk j?. P'X^gqpzX fe; o{g ftZu fsnko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu nzso okPNoh ;so s/ E'V/ j/o^c/o d/ Bkb ;otwkB fB:wK dk gkbD ehsk iKdk j?. P'Xeosk B{z fJBQK fB:wK ns/ ftXhnK dk frnkB j'Dk io{oh j?. fJBQK fB:wK ns/ ftXhnK d/ nB[;ko jh T[; B{z nkgDk P'X^gqpzX fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK dk toDB fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsk frnk j?. nfXnkJ/ dh ;zg{oD ;wZroh B{z fBwB fbys GkrK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?^

(T) fbfys toDB^gq;s{sh dh o{go/yk (Format of the Thesis)

(n) b/yB^P?bh (Style of Writing)

(J) ;{uhnK ns/ nkfeqshnK dh ouBk (Constructions of Tables and Figures)


fJekJh^30L y'i ypo dk b/yB

(;) jtkbk ;wZroh dh gq;s{sh (Presentation of Reference Material)

(j) nzfsek dh gq;s{sh (Presentation of Appendix)

(e) ypo dk NzeB (Typing of Report)

(y) ypo dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Report) 30H1 toDB gq;s{sh dh o{go/yk (Format of the Thesis)

fJ; d/ nzsors fJ; rZb dk toDB ehsk frnk j? fe y'i g{oD j' ikD s/ T[; d/ ;zg{oD toDB B{z fbfys o{g ftZu fe; soQK gq;s{s eoBk ukjhdk j? Gkt P'X^gqpzX dk fbfys neko^o{g (format) fet/A j'Dk ukjhdk j?. g{o/ P'X^gqpzX B{z fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A fBwBfbys GkrK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j?^

1H nkozGe io{osK

I. w[Zy ;ck (Title Page)

II. gqtkBrh gZso (Letter of Approval)

III. nfXeko^;thfeqsh (Acknowledgement)

IV. G{whek (Preface)

V. ftPk^t;s{ (Contents)

VI. ;koBh ;{uh (List of Tables)

VII. nkfeqshnK dh ;{uh (List of Figures)

2H w[Zy ftPk^t;s{

I. gfoPMG{wh (Introduction)

1H ;wZf;nk dk eEB (Statement of the Problem)

2H ;wZf;nk d/ T[d/P (Purpose of the Problem)

3H ;zpzXs y'iK dk ftPb/PD (Analysis of related Researchs)

4H gfoebgBktK dh nXkoG{s ntXkoDktK (Basic concepts of Hypothesis)

5H gfoebgBktK dk eEB (Statement of Hypothesis)

6H seBheh PpdK dh ftnkfynk (Describe of Technical Words).

II. ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk ;ot/yD

III. nfXnB dh ftXh ns/ gqfefonk

IV. nfXnB d/ Bshi/

V. nfXnB d/ BshfinK dh ftnkfynk

VI. ;ko nzP (;zg{oD toDB dk)

3H ;zdoG^;wZroh (;zdoG^rozEK dh ;{uh, nzfsek nkfd)

1H nkozGe io{osK

jo/e P'X^gqpzX ftZu y'i dk toDB eoB s'A gfjbK ftPtftfdnkb/ d/ fB:wK ns/ gqzgok d/

B'N



B'N nB[;ko e[ZM ;c/ n"ukfoesk d/ Bks/ i'Vb/ g?Ad/ jB. fJBQK ftZu w[Zy ;ck, gqtkBrh gZso, nfXeko^;thfeqsh, ftPk^t;s{ (nfXnkJ/^;{uh), ;koBh^;{uh ns/ nkfeqsh^;{uh d/ ;c/ Pkfwb j[zd/ jB.

I. w[ZY ;ck

fJ; ;c/ s/ i' ;{uBktK ofjzdhnK jB, T[j fJ; soQK j[zdhnK jB^ (i) ;wZf;nk dk f;ob/y, (ii) P'Xeosk dk Bkw (T[gkXhnK ;fjs), (iii) ;zekfJ ns/ T[; ftPtftfdnkb/ dk Bkw fiZE/ P'X^gqpzX T[g;Ekfgs ehsk ikDk j?, (iv) T[gkXh dk Bkw fi; d/ bJh P'X^gqpzX T[g;Ekfgs ehsk ikDk j?, (v) ;kb fi; ftZu T[; B{z T[g;Ekfgs ehsk ik fojk j?. fJBQK ;{uBktK B{z fe; soQK ;c/ s/ Nzfes ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu ftfPPN fB:w fJ; soQK jB^

(i) ;wZf;nk dk f;ob/y tZv/ nZyoK (Capital letters) ftZu Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. ;c/ d/ ftZu d'jK gk;/ pokpo jkfP:k SZfvnk iKdk j?. T[Zgo s'A 11$2" ;EkB SZfvnk iKdk j?. i/eo fJZe s'A finkdk gzeshnK dk f;ob/y j? sK T[; B{z vpb ;g/; ftZu ns/ fgokfwv d/ o{g ftZu Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. nrb/ ;c/ s/ fdZs/ rJ/ Bw{B/ B{z d/y'. fJj nzro/Ih ftZu j? gozs{ gzikph ftZu th fJ;h o{g ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

(ii) fJ; ;c/ dhnK j'o ;kohnK ;{uBktK d/ jo/e wjZstg{oD Ppdk gfjbk nZyo jh e?fgNb ftZu Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. nrb/ ;c/ s/ fdZs/ rJ/ Bw{B/ B{z d/y'.

gzikph ftZu e?fgNb nZyoK dk gqPB BjhA T[Zmdk. fJ; bJh ;wZf;nk^f;ob/y d/ E'V/ tZv/ NkJhg ftZu ns/ pkeh ;kohnK ;{uBktK B{z T[; s'A S'N/ NkJhg ftZu Nzfes ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJb/eNq'NkfJfgzr ftZu nfijh ftt;Ek ofjzdh j?. i/eo nfijh ftt;Ek BjhA j? sK ;wZf;nk^f;ob/y B{z o/yKes ehsk ik ;edk j?.

II. gqtkBrh gZso

i/eo ftPtftfdnkb/ d/ fB:wnB[;ko gqtkBrh^gZso B{z brkT[Dk io{oh j? sK T[; dh c'N'ekgh eoke/ T[; B{z T[;h o{g ftZu Ehf;; ftZu brkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY

FACTORS AND ADMINISTRATIVE EFFECTIVENESS

OF THE PRINCIPALS IN ORISSA

By

NARAYAN TRIPATHY

M.A. (Education), M.Phil, (Education),

Lecturer (Education)

Bhadark College, Orissa.

A THESIS

Submitted to the University of Meerut (U.P.)

In Fulfilment of the Requirement for the

Degree of Ph.D. in Education.



Supervised by

DR. R.P. BHATNAGAR

Retd. Professor and Head,

Department of Education,

Dean, Faculty for Education,

Meerut University, Meerut.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Institute of Advanced Studies

Meerut University (U.P.)

1984

TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III

LIST OF TABLES V

LIST OF FIGURES VII

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 3

Statement of the Problem 7

Objectives of the Study 8

Hypothesis of the Study 9

Significance of the Study 10

Definition of Terms 12

Scope of the Study 14

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 15

(Subdivisions as in the First Chapter)

III. METHOD AND PROCEDURE 40

IV. THE DATA AND THE RESULTS 82

V. INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 102

VI. IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

114

VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 135

BIBLIOGRAPHY 156

APPENDIX-A 177

APPENDIX-B 181

B'N

;koBh^;{uh nbZr fJZe ;c/ s/ Nzfes ehsh iKdh j?.



B'N LIST OF TABLES

Table

1. Mean and Standard Deviation of Group-A 30

2. Mean and Standard Deviation of Group-B 36

3. t-Values on All Variables between Group-A and Group-B 40

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1. I.Q. Distribution Curve of Boys 38

2. Comparative Bar-diagrams Showing Achievements of Boys and Girls 46

3. I.Q. Distribution Curve of Girls 58

4. Comparative Bar-diagram Showing I.Q. Distributions of Boys and Girls 60

nkfeqsh^;{uh nbZr ;c/ s/ Nzfes ehsh iKdh j?.

III. nfXeko^;thfeqsh ;ck ns/ G{whek

jo/e P'X^gqpzX ftZu gqtkBrh^gZso d/ pknd fJZe iK d' ;fcnK ftZu nfXeko^;thfeqsh ns/ G{whek ofjzd/ jB. G{whek d/ nzsors pj[s ;zy/g ftZu P'X d/ T[d/PK ns/ ft;sko (scope) dk T[b/y eoBk j[zdk j?. T[; d/ pknd fiBQK b'eK s'A P'X^ekoi ftZu wjZstg{oD ;jkfjsk fwbh j?, T[jBK d/ gqsh P[eokBk ftnes ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ nfXeko^;thfeqsh tXk^uVQke/ eoBk uzrh BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk. fJj ukgb{;h BjhA bZrDh ukjhdh. t;s{fBPm j'Dh ukjhdh j?. id'A sZe io{oh Bk j't/ nfXeko^;thfeqsh ns/ G{whek B{z nbZr^nbZr Bk oZye/ fJeZm/ jh fbfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

IV. ftPk^t;s{

fJ; d/ pknd Ehf;; ftZu T[j ;c/ ofjzd/ jB fiBQK ftZu fJj do;kfJnk iKdk j? fe ;zg{oD P'X^gqpzX ftZu feZE/ eh ehsk j?. fJ; d/ pknd gfjb/ ;c/ s/ T[Zgo s'A fJZe fJzu SZv e/ ns/ ;c/ d/ ftZu'^ftZu ftPk^;{uh (i/eo gzikph ftZu j't/ sK) iK N/fpb nkc ezBN/AN; (Table of

Contents) i/eo nzrq/Ih ftZu j? sK Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. T[; d/ fBZu/ fJZe fJzu ;EkB SZv e/ yZp/ gk;/ e?fgNb nZyoK ftZu gqtkBrh^gZso (Approval sheet), nfXeko^;thfeqsh ns/ G{whek (Acknowledgement and Preface) nkfd ns/ nfXnkfJnK ns/ ;zdoG^rozEK dh ;{uh (Bibliography) nkfd f;oby jo/e d' d/ ftZu vpb ;g/; d/ e/ Nzfes ehsk iKd/ jB. i/eo nzrq/Ih ftZu P'X^gqpzX j? sK fiZE'A nfXnkJ/ (chapters) nkozG j[zd/ jB, T[; d/ T[Zgo f;ob/y u?Ngo (Chapter) Nzfes ehsk iKdk j? fi; dk e/tb gfjbk nZyo jh e?fgNb j[zdk j?. jo/e f;ob/y d/ ;kjwD/ ;Zi/ gk;/ T[; dk ;ck ;zfynk j[zdh j?. ;ck ;zfynk fiZE'A nkozG j[zdk j?, T[; d/ 1$2" T[Zgo f;ob/y (page) Nzfes j[zdk j? fi; dk gfjbk nZyo jh e?fgNb j[zdk j?. gzikph ftZu e?fgNb dk gqPB BjhA T[Zmdk.

gqtkBrh^gZso s'A b?e/ nkfeqshnK dh ;{uh sZe ;fcnK dh ;zfynk o'wB nzeK ftZu (Gkt I, II,

III, IV nkfd) ns/ T[; d/ pknd ;ko/ ;fcnK dh ;zfynk noph nzeK ftZu gkJh iKdh j?. ;zdoG^rozE^;{uh ns/ nzfsek dh ;{ck^;zfynk th ;zg{oD P'X^gqpzX dh ;ck^;zfynk ftZu jh nZr/ uZbdh ubh iKdh j?.

nfXnkfJnK d/ f;ob/y e?fgNb ftZu, gozs{ T[jBK d/ T[gGkrK d/ f;ob/y S'N/ nZyoK ftZu (nozGe nZyo e?fgNb ftZu) Nzfes ehs/ iKd/ jB. jo/e f;ob/y dh ;ck^;zfynk T[jh j'Dh ukjhdh j? i' Ehf;; ftZu j? ns/ f;ob/y dh Ppdktbh th mhe T[jh j'Dh ukjhdh j? i' Ehf;; ftZu j?.



f;ob/yK ftZu fiZE/ sZe ;zGt j't/ fJZe jh gzesh j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ T[jBK dh tke^;zouBk fJZe' fijh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. ftPk^;{uh (content) ;c/ ck Bw{Bk fgSb/ ;c/ s/ fdZsk frnk j?.

V. ;koBh^;{uh

ftPk^;{uh (content) d/ pknd T[j ;c/ j[zd/ jB fiBQK s/ ;koBhnK dh ;{uh gq;s{s ehsh iKdh j?. ;{uhnK ns/ nkfeqshnK dh ;{uh nbZr^nbZr ;fcnK s/ Nzfes ehsh iKdh j?. T[; d/ nzsors fijVhnK ;{uBktK gq;s[s ehshnK iKdhnK jB, T[j jB^ (i) ;koBh iK nkfeqsh dh eqw^;zfynk (P'X^gqpzX d/ nB[;ko) fijVh noph nzeK ftZu Nzfes ehsh iKdh j?, (ii) ;koBh dk f;ob/y, (iii) T[; ;c/ dh ;zfynk fi; s/ T[j P'X^gqpzX ftZu T[gbpX j?. fgSb/ ;fcnK s/ fJBQK d/ Bw{B/ fdZs/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK B{z d/y'.

2H w[Zy^ftPk t;s{

B'N

B'N; P'X^gqpzX d/ w[Zy^ftPk^t;s{ ftZu y'i ekoi dk toDB ehsk iKdk j?. fJj Gkr th

w[Zy o{g s'A gVQB:'r ns/ ;EkJh wjZst dk jzdk j?.

fJ; d/ nzsors w{b o{g s'A S/ nfXnkJ/ nkT[Ad/ jB (i) gfoPmG{wh, G{whek iK ftPk^gqt/P (Introduction), (ii) ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk ;ot/yD, (iii) nfXnB^ftXh, gqfefonk iK nfGebg (Design of the study), (iv) P'X^;wZroh dk ftPb/PD, Bhsik ns/ T[jBK dh ftnkfynk, (v) BshfinK dh T[g:'rsk ns/ nrbh y'i ;zpzXh ;[Mkn ns/ (vi) ;ko nzP.

I. gfoPmG{wh

fJ; d/ nzsors P'Xeosk ;zg{oD gfoPmG{wh gq;s{s eodk j? Gkt T[j fJ; rZb s/ gqekP gkT[Adk j? fe ;wZf;nk dh T[dGktBk fe; soQK j'Jh, T[j ;zpzXs y'iK s'A fe; soQK fGzB j?, T[; dk ft;sfos noE eh j?, T[; d/ uo fejV/^fejV/ jB, T[; dk noE eh j?, ;wZf;nk d/ T[d/P eh jB, T[;dhnK gfoebgBktK eh jB, T[; dk ft;sko^y/so (scope) eh j?, T[; dk wjZst eh j? nkfd.

II. ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk ;ot/yD

fJ; d/ nzsors ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzXs fizBk th ;kfjs T[gbpX j?, T[; dk nfXnB eoe/ fiZE/ io{oh j't/ T[; dk T[b/y ehsk iKdk j?. e[ZM f;Zfynkftd fJ; dk T[b/y g{o/ P'X^gqpzX ftZu fiZE/^fiZE/ th T[;dk T[b/y eoBk io{oh ns/ ;koEe ;wfMnk ikt/, T[ZEh^T[Zeh eoB d/ gZy ftZu jB ns/ fJZe nbZr nfXnkJ/ T[; d/ bJh pDkT[D B{z T[fus BjhA ;wMd/. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fJj T[fus j? iK T[j nfijk Bk ;'u e/ P'Xeosk Bz{ nkgD/ P'X^wkordoPB d/ ws nB[;ko ekoi eoBk ukjhdk j?. i/eo nbZr fJZe nfXnkJ/ pDkfJnk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z eJh gfogq/yK ftZu tzv e/ ftfGzB T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh T[; dk T[b/y eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;wZf;nk d/ y/so ftZu j'J/ fgSbhnK y'iK dk nfXnB eoe/ fJj dZ;Dk ukjhdk j? fe feBQK^feBQK gZyK B{z b?e/ ns/ fe;^fe; soQK dhnK y'iK j' u[ZehnK jB, T[jBK d/ Bshi/ feZE'A sZe ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB gq;s{s eod/ jB iK gqPBK d/ T[Zso y'i u[Ze/ jB, nZr/ j'o y'i eoB dh fezBh, feT[A ns/ fe; fdPk ftZu io{os j?. T[; ;koh gfoPmG{wh ftZu gq;skfts P'X dk eh wjZst j?, ;wZf;nk dhnK gfoebgBktK B{z ;zpzXs ;kfjs fe; soQK soeg{oD nXko gq;s{s eodk j?, gfoebgBktK d/ uoK B{z ;zpzXs ;kfjs ftZu fe; soQK gfoGkfPs ehsk frnk j?, T[jBK dk wkg fe; soQK ehsk frnk j? nkfd nB/e gfjb{ jB fiBQK dh ftnkfynk eoB ftZu ;zpzXs ;kfjs ns/ ;{uBktK d/ ;ot/yD s'A pj[s bkG j' ;edk j?. fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu eh j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;zg{oD ;wZroh dk rmB fe; soQK ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu e'Jh fBPfus o{go/yk BjhA j' ;edh. fJj pj[s e[ZM ;wZf;nk d/ gqeko s/ fBoGo eodk j?.



B'N III. nfXnB dh ftXh ns/ gqfefonk P'X

gqpzX d/ fsZi/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu y'i dh ;zg{oD gqfefonk dk toDB ehsk iKdk j?. P'Xeosk ;jh^;jh ns/ ft;sko Bkb fbydk j? fe y'i fe; soQK ehsk rJh j?. fJ; d/ nzsors izB;zfynk dh gfoGkPk, fBnkdoP dh u'D dh ftXh, uoK dh gfoGkPk, T[jBK dk wkg bJh gq:'r ehshnK rJhnK gqhfynktK dk toDB, ;{uBktK d/ ftPb/PD dh ftXh nkfd dk ft;sko Bkb toDB ehsk iKdk j?. ehêh fbfynk ikt/rk, fJj pj[s e[ZM fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe nfXnB fe; soQK dk j?. ftP/P fXnkB d/D dh rZb fJj j? fe e'Jh io{oh ikDekoh S[NDh BjhA ukjhdh j?. gkmeK d / wB ftZu gVQB ;w/A fJj gqPB BjhA T[ZmDk ukjhdk fe „fJj fet/A ehsk‟.

IVH ;{uBktK dk ftPb/PD ns/ Bshik

;XkoD s"o s/ P'X^gqpzX d/ u"E nfXnkJ/ ftZu P'X^;wZroh ns/ ;{uBktK dk ftPb/PD ns/ P'X^BshfinK B{z gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. fJj ;zg{oD P'Xêkoi dk gqw[Zy Gkr j[zdk j?. P'X^;wZroh r[Dkswe iK ;zfynkswe fe;h th soQK dh iK d'jK soQK dh j' ;edh j?. T[; dh gq;s{sh d/ ftP/ ftZu e'Jh fBPfus fB:w iK gqfefonk dk T[b/y eoBk T[fus BjhA j't/rk feT[Afe fJj fJ; soQK fBoGo eodk j? fe ;wZf;nk fe; soQK dh j? ns/ ;zpzXs P'X^;wZroh fe; soQK dh j?. fJZe ;XkoD ;[Mkn fJj j? fe ;wZrohdh gq;s{sh ns/ T[; dk ftPb/PD gfoebgBktK d/ eqwnB[;ko j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gfoebgBk dk eEB eoe/ fJj dZ;Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[; d/ gqhyD bJh fe; soQK dhnK ;{uBktK ns/ ;wZroh fJeZso ehshnK rJhnK jB. T[; dh ;jh Yzr Bkb ;koBh d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{sh eoBh ukjhdh j?. T[; d/ pknd T[; dk ftPb/PD fe; soQK ehsk frnk ns/ Bshik eh nkfJnk fJ; dk T[b/y eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[;h d/ eqw ftZu Bshi/ dh ftnkfynk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. ftnkfynk Gkt Bshik dh ;koEesk dk fBo{gD fJZe w[Pfeb ekoi j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu P'Xeosk B{z do;kJh ftXh, gqfefonk dhnK nkgDhnK ewhnK, ;wZroh d/ ;zrqfj ftZu j'JhnK so[ZNhnK, g{ot ftZu y'iK d[nkok T[gbpX BshfinK nkfd B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ ns/ T[jBK dk T[b/y eod/ j'J/ fJj eEB eoBk j[zdk j? fe gqkgs Bshik feZE/ sZe soeg{oD, ;zGkfts ns/ gquZbs j?. i/eo j'o y'iK d/ BshfinK s'A fGzB e'Jh Bshik nkfJnk j? sK fJj T[b/y eoBk th io{oh j? fe nfijk feT[A j?.

V. nZr/ nkT[D tkbh y'i ;zpzXh ;[Mkn ns/ BshfinK dh T[g:'rsk

e'Jh th y'i nkgD/^nkg ftZu g{oD BjhA j[zdh. fJ; soQK P'Xeosk fJ; ekoi d/ ftZu eJh tko fJj nB[Gt eodk j? fe i/eo T[; B{z d{ih soQK ehsk iKdk j?, d{ih soQK dhnK ;{uBktK fJeZso ehshnK iKdhnK, tZv/ fBnkdoP dh u'D ehsh iKdh iK fGzB izB;zfynk B{z b?e/ P'X ehsh iKdh, ftPb/PD dh fe;h d{ih ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk sK finkdk uzrk j[zdk. fJ;h soQK y'iêkoi d/ ftZu e[ZM BthnK P'X^;wZr;nktK T[; d/ fdwkr ftZu T[Go ;edhnK jB. gozs{ T[j nkgD/^nkg j[D Bk sK d{ih ;wZf;nk s/ y'i eo ;edk j? ns/ Bk T[; dh gqfefonk ftZu e'Jh gfotosB eo ;edk j?. fJ; soQK P'X^gqpzX d/ nfXnBÎV ftZu jh iK fJZe nbZr nfXnkJ/^V pDke/ T[; ftZu fJBQK B{z gq;s{s eodk j?. fJ;h d/ eqw ftZu T[;h nfXnkJ/ ftZu gqkgs Bshi/ fe; soQK f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu T[g:'rh j' ;ed/ jB, T[; dk T[b/y eodk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fJ;d/ bJh fJZe nbZr nfXnkJ/ oZyDk jh finkdk T[fus ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

VI. ;ko nzP ns/ f;ZNk

fJj P'X^gqpzX dk nkyoh nfXnkJ/ j[zdk j?. fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftZu P'Xeosk ;zg{oD P'X^gqpzX dh ekoi^gqDkbh ns/ ;ko/ nfXnkfJnK dk (e/tb nfXnkJ/ÎI B{z SZve/) ;ko nzP gq;s{s eodk j?. fJjh nfXnkJ/ j? fijVk pj[s finkdk gfVQnk iKdk j?. gqhye th gfjbK fJ;h B{z gVQdk j?. nfXnkJ/ÎI ftZu ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk ;ot/yD j[zdk j?. T[; dk nbZr s'A ;ko nzP gq;s{s eoBk io{oh BjhA j[zdk. T[; B{z ;zy/g ftZu ;wZ;fnkêEB d/ Bkb jh fbyDk j[zdk j?. fJj 15 s'A 20 ;fcnK ftZu fbfynk ikDk io{oh j[zdk j?.



e[ZM P'Xeosk fJ;h nfXnkJ/ B{z ;ko (abstract) d/ o{g ftZu T[Zg;Ekfgs (submit) eo fdzd/ jB. n;b ftZu ;ko „;ko nzP ns/ f;ZN/‟ tkb/ nfXnkJ/ s'A fGzB j[zdk j?. ;ko (abstract) brGr 600 PpdK ftZu fbyD dk fB:w j?. ftPtftfdnkb/ d/ fB:w nB[;ko fJ; dh nbZr s'A uko^gzi gqfsnK wzrhnK iKdhnK jB. fe;h^fe;h irQk P'X^gqpzX d/ nkozG ftZu jh fJ; B{z i'V d/D dh gqEk j?. fJ; dk T[d/P gkme B{z e/tb fJj dZ;Dk j[zdk j? fe P'X fe; ftP/ s/ j? ns/ T[; B{z gkme B{z ;zg{oD o{g ftZu gVQBk ukjhdk j? iK BjhA.

3H ;zdoG ;wZroh

S/ d/ S/ nfXnkfJnK d/ ysw j' ikD d/ pknd T[;h d/ eqw ftZu ;zdoG^;wZRoh B{z P'X^gqpzX ftZu Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ nzsors gfjbK ;zdoG^rozE ;{uh gq;s{s ehsh iKdh j?. T[; d/ pknd T[;h eqw ftZu nzfsek gq;s{s ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK B{z fe; soQK fbfynk ns/ gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?, fJ; dk ft;sko Bkb T[b/y nZr/ ehsk frnk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H y'i ekoi g{ok j'D s/ ;zg{oD toDB HHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s eoBk j[zdk j?.

2H ;wZf;nk dk f;ob/y tZv/ PpdK ftZu HHHHHHHH ehsk iKdk j?.

3H jo/e P'X gqpzX ftZu gqtkBrh gZso d/ pknd nfXeko^;thfeqsh ns/ HHHHHHHH j[zd/ jB.

4H gqtkBrh gZso s'A b?e/ nkfeqshnK dh ;{uh sZe ;fcnK dh ;zfynk HHHHHHHHH nzeK ftZu gkJh iKdh j?.

30H2 b/yB P?bh (Style of Writing)

g{ot tkb/ yzv^T ftZu fJj dZf;nk frnk j? fe P'X^gqpzX ftZu feZE/, eh fbfynk iKdk j?. fJ; yzv ftZu fJj dZ;D dk gfonk; ehsk frnk j? fe T[; ;ko/ B{z fe; soQK fbyDk ukjhdk j?.

y'i dh ypo iK P'X^gqpzX y'i dh fJZe ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh fog'oN j[zdh j?. T[; B{z ftP/PZr jh gVQd/ jB fijV/ fJ; rZb B{z uzrh soQK ikDd/ jB fe T[; ftZu feZE/, eh ns/ fe; Yzr Bkb fbfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK fJBQK ftP/PZrK d/ fdqPNhe'D B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ jh P'X^gqpzX fbfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?. nzso okPNoh ;so s/ wkBsk gqkgs fBod/fPektK (e?wgp/b, 1954l vrv/b, 1962 s[okfpnB, 1960) ftZu fJBQK fdqPNhe'DK dh ikD^gfjukD fwb ;edh j?. jo/e P'Xeosk B{z P'X^gqpzX fbyDk nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK fJBQK ftZu'A fe;h fJZe B{z uzrh soQK gVQ e/ T[;h d/ fBod/PK dk nkozG s'A nzs sZe gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?. e[ZM ;XkoD ;[Mkn fBZu/ gq;s{s ehs/ rJ/ jB^

1H b/yB^P?bh sZEnXkfos, t;s{fBPm, soeg{oD ns/ f;ZXh^f;ZXh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. x[wk^fcok e/ rZb B{z efjDk, T[; dk sZEK s/ nXkfos Bk j'Dk, ;zt/re ns/ Gkt[eskg{oD j'Dk, nkgDh rZb B{z efjD ftZu pj[s finkdk gqfsoZfyne (defensive) j'Dk, gkmeK B{z io{oh o{g s'A gqGkfts eoB dk gfonk; P?bh ftZu nfGftnes j'Dk^fJj ;G b/yB^P?bh d/ d'P wzB/ iKd/ jB.

2H b/yB^P?bh ftZu P'Xeosk dh ftd[sk, T[; dk v[zxk seBheh nfXnB, b/yB^e"Pb ns/ GkPk^wip{sh (geV) dk nfj;k; ;gPN MbeDk ukjhdk j?. 3H toDB dk ;zrmB^ jo/e nfXnkJ/ d/ ;zg{oD toDB dk ;zrmB eqwpZX ns/ bVhpZX j'Dk ukjhdk j? Gkt gfjbK T[; B[z e[ZM gqw[Zy yzvK ftZu tzvDk ukjhdk j?. gqw[Zy yzv d/ f;ob/y B{z ;c/ d/ e/Ado ftZu ns/ T[ZgyzvK d/ f;ob/yK B{z yZp/ gk;/ jkPhJ/ ftZu fbyDk ukjhdk j?. jo yzr ns/ T[gyzv d/ nzsors T[;h Bkb ;zpzXs toDB nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. jo yzv ns/ T[Zgyzv ftukoK dk

B'N



B'N ;zrmB th eqwpZX o{g ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j? Gkt fijVk ftuko fi; d/ gfjbK iK pknd ftZu nkT[Dk ukjhdk j? T[; B{z T[;h o{g ftZu fbyDk ukjhdk j?. e'Jh rZb fe;h EK fby fdZsh, e'Jh fe;h d{ih irQk, nfijk BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. ;zpzXs ftuko fJZe jh ;EkB s/ ns/ T[;h eqw ftZAu nkT[D/ ukjhdk jB fi; eqw ftZu T[j fJZe^d{i/ Bkb ;zpzXs jB. fJj ;zpzX^eqs (coherence) b/yB^P?bh dk pj[s io{oh gZy j?. jo/e yzv iK T[Zgyzv dk fJZe w{b ftuko (theme) j[zdk j?. T[;h B{z e/Ado ftZu oZye/ ;ko/ ftukoK dk T[; d/ fJod^frod eqwnB[;ko ;zrmB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. jo yzv ns/ T[Zgyzv ftZu toDB dh, ftukoK dh, sZEK dh, soeK dh soQK io{oh j?, fJZe bVh fijh pD ikDh ukjhdh j?. Bkb jh T[j fJzBh ;zrms j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe T[; dh fJZe eVh th ftZu'A fBeb/ sK bVh d/ N[ZND dk nfj;k; so[zs j' ikt/.

4H GkPk^ y'i ypo dk T[d/P j[zdk j? gkmeK B{z y'i dh t;s{fBPm ikDekoh d/Dk. GkPk fJ; ikDekoh dk :'r wkfXnw j?. fJ; soQK T[j nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe nkgD/ fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh ftZu ;cb j' ;e/. feT[Afe y'i ypo dk T[d/P t;s{fBPm ikDekoh d/Dk j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh ;fjfse nbzekoe GkPkdk gq:'r, efbPN GkPk dk gq:'r, w[Pfeb PpdK dk gq:'r, bZS/dko GkPk dk gq:'r, nfij/ PpdK dk gq:'r fijV/ gqubB ftZu BjhA jB, bzp/^bzp/ tkeK dk gq:'r BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. fJ; soQK dh GkPk ftukoK ns/ sZEK B{z ;wMD ftZu w[Pfeb g?dk eodh j?. GkPk ;ob, ;gPN ns/ f;ZXh^f;ZXh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi; dnkok nfXnB ;zpzXh rZb s[ozs ;wM ftZu nk ikt/ ns/ rbscfjwh s'A pfunk ik ;e/. i/eo fe;h nfij/ Ppd iK nfijh ;zebgBk dk gq:'r io{oh j't/ fi; d/ ftP/ ftZu bZr/ fe T[; B{z ;wMDk w[Pfeb j't/rk sK T[ZEh T[; B{z d'^fszB tkeK ftZu ;gPN eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

5H ;zs[bB ns/ ftfPPNheoD^ ;zg{oD ypo dh toDB^;wZroh dh gq;s{sh ftZu ;zs[bB j'Dk io{oh j? Gkt toDB d/ ftfGzB yzvK, T[gyzvK GkrK nkfd B{z fizB/ ft;Eko Bkb fbyD dh io{os j?, T[B/ jh ft;sko Bkb fbyDk ukjhdk j?. fe;h fJZe nfXnkJ/ B{z pj[s ft;Eko Bkb ns/ d{i/ B{z p/b'VhAd/ o{g s'A ;zy/g ftZu fbyDk ypo ftZu n;zs[bB g?dk eodk j?. fJj ;zs[bB jo/e nfXnkJ/ d/ nzdo th pfDnk ofjDk io{oh j?. fe;h pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD gZy B{z nZm^dZ; gzeshnK ftZu fbye/ ysw eo d/Dk ns/ ;XkoD gZy B{z eJh ;fcnK ftZu fbyDk th n;zs[bB d/ T[dkjoD jB. ypo ftZu e[ZM ftuko^fpzd{ iK Ppd iK eEB nfij/ j[zd/ jB fijV/ ftfPPN j[zd/ jB. T[jBK s/ pB d/D dh io{os j[zdh j? sKfe T[j gkme dk fXnkB nkfeqPs eo ;eD. fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z o/yKfes, tZv/ nZyoK ftZu iK fGzB neko d/ NkJhg ftZu fbyDk j[zdk j?. fJ; ftfPPNheoD dh gqfefonk ftZu th ;zs[bB j'Dk io{oh j?. fiZE/ pb d/Dk io{oh j?, T[ZEh fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. wjZstjhD ftukoK, eEBK, PpdK, s/ pb d/Dk T[fus BjhA j?.

6H ftukoK dh J/esk ns/ ;gPNsk^ ypo d/ ;zg{oD toDB ftZu ftukoK ns/ ;wZroh dh J/esk ns/ ;gPNsk j'Dh pj[s io{oh j?. y'i d/ fe;h fJZe gZy Bkb ;zpzXs ;ko/ ftuko fJZe' irQk nkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. i/eo gfogq/y fJZe gqhfynk d/ fBowkD dk j? sK T[; dk g{ok toDB fsZi/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu fJZe jh ;EkB s/ nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. irQk^irQk s/ T[;h nfXnkJ/ ftzu iK j'o nfXnkfJnK ftZu T[; Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZroh fpyoh j'Jh BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh j?. toDB^gq;s{sh dh fJj J/esk ypo dh ;gPNsk B{z tXkT[Adh j?. ;gPNsk ypo^b/yB dh ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD ftP/Psk j[zdh j?.

7H e[ZM j' ;[Mkn^ ypo d/ b/yD ftZu P'Xeosk B{z fBwB fbys rZbK B{z th fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?^

(i) ypo fbyD ftZu j'o g[oy dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, Gkt “P'Xeosk B? nB[Gt ehsk”, “w?B nB[Gt ehsk” BjhA.

(ii) Ypo d/ w{bgkm (text) ftZu Ppd^;zy/gK (abbreviations) dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. c[NB'N, ;zdoG^rqzE^;{uh ns/ nzfsek ns/ ;koBh nkfd ftZu T[jBK dk gq:'r tofis BjhA j?.



(iii) gqshPs B{z PpdK ftZu fbfynk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK (#) BjhA.

(iv) tke d/ nkozG ftZu ;zfynk B{z PpdK ftZu fbfynk iKdk j?, nzeK ftZu BjhA.

(v) T[j ;zfynk fijVh 100 s'A xZN j[zdh j?, PpdK ftZu fbyh iKdh j?, nzeK ftZu BjhA.

(vi) G?okrqkc d/ ftZu i/eo ftukoK B{z eqw;zfynk d/Dh j[zdh j? sK T[; eqw ;zfynk B{z e'Pm ftZu fbfynk iKdk j?, Gkt (3) iK (J).

(vii) i' e[ZM P'Xeosk iK j'o ftneshnK d[nkok gfjbK ehsk ik u[Zek j? T[; d/ T[b/y eod/ ;w/A G{sekb dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, Gkt “fBnkdoP dh u'D” ;w;zGkfte ftXh d[nkok ehsk frnk ;h ns/ fJj Bro d/ 110 ftfdnkfbnK s/ nXkofos ;h.”

(viii) gozs{ id'A gq;s{s ;koBh, P'X d/ gq;s{s Bshi/ ns/ g{ot ;Ekfgs ns/ ;oGgqtkBs sZEK, fB:wK ns/ f;XKsK d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[b/y ehsk iKdk j? sK toswkB ekb dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, Gkt “fJ; ;koBh s'A ;gPN j?”, “;feBo dk g{BopbB dk f;Xks fJ; rZb tZb ;ze/s eodk j?”, “ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ fJj Bshik fBebdk j?” nkfd.

30H3 ;koBhnK ns/ nkfeqshnK dh ouBk (Construction of Tables and Figures)

jo/e y'i ypo ftZu ;koBhnK ns/ nkfeqshnK dk ftP/ d/ ;gPNheoD d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A pj[s wjZst j[zdk j?. fijVh rZb eJh g?okrqkc ftZu ;wkJh ik ;edh j? T[j fJZe ;koBh d/ d[nkok jh ;gPN j' iKdh j?. fJjh rZb nkfeqshnK d/ ftZP/ ftZu th ejh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh ;koBhnK ns/ feqshnK B{z ypo ftZu fe; soQK, NkJhg eokT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; rZb B{z P'Xeosk d/ bJh ikDBk io{oh j?. (1) ;koBhnK ;zpzXh fB:w^ ;koBhnK dh ouBk Bkb ;zpzXs e[ZM fB:w fJ; soQK jB^

(i) fJZe ;[ofus ;koBh ftZu pj[s ;ko/ go;go ;zpzXs sZEK B{z fJ; soQK Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j? fe T[j fe;h fJZe w[Zy ftuko B{z gqdofPs eo ;eD, Gkt^fJZe fBnkdoP dhnK eJh ftP/PsktK B{z (fit/A, e[ZbQ fJekJhnK dh ;zfynk, ftfdnkfbnK dh ;zfynk w[zv/^w[VhnK dh ;zfynk, T[jBK ;kfonK d/ ftfGzB gqhfynktK d/ wkgenze nkfd) fJZe ;h ;koBh ftZu do;kfJnk ik ;edk j?. i/eo fJBQK dk toDB ehsk ikt/ sK g{ok fJZe g?okrqkc fbyDk gt/rk.

(ii) ;koBh fJ; soQK pDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j? fe T[; dk nfXnB eoB s/ jo/e rZb

nkgD/^nkg ;wM ftZu nk ikt/ Gkt T[; B{z ;t?^ftnkfynkswe (self-explanatory) j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

(iii) ;XkoD ns/ ;ob ;zfynkswe sZEK B{z gkmt;s{ (text) d/ nzdo jh toDkswe yzr s'A fby d/Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; d/ bJh ;koBh pDkT[D dk e'Jh bkG BjhA j[zdk, Gkt “e[ZbQ 120 ftfdnkfbnK ftZu'A 40 ftfdnkfbnK dh u'D ehsh rJh ns/ fJBQK 40 ftu'A jo/e ftfdnkb/ s'A 10 gqshPs fJekJhnK dh u'D ehsh rJh.” fJzB/ ;ob ;Zu B{z gqdofPs eoB d/ bJh ;koBh dk fBowkD eoBk T[fus BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk.

(iv) e[ZM ;XkoD soQK d/ nzeVk ftfrnkB sZEK B{z gkmt;s{ d/ eqw ftZu jh fJZe nBn"gukfoe ;koBh (fi; ftZu ;koBh dk f;ob/y, ;szG ns/ gzeshnK nkfd BjhA j[zd/) d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. fJZe tke fbye/ ns/ T[jBK d/ pknd e'bB brke/ T[; d/ fBZu/ T[; B{z gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?, Gkt^e[ZbQ w[zv/^e[VhnK dh ;zfynk fijVh fJBQK fszBK gqhfynktK ftZu Pkfwb j't/, fJ; soQK ;h^

B'N



B'N w[zv/ e[VhnK e[ZbQ

p[ZXh gqhfynk 170 180 250

nGho{uh 190 80 270

ftnefsZst 150 100 250

510 360 770

fJ;h soQK dh ;koBh dk ftPk^;{uh (content) ftZu T[b/y BjhA ehsk iKdk

(v) fi; tke ftZu ;zdoG d/ o{g ftZu ;koBh tZb ;ze/s ehsk iKdk j?, T[;h tke d/ pknd ;koBh gq;s{s ehsh iKdh j?, T[; s'A gfjbK edh th gq;s{s BjhA ehsh iKdh.

(vi) i/eo ;koBh fJzBh tZvh j? fe T[; tke d/ pknd T[j pkeh ;c/ s/ BjhA nk ;edh sK T[; B{z nkyoh g?okrqkc d/ ysw j[zd/ jh nrb/ ;c/ s/ gq;s{s eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(vii) i/eo ;koBh nZX/ ;c/ s'A tZvh j? sK T[; B{z fJeZb/ jh g{o/ ;c/ s/ ftukb/ gq;s{s ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

(viii) fijVhnK ;koBhnK fJZe ;c/ s'A th tZvhnK j'D T[jBK B{z nzfsek ftZu gq;s[s eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(ix) ;zg{oD ypo ftZu nkozG s'A nzs sZe (nzfsek B{z th Pkfwb eod/ j'J/) ;kohnK ;koBhnK dh eqw^;zfynk brksko eqw ftZu gkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.

(x) ;koBh dh eqw^;zfynk fbyD dhnK d' ftXhnK jB. fJZe ftZu ;G s'A T[Zgo e/tb ;koBh fbye/ T[; d/ nZr/ noph nzeK ftZu T[;dh eqw^;zfynk fbyh iKdh j? ns/ T[; d/ fBZu/ ;EkB SZv e/ T[; dk f;ob/y fbfynk iKdk j?. f;ob/y d/ nzs ftZu fe;h th ftXh ftZu e'Jh ftokw^fuzBQ BjhA brkfJnk iKdk j?. i/eo ;koBh nzrq/Ih ftZu j? sK N/fpb (TABLE) ns/ fBZu/ T[;dk f;ob/y d'B' e?fgNb nZyoK ftZu Nzfes ehsk iKd/ jB. i/eo f;ob/y fJZe gzesh s'A tZvk j? sK T[; B{z f;zrb ;g/; ftZu ns/ T[bN/ fgokfwv d/ o{g ftZu Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. d{ih ftXh ftZu ;koBh dh eqw^;zfynk nbZr fJZe bkJhB ftZu oZye/ f;ob/y tkbh gzesh d/ jh nkozG ftZu fby fdZsk iKdk j?, Gkt^

;koBh 10^;w{j^T d/ p[ZXh^gqhyD^wkgenze

(xi) ;koBh d/ ;szGK ns/ gzeshnK d/ f;ob/yK B{z pj[s ;zy/g ftzu fbyDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK dh eqw^;zfynk e'Pm ftZu T[jBK d/ fBZu/ fbyDh ukjhdh j?. i/eo f;ob/y tZv/ j'D sK T[jBK B{z u"V/ gk;/ s'A (broadside) Nzfes ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(xii) ;koBh ;zpzXh c[NB'N ;koBh d/ mhe fBZu/ nZXk fJZu ;EkB SZv e/ Nzfes ehs/ iKd/ jB, ;c/ d/ nzs ftZu fBZu/ BjhA.

;ktXkBh nzfsek ftZu th w[Vh j'Jh ;koBh (folded table) BjhA brkT[Dh ukjhdh, T[; B{z

c'N'ekgh d[nkok S'N/ neko ftZu gfotofss eok b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

(xiii) ;szGK d/ f;ob/yK d/ T[Zgo fJZe d'joh iK w'Nh fysi o/yk ns/ T[jBK d/ fBZu/ f;zrb o/yk fyZuh iKdh j?. ;koBh d/ nzs ftZu fBZu/ fJZE f;zrb fysi o/yk fyZuh iKdh j?.

(2) nkfeshnK ;zpzX fB:w^ nkfeqshnK dh gq;s{sh d/ ;zpzX ftZu fBwB fbys fB:w jB^



(i) nkfeqsh dh eqw^;zfynk noph nzeK ftZu nkfeqsh d/ fBZu/ Ppd „nkfeqsh‟ (fig.) d/ nZr/ gkJh iKdh j? ns/ T[; dk f;ob/y iK sK Ppd nkfeqsh d/ nZr/ jh T[;h gzesh ftZu fbfynk iKdk j? iK nkfeqsh d/ mhe T[Zgo iK nkfeqsh d/ nzdo fe;h th EK fbfynk ik ;edk j?. ;zg{oD ypo ftZu nkozG s'A nzs sZe ;kohnK nkfeqshnK dh eqw^;zfynk fJZe eqw d[nkok brksko gkJh iKdh j?.

(ii) nkfeqsh d/ f;ob/y B{z e?fgNb nZyoK ftZu ns/ i/eo fJZe s'A finkdk gzeshnK jB sK T[bN/ fgokfwv d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?. f;ob/y d/ nzso ftZu e'Jh ftokw fuzBQ BjhA brkfJnk ikdk.

(iii) nkfeqsh B{z T[;h tke d/ s[ozs pknd gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j? fi; ftZu T[; dk ;zdoG^;ze/s nkfJnk j?. 30H4 jtkbk ;wZroh dh gq;s{sh (Presentation of Reference Materials)

ypo ftZu jo/e P'Xeosk B{z fJzB^fpzB nB/e b/yeK, P'XeosktK ns/ ftP/PZrK d/ ftukoK, wsK, eEBK nkfd dk ;zdoG gq;s{s eoBk g?Adk j?. jo/e nfXnkJ/ ftZu jh nfij/ ;zdoG nkT[Ad/ jB. T[jBK ;kfonK dh tZy^tZy ;ze/s ;zfynk gkmt;s{ d/ ftZu fiZE/ ;zdoG nkfJnk j?, gq;s[s eoBh j[zdh j? ns/ nzs ftZu ;zdoG^rqzE ;{uh ftZu T[; dk g{oD toDB d/Dk jzdk j?. fe;h^fe;h EK s/ toDB ;c/ d/ fBZu/ c[NB'N d/ o{g ftZu th fdzd/ jB. c[NB'N ns/ ;zdoG rqzE^;{uh ftZu ;zdoG d/ g{oD toDB B{z gq;s{s eoB ftZu E'Vk nzso j[zdk j?. fJ; dk ;gPNheoD pknd ftZu ehsk frnk j?.

gkm^t;s{ d/ ftukb/ ;zdoG dk ;ze/s nzes eoB dhnK eJh ftXhnK jB. ;oG gqtkBs ftXh T[j j? fi; fi; ftZu fiZE/ ;zdoG nkfJnk j? T[Eh e'Pm ftZu b/ye dk Bkw ns/ T[; d/ pknd e'wk brke/ T[; rqzE d/ gqekPB dk ;kb gk fdzd/ jB, Gkt, (GNBkro, 1993). fJBQK ;ko/ ;zdofGs rqzEK dh toDeqwnB[;ko ;{uh pDk e/ P'X^gqpzX d/ nzso ftZu i'V fdzd/ jB. d{ih ftXh d/ nzsors e'Pm ftZu e/tb T[; eqw ;zfynk B{z fby fdzd/ jB fijVh T[; rqzE d/ nzso ftZu i[Vh ;zdoGrqzE ;{uh ftZu j?, Gkt (60). fJ; dk noEk j't/rk T[; ;zdoG dk g{oD toDB ;zdoGrqzE ;{uh ftZu eqw^;zfynk 60 s/ fdZsk frnk j?. fJZe fsZih ftXh c[NB'N s/ nXkfos j?. fJ; d/ nzsors gkmt;s{ d/ ftukb/ nkJ/ ;zdoG s/ E'Vk T[Zgo T[Zme/ c[NB'N dh eqw ;zfynk noph d/ nzeK ftZu gk fdZsh iKdh j? fi; dk noE j[zdk j? fe T[; dk g{oD toDB T[;h ;c/ d/ fBZu/ T[; ;zfynk tkb/ c[NB'N ftZu fdZsk frnk j?.

jtkb/ (quotations) B{z ypo d/ toDB ftZu gq;s{s eoB d/ th e[ZM fB:w jB fijV/ fJ; soQK jB^

;G s'A gfjbK fJj :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe ypo ftZu pj[s finkdk jtkfbnK dk gq:'r eoBk uzrk BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk. io{oh j't/ sK jh jtkb/ dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. j'o fB:w fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ jB.

1H jtkbk (quotations)

jtkbk ;zpzXh e[ZM fB:w fJ; soQK jB^

(i) jtkbk pj[s bzpk BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk j?. S'Nk ns/ tke d/ nzdo jh ;wk ikD tkbk jtkbk ;G s'A uzrk ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z jtkbk^fuzBQK d/ ftZu x/o d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

(ii) jtkb/ d/ ftZu th i/eo e'Jh d{ik jtkbk nkT[Adk j? sK T[; B{z f;zrb jtkbk^fuzBQK d/ ftZu x/o fdzd/ jB.

(iii) jtkb/ d/ nkyoh Ppd d/ nZXk ;g/; T[Zgo noph nze ftZu ;zdoG^;ze/s Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo tke g{ok j' frnk j? sK fJj ;ze/s^;zfynk ftokw^fuzBQ d/ pknd jh Nzfes ehsh iKdh j?. fJj ;ze/s ;zfynk T[jh j'Dh ukjhdk j? fijVh c[NB'N ftZu T[; d/ g{oD toDB dh j?.

B'N



B'N (iv) bzp/ jtkfbnK (uko iK uko s'A tZX Nzfes gzeshnK tkb/) B{z nbZr g?okrqkc ftZu ns/ f;zrb ;g/; ftZu ;c/ d/ ftZu'^ftZu jtkbk fuzBQK d/ ns/ fpBK g?okrqkc pDkJ/ Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK bzp/ jtkfbnK d/ nzdo i/eo e'Jh j'o jtkbk nkT[Adk j? sK sK T[; B{z d'jo/ jtkbk fuzBQK d/ nzdo x/o fdZsk iKdk j?. fijVk n;XkoD o{g s'A bzp/ jtkb/ jB T[jBK B{z nzfsek ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?.

(v) i/eo fe;h jtkb/ B{z c[NB'N ftZu gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j? sK T[; B{z g?okrqkc d/ o{g ftZu f;zrb ;g/p ftZu ns/ jtkbk^fuzBQK d/ ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?.

(vi) i/eo jtkb/ dk gfjbk Ppd ftnkeoD d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A tke ftZu gfjbK i' e[ZM fejk frnk j? T[; Bkb ;zpzXs j? sK T[; B{z e?fgNb ftZu Bk fbye/ S'N/ nZyoK ftZu fbfynk iKdk j?, GktA T[j w{b tke ftZu e?fgNb ftZu jh feT[A Bk j'D. nzrq/Ih ftZu jh fJj gqPB T[Zmdk j?, gzikph ftZu nfijk gqPB BjhA T[Zmdk.

(vii) nkyoh jtkbk fuzBQK d/ pknd e/tb fJZe jh ftokw^fuzBQ dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo g{oD ftokw iK e"wk j? sK T[; B{z jtkbk fuzBQK d/ nzdo, e'bB iK ;?whe'bV j? sK jtkbk fuzBQK d/ pkjo, i/eo gqPB^fuzBQ iK ;zp'XB fuzBQ j? sK jtkbk fuzBQK d/ nzso oZfynk iKdk j?. gozs{ i/eo gqPB^fuzBQ jtkb/ dk Gkr Bk j' e/ tke dk nzr j? sK T[; B{z jtkbk fuzBQK d/ pkjo oZfynk iKdk j?.

2H c[NB'N

c[NB'N ;zpzXh fB:w fJ; soQK jB^

(i) c[NB'N ;c/ d/ nzs ftZu gkmt;s{ d/ fszB ;g/p fBZu/ yZp/ s'A ;Zi/ ehs/ iKd/ jB. gkmt;s{ d/ fJZe ;g/; fBZu/ fJZe d' fJzu bzph o/yk yZp/ gk;/ s'A ;Zi/ gk;/ tZb B{z Nzfes ehsh iKdh j?. T[; d/ d' ;g/p fBZu/ s'A c[NB'N NkJhg ehsk iKdk j?.

(ii) c[NB'N f;zrb ;g/p ftZu Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ d' c[NB'N d/ ftZu vpb ;g/p SZvh iKdh j?.

(iii) c[NB'N dh gfjbh gzesh dh soQK yZp/ gk;/ s'A fszB ;g/; Szve/ Nzfes ehsh iKdh j? ns/ T[; d/ gfjb/ Ppd d/ nZXk ;g/p T[Zgo T[; dh T[ZXoD (citation) ;zfynk fijVh gkmt;s{ ftZu nkJh j?, T[; B{z Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?.

(iv) c[NB'N dh ;zfynk iK sK ;cktko gkJh iKdh j? iK ;zg{oD ypo ftZu nkozG s'A nzs sZe fJZe eqw ftZu gkJh iKdh j?. ;cktko ;zfynk gkT[Dk finkdk ;[thXkiBe j[zdk j?.

(v) i/eo T[Xos (cited) ;wZroh ;koBh e'Jh rfDs dk ;{so j? sK T[; s/ jtkbk ;ze/s Bk gk e/ T[;B{z f;sko/ iK fe;h j'o fuzBQ d[nkok gqdofPs ehsk iKdk j?.

(vi) P'X^gZsohektK ftZu gqekfPs b/yK ns/ gqekfPs g[;seK ns/ ypoK ftZu fijVh ftXh ngDkJh iKdh j? T[j P'X^gqpzX tkbh ftXh s'A fGzB j[zdh j?.

(vii) i/eo fJZe ;zdoG rqzE d/ c[NB'N d/ s[ozs pknd T[jh ;ck ns/ T[jh ;zdoG d[pkok nkT[Adk j? sK T[; dh ;zdoG^;ze/s ;zfynk gk e/ e/tb „T[jh‟ (Ibid) fby fdZsk iKdk j?. i/eo ;zdoG^;wZroh T[jh j?, gozs{ ;ck ;zfynk fGzB j? sK T[jh, ;H 8 (Ibid, p.8) fJ; soQK fbfynk iKdk j?.

(viii) i/eo fe;h c[NB'N dk ;zdoG fJZe tko nk u[Zek j? ns/ T[; d/ pknd j'o c[NB'N nk rJ/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ pknd d[pkok T[jh ;zdoG nkJ/ sK c[NB'N ftZu b/ye dk Bkw, T[; d/ pknd noX^ftokw ns/ T[[; d/ pknd Ppd^;zy/g „op. cit.‟ ns/ T[; dh ;ck ;zfynk fbyh iKdh j?. i/eo fe;h fJZe jh b/ye dh fJZe s'A tZX g[;seK d/ jtkb/ P'X^gqpzX ftZu gq;s[s



ehs/ rJ/ jB sK ;zdoG ftZu ;zpzXs ftfPPN g[;se dk Bkw th jo tko fdZsk iKdk j?, gozs{ i/eo ;ck ;zfynk T[jh ofjzdh j? sK „Ioc, cit.‟ dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

fJBQK fszB Ppd^;zy/gK d/ gq:'r dk fJZe Bw{Bk fBZu/ fdZsk frnk j?^

16H ghH GNBkro, fttjko ftfrnkBK ftZu y'i d/ gq:'rkswe nkebg, bkfJe p[Ze fvg', w/om, 1993, ;H 220

17H Ibid. (Gkt T[jh g[;se, T[jh ;ck)

18H Ibid., ;H 214

19H w"fb, ikoi i/H, dh ;kfJz; nkc n?i{e/PB fo;ou, :{o/fPnk gpfbfPzr jkT{;, gqkJht/N fbfwN/v, BthA fdZbh, 1964, ;H 308

20H GNBkro, Ioc-cit. (Gkt T[go'es GNBkro dh g[;se ns/ T[jh ;ck)

21H tkB vkb/B, vhH phH nkT{N;N/Afvzr n?i{e/PB fo;ou, w?rqk^fjZb, fJze, fBT{:koe, 1966, ;H 360

22H GNBkro, op.cit. 260 (Gkt GNBkro dh T[go'es g[;se, gozs{ ;ck 260)

23H nkoHghH GNBkro, f;Zfynk gqP;k;B, bkfJb p[Ze fvg', w/om, 1989, ;H 52

24H GNBkro, “y'i d/ nkebg” op.cit. ;H 240

e[ZM j'o pj[s finkdk gq:'r ftZu nkT[D tkb/ Ppd^;zy/g fBZu/ fdZs/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK dk gq:'r finkdkso g[;seK ns/ P'X^gqpzXK ftZu jh ehsk iKdk j?.

ch., chap., chaps. chapter (s)

e.g. for example

ed., edd. edition (s)

ed., eds. editor (s); edited by

et. al. and other (Bhatnagar et al. GNBkro ns/ j'o)

i.e. that is

MS, MSS manuscript (s)

mimeo. mimeographed

n., nn. c[NB'N footnote (s) e.g.n. 10 or nn. 2-4 Gkt c[NB'N 10 iK 2 s'A 4 sZe

p.pp. page (s)

passim here and there

Pt. Pts. part or parts

sec., secs. section (s)

trans. transted by

rev. revised or revision

3H ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh

(T) ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh P'X^gqpzX d/ nzs ftZu nfXnkJ/ “;ko nzP ns/ f;ZNk” d/ pknd gq;s [s ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; B{z nzfsek d/ nzsors Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. c[NB'N ns/ ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh dh gq;s{sh ftZu E'Vk^fijk nzso j[zdk j?. c[NB'N ftZu b/ye dk gfjbk Bkw jh gfjbK nkT[Adk j?

B'N



B'N ns/ nkyoh T[gBkw pknd ftZu nkT[Adk j?, Gkt nkoHghH GNBkro. gozs{ ;zdoGrrqzE^;{uh ftZu T[gBkw gfjbK nkT[Adk j? ns/ nkozGe Bkw pknd ftZu nkT[Adk j?, Gkt GNBkro, nkoHghH. d{ik nzso fJj j[zdk j? fe c[NB'N B{z g?okrqkc dh soQK Nzfes ehsk iKdk j? Gkt T[; dh gfjbh gzesh yZp/ gk;/ jkPhJ/ s'A fszB ;g/p SZv e/ Nzfes ehsh iKdh j? fi; Bkb fe j'o gzeshnK yZp/ gk;/ B{z fBebhnK ofjzdhnK jB. gozs{ ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh ftZu gfjbh gzesh jkPhJ/ s'A P[o{ j[zdh j? ns/ j'o fBZu/ dhnK gzeshnK jkPhJ/ s'A 3^4 ;g/; SZv e/ Nzfes ehshnK iKdhnK jB. fJ; soQK ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh ftZu gfjbK (T[Zgo dh) yZp/ gk;/ B{z fBebh j[zdh j? id'Afe j'o gzeshnK ;Zi/ gk;/ B{z nzdo fy;ehnK j[zdhnK jB. fBZu/ d/ T[dkjoD s'A fJj ;gPN j' ikt/rk^

c[NB'N ^ (g[;se d/ bJh)

nkoH ghH GNBkro, fttjko ftfrnkBK ftZu y'iK d nkebg, w/om bkfJb p[Ze fvg',

d{H ;zH, 1993 ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh^ (g[;se d/ bJh)

GNBkro, nkoHghH, fttjko ftfrnkBK ftZu y'i d/ nkebg, w/omL bkfJb p[Ze fvg',

d{H ;zH, 1993H

(n) ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh ftZu toDB dk g{ok eqw fJ; soQK j[zdk j?^(i) b/ye dk T[gBkw, (ii) n;b Bkw, (iii) g[;se dk f;ob/y fi; B{z P'X d/ NzeB ftZu o/yKfes ehsk iKdk j?, (iv) ;z;eoD, (edition) i/eo fJZe s'A tZX j'D sK, (v) yzv (volume) nkfd fJZe s'A tZX j'D sK, (vi) gqekPB dk ;EkB, (vii) gqekPe dk Bkw, (viii) gqekPB dk ;kb iK ekghokJhN dk ;kb.

(J) fe;h gZsohek ftZu Sg/ b/y dk ;zdoG^toDB fBwB soQK j[zdk j?^ (i) b/ye dk T[gBkw, (ii) n;b Bkw, (iii) b/y dk f;ob/y, (iv) gZsohek dk Bkw fi; B{z o/yKfes ehsk iKdk j?, (v) yzv ;zfynk (wjhBk, fdB ;kb), (vi) ;ck.

(;) d?fBe ;wkuko gZso ftZu Sgh ;zdoG^;wZroh dk toDB fJ; soQK gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?^

(i) ;wkuko gZso o/yKfes ehsk iKdk j?, (ii) wjhBk, fdB, ;kb, (iii) ;ck. i/eo b/ye dk Bkw th j? sK T[j g[;se dh soQK jh ;wkuko gZso d/ Bkw s'A gfjbK nkT[Adk j?.

(j) ngqekfPs ;wZroh dk ;zdoG^toDB fBwB soQK fdsk iKdk j?^ (i) b/ye dk T[gBkw, (ii) n;b Bkw, (iii) ;wZroh dk f;ob/y fijVk o/yKfes ehsk iKdk j?, (iv) ;wZroh dk gqeko Gkt ghHn?uHvhH Ehf;; iK fog'oN iK fe;h ekBcoz; ftZu gq;s{s ehsk frnk g/go nkfd, (v) ;EkB fiZE/ gq;s{s ehsk frnk iK fiZE/ T[gbpX j?.

;zdoGrqzE^;{uh ftZu ;zdoG^toDB gq;s{s ;zpzXh e[ZM fB:w fJ; soQK jB^

(i) i/eo fJZe jh b/ye d/ brksko d' iK d'A tZX ;zdoG^rqzE nKd/ jB sK jo/e tko b/ye dk Bkw fbyD dk io{oh BjhA j[zdh. gfjb/ ;zdoG d/ pknd id'A T[;h b/ye dk d{ik ;zdoG nKdk j? sK b/ye dk Bkw dh pikJ/ fJZe 6 ;g/; bzph o/yk fyZu fdZsh iKdh j?. T[; d/ pknd e"wk brke/ pkeh toDB ehsk iKdk j?. gfjb/ ;zdoG d/ pknd nkT[D tkb/ ;zdoGK B{z toDeqwnB[;ko gq;s{s ehsk iKdk j?.

(ii) i/eo fe;h ;zdoGrqzE d/ d' iK fszB b/ye jB sK gfjb/ b/ye dk T[gBkw gfjbK nkT[aAdk j? ns/ n;b Bkw T[; d/ pknd, gozs{ d{i/ d'jK d/ n;b Bkw jh gfjbk nkT[Ad/ jB ns/ T[gBkw pknd ftZu. i/eo b/yeK dh ;zfynk fszB s'A tZX j? sK e/tb gfjb/ b/ye dk Bkw d/ e/ T[; d/ pknd noXftokw brke/ et al. iK „j'o‟ (and others) fby fdZsk iKdk j?.

(iii) i/eo g[;se dk e'Jh b/ye Bk j' e/ ;zgkde j? sK T[; dk Bkw fbye/ T[; d/ pknd e'Pm

ftZu ;zgkde (ed.) fby fdzd/ jB.



T[dkjoD gqekPB d/ ;EkB s/ e/tb Pfjo dk Bkw fbyDk T[fus j[zdk j?, gozs{ i/eo T[j ;EkB nfijk j? fi; B{z pj[s xZN ikfDnk iKdk j? sK T[; dk g{ok gsk fbyDk io{oh j[zdk j?.



Statements are True or False):

5H P'X gqpzX d/ fsZi/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu y'i gqfefonk dk toDB ehsk iKdk j?.

6H y'i ypo dk T[d/P j[zdk j? gkmeK B{z y'i dh t;s{fBPm ikDekoh d/Dk.

7H ypo ftZu i' ;zfynk 100 s'A xZN j[zdh j?, nzeK ftZu fbyh iKdh j?.

8H e'Jh th y'i nkgD/^nkg ftZu g{oD j[zdh j?. 30H5 nzfsektK dh gq;s{sh (Presentation of an Appendix)

jo/e P'X^gqpzX ftZu fszB soQK dhnK nzfsektK i'VhnK iKdhnK jB^(i) ;zdoGrzqE ;{uh, (ii) wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK ns/ j'o T[geoD fiBQK dk gq:'r P'X^;wZroh d/ ;zrqfj bJh ehsk iKdk j? ns/ (iii) nzeVk ftfrnkB ;wZroh nkfd, ns/ ftfGzB gqhfynktK d/ wkgenze, bzphnK ;koBhnK nkfd fiBQK B{z P'X^gqpzX d/ nfXnkfJnK ftZu gq;s{s BjhA ehsk ik ;fenk ;h. fJBQK ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK ;zdoGrqzE ;{uh B{z oZfynk iKdk j?. T[; d/ gfjb/ ;c/ s'A fJZe ;ck T[ZgohgZso (fly

sheet) T[Zs/ ftukb/ nzfsek (T)L ;zdoGrzqE ;{uh Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. nr/b ;c/ s'A ;{uh nkozG j[zdh j?. T[; ;c/ s/ th T[Zgo „;zdoGrqzE ;{uh‟ Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. ;cknzeB nkyoh nfXnkJ/ d/ nkyoh ;c/ d/ eqw ftZu jh ehsk iKdk j?. T[ZgohgZso (fly sheet) B{z th ;cknzeB ftZu Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. ;zdoGrqzE ;{uh d/ gfjb/ ;c/ ns/ T[ZgohgZso dk ;cknze j'o nfXnkfJnK d/ f;ob/y^;fcnk dh soQK ;c/ d/ ;G s'A fBZu/ ftukb/ gkfJnk iKdk j?. j'o ;kohnK nzfsektK d/ Bkb th T[ZgohgZso j[zdk j?. T[; B{z th ;cknzeB ftZu Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. nzfsek (n) ftZu wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK ns/ T[geoD j[zd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[ZgohgZso s/ „nzfsek (n)L gqhfynktK ns/ T[geoD‟ Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;h soQK nzfsek^(J) ftZu nzeVk ftfrnkB ns/ j'o P'X^;wZroh nkT[Adh j?. fJ; d/ T[ZgohgZso (fly sheet) s/ nzfsek (J)L P'X ;wZroh‟ Nzfes ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ nzsors BshfinK dh rDBk (calculations) d/D dh io{os BjhA j[zdh. gozs{ w{b nzeV/ (raw data) io{o d/Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; d/ fpBK P'X^gqpzX ng{oD wzfBnk iKdk j?. 30H6 ypo dk NzeB (Typing of Report)

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ypo d/ NzeB bJh ;c/d p'Av wkoek ekrI dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

;XkoD s"o s/ 18

2” 11 ” neko d/ ekrI s/ NzeB ehsk iKdk j? fi; dk Gko 20 g'Av j'Dk

ukjhdk j?. d{ih^fsZih ekgh d/ bJh jbek ekrI th gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

ypo fe;h nB[Gth NkJhfg;N s'A jh Nzfes eokT[Dk ukjhdk j? fi;B/ gfjbK th e[ZM ypoK nzfes ehshnK j'D ns/ fijVk fJj ikDdk j't/ fe ;koBhnK, nkfeqshnK, c[NB'N, ;zdoG^rzqE^;{uh nkfd B{z fet/A NkJhg ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ pknd th P'Xeosk B{z nkgD/^nkg th T[; dk wkordoPB



B'N eod/ ofjDk ukjhdkd j?. NkJhg ehs/ j'J/ ;fcnK B{z Bkb^Bkb gVQd/ ikDk ns/ nP[ZXhnK B{z d{o eod/ ikDk ukjhdk j?.

NkJhg eoB ftZu ;c/ d/ ;G s'A T[Zgo ns/ fBZu/1

14

” ;EkB SZvD, yZp/ gk;/1

12

” ns/ ;Zi/

gk;/ 1” jkPhnk SZvD dh gqEk j?. gkJhek NkJhg tkb/ NkJhgokJhNo dk gq:'r ehs/ ikD dh f;ckfoP ehsh iKdh j?, gozs{ fJb?Nfoe NkJhgokJhNo dk gq:'r th ehsk ik ;edk j?. fi; NkJhgokJhNo dk th gq:'r ehsk ikt/, nkozG s'A nzs sZe T[;h dk gq:'r j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ekopB ekgh dh sK j[D io{os ojh BjhA j? feT[Afe ;ko/ P'Xeosk c'N'ekgh eokT[D bZr/ jB. gozs{ i/eo ekopB ekgh eokT[Dh j't/ sK ekb ekopb g/go ns/ wZXw fJze tkb/ fopB dk gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. jZEfbys B{z NkJhg d/ bJh d/D s'A gfjbK T[; B{z uzrh soQK gVQBk ukjhdk j?. ;XkoD s"o s/ ;zdoGrqzE ;{uh, jtkfbnK, ;koBhnK ns/ nkfeqshnK d/ ;ck nzeBK nkfd ftZu nP[ZXhnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJBQK B{z eJh tko gVQ e/ u?e eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

NkJhg ehs/ j'J/ jo/e ;c/ ftZu d'^fszB P[ZXhnK eoBk sK mhe jzdk j?, gozs{ fJ; s'A tZX ekNk^ghNh, PpdK B{z gVQBk iK ftZu^ftZu tkeK B{z i'VBk mhe BjhA j[zdk. nfij/ ;fcnK B{z d[pkok NkJhg eokT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

ypo d/ jo ;c/ s/ Bzpo gkfJnk iKdk j?. nozGe io{osK tkb/ ;fcnK s/ o'wB Bzpo gkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z ;c/ d/ fBZu/ ftukb/ gkfJnk iKdk j?. f;ob/y ;ck (title page) s/ Bzpo BjhA gkfJnk iKdk, gozs{ T[; B{z fJZe (I) frfDnk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh T[; d/ nZr/ d/ ;c/ s/ ;zfynk II gkJh iKdh j?. gqtkBrh gZso s/ Bk e'Jh Bzpo gkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ Bk T[; B{z frfDnk jh iKdk j?. pkeh ;ko/ ;fcnK s/ noph nzeK ftZu ;c/ d/ T[Zso ;Zi/ gk;/ Bzpo gkJ/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ jo/e nfXnkJ/ d/ gfjb/ ;c/ dk Bzpo ;c/ d/ ;G s'A fBZu/ ftukb/ gkfJnk iKdk j?. 30H7 ypo dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Report)

ypo dk b/yB g{oD j' ikD s/ ns/ T[; B{z NzeB bJh d/D s'A gfjbK P'Xeosk B{z T[; dk nkgD/^nkg w[bnzeD eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. T[AM w[bnzeD dk e'Jh ;oGgqtkBs nXko, T[; dh e'Jh fBPfus e;"Nh sK BjhA j?, gozs{ e[ZM b/ydK B/ fJ; ;zpzX ftZu e[ZM ;[Mkn fdZs/ jB fijV/ P'Xeosk dh ;jfJsk eo ;ed/ jB. tkB vkb/B B/ fJZe gqPBktbh nkgDh g[;se ftZu gq;s{s ehsh j?. T[; gqPBktbh d/ gqPB P'Xeosk dh fJj ikDB ftZu ;jfJsk eo ;ed/ jB fe feZE'A sZe T[; d/ d[nkok fsnko ehsh rJh ypo fJZSkgqkgsh ;so dh j? ns/ feZE/ T[; ftZu e[ZM ewh ofj rJh j?. tkB vkb/B B/ P'X^gqpzX d/ ;ko/ gfjb{nK Bkb ;zpzXs gqPB ftZu Pkfwb ehs/ jB. e[ZM ;zP'XB d/ Bkb T[;h gqPBktbh B{z fJZE/ gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?^

1H ;wZf;nk dk f;ob/y

(i) eh f;ob/y ;wZf;nk d/ y/so B{z ;jh^;jh fBPfus o{g d[nkok dZ;dk j?<

(ii) eh T[; B{z ;gPN, ;zy/g ns/ toDkswe o{g ftZu fbfynk frnk j?<

(iii) eh p/b'VhAd/ PpdK ns/ Ppd ;w{jK B{z T[; ftZu'A eZY fdZsk frnk j?<

2H nkozGe io{osK

(i) eh ypo dk f;ob/y ;c/ (title page), gqtkBrh gZso, nfXeko^;thfeqsh ftPk^;{uh, ;koBh^;{uh, ns/ nkfeqsh^;{uh ;G eqwnB[;ko ns/ T[jBK fB:wK d/ nB[;ko fsnko eoe/ i'V/ rJ/ jB fiBQK dk T[b/y gfjbK ehsk frnk j?<

(ii) eh T[jBK dk ;G dk ;cknzeB ;jh Yzr s'A ehsk frnk j?<



3H ;wZf;nk^eEB ns/ T[; dk toDB

(i) eh ;wZf;nk d/ T[jBK ;ko/ gZyK dk ftPb/PD ;jh^;jh ehsk frnk j?, i' wjZstg{oD jB, Gkt^;wZf;nk dk g{ot ftZu j' u[ZehnK y'iK dk ;zpzX, T[; d/ uoK dh gfoGkPk, ;wZf;nk dk wjZst, T[; d/ T[d/P nkfd<

(ii) ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK d/ ftZu fi; ;zpzX d/ j'D dh ebgBk ehsh rJh j?, eh T[; dh ;zGktBk dk soeg{oD g[PnheoD ehsk frnk j?<

(iii) eh ;wZf;nk d/ w"fbe j'D dk ;gPNheoD ehsk frnk j?<

(iv) eh ;wZf;nk d/ y/so^ft;sko (scope) dk ;gPNheoD ehsk frnk j?<

4H ;zpzXs ;kfjs ns/ ;{uBktK dk ;ot/yD

(i) eh ;wZf;nk tkb/ uoK Bkb ;zpzXs g{ot ftZu j'Jh y'i dk g{oh soQK ;ot/yD eo fbnk frnk j?<

(ii) eh T[j ;ot/yD nkb'uBkswe fdqPNhe'D s'A ehsk frnk j?<

(iii) eh T[; ;ot/yD s'A fJj rZb fBebe/ nkJh j? fe toswkB P'X^;wZr;nk s/ y'i ehsh ikDh io{oh ;h<

(iv) eh ;ot/yD ;wZf;nk B{z f;XKse nXko gqdkB eodk j?<

5H gfoebgBktK dk fBowkD ns/ eEB

(i) eh gfoebgBktK dk e'Jh f;XKse nXko j?<

(ii) eh gfoebgBktK dk gqhyD ehsk ik ;edk j?<

(iii) eh gfoebgBk tkb/ Bshi/ (deduced consequences) soeg{oD jB<

(iv) eh gfoebgBktK B{z ;gPN ns/ ;zy/g ftZu fbfynk frnk j?<

6H ftXh ns/ gqfefonk

(i) eh izB;zfynk (population) B{z ;jh Yzr s'A gfoGkfPs ehsk frnk j?<

(ii) eh fBnkdoP izB;zfynk dk gqshfBXst eodk j?<

(iii) eh P'X^;wZroh d/ ;zrqfj bJh T[fus T[geoDK, gquZbs ns/ t?X gqhfynktK dk gq:'r ehsk frnk j?.

(iv) eh T[j T[goD ns/ gqhfynktK j'o fdqPNhe'DK s'A th T[fus jB<

(v) eh fJBQK T[geoDK ns/ gqhfynktK dk ;jh Yzr s'A gq:'r ehsk frnk j?.

(vi) eh io{oh ;wZroh ns/ ikDekoh, ;{uBktK nkfd fJeZso eo bJh rJhnK jB<

(vii) fi; ftXh (method) dk gq:'r ehsk frnk j?, eh T[; dk ;zs'PiBe ekoB gq;s{s ehsk frnk j?<

(viii) eh g{ot ftZu ehshnK rJhnK y'iK ftZu T[fus ftXhnK dh ;gPN o{g s'A nkb'uBkswe ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?<

(ix) eh fJ; rZb dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j? fe P'X^;wZroh feZE'A ns/ fe; soQK fJeZso ehsh rJh j?<

B'N



B'N (x) eh nzeVk ftfrnkB ftXhnK dk gq:'r ftZu T[jBK dhnK nXkoG{s PosK (underlying

assumptions) dk fXnkB oZfynk frnk j?.

(xi) eh y'i dh nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh t?Xsk B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ sZsK B{z fB:zsfos eoB dk gfonk; ehsk frnk j?<

7H P'X^;wZroh dh gq;s{sh ns/ ftPb/PD

(i) eh ;zrqfjs P'X^;wZroh dk fB:wnB[;ko gq;s{sheoD ehsk frnk j?<

(ii) eh jo/e gfoebgBk dk gqhyD ;[szso o{g s'A ehsk frnk j?<

(iii) eh BshfinK dh t;s{fBPm yzr s'A g{ot ftZu ehshnK rJhnK y'iK dh fgqPmG{wh ftZu ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?<

(iv) eh Bshi/ P'X^;wZroh s/ nXkfos jB<

8H ;ko nzP ns/ f;ZNk

(i) eh ;ko nzP ;zy/g ns/ ;gPN j?<

(ii) eh ;ko nzP P'X^ekoi s/ nXkfos j?<

(iii) eh nrkwh P'X bJh fdZs/ rJ/ ;[Mkn m'; ns/ soeg{oD jB<

(iv) eh BshfinK dh T[g:'rsk dh ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?<

9H ;zdoGrzqE ;{uh ns/ nzfsek

(i) eh ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh dh P?bh ns/ ouBk fB:wnB[;ko j'Jh j?<

(ii) eh ;ko/ ;zdoGrqzE^;{uh ftZu nk rJ/ jB<

(iii) eh nzfsektK ftZu ;koh b'VhAdh ;wZroh gq;s{s ehsh ik u[Zeh j?<

10H ypo dk o{g ns/ P?bh

(i) eh nfXnkfJnK dk ;zrmB fB:wnB[;ko j'fJnk j?<

(ii) eh ;cknzeB ;jh j'fJnk j?<

(iii) eh GkPk ns/ P?bh fB:wnB[;ko j?<

(iv) eh jo/e nfXnkJ/ ftZu ;wZroh dh tzv ;zs[fbs Yzr s'A gq;s{s ehsh rJh j?<

(v) eh ypo d/ NzeB ftZu T[j ;ktXkBhnK toshnK rJhnK jB fiBQK dk T[b/y ehsk ik u[ek j?<


y'i ekoi g{oD j' ikD d/ pknd ;zg{oD toDB P'X^gqpzX d/ o{g ftZu gq;s{s eoBk j[zdk j?. P'X^gqpzX fe; o{g ftZu fsnko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu nzso okPNhoh ;so s/ E'V/ j/o^c/o d/ Bkb ;oGwkB fB:wK dk gkbD ehsk iKdk j?.

jo P'X^gqpzX ftZu y'i dk toDB eoB s'A gfjbK ftPtftfdnkb/ d/ fB:wK ns/ gozgok d/ nB[;ko e[ZM ;c/ n"gukfoesk d/ Bks/ i'VB/ g?Ad/ jB. fJBQK ftZu w[Zy ;ck, gqtkBrh gZso, nfXeko^;thfeqsh, G{whek, ftPk^t;s{ (nfXnkJ/ ;{uh), ;koBh^;{uh ns/ nkfeqsh^;{uh d/ ;c/ Pkfwb jzd/ jB.



jo/e P'X^gqpzX ftZu fszB soQK d/ nzfsek i'V/ iKd/ jB^(i) ;zdoGrqzE ;{uh, (ii) wB'ftfrnkBe gqhfynktK ns/ (iii) nzeVk ftfrnkB ;wZroh.

ypo dk b/yB g{oD j' ikD s/ ns/ T[; B{z NzeB bJh d/D s'A gfjbK P'Xeosk B{z T[; dk nkgD/^nkg w[bnzeD eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.


1H nfXeko^;thfeqsh^ ;woEB, fe;h P'X ekoi B{z nkozG eoB s'A gfjbK T[; s/ ;thfeqsh b? b?Dk.

2H nzfsek^ y'i b/yD d/ nzs ftZu fdZsh ikD tkbh g{oe rZbK. 30H10 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H toDB gq;s{sh dh o{go/yk dk toDB eo'.

2H b/yB P?bh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' ns/ fJ; B{z fe; soQK fbyDk ukjhdk j?<

3H ;koBhnK ns/ nktoshnK dh ouBk fet/A ehsh iKdh j?<

4H jtkbk ;wZroh dh gq;s{sh fet/A ehsh iKdh j?<

5H ypo d/ w[bnzeD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< toDB eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answers : Self Assessment)

1H P'X gqpzX 2H Nzfes 3H G{fwek 4H o'wB

5H ;Zu 6H ;Zu 7H M{m 8H M{m 30H11 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H ftfdne y'i dh ekoigqDkbh^n?;H e"b, ftek; gpfbfPzr.




B'N


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