mgw 11 - gsm topicality - final - 627

8/9/2019 MGW 11 - GSM Topicality - Final - 627

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MGW 2011 Gonzalez-Spring-McCulloughLab

Topicality Wave 1 Page 1 of 119

Topicality Shells !e"nitions

Topicality Shells & Denitions..................................................................................1Shells.......................................................................................................................... 4

1NC Beyond the esosphe!e.................................................................................."

#NC Beyond the esosphe!e................................................................................ $

1NC Beyond is %ay '!o(....................................................................................)

1NC* S+,stantial "-.........................................................................................1-

#NC S+,stantial / "-.......................................................................................11

1NC* 0nc!ease doesnt / c!eate.............................................................................1#

#NC* 0nc!ease doesnt / c!eate.............................................................................12

1NC 30ts 56cl+des 0nte!national.........................................................................14

#NC 30ts e6cl+des 0nte!national.........................................................................17

1NC 30ts e6cl+des P!ivate Secto!.........................................................................1$

#NC 30ts 56cl+des P!ivate Secto!.......................................................................1)

1NC * Space 56plo!ation (+st ,e Physical............................................................#-

#NC Space 56 (+st ,e physical Space...............................................................#1

1NC * S5T0 is not Space 56po................................................................................##

#NC S5T0 is e6cl+ded............................................................................................. #4

1NC * Space 56plo!ation +st Be 8+(ans............................................................#"

#NC Space 56 (+st ,e h+(ans.............................................................................#$

1NC * Space 56plo!ation Deep Space.................................................................#)

#NC %# 9easona,ility............................................................................................ #:

1NC Space develop(ent / 8+(an Coloni;ation...................................................2-

#NC Space develop(ent / 8+(an Coloni;ation...................................................21

1NC Develop(ent / Co((e!cial Space...............................................................2#

#NC Develop(ent / Co((e!cial Space...............................................................22

1NC Space Develop(ent is 56ploitation.............................................................2"

#NC Space Develop(ent is 56ploitation.............................................................27S+,stantial............................................................................................................... 2)

S+,stantial 0nc!ease / Do+,le..............................................................................2:

S+,stantially 0nc!ease DoD / 12........................................................................ 4-

S+,stantially 0nc!ease N%S% / $........................................................................41

S+,stantially 0nc!ease DoC / #).:.....................................................................4#


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Topicality Wave 1 Page 2 of 119S+,stantial / !esea!ch> develop(ent and (an+fact+!ing....................................42

S+,stantial / ?">---.............................................................................................44

S+,stantial / @o (at A+als.................................................................................4"

S+,stantially / +antitative.................................................................................47

S+,stantially Conside!a,le.................................................................................4$

S+,stantially / a!ge............................................................................................ 4)

Conte6t of S+,stantial ey.................................................................................... 4:

S+,stantial Pe!centages / %!,it!a!y....................................................................."-

S+,stantially %#E 3Conside!a,le %(o+nt..........................................................."1

0nc!ease...................................................................................................................."#

0nc!ease / P!e*56isting........................................................................................."2

n+(e!ical ,aseline................................................................................................ "4

0nc!ease / Net 0nc!ease........................................................................................""

0nc!ease / aFe G!eate!......................................................................................."7

0nc!ease andate..............................................................................................."$

0nc!ease Net........................................................................................................")

0nc!ease 56cl+des C!eate....................................................................................":

0ts............................................................................................................................. 7-

its is possessive.....................................................................................................71

0ts / %ssociated ith............................................................................................. 7#

N%S% is 3its.......................................................................................................... 72

DHD is 3its........................................................................................................... 74Gove!n(ent Cont!acts a!e 3its............................................................................ 7"

P!ivate Cont!acto!s a!ent 3its.............................................................................77

Cont!acto!s eet...................................................................................................7$

Beyond..................................................................................................................... 7)

Beyond Dictiona!y..............................................................................................7:

Beyond / %ay f!o(............................................................................................. $1

Beyond@Space.......................................................................................................$#

esosphe!e...........................................................................................................$2

Hf............................................................................................................................. $"

Hf 56cl+des G!o+nd*,ased..................................................................................$7

Space....................................................................................................................... $$

Space * Nasa Def................................................................................................... $)

Space / !egion ,eteen the celestial ,odies........................................................$:

Space / 2*di(ensional a!ea.................................................................................)-


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Topicality Wave 1 Page # of 119Space / a pa!tic+la! place....................................................................................)1

Space / a pe!iod of ti(e.......................................................................................)#

Space / he!e the celestial ,odies a!e................................................................)2

Space 56...................................................................................................................)4

56plo!ation / ast!ono(y> etc................................................................................)"

56plo!ation / discove!y> etc.................................................................................)7

Space 56 * +st ,e p!esence................................................................................)$

Space 56 (+st ,e 8+(an.....................................................................................):

56plo!ation N%S% Caselist..................................................................................:-

56plo!ation / 'easi,le location.............................................................................:1

56plo!ation / Deep Space.....................................................................................:#

Tech is not e6plo!ation.......................................................................................... :2

56plo!ation / 8+(ans..........................................................................................:4

56cl+des S5T0........................................................................................................ :7

Space 56 %(,ig+ity Good...................................................................................:$

Space Develop(ent.................................................................................................:)

Dev * 0ncl+des 5H................................................................................................::

Dev * 0ncl+des N%S% oon issions....................................................................1--

Dev / Isage.......................................................................................................1-1

Dev / 9&D..........................................................................................................1-#

Develop(ent / peacef+l.....................................................................................1-2

Develop(ent 0ncl+sive Defs................................................................................1-4Dev / Co((e!cial Space....................................................................................1-7

Dev / coloni;ation.............................................................................................. 1-)

Hthe!...................................................................................................................... 1-:

Depth J B!eadth St+dies..................................................................................11-

Space i(its Ca!ds..............................................................................................111


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Topicality Wave 1 Page $ of 119

Shells


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Topicality Wave 1 Page % of 119

1&C 'eyon( the Mesosphere

)* +nterpretation, 'eyon( the arth.s /esosphere /eans you/ust (eelop in outer space

The Mesosphere eten(s beteen #1 an( %0 /iles aboe thearth.s sur3aceWC 11KWeathe! Channel Weathe! Glossa!y> 3>httpE@@.eathe!.co(@glossa!y@(.ht(lL

5SHSP8595 The layer o3 the at/ospherelocate( beteen thestratospherean( the ionosphere4 herete/peratures(rop rapi(ly ithincreasing height* +t eten(s beteen #1 an( %0 /iles 516 to 708ilo/eters aboe the earth:s sur3ace*

)n(4 'eyon( is on past);! 11K%(e!ican 8e!itage Dictiona!y> 3,eyond>httpE@@ed+cation.yahoo.co(@!efe!ence@dictiona!y@ent!y@,eyondLP95PHS0T0HNE ust beyon( the 3ence* ate! thanMafte!E ,eyond (idnight. To a deg!ee that is past the +nde!standing> !each> o! scopeofE an evil ,eyond !e(edy. To a deg!ee o! a(o+nt g!eate! thanE !ich ,eyond hisildest d!ea(s. 0n addition toE asFed fo! nothing ,eyond peace and A+iet.

)n(4?o3@ space re3ers that outer space /ust be the obAect'oc8steigel 9%9esea!ch and invention in o+te! spaceE lia,ility and intellect+alp!ope!ty !ights * edE ostesha! Di!ecto! of the 0nstit+te of %i! and Space a and8olde! of the Chai! fo! 0nte!national B+siness a at the Inive!sity of Cologne>

Ge!(anyM Chai!(an of Co+ncil of the National Ge!(an Space %gency KD%9%LMChai!(an of the Space a Co((ittee of the 0nte!national a %ssociationMe(,e! of the Boa!d of Di!ecto!s of the 0nte!national 0nstit+te of Space aMe(,e! of the Co+ncil of the 0CC 0nstit+te of 0nte!national B+siness a andP!actice. OO H!iginally p!esented at the Se(ina! o!gani;ed ,y the 0B% and the0nstit+te of 0nte!national B+siness a of the 0CC on 7 and $ Dece(,e! 1::- KPa!isL.

The ocial title of the H+te! Space T!eaty CHSTQL (entions ,oth e6plo!ation and +se of o+te! space as the toQactivities of StatesQ hich one has to taFe into acco+nt and hich a!e the!e* fo!e cove!ed ,y the H+te! SpaceT!eaty. The sa(e pai! of te!(s appea! again in the P!ea(,le as ell as f+!the! a!ticles s+ch as %!ticle 0 and %!ticle 000of the T!eaty. Hthe! a!ticles and othe! space t!eaties eithe! taFe +p only one of these to te!(s o! +se a gene!alte!(s s+ch as Qactivities in o+te! spaceQ K%!t. R0> HSTL o! gene!ally deal ith Qo,ects la+nched into o+te! spaceQ K%!t.R00> %!t. R000> HST and the 9egist!ation ConventionL o! Qspace o,ectsQ Kia,ility ConventionL o! nally Qactivities ofStates on the oon and othe! celestial ,odiesQ Koon T!eatyL. %t !st sight> the distinction ,eteen e6plo!ation and

+se (ay see( s+ciently clea!. 0ndeed in connection ith (ost space activi* ties the!e (ay ,e little do+,t hich ofthese to te!(s is applica* ,le. 'i!st do+,ts appea!> hoeve!> ,eca+se the


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Topicality Wave 1 Page B of 119

'* iolation, They (o not buil( past the Mesosphere into space

C* Stan(ar(s-

1* Li/its- plo(es li/its an( /a8es anything that happens

on arth topical because it oul( either be eploration or(eelop/ent o3 arth*

2* Groun(- We can.t gain lin8s to )D.s because all o3 ourliterature is tal8ing about outer space an( it oul( bei/possible to "n( an( research EFT;+&G that oul(happen on arth* Most o3 the core !).s are tal8ing abouthy putting things out into space is ba(*

#* Eesolutional +ntegrity- The original intent o3 the

Eesolution is the outer space beyon( the arth.s/esosphere not the /esosphere that is the /antle o3 theearth4 they Aust happene( to /i (e"nitions up so thatthey can escape irtually any lin8*

!*oter 3or reasons o3 3airness4 e(ucation4 an( Auris(iction


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2&C 'eyon( the Mesosphere


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1&C 'eyon( is )ay Iro/

+nterpretation- 3>httpE@@.eathe!.co(@glossa!y@(.ht(lL5SHSP8595The layer o3 the at/ospherelocate( beteen the stratospherean(the ionosphere4 herete/peratures(rop rapi(ly ith increasing height* +teten(s beteen #1 an( %0 /iles 516 to 70 8ilo/eters aboe the earth:s

sur3ace*


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iolation- The aNr/atie.s ague (e"nition o3 ?beyon(@ is isnot (e"ne( as %0 /iles 3ro/ arth.s sur3ace

Stan(ar(s

Li/it- This allos the aNr/atie to /anipulate4 an( eplore3ro/ eeryhere4 eclu(ing the /esosphere

Groun(- The aNr/atie.s aD (estroys pre(ictability* Thenegatie is le3t ignorant o3 eery possible (e"nition o3?beyon(@* +t also /a8es the (ebate un3air4 because thenegatie is 3orce( to research an( insur/ountable a/ount o3(e"nitions*

This is a oter 3or 3airness an( e(ucation


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1&C- Substantial %0O

)* +nterpretation- Substantial /eans at least %0O increase

Substantial increase4 in the contet o3 space4 is %0OShi3rin 1976YCa!ole> Space Technology> 3Soviets Conside! Possi,le a!s 9ove!>Sa(ple 9et+!n issions> e6isZ%llen cited the space station science p!og!a( and 5a!th and ocean sciences as a!eas in hich the!e a!e so+nd p!og!a(s that a!e not

adeA+ately ,+dgeted. 0t is clea! thatto (o the soun( plan that &)S) alrea(y has4 at areasonable pace4 oul( reuire a ery substantial increase in the &)S)bu(get4 perhaps as /uch as %0O4P he said. B+t that see(s so(ehat +nliFely> +nde! the Find of ,+dgetp!ess+!es that e6isted in the past.

'* iolation- The aD (oes not increase enough to be consi(ere(substantial as they (o not increase the bu(get at %0O or /ore

C* Stan(ar(s

1* &eg groun(- Hn(er their interpretation the neg can.t lin8 toany (isa(antages because to the aD being s/all*


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2&C Substantial Q %0O

ten( our interpretation that substantial /eans %0O

This interpretation is goo( 3or (ebate because it /a8es itpossible to hae a clear ie o3 hether or not a case istopical*

+t /a8es sure that the aD case is a large enough change to bereleant* While alloing a "nite nu/ber o3 cases*

They (on.t /eet our interpretation

&)S) is a huge national organization that has lots o3 space(

base( proAects4 the aD is Aust a (rop in the buc8et co/pare( toeerything else an( is not large or epensie enough to beconsi(ere( a %0O increase*

Stan(ar(s

ten( our neg groun( argu/ent- Hn(er their interpretatione can.t get lin8s to (isa(antages because there is not asubstantial a/ount o3 /oney ineste( in the plan4 e can.tlin8 to things li8e (ebris4 because un(er the aDs interpretatione coul( Aust be sen(ing any one ran(o/ thing into spacehich oul(n.t hae an i/pact*

ten( our li/its argu/ent- Hn(er their interpretationanything haing to (o ith space is topical an( aD plans coul(so /any cases that it oul( be i/possible 3or the neg toresearch all o3 the/* Hn(er their interpretation e coul( (oso/ething li8e launch a baseball into space* Jre3er ourinterpretation hich allos 3or a reasonable4 but "nite nu/bero3 cases*

ten( our no brightline argu/ent- because o3 their ague(e"nition o3 substantial preents anyone 3ro/ being able to(eter/ine hether or not a case is topical*


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1&C- +ncrease (oesn.t Q create

+nterpretation - +ncrease reuires pre-eistenceEipple4 76 KCi!c+it V+dge> 5((lee . Ca(e!on> Plainti*%ppellant> v. '!ances

Sloc+( BanF & T!+st Co(pany> State %+to(o,ile 0ns+!ance %ssociation> andGlassley %gency of Whitley> 0ndiana> Defendants*%ppellees> )#4 '.#d "$-M 1:)$ I.S.%pp. 5[0S :)17> :@#4> le6isL

%lso !elated to the aive! iss+e is appelleesQ defense !elying on a p!ovision of the ins+!ance policy that s+spendscove!age he!e the !isF is inc!eased ,y any (eans ithin the Fnoledge o! cont!ol of the ins+!ed. 8oeve!> the

te!(inc!ease connotes change . To sho change > appellees o+ld have ,een!eA+i!ed to p!esent evidence of the condition of the ,+ilding at the ti(e the policyas iss+ed. See " V. %pple(an & V. %pple(an> 0ns+!ance a and P!actice> \ #:41 at 4*" K1:$-L. Beca+seno s+ch evidence as p!esented> this co+!t cannot dete!(ine> on this !eco!d> hethe!the !isF has> in fact> ,een inc!eased .0ndeed> the anse! to this A+estion (ay depend on !. GlassleyQsFnoledge of the condition of the ,+ilding at the ti(e the policy as iss+ed> see 1$ V. %pple(an & V. %pple(an>0ns+!ance a and P!actice> \ :7-# at "1"*17 K1:)1L> since the f+nda(ental iss+e is hethe! the appellees

conte(plated ins+!ing the !isF hich inc+!!ed the loss.

This /eans that the aNr/atie cannot topically create a neprogra/*

iolation plan (oesn.t increase4 they create* They create ane progra/ that hasn.t eiste( be3ore*

Stan(ar(s-

Jre(ictable li/its history shoul( li/it the topic- e li/it

(ebate to current space policy4 there is not aD an( negliterature on hypotheticals* We shoul( li/it the topic to anarea here literature eists on both si(es*

Groun(- There is no literature 3or our oD case args because noone has ritten against things that haen.t been trie( yet* Sothere is no possible ay e can research the topic an( be ellprepare(*

T is a oter 3or 3airness an( e(ucation4 it is critical to chec8abuse an( presere the integrity o3 (ebate*


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Topicality Wave 1 Page 1% of 119

1&C ?+ts@ clu(es +nternational

)* +nterpretation- Van. T.> 1:$#> S+p!e(e Co+!t ofPennsylvania> 4"- Pa. ##)M #:: %.#d 747M 1:$2 Pa. 5[0S 7--M 44 Hil & Gas 9ep.#14> e6isL

Hn its face> the !itten inst!+(ent g!anting ease(ent !ights in this case is a(,ig+o+s. The sa(e sentence hich!efe!s to the !ight to lay a 14 inch pipeline Ksing+la!L has a late! !efe!ence to said lines Kpl+!alL. The +se of the

pl+!al lines (aFes no sense ,eca+se the only p!evio+s !efe!ence has ,een to a line Ksing+la!L.The !iting isadditionally a(,ig+o+s ,eca+seothe! Fey o!ds hich a!e also (ay change the si;e of its pipes a!edangling in that

the possessive p!ono+n its,efo!e the o!d pipes

does not have any s+,ectp!eceding> to hich the possessive p!ono+n !efe!s. The dangling ph!ase is the ,eginning of a sentence>the !st o!d of hich does not ,egin ith a capital lette! as is c+sto(a!y in no!(al 5nglish Y1-Z +sage.0((ediately p!eceding the sentence hich does not ,egin ith a capital lette!> the!e appea!s a dangling Y#27Zse(icolon hich (aFes no sense at the ,eginning of a sentence and can ha!dly !elate to the p!eceding sentence

hich is al!eady p!ope!ly p+nct+ated ,y a closing pe!iod. The a,ove deviations f!o( acceptedg!a((atical +sage /a8e (iNcult4 i3 not i/possible4 a clear un(erstan(ing of theo!ds +sed o! the intention of the pa!ties. This is pa!tic+la!ly t!+e conce!ning the (eaning of a disp+tedph!ase in the inst!+(ent hich states that the g!antee is to pay da(ages f!o( . . . the !elaying> (aintaining andope!ating said pipeline. . . . The inst!+(ent is a(,ig+o+s as to hat the o!ds . . . !elaying . . . said pipeline . . .e!e intended to (ean.

)n( --- its +S a ter/ o3 eclusionIrey 27KV+dge S+p!e(e Co+!t of isso+!i> S+p!e(e Co+!t of isso+!i>

2#- o. 1-")M 1- S.W.#d 4$M 1:#) o. 5[0S )24> e6isL0n s+ppo!t of this contention appellant again a!g+es that hen any a(,ig+ity e6ists in a ill it is the d+ty of theco+!t to const!+e the ill +nde! g+idance of the p!es+(ption that the testat!i6 intended he! p!ope!ty to go to he!ne6t of Fin> +nless the!e is a st!ong intention to the cont!a!y. %gain e say> the!e is int!insic p!oof of a Y1-$4Zst!ong intention to the cont!a!y. 0n the !st place> testat!i6 only na(ed to of he! ,lood !elatives in the ill and hadshe desi!ed Y2$Z the( to taFe the !esid+a!y estate she do+,tless o+ld have (entioned the( ,y na(e in the!esid+a!y cla+se. 0n the second place> if she +sed the o!d hei!s in the sense of ,lood !elatives she ce!tainlyo+ld have dispelled all a(,ig+ity ,y stating hose ,lood !elatives e!e intended. Not only had Y"2Z she taFenpains in the ill to identify he! on to ,lood !elatives ,+t she had also identied ce!tain ,lood !elatives of he!

deceased h+s,and. 8ad it ,een he! intention to vest the !esid+a!y estate in he! ,lood !elativessolely > she o+ld ce!tainly have +sed the possessie pronoun (y instead of theindenite a!ticle the in the cla+se> the a,ove hei!s.its is geog!aphical

'* iolation- The plan tet o3 the aNr/atie inclu(es theeploration an( (eelop/ent o3 another country.s spaceprogra/ as ell*

C* Stan(ar(s


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Topicality Wave 1 Page 1B of 119

1* L+M+TS- )LL


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2&C ?+ts@ eclu(es +nternational

)* Jre3er our interpretation, the space eploration an(

(eelop/ent has to be )/erican an( cannot inclu(einternational actors* Jre3er our interp because it co/es 3ro/the Supre/e Court o3 Jennsylania an( Missouri to erycre(ible sources*

C* Stan(ar(s,

Li/its, We (o not li/it aD groun(* We still allo 3or EFother aD such as SJS4 constellation4 an( asteroi(s* )ll e (o is/a8e the li/its 3air 3or both the aD an( neg* ) topical ersionoul( be to clai/ goo( relations as a(antage4 not "at it*

Jre(ictable, !o not let the aD say that they are pre(ictable*The resolution clearly says ?+TS@ space eploration an((eelop/ent4 not another countries.* )lso (o not let the/clai/ that they are increasing e(ucation because (epth isbetter than brea(th* !epth is better than brea(th because it isbetter to 8no a lot about a 3e things than to 8no literallyone or to 3acts about a lot o3 ran(o/ things* )lso they hurtneg 3airness because by running aDs that (on.t abi(e by theresolution they /a8e neg research*

They also steal /aAor neg groun( by ta8ing aay theinternational actors CJ.s*

Gra//ar, They ta8e aay the e(ucational alue o3 the roun(by in3erring incorrect gra//ar* )lso by using incorrectgra//ar they are re(ucing precision4 hich results inunpre(ictability*

This is a oter 3or 3airness an( e(ucation*


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b* Groun(Jriate actors an( international organizationsare CJ groun(* The aD (oesn.t test hether the HSIGshoul( i/ple/ent or not*

c* tra-teen i3 they inclu(e things that the go.t ons4

they hae other actors to put things in space*

oters 3or e(ucation an( 3airness*


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Stu(ies proe (epth is better than brea(th*)rrington 9K9e,ecca> IR% Today> 3St+dy 'inds That St+dents Benet '!o( Depth> 9athe! Than B!eadth> in8igh School Science Co+!ses a!ch 4L

% !ecent st+dy !epo!ts that high school st+dents ho st+dy fee! science topics> ,+t

st+dy the( in g!eate! depth> have an advantage in college science classes ove! thei!pee!s ho st+dy (o!e topics and spend less ti(e on each. 9o,e!tTai> associatep!ofesso! at the Inive!sity of Ri!giniaQs C+!!y School of 5d+cation> o!Fed itha!c S.Scha!t; of the Inive!sity of Te6asat %!lington and Philip . Sadle! andGe!ha!d Sonne!t of the8a!va!d*S(ithsonian Cente! fo! %st!ophysics to cond+ct the st+dy and p!od+ce the !epo!t.Depth Re!s+s B!eadthE 8o Content Cove!age in 8igh School Co+!ses 9elates to ate! S+ccess in College ScienceCo+!seo!F !elates the a(o+nt of content cove!ed on a pa!tic+la! topic in high school classes ith st+dentsQpe!fo!(ance in college*level science classes. The st+dy ill appea! in the V+ly #--: p!int edition of Science5d+cation and is c+!!ently availa,le as an online p!e*p!int f!o( the o+!nal. %s a fo!(e! high school teache!> 0

alays o!!ied a,o+t hethe! it as ,ette! to teach less in g!eate! depth o! (o!e ith no !eal depth.This st+dyoe!s evidence that teaching fee! topics in g!eate! depth is a ,ette! ay top!epa!e st+dents fo! s+ccess in collegescience> Tai said. These !es+lts a!e ,ased on thepe!fo!(ance of tho+sands of collegescience st+dents f!o( ac!oss the Inited States.The )>21- st+dents in the st+dy e!e en!olled in int!od+cto!y ,iology> che(ist!y o! physics in !ando(ly selectedfo+!*yea! colleges and +nive!sities.Those ho spent one (onth o! (o!e st+dying one (ao!topic in*depth in high school ea!ned highe! g!ades in college science than thei! pee!sho st+died (o!e topics in the sa(e pe!iod of ti(e. The st+dy !evealed that st+dents inco+!ses that foc+sed on (aste!ing a pa!tic+la! topic e!e i(pacted tice as (+chas those in co+!ses that to+ched on eve!y (ao! topic.

oters 3or e(ucation an( 3airness

a* (ucation is increase( ten3ol( by li/iting the aD topre(ictable plans4 an( the purpose o3 (ebate is to

increase e(ucation* +3 the aD is (ecreasing e(ucation4 thepurpose o3 (ebate is ruine(*

b* Jre(ictable li/itation is the only ay to ensure 3airness3or the neg*4 especially ith the in"nite prep ti/e the aDreceies*


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Topicality Wave 1 Page 2# of 119

1&C - Space ploration /ust be Jhysical

), +nterpretation - ?Space ploration@ is the physical

traeling to areas in space*Colu/bia ncyclope(ia 7space e6plo!ation. The Col+(,ia 5ncyclopedia>Si6th 5dition. #--). 5ncyclopedia.co(. : ay. #-11]httpE@@.encyclopedia.co(J.httpE@@.encyclopedia.co(@topic@space^e6plo!ation.asp6With ove! "1>--- ent!ies The Col+(,ia 5ncyclopedia KSi6th 5ditionL is an a+tho!itative and e6ha+stive !efe!enceg+ide. 5ach ent!y is tho!o+gh and clea!> the !es+lt of ove! #-- edito!s and acade(ic adviso!s st!iving fo! depth and

acc+!acy in the oldest> (ost vene!a,le 5nglish lang+age encyclopedia in the o!ld. space e6plo!ation theinestigation o3 physical con(itions in space an(on sta!s> planets> and othe!celestial bo(iesthrough the +se of arti"cial satellitesKspacec!aft that o!,it the ea!thL>space probesKspacec!aft that pass through the solar syste/ and that (ay o! (ay noto!,it anothe! celestial ,odyL> an( spacecra3t ith hu/an cres. Satellites and P!o,es

)lthough stu(ies 3ro/ earth using optical an( ra(io telescopesha(accu/ulate( /uch (ataon the nat+!e of celestial ,odies> it as not untila3ter Worl(War ++ thatthe (eelop/ent o3 poer3ul roc8ets /a(e di!ect spacee6plo!ation a technological possibility*The !st a!ticial satellite> Sp+tniF 0> as la+nched ,y theISS9 Kno 9+ssiaL on Hct. 4> 1:"$> and sp+!!ed the do!(ant I.S. p!og!a( into action> leading to an inte!nationalco(petition pop+la!ly Fnon as the space !ace. 56plo!e! 0> the !st %(e!ican satellite> as la+nched on Van. 21>1:"). %ltho+gh ea!th*o!,iting satellites have ,y fa! acco+nted fo! the g!eat (ao!ity of la+nches in the spacep!og!a(> even (o!e info!(ation on the (oon> othe! planets> and the s+n has ,een acA+i!ed ,y space p!o,es.

', iolation The )Nr/atie (oesn.t actually ?eplore@ theynee( to physically be there

C, Stan(ar(s 1 - Li/its,We need to li(it the topic to physical e6plo!ation of space>

if e dont do this then othe! as can clai( that looFing th!o+gh a telescope>this allos fo! a!(atives that +st deploy a telescope to looF at the (oon.Uo+ can 3e6plo!e yo+! !oo( ,y looFing at it_

2 Groun(E ao! neg g!o+nd steal> e can neve! p!edict hate6plo!ation ill (ean !o+nd*to*!o+nd and hethe! o! not e act+ally t!avelso(ehe!e. We lose linFs on D%s that !ely on the pe!ception of act+allyto+ching space

# (ucationE Witho+t physically e6plo!ing space e cant !eally+nde!stand the A+estion of hethe! o! not e sho+ld e6plo!e it> e need to

Fno if h+(an e6pansion in space is a good idea ey to Topic 5d+cation.

!, Topicality is a oter * 'ai!nessE Need T to checF +np!edicta,le as* 5d+cationE Need T to (aFe s+!e as stay on Topic> othe!ise the!e is not

point to having a !esol+tion


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Topicality Wave 1 Page 2$ of 119* Co(peting 0nte!p!etationsE Witho+t this it is +p to the +dge and +dge

only on hethe! o! not the a is 3topical. Need to co(pa!e o+!inte!p!etations to (aFe +s logically +nde!stand hos inte!p!etation is,ette!.


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Topicality Wave 1 Page 2% of 119

2&C Space /ust be physical Space

), Jre3er our +nterpretation, this doesnt (aFe any sense.

* Groun(E Neg loses 8IG5 g!o+nd in this de,ate> itho+t h+(ans ,eingsent to space e cant linF ith Pe!ception D%s> the (ost i(po!tant D%son the topic ,eca+se they conside! 0nte!national 9elations and ho thisspace e6pansion o+ld aect this.

* (ucationE % cant clai( e taFe ed+cation hen e cant even getlinFs to D% !eliant on a h+(an p!esence in space> e act+ally lea!nso(ething a,o+t the i(pact of h+(an e6pansion into space .

T is a oter,

o 'ai!nessE is the ,iggest !eason to vote on T> especially on an %that doesnnt even p+t anything into space_ Rote fai!ness on a,ove!easons of li(its and g!o+nd> itho+t these a ill in eve!yde,ate.

o Co(peting 0nte!p!etationsE DH NHT BIU this !easona,ilitya!g+(ent> thei! inte!p!etation is NHT 95%SHN%B5> if yo+ allo!easona,ility ove! co(peting inte!ps then yo+ vote on letting the

+dge choose ho ins eve!y !o+nd itho+t conside!ing othe!iss+es.


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Topicality Wave 1 Page 2B of 119

1&C - ST+ is not Space po

), +nterpretation ?Space ploration@ is the physicaltraeling to areas in space*

Colu/bia ncyclope(ia 7space e6plo!ation. The Col+(,ia 5ncyclopedia>Si6th 5dition. #--). 5ncyclopedia.co(. : ay. #-11]httpE@@.encyclopedia.co(J.httpE@@.encyclopedia.co(@topic@space^e6plo!ation.asp6With ove! "1>--- ent!ies The Col+(,ia 5ncyclopedia KSi6th 5ditionL is an a+tho!itative and e6ha+stive !efe!enceg+ide. 5ach ent!y is tho!o+gh and clea!> the !es+lt of ove! #-- edito!s and acade(ic adviso!s st!iving fo! depth and

acc+!acy in the oldest> (ost vene!a,le 5nglish lang+age encyclopedia in the o!ld. space e6plo!ation theinestigation o3 physical con(itions in space an(on sta!s> planets> and othe!celestial bo(iesthrough the +se of arti"cial satellitesKspacec!aft that o!,it the ea!thL>space probesKspacec!aft that pass through the solar syste/ and that (ay o! (ay noto!,it anothe! celestial ,odyL> an( spacecra3t ith hu/an cres. Satellites and P!o,es)lthough stu(ies 3ro/ earth using optical an( ra(io telescopesha(

accu/ulate( /uch (ataon the nat+!e of celestial ,odies> it as not untila3ter Worl(War ++ thatthe (eelop/ent o3 poer3ul roc8ets /a(e di!ect spacee6plo!ation a technological possibility*The !st a!ticial satellite> Sp+tniF 0> as la+nched ,y theISS9 Kno 9+ssiaL on Hct. 4> 1:"$> and sp+!!ed the do!(ant I.S. p!og!a( into action> leading to an inte!nationalco(petition pop+la!ly Fnon as the space !ace. 56plo!e! 0> the !st %(e!ican satellite> as la+nched on Van. 21>1:"). %ltho+gh ea!th*o!,iting satellites have ,y fa! acco+nted fo! the g!eat (ao!ity of la+nches in the spacep!og!a(> even (o!e info!(ation on the (oon> othe! planets> and the s+n has ,een acA+i!ed ,y space p!o,es.

', iolation )Nr/atie classi"es ST+ as space eploration4space eploration is speci"cally & Rol+(e 4#> 0ss+es 1-*1#> ay*V+ne 1::)> Pages 771*77"

Inde! the gene!al concept of state sove!eignty it is fo! a state to !eg+late hat is done ithin its +!isdiction. Hnthat ,asis it is fo! (+nicipal la to dete!(ine the laf+lness of S5T0 activity> and> fo! its on p+!poses to !eg+late

hat is done. Jassie ST+> if 0 (ay so call the si/ple reception an( analysis o3signals> co+ld ,e classied as a (atte! lying holly ithin the +!isdiction of a state. Can one a!g+e that it is anactivity in o+te! space> hich is the g!ava(en of the IN t!eaties` 0 thinF not. 8oeve!> one coul( say thatit crals into the international arrange/ents as being part o3 the?eploration@ o3 spacehich is dealt ith inte!nationally. ;oeer4 i3 that is the casethen isual astrono/y /ust also uali3y*Ce!tainly ast!ono(y has an inte!est> fo! spacede,!is> not to (ention space a!t> can aect ast!ono(e!s* + oul( not consi(er this enough toseep astrono/y into the actiities subAect to the


27/119



C, Stan(ar(s -

1 - Li/its, Hn(er the aNr/atie interpretation they Austi3yaNr/aties li8e ?Gie Ti//y a Telescope to loo8 at the Moon@V*you can.t Aust eplore Mt*erest by loo8ing at it on Google

2 Groun(, When the aD can Aust put so/ething on the groun(to L


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2&C ST+ is eclu(e(

), Jre3er our +nterpretation,H+! inte!p!etation is that as (+st physically,e e6plo!ing space> not th!o+gh telescopes. This allos fo! the (ost a and neg

g!o+nd and allos fo! 5R59U othe! (ao! as> SPS> 8e2> Coloni;ation

* Li/its,We need to li(it o+t a!(atives liFe the 1%C he!e the a(e!ely f+nd so(ething on ea!th and doesnt act+ally GH to space. Inde!the a!(atives inte!p e can do anything that has anything to do ithspace and it o+ld ,e conside! Topical.

* Groun(E 0f yo+ thinF neg still has g!o+nd +nde! a inte!p yo+! !ong> e,asically get gene!ic D%s and CPs. The as inte!p taFes aay 5R59U D%D5%0NG W0T8 SP%C5. 8o can yo+ say e steal a g!o+nd hen eal!eady have none.

* (ucationE We in this a!g+(ent> the a doesnt !eally change

anything 0N space. They +st ant to looF at the sFy> this is e6actly hythei! inte!p!etation is inhe!ently NHT ed+cational. 8o can yo+ say3e6plo!ation is the sa(e as 3looFing.

T is a oter,


o Co(peting 0nte!p!etationsE DH NHT BIU this !easona,ility

a!g+(ent> thei! inte!p!etation is NHT 95%SHN%B5> if yo+ allo!easona,ility ove! co(peting inte!ps then yo+ vote on letting the



29/119



1&C - Space ploration Must 'e ;u/ans

), +nterpretation Space ploration /ust inclu(e physicaleploration by Jeople

Iaith)@21@9httpE@@.thespace!evie.co(@a!ticle@14"7@13 Giving N%S% a clea!(ission 3 G. 9yan 'aith is an ad+nct fello at the Cente! fo! St!ategic and0nte!national St+dies KCS0SL.

Giing &)S) a clear /ission 0f neithe! technology*o!iented no! destination*o!iented o,ectivessee( a,le to p!ovide a sense of di!ection to g+ide the nations eo!ts in space> then hat can` To app!oach thisA+estion> it is +sef+l to asF hy P!esident ennedys challenge to go to the oon as so eective in p!oviding N%S%ith leade!ship. The c!itical ele(ent of this challenge that> altho+gh neve! e6plicit> as so i(po!tant to N%S%shealth and g!oth d+!ing this pe!iod as the t!ansfo!(ationat least in fact> if not in lainto an e6plo!ationagency. 0f e ish to see N%S% act eectively as a space e6plo!ation agency> then the (ost di!ect ay to do this isto a(end the Space %ct to e6plicitly tasF the agency ith the o, of space e6plo!ation. 8oeve!> ,efo!e e do so>

e /ust (e"ne hat space eploration actually is. Space eploration is theepansion o3 hu/an inUuence in space* This denition of e6plo!ation is inhe!ently one of capacity

,+ilding. ;u/an inUuencein space isa (eas+!e of our ability to (o use3ul thingsbeyon( the arth.s sur3ace. +n or(er to (o so/ething use3ul4 there has tobe so/e sort o3 hu/an presence4 either hu/ans the/seles or their roboticproies. Hnce so(e (eas+!e of h+(an inb+ence has ,een esta,lished at so(e destination in space> the!e a!eto ays a space e6plo!ation agency can e6pand that inb+ence. Hne> the agency can dec!ease the costs andinc!ease the ,enets of h+(an inb+ence at a given location +ntil s+ch inb+ence ,eco(es s+ciently +sef+l that itis econo(ically self*s+staining> at hich point contin+ed +se of agency !eso+!ces is +nnecessa!y. %lte!nately>h+(an inb+ence can ,e e6tended to so(e ne place that (ay in f+t+!e ,eco(e ho(e to so(e fo!( of self*s+ppo!ting h+(an inb+ence. The Fey ele(ent is that s+ch a (andate co(pels each step to ,+ild on pastacco(plish(ents and lay the g!o+ndo!F fo! f+t+!e (issions.

', iolation )Nr/atie (oesn.t use hu/ans in theireplorationLogs(on 9httpE@@nt!s.nasa.gov@a!chive@[email protected]!s.nasa.gov@#-1---#")$"^#-1--#)27#.pdfD!. ogsdon is P!ofesso! 5(e!it+s of Political Science and 0nte!national %ai!s atGeo!ge Washington Inive!sitys 5lliott School of 0nte!national %ai!s. P!io! to hisleaving active fac+lty stat+s in V+ne #--)> he as on the fac+lty of the Geo!geWashington Inive!sity fo! 2) yea!sM ,efo!e that he ta+ght at the Catholic Inive!sityof %(e!ica fo! fo+! yea!s. 8e as the fo+nde! in 1:)$ and long*ti(e Di!ecto! ofGWs Space Policy 0nstit+te. '!o( 1:)2*#--1> he as also Di!ecto! of the SchoolsCente! fo! 0nte!national Science and Technology Policy. 8e is also a fac+lty (e(,e!of the 0nte!national Space Inive!sity. D+!ing the #--$*#--) acade(ic yea!> he asa Disting+ished Risiting P!ofesso! at 0Ts Science> Technology and Society P!og!a(on a pa!t*ti(e ,asis. 8e holds a B.S. in Physics f!o( [avie! Inive!sity K1:7-L and aPh.D. in Political Science f!o( Ne Uo!F Inive!sity K1:$-L.

any ,elieve that the only s+staina,le !ationale fo! a gove!n(ent*f+nded p!og!a( of h+(an spacebight is to taFe

the lead in e6plo!ing the sola! syste( ,eyond lo*5a!th o!,it.#- The M+T hite paper proi(es aninsight3ul (e"nition o3 eploration, 56plo!ation is a hu/an actiity> +nde!taFen ,yce!tain c+lt+!es at ce!tain ti(es fo! pa!tic+la! !easons. +t has co/ponents o3 national interest4scienti"c research4 an( technical innoation4 but is (e"ne( by none o3 the/*We (e"ne eplorationasan e6pansion of the !eal( of h+(an e6pe!ience> bringing peopleinto ne places> sit+ations> and envi!on(ents> e6panding and !edening hat it (eans to ,e h+(an. Whatis the !ole of 5a!th in h+(an life` 0s h+(an life f+nda(entally tied to the ea!th> o! co+ld it s+!vive itho+t the


30/119


Topicality Wave 1 Page #0 of 119planet` ;u/an presence> and its attendant !isF> turns a spaceUight into a story that isco/pellingto la!ge n+(,e!s of people. 56plo!ation also has a (o!al di(ension ,eca+se it is in eect ac+lt+!al conve!sation on the nat+!e and (eaning of h+(an life. 56plo!ation ,y this denition can only,e acco(plished ,y di!ect h+(an p!esence and (ay ,e dee(ed o!thy of the !isF of h+(anlife.#1 0n the aFe of the #--2 Col+(,ia accident that tooF the lives of seven ast!ona+ts and the !epo!t of theCol+(,ia %ccident 0nvestigation Boa!d that c!itici;ed the a,sence of a co(pelling (ission fo! h+(an spacebight as

3a fail+!e of national leade!ship>## the Hnite( States> in Van+a!y #--4> adopted a ne policy togui(e its hu/an spaceUight actiities*The policy di!ected N%S% to 3i(ple(ent a s+stainedand ao!da,le h+(an and !o,otic p!og!a( to e6plo!e the sola! syste( and ,eyond and to 3e6tend h+(anp!esence ac!oss the sola! syste(> sta!ting ith a h+(an !et+!n to the oon ,y the yea! #-#-> in p!epa!ation fo!

h+(an e6plo!ation of a!s and othe! destinations.#2 This policy see/s totally consistent ith the(e"nition o3 eplorationp!ovided in the 0T hite pape!.

C, Stan(ar(s -1 - Li/its,Inde! the as inte!p!etations e can send 1 p!o,e o+t

into space and call it topical> this allos fo! (inisc+le a!(atives> yo+ ont,e a,le to 3e6plo!e so(ething itho+t going the!e yo+!self

2 Groun(E When the a is alloed to looF at space ith !o,ots it(oots Neg linFs> e need all e6plo!ation to ,e done ,y h+(ans o! e losepe!ception D%s that a!e Fey to the topic

# (ucationE When e dont send h+(ans e dont lea!n a,o+tthe eect e physically have on the +nive!se> this is Fey to topic ed+cation


point to having a !esol+tion* Co(peting 0nte!p!etationsE Witho+t this it is +p to the +dge and +dge

only on hethe! o! not the a is 3topical. Need to co(pa!e o+!inte!p!etations to (aFe +s logically +nde!stand hos inte!p!etation is,ette!.


31/119


Topicality Wave 1 Page #1 of 119

2&C Space /ust be hu/ans

), Jre3er our +nterpretation,H+! inte!p!etation is that as (+st +se8+(ans to physically go into space and e6plo!e> othe!ise the a can ,e anything

a,o+t space. We still allo fo! the ,iggest as on the topic> oon ining andColoni;ation

* Li/its,%s that +st let !ando( telescopes looF at space and ,econside!ed 3e6plo!ation is neithe! physical o! h+(an. Uo+ o+ld neve!inte!p!et 356plo!ing t.5ve!est as +st sta!ting at its pict+!e on Google>this doesnt (aFe any sense. We need to go the!e as h+(ans physicallyfo! this to ,e conside!ed e6plo!ation.

* Groun(E Neg loses 8IG5 g!o+nd in this de,ate> itho+t h+(ans ,eingsent to space e cant linF ith Pe!ception D%s> the (ost i(po!tant D%son the topic ,eca+se they conside! 0nte!national 9elations and ho this

space e6pansion o+ld aect this.* (ucationE % cant clai( e taFe ed+cation hen e cant even getlinFs to D% !eliant on a h+(an p!esence in space> e act+ally lea!nso(ething a,o+t the i(pact of h+(an e6pansion into space .

T is a oter,


o Co(peting 0nte!p!etationsE DH NHT BIU this !easona,ilitya!g+(ent> thei! inte!p!etation is NHT 95%SHN%B5> if yo+ allo!easona,ility ove! co(peting inte!ps then yo+ vote on letting the



32/119



1&C - Space ploration !eep Space

), +nterpretations - Must eplore past arth.s 9ocFy> and Sa!ah o. N%S% * 8+(an Space 56plo!ation. NASA - Home. 17

V+ne #-11. We,. #2 V+ne #-11.]httpE@@.nasa.gov@e6plo!ation@ho([email protected](lJ. (esThis is the ,eginning of a ne e!a in space eploration here e ill buil( thecapabilities to sen( hu/ansdeepe! into spacethan eve! ,efo!e.

', iolation )Nr/atie Aust puts so/ething into orbit aroun(the arth4 this isn.t eploration

8a!!ison Sch/itt4 200#Chai!(an Hf 0nte!l+ne*0nte!(a!s 0nitiative %st!ona+t,efo!e the Senate Co((e!ce> Science> and T!anspo!tation Co((itteeQsS+,co((ittee on Science >3Testi(ony on the Co((e!cial Develop(ent of +na!9eso+!ces> #--2

The te!( space eplorationP i/plies the eploration o3 the Moon4 planets an(asteroi(s4 that is4 P(eep space4P in contrast to continuing hu/anactivitiesinarth orbit. 8+(an activities in arth orbit hae less to (o ith eploration an(/ore to (o ith international co//it/ents> as in the case of the Space Station> andp!estige and technological develop(ent> as in the case of China and 9+ssia. There are also researchopportunities4 not 3ully recognize( een a3ter $0 years4 that eploit theopportunities presente( by being in arth orbit*

C, Stan(ar(s 1 - Li/its,0f e dont (aFe as go past 5a!ths o!,it it allos fo!

c!a;y as that (ay only p+t a telescope in lo*ea!th o!,it o! a eathe!,alloon a.

2 Groun(E We lose all o+! D%s> eve!y D% !elies on p+ttingso(ething +p past the 5a!ths o!,it> thei! inte!p!etation doesnt allo fo!this.

# (ucationE 0f e dont act+ally go past the 5a!ths o!,it e a!entact+ally in space this ios lite!ally the (ost i(po!tant ed+cational aspect of

the enti!e !esol+tion. We (+st ,e in space_


point to having a !esol+tion* Co(peting 0nte!p!etationsE Witho+t this it is +p to the +dge and +dge

only on hethe! o! not the a is 3topical. Need to co(pa!e o+!


33/119


Topicality Wave 1 Page ## of 119inte!p!etations to (aFe +s logically +nde!stand hos inte!p!etation is,ette!.


34/119


Topicality Wave 1 Page #$ of 119

2&C )2 Eeasonability

This is +st liFe saying 3e!e al(ost topical T80S 0S NHT '%09. aFes s+!e neg loseseve!y T de,ate hen a need only say thei! inte!p is !easona,le> hich +st (eans

the +dge chooses

Eeasonability as an anser is ba(Kup3erbreg K5!ic> 1:76* atin %(e!ican PoliticsE The Calc+l+s of 0nsta,ility> L>Inive!sity of ent+cFy 3i(its the 5ssence of Topicality

9esol+tions the(selves ,egan to change ith these changes in pe!spective> andsoon (any of the( co+ld not ,e !ationally o! intellect+ally defended in the a,st!actThe Inited States sho+ld signicantly inc!ease its fo!eign (ilita!y co((it(entsand The Inited States sho+ld signicantly change its fo!eign t!ade policy ,eing

to !ecent e6a(ples. The nu/ber o3 plans broa(ene( ith these broa(ertopics4 as (i( the nu/ber o3 proposals (e3en(e( that ere o3 tangential ortenuous relationship to the resolution. S+ch plans> cha!(ingly d+,,edsA+i!!els> !aised the ,lood p!ess+!e of (any negative de,ate!s> sp+!!ing the( tochallenge the connection ,eteen plan and !esol+tion.


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Topicality Wave 1 Page #% of 119

1&C Space (eelop/ent Q ;u/an Colonization

+nterpretation- Space (eelop/ent is the epan(ing o3 hu/anciilization to other plants4 an( the (eelop/ent o3 an

interstellar space Uight capabilities*

Space (eelop/ent /eans epan(ing hu/an ciilization0 % Cra3or( 199%,ased at the Depa!t(ent of Physics and %st!ono(y>Inive!sity Col* lege ondon> Goe! St!eet> ondon> I> Space develop(entE socialand political i(plications SP%C5 PH0CU Nove(,e! 1::" #1:

0n this essay 0 ish to e6plo!e so(e of the social and political iss+es liFely to lie ,ehind any la!ge*scale f+t+!e

p!og!a((e of space e6plo!ation and develop(ent. 'o! the p+!poses of this disc+ssion 4 + inten( :large-scale: to /ean a progra//e o3 space (eelop/ent on a scale suNcient to/a8e possible4 oer the net 3e centuries4 the econo/ic utilisation o3 theSolar Syste/4 the colonisation o3 other planets4 an(4 eentually4 the

(eelop/ent o3 an interstellar spaceUight capability. 0 a( aa!e that (any self*styledQ!ealistsQ ill !eact against s+ch an appa!ently +topian agenda ,+t it see(s to (e that so(ething along these lines(+st ,e the +lti(ate ai( of any (eaningf+l f+t+!e h+(an space p!og!a((e. %fte! all> e al!eady have (ost ofhat e need fo! satellite co((+nications> ea!th !eso+!ce s+!veys> and space ast!ono(y> so disc+ssion of (ao!

ne technical and instit+tional initiatives (aFes sense only if e acFnoledge that the +lti(ate ai( of space(eelop/ent is so/ething /uch /ore a/bitious - the epansion o3 hu/anciilisation into the Solar Syste/ an( beyon(*

iolation- The aD (oes not epan( hu/an ciilization to other planets*

Eeasons to pre3er-

)* Jre(ictable li/its-


36/119


Topicality Wave 1 Page #B of 119

2&C Space (eelop/ent Q ;u/an Colonization

ten( our +nterpretation- Space (eelop/ent is theepan(ing o3 hu/an ciilization to other planets4 hich /eans

that the aD /ust colonize a planet other than earth to betopical4 an( the (eelop/ent o3 an interstellar space Uightcapabilities4 hich /eans being able to Uy beteen stars*

Eeasons to pre3er-

)* ten( Jre(ictable li/its- creates clash in the roun(* 'ecause4 hene are rea(y 3or the argu/ents that they ill run4 e can hae a/ore in (epth (ebate then e oul( i3 e ha( no i(ea hatargu/ents oul( arise in the roun(*

'* ten( &eg Groun(- Hn(er their interpretation e are unable to getlin8s to things li8e the 3rontier K4 or colonization ba(* Their(e"nition is etre/ely ague* This eplo(es the negs researchbur(en4 because e no hae to (e3en( )&FT;+&G in space beyon(the /esosphere*

Topicality is a oting issue 3or e(ucation an( 3airness* We increase both o3those the /ost because o3 in (epth the (ebates- that.s e(ucation* )n(because o3 a 3air an( een research bur(en- that.s 3airness*


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1&C !eelop/ent Q Co//ercial Space

+nterpretation- Space (eelop/ent is the epansion o3

co//ercial space proAects as ell as a substantial increase4that is at least 6O o3 &)S).s bu(get*

Space (eelop/ent is epansion o3 co//ercial space proAects5!ic Westling> g+est on the space sho :@11@06>httpE@@.thespacesho.co(@g+est.asp`A/#:)@@chen5!ic Westling is a science !ite!> p+ndit on science> technology> and econo(ics. 8e is the co*a+tho! of The Space5levato! ith D!. B!ad 5da!ds . 0n addition> !. Westling is !eti!ed and is a fo!(e! %!(y oce! and helicopte!pilot> civilian %i!line T!anspo!t Pilot K%TPL> fo!(e! cons+ltant to (any s(all co(panies !ega!ding enginee!ing>co(p+te!> and ,+siness t!o+,leshooting. 8is (ost !ecent pape!s a!e on Sola! Poe! Satellites> 5cono(ics of theSpace 5levato!> 5ne!gy and ti(e lag in the #1st cent+!y > and 5!ics a6io(s Ka list of p!inciples of science>

technology and econo(icsL. !. Westling stats that ?Space !eelop/ent isthe only long te!( anse!to the> +st sta!ting> ene!gy sho!tageM hich ill othe!ise contin+e +ntil e have an econo(ic collapse. 8e

,elieves that no*one is doing space develop(ent . 0nstead> e have space technology> not develop(ent. N%S% hasno T9 1- the!efo!e no plans to develop space . 8e denes space develop(ent as the rapi( epansiono3 /anne( co//ercial proAects in space*

) substantial increase in &asa 'u(get +s 6O)lean(er 060A4ir Ale>a2der, Writer ?1r t8e @la2etar S1ciet, 5 NASA Bars @r1gra4 T8reate2ed 6 Se2ate u2di2g ill78tt3993la2etar+1rg92e:s9*!!"9!"!/


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iolation- The aD (oes not epan( co//ercial space proAects4nor is it substantial in increasing &)S)s bu(get by 6O*

Eeasons to pre3er-

)* Jre(ictable li/its- +nclusion o3 /onu/ents eplo(es theli/its o3 the topic*


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2&C !eelop/ent Q Co//ercial Space

ten( our interpretation- Space (eelop/ent is the epansion

o3 co//ercial space proAects4 hich /eans that a /onu/entoul( not be (eelop/ent* Co//ercial space proAects i/plynot by the 3e(eral goern/ent* )n(4 een i3 they are(eelop/ent4 they aren.t substantial* Substantial /ust be a6O increase o3 &)S).s current bu(get*

+n the contet o3 HSIG space policy (eelop/ent isco//ercial* Jre3er our ei(ence it proi(es a substantialcaselist base( on e/pirical ea/ples*5liga! Sa(eh 2002 %ssistant P!ofesso! in the Depa!t(ent of Space St+dies atthe Inive!sity of No!th DaFota he!e he di!ects the Space Policy t!acF fo! theDepa!t(ent. Sadeh also se!ves as a 9esea!ch %ssociate ith the Space Policy0nstit+te at Geo!ge Washington Inive!sity. D! Sadeh has developed g!ad+ate levelco+!ses in Space Politics and Policy> P+,lic %d(inist!ation of Space Technology>Space a> and Space and the 5nvi!on(ent. 5liga! Sadeh is P!esident of%st!ocons+lting 0nte!national and 5dito! of the o+!nal %st!opoliticsE The0nte!national Vo+!nal of Space Politics and Policy Space politics and policyE anevol+tiona!y pe!spective KGoogle eBooFL p #12*4

5RHIT0HN H' CH59C0% SP%C5 PH0CU Jolicy state/ents encouragingco((e!cialspace(eelop/ent began appearing in the Carter )(/inistration4 but the "rstreal atte/pts at a co/prehensie HS goern/ent policytoa!d space co((e!ceca/e in the 1970s* This as (rien by technology /aturation4 (a!Fet(e/an( 3or satellite co//unications an( launch serices4 an(epectations o3 pro"ts in ne a!eas s+ch as !e(ote sensing and (ate!ials p!ocessing. Policiesadd!essing die!ent seg(ents of the co((e!cial space secto! have al!eady ,een disc+ssed> ,+t the 9eagan%d(inist!ationQs 1:)) National Space Policy as the !st p!esidential di!ective to !ecogni;e space co((e!ce as adistinct secto! of space activity and to esta,lish g+idelines fo! s+ppo!ting it. The B+sh K):L and Clinton

%d(inist!ations late! adopted (+ch of the sa(e o!ding> ith (ino! e(,ellish(ents. The essentialele/ents o3 presi(ential gui(ance since the late 1970s (irect the HSgoern/ent to, supportand enhance HS econo/ic co/petitieness in spaceactiities= purchase co//ercially aailable space goo(sand se!vices to the f+lleste6tent feasi,le= re3rain 3ro/ actiities ith co//ercial applicationsthatpreclu(eo! dete! co//ercial space actiities4e6cept fo! !easons of national sec+!ity o! p+,lic

safety= pursue co//ercial space obAecties ithout the use o3 (irect 3e(eralsubsi(ies= superise o! !eg+late co//ercial space actiitiesonly to the e6tent !eA+i!ed,y la> national sec+!ity> inte!national o,ligations> and p+,lic safety= 3acilitate co//ercial-sectoraccess to HS goern/ent space-relate( har(are4 3acilities4 an( (ata=enter into appropriate cooperatie agree/entshile p!otecting the co((e!cial val+e ofintellect+al p!ope!tyM i(enti3y portions o3 HS las and !eg+lationsthat+nnecessa!ily i/pe(ethe co//ercial space sector> and p!opose a(end(ents o! eli(inationM proi(e 3or ti/elytrans3er o3 goern/ent-(eelope( space technologyto the priate sector4incl+ding p!otection of its co((e!cial val+e and !etention of data !ights ,y the p!ivate secto!M an( support


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Topicality Wave 1 Page $0 of 119tra(e policies that encourage a co/petitie international eniron/ent 3orspace co//erce*Many o3 these i(eas ere co(i"e( into congressional laith the passage o3 the Co//ercial Space )ct o3 1997> P+,lic a 1-"*2-2. Thisact calls 3or the HS goern/ent to encourage the (eelop/ent o3 aco//ercial space in(ustryin a n+(,e! a!eas !anging fo!( the co((e!ciali;ation of the 0nte!national

Space States K0SSLM re/oal o3 barriers to applications o3 GJS= treat/ent an(acuisition o3 space science (ata as a co//ercial ite/= an( reuire/ents3or goern/ent procure/ent o3 co//ercial space transportation serices.0n !esponse to this %ct> N%S% has developed plans fo! co((e!ciali;ing 0SS and st!ategies fo! developing spaceco((e!ce.

Jre(ictable li/its- creates /ore clash4 because hen e areable to use speci"c lin8s e can argue /ore in (epth on thetopic4 hich increases e(ucation* Li/its are goo( because o33airness4 because it (ecreases the research bur(en on genericlin8s4 an( increases it on /ore speci"c ones as ell as case

args*

&eg groun(- their interpretation seerally li/its neg groun(4because e aren.t able to get lin8s on things li8e politics or 8s4because authors (on.t assu/e /onu/ents in space4 (ue to the3act that they aren.t substantial*

'rightline- We set a clear interpretation4 o3 hat is substantial4an( hat is not*


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Topicality Wave 1 Page $2 of 119

2&C Space !eelop/ent is ploitation

1*ten(


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Topicality Wave 1 Page $# of 119

C* )D groun(, The aNr/atie tea/ still gets to run all o3 theircore argu/ents such as /ining asteroi(s4 creating SJS4 /iningthe /oon4 co//ercializing space4 an( /any other aDs* We (onot /a8e it i/possible to be aD4 they still hae /ost o3 their

aD groun(4 e Aust gaint he groun( to run so/e 8riti8s* )lsoour (e"nition is 8non as a /ore co//on (e"nition4 so itshoul( be pre3erre( because (eelop/ent usually /eans usingreasources o3 an area4 such as space*

!* 'rightline, We are the only people ith a clearinterpretation o3 hat inclu(es an( eclu(es (eelop/ent4because their interp is ague so that their aD can "t it*

%* Jre3er co/peting interps oer reasonability4 you shoul(eigh topicality li8e a (isa(* )lso4 reasonability is arbitrary

an( causes Au(ge interention4 hich is ba(* T- is a oter 3or3airness an( e(ucation*


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Topicality Wave 1 Page $$ of 119

Substantial


45/119


Topicality Wave 1 Page $% of 119

Substantial +ncrease Q !ouble

Substantial increase is (ouble

Eosenthal 1979Y8a!!y> %P> 3Space Co+ncil Wants Pe!(anent Base on oon>a!s anding> e6isZ

The National Space Co+ncil> o!Fing on a (ao! ne space initiative> is foc+singon an %(e!ican !et+!n to the (oon> esta,lishing a pe!(anent ,ase and p!oceedingf!o( the!e to a!s. B+t it ill ,e e6pensive> a!ns 9ep. 9o,e!t WalFe!> 9*Pa.> hoas a(ong a g!o+p of cong!ess(en ,!iefed Th+!sday on seve!al options ,eingconside!ed ,y the co+ncil. %ny of the options> WalFe! said> ill !eA+i!e a s+,stantialinc!ease in !eso+!ces availa,le to N%S% * it ill !eA+i!e do+,ling the si;e of N%S%and the N%S% ,+dget. The co+ncil> headed ,y Rice P!esident Dan +ayle> favo!sthe (oon*a!s scena!io ove! othe! co+!ses ,eing conside!ed> WalFe! said> ,+t nonal decision has ,een (ade. +ayle> N%S% %d(inist!ato! 9icha!d 8. T!+ly and a!F%l,!echt> e6ec+tive sec!eta!y of the space co+ncil> cond+cted the ,!ieng.

Substantial increase4 in the contet o3 space4 is %0OShi3rin 1976YCa!ole> Space Technology> 3Soviets Conside! Possi,le a!s 9ove!>Sa(ple 9et+!n issions> e6isZ%llen cited the space station science p!og!a( and 5a!th and ocean sciences as a!eas in hich the!e a!e so+nd

p!og!a(s that a!e not adeA+ately ,+dgeted. 0t is clea! that to (o the soun( plan that &)S)alrea(y has4 at a reasonable pace4 oul( reuire a ery substantialincrease in the &)S) bu(get4 perhaps as /uch as %0O> he said. B+t that see(sso(ehat +nliFely> +nde! the Find of ,+dget p!ess+!es that e6isted in the past.


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Topicality Wave 1 Page $B of 119

Substantially +ncrease !o! Q 1#O

+ncrease in !

)))S 28Y %(e!ican %ssociation fo! the %dvance(ent of Science> 3 DHD Basic9esea!ch 9ises 12 Pe!centM Cong!ess %llocates ?:.4 Billion fo! S&T>httpE@@.aaas.o!g@spp@[email protected](> V+ly 1:th> #---ZCongress is rea(y to sen(to P!esident Clinton anal 'U 2001 !e3ense appropriationsbill proi(ing substantial increases 3or !epart/ent o3 !e3ense 5! a 8o+se*Senate confe!ence co((ittee !eleased a confe!ence !epo!t Knal ve!sionL of the Defenseapp!op!iations ,ill K89 4"$7L !econciling die!ences ,eteen the 8o+se and Senate ve!sions of the ,ill. The nalDefense ,ill adds even (o!e (oney to the s+,stantial inc!eases contained in the 8o+se and Senate ,ills fo! (ostDHD 9&D p!og!a(s> in cont!ast to the c+ts !eA+ested ,y the Pentagon and the Clinton %d(inist!ation. %ss+(ingthat the Senate app!oves and the P!esident signs the ,ill> ,oth of hich a!e liFely> DHDQs 9&D in 'U #--1 ill total?41.: ,illion> ?2.4 ,illion (o!e than the P!esidentQs !eA+est and ?#.7 ,illion o! 7.7 pe!cent (o!e than 'U #--- KseeTa,les % and BL. YThe Senate app!oved the confe!ence !epo!t on V+ly #$> and P!esident Clinton signed the ,ill into

la on %+g+st :.Z The "nal !e3ense bill boosts ! DHD S&T KY7.1th!o+gh 7.2 p!og!a(s> !ep!esenting DHDQs invest(ent in ,asic and applied !esea!ch and technologydevelop(ent> pl+s (edical !esea!ch contained in othe! acco+ntsZL ill inc!ease ,y ).2 pe!cent to ?:.4 ,illion>conside!a,ly (o!e than the !eA+ested level of ?$.7 ,illion.


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Substantially +ncrease &)S) Q 6O

) substantial increase in &asa 'u(get +s 6O

)lean(er 06Y%(i! %le6ande!> W!ite! fo! the Planeta!y Society> 3 N%S% a!sP!og!a( Th!eatened ,y Senate '+nding BillhttpE@@planeta!y.o!g@nes@#--$@-$-2^N%S%^a!s^P!og!a(^Th!eatened^,y^Senate.ht(lV+ly 2!d> #--$N1te I 8ad t1 d1 4at8 ?1r t8e 3erce2tage=

The Senate bill proposesthese seve!e c+ts to the a!s p!og!a( despite the fact that ove!all itp!ovides 3or a substantial increase in &)S) 3un(ing. 0f app!oved> the bill illallocate &)S) a total o3 16*$B billion4 1*2 billion /ore than the agency.s2006 bu(get,and ?1"- (illion (o!e than the ad(inist!ations !eA+est fo! #--). The p!oposal as c!afted ,ythe Senate S+,co((ittee on Co((e!ce> V+stice> and Science> and clea!ed the Senate %pp!op!iations Co((ittee onV+ne #)> #--$.


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Substantially +ncrease !oC Q 27*9O

+ncrease in !epart/ent o3 Co//erce Jrogra/s is oer 27*9O

)))S 2KY %(e!ican %ssociation fo! the %dvance(ent of Science> 3 9&D inSelected %gencies httpE@@.aaas.o!g@spp@[email protected](#---Z!epart/ent o3 Co//erce oul( see its E! bu(get increase by 6*0percent to 1*1 billion in IF 2001 (ue toan e6panded int!a(+!al !esea!ch p!og!a( at theNational 0nstit+te of Standa!ds and Technology KN0STL>a substantial increase 3or the)(ance( Technology Jrogra/ 5)TJ4and a ne 0nstit+te fo! 0nfo!(ation 0nf!ast!+ct+!eP!otection K000PL. The!e o+ld also ,e a s+,stantial inc!ease in Technology Hppo!t+nity G!ants ai(ed at developingne technologies to i(p!ove p+,lic access to info!(ation technologies Ksee Ta,le 00*14L. 9&D in the Depa!t(ent ofthe 0nte!io! o+ld inc!ease ,y #.: pe!cent to ?":- (illion in 'U #--1. 0nte!io!Qs lead science agency> the I.S.Geological S+!vey KISGSL> o+ld !eceive $.2 pe!cent (o!e fo! its 9&D p!og!a(s fo! a total of ?"2: (illion. ISGSo+ld place a high p!io!ity on geog!aphic and ,iological !esea!ch Ksee Ta,le 00*17L. The Depa!t(ent ofT!anspo!tationQs KDHTL 9&D in 'U #--1 o+ld inc!ease s+,stantially ,y ?1$# (illion o! #).2 pe!cent to ?$$) (illionKsee Ta,le 00*1"L fo! aviation> highay> and t!ac safety 9&D. The ,+dget p!oposes to nance (+ch of the inc!easeith additional highay t!+st f+nd !even+es> ,+t a si(ila! p!oposed inc!ease as !eected ,y Cong!ess last yea!.

The 5nvi!on(ental P!otection %gencyQs K5P%L 9&D ,+dget o+ld inc!ease 4.- pe!cent to ?7$2 (illion Ksee Ta,le 00*1$L. 9esea!ch on clean ai!> ecosyste(s> !isF assess(ent> and e(e!ging !isF iss+es o+ld ,e high p!io!ities in the!eA+est. Depa!t(ent of Co((e!ce The 'U #--1 9&D !eA+est fo! the Depa!t(ent of Co((e!ce totals ?1.1 ,illion> a?$" (illion o! $.- pe!cent inc!ease ove! 'U #--- Ksee Ta,le 00*14L. ost of the inc!ease is d+e to th!ee 9&Dp!og!a(s in the National 0nstit+te of Standa!ds and Technology KN0STLE the eas+!e(ent and Standa!dsa,o!ato!ies KSL> the %dvanced Technology P!og!a( K%TPL> and a ne 0nstit+te fo! 0nfo!(ation 0nf!ast!+ct+!eP!otection. The S p!og!a( f+nds N0STQs int!a(+!al 9&D at its Colo!ado and a!yland la,o!ato!ies. N0STQs la,sp!ovide I.S. ind+st!y ith ind+st!ial standa!ds and (eas+!e(ent technologies> and ai( to ,!idge the gap ,eteenind+st!ial 9&D in co(pany la,o!ato!ies and the (o!e ,asic !esea!ch cond+cted in +nive!sity and gove!n(ent la,s.%fte! seve!al yea!s of s(all !eA+ested inc!eases> S 9&D o+ld +(p ,y ?22 (illion o! 14.- pe!cent to ?#7:(illion. The inc!eases o+ld go toa!d the a!eas of (an+fact+!ing enginee!ing> che(ical sciences> physics>co(p+te! sciences> and applied (athe(atics to assist the se(icond+cto! and elect!onics ind+st!iesM to s+ppo!te6panded +se of e*co((e!ce ,y I.S. ,+sinessesM and to cont!i,+te to the %d(inist!ationQs nanotechnology

initiative. The )TJ oul( receie 1$7 /illion 3or its E! actiities in IF 20014a 27*9 percent increase. %TP p!ovides cost*sha!ed> p!eco(petitive !esea!ch g!ants to ind+st!ial !(sfo! developing p!o(ising ne technologies ith co((e!cial potential. The %d(inist!ation !eg+la!ly !eA+ests

s+,stantial inc!eases fo! this p!og!a(> ,+t Cong!ess has +s+ally c+t the ,+dget o! given only a s(all inc!ease.


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Substantial Q research4 (eelop/ent an(/anu3acturing

Contribution to research4 (eelop/ent an( /anu3acturingHS Co(e 10KC8%PT59 141 J \14$-1httpE@@.la.co!nell.ed+@+scode@[email protected](l`te!(s/s+,stantial#-o+te!#-space&+!l/@+scode@ht(l@+scode4#@+sc^sec^4#^---14$-1****---*.ht(lL

K)L the te!( 3Inited States co((e!cial p!ovide! (eans a co((e!cial p!ovide!>o!gani;ed +nde! the las of the Inited States o! of a State> hich is K%L (o!e than"- pe!cent oned ,y Inited States nationalsM o! KBL a s+,sidia!y of a fo!eignco(pany an( the Secretary o3 Transportation "n(s that 5i suchsubsi(iary has in the past ei(ence( a substantial co//it/entto the

Inited States /ar8et through 5+ inest/ents in the Hnite( States in long-ter/ research4 (eelop/ent4 an( /anu3acturingKincl+ding the (an+fact+!eof (ao! co(ponents and s+,asse(,lies= an( 5++ signi"cant contributions toe/ploy/ent in the Hnite( States= and


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Topicality Wave 1 Page %0 of 119

Substantial Q %4000

Substantial (eelop/ent Q %4000Eeise( Co(e o3 Washington 11KThe 9evised Code of Washington K9CWLis the co(pilation of all pe!(anent las no in fo!ce YnoteE in WashingtonZ. 0t is acollection of Session as Kenacted ,y the egislat+!e> and signed ,y the Gove!no!>o! enacted via the initiative p!ocessL> a!!anged ,y topic> ith a(end(ents addedand !epealed las !e(oved. 0t does not incl+de te(po!a!y las s+ch asapp!op!iations acts. The ocial ve!sion of the 9CW is p+,lished ,y the Stat+te aCo((ittee and the Code 9evise!.> 3Denitions and concepts.> 9CW :-.").-2-> 1@2>httpE@@apps.leg.a.gov@9CW@defa+lt.asp6`cite/:-.").-2-L

5e PSubstantial (eelop/entP shall /ean any (eelop/ent o3 hich thetotal cost or 3air /ar8et alue ecee(s "e thousan( (ollars > o! any develop(ent

hich (ate!ially inte!fe!es ith the no!(al p+,lic +se of the ate! o! sho!elines of the state. The (ollarthreshol( establishe( in this subsection 5#5e /ust be a(Auste( 3orinUation by the oNce o3 "nancial /anage/ent eery "e years4 ,eginning V+ly 1>#--$> ,ased +pon changes in the cons+(e! p!ice inde6 d+!ing that ti(e pe!iod. Cons+(e! p!ice inde6 (eans> fo!any calenda! yea!> that yea!Qs ann+al ave!age cons+(e! p!ice inde6> Seattle> Washington a!ea> fo! +!,an ageea!ne!s and cle!ical o!Fe!s> all ite(s> co(piled ,y the ,+!ea+ of la,o! and statistics> Inited States depa!t(ent ofla,o!. The oce of nancial (anage(ent (+st calc+late the ne dolla! th!eshold and t!ans(it it to the oce of thecode !evise! fo! p+,lication in the Washington State 9egiste! at least one (onth ,efo!e the ne dolla! th!eshold isto taFe eect. The folloing shall not ,e conside!ed s+,stantial develop(ents fo! the p+!pose of this chapte!E


51/119


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Substantially Q Xuantitatie

Substantial- consi(erable in uantity*

Merria/-Webster4 7K3s+,stantial> #--)> httpE@@.(e!!ia(*e,ste!.co(@cgi*,in@dictiona!y`,ooF/Dictiona!y&va/s+,stantiallyL

ain 5nt!yE s+,stantial1 aE consisting of o! !elating to s+,stance,E not i(agina!y o! ill+so!y E !eal> t!+ecE i(po!tant> essential#E a(ple to satisfy and no+!ish E f+ll]a s+,stantial (ealJ2 aE possessed of (eans E ell*to*dob, consi(erable in uantity , signi"cantlygreat Yea!ned a s+,stantial ageJ4E !(ly const!+cted E st+!dy]a s+,stantial ho+seJ"E ,eing la!gely ,+t not holly that hich is specied ]a s+,stantial lieJ

Substantial- 3s+,stantial> httpE@@dictiona!y.!efe!ence.co(@sea!ch`A/s+,stantially&!/77L

1. o3 a/ple or consi(erable a/ount4 uantity4si;e> etc.E a s+,stantial s+( of(oney.#. of a co!po!eal o! (ate!ial nat+!eM tangi,leM !eal.2. of solid cha!acte! o! A+alityM !(> sto+t> o! st!ongE a s+,stantial physiA+e.4. ,asic o! essentialM f+nda(entalE to sto!ies in s+,stantial ag!ee(ent.

". ealthy o! inb+entialE one of the s+,stantial (en of the ton.7. of !eal o!th> val+e> o! eectE s+,stantial !easons.$. pe!taining to the s+,stance> (atte!> o! (ate!ial of a thing.). of o! pe!taining to the essence of a thingM essential> (ate!ial> o! i(po!tant.:. ,eing a s+,stanceM having independent e6istence.1-. Philosophy. pe!taining to o! of the nat+!e of s+,stance !athe! than an accidento! att!i,+te.


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Topicality Wave 1 Page %# of 119

Substantially Consi(erable

PSubstantialP /eans o3 real orth or consi(erable alue --- this

is the usual an( custo/ary /eaning o3 the ter/Wor(s an( Jhrases 2KRol+(e 4-%> p. 4")L

D.S.C. 1:77. The o!d 3s+,stantial ithin Civil 9ights %ct p!oviding that a place is a p+,licacco((odation if a 3s+,stantial po!tion of food hich is se!ved has (oved in co((e!ce(+st ,e const!+ed in light of its +s+al and c+sto(a!y (eaning > that is> so(ething of !ealo!th and i(po!tanceM of conside!a,le val+eM val+a,le> so(ething o!thhile asdisting+ished f!o( so(ething itho+t val+e o! (e!ely no(inal

?Substantial@ /eans consi(erable or to a large (egree --- thisco//on /eaning is pre3erable because the or( is not a ter/

o3 art)r8ush 2KDavid> VD Candidate 8a!va!d Inive!sity> 3P!ese!ving Catalyst%tto!neysQ 'ees Inde! the '!eedo( of 0nfo!(ation %ct in the WaFe of B+cFhannonBoa!d and Ca!e 8o(e v. West Ri!ginia Depa!t(ent of 8ealth and 8+(an9eso+!ces> 8a!va!d Civil 9ights*Civil i,e!ties a 9evie> Winte!>2$ 8a!v. C.9.*C.. . 9ev. 121L

Plaintis sho+ld a!g+e that the te!( s+,stantially p!evail is not a te!( of a!t ,eca+se if conside!ed a te!( of a!t>!eso!t to BlacFQs $th p!od+ces a denition of p!evail that co+ld ,e inte!p!eted adve!sely to plaintis. ::0t is

co((only accepted that or(s that are not legal ter/s o3 art shoul( be accor(e(their or(inary4 not their legal4 /eaning4 1--and o!dina!y*+sage dictiona!ies p!ovide 'H0% feeclai(ants ith helpf+l a!g+(ents. The Supre/e Court has alrea(y 3oun( 3aorable>

te(po!ally !elevant (e"nitions o3 the or( PsubstantiallyP in or(inary(ictionaries, PSubstantiallyP suggests Pconsi(erableP or Pspeci"e( to alarge (egree*PSee We,ste!Qs Thi!d Ne 0nte!national Dictiona!y ##)- K1:$7L Kdening s+,stantially as ina s+,stantial (anne! and s+,stantial as conside!a,le in a(o+nt> val+e> o! o!th and ,eing that specied to ala!ge deg!ee o! in the (ainLM see also 1$ H6fo!d 5nglish Dictiona!y 77*7$ K#d ed. 1:):L Ks+,stantialE !elating too! p!oceeding f!o( the essence of a thingM essentialM of a(ple o! conside!a,le a(o+nt> A+antity o! di(ensionsL.1-1

Substantial /eans ?o3 consi(erable a/ount@ --- not so/econtrie( percentageJrost $KV+dge Inited States Co+!t of %ppeals fo! the 'ede!al Ci!c+it>3Co((ittee 'o! 'ai!ly T!aded Rene;+elan Ce(ent v. Inited States> 7*1)>httpE@@.ll.geo!geton.ed+@fede!al@+dicial@fed@opinions@-4opinions@-4*1-17.ht(lL

The I9%% and the S%% neithe! a(end no! !ene the lang+age of \ 17$$K4LKCL. 0n fact> they (e!ely s+ggest>itho+t disA+alifying othe! alte!natives> a 3clea!ly highe!@s+,stantial p!opo!tion app!oach. 0ndeed> the S%%specically (entions that no 3p!ecise (athe(atical fo!(+la o! 3,ench(a!F p!opo!tion is to ,e +sed fo! ad+(ping concent!ation analysis. S%% at )7- Kcitations o(ittedLM see also Rene;. Ce(ent> #$: '. S+pp. #d at 12#:*2-. '+!the!(o!e> as the Co+!t of 0nte!national T!ade noted> the S%% e(phasi;es that the Co((ission !etains the

disc!etion to dete!(ine concent!ation of i(po!ts on a 3case*,y*case ,asis. S%% at )7-. 'inally4 the(e"nition o3 the or( ?substantial@ un(ercuts theCITC.s argu/ent* The


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Topicality Wave 1 Page %$ of 119or( ?substantial@ generally /eans ?consi(erable in a/ount> val+e o! o!th.We,ste!s Thi!d Ne 0nte!national Dictiona!y ##)- K1::2L. +t (oes not i/ply a speci"c nu/beror cut-oD* What /ay be substantial in one situation /ay not be in anothersituation. The ve!y ,!eadth of the te!( 3s+,stantial +nde!c+ts the C'TRCs a!g+(ent that Cong!ess spoFeclea!ly in esta,lishing a standa!d fo! the Co((issions !egional antid+(ping and co+nte!vailing d+ty analyses. 0tthe!efo!e s+ppo!ts the concl+sion that the Co((ission is oed defe!ence in its inte!p!etation of 3s+,stantial

p!opo!tion. The Co((ission clea!ly e(,a!Fed on its analysis having ,een given conside!a,le leeay to inte!p!et apa!tic+la!ly ,!oad te!(.


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Topicality Wave 1 Page %% of 119

Substantially Q Large

Substantially increase /eans by a large a/ount

&EC #KHce of N+clea! ate!ial Safety and Safeg+a!ds Policy and P!oced+!es>%p!il #--2>LhttpE@@.fontana.o!g@(ain@dev^se!v@planning@ventanaêi!@appendi6ê.pdf

3Substantial increase@ /eans ?i/portant or signi"cant in a large a/ount4etent4 or (egree4@ an( not resulting in insigni"cant or s/all bene"t tothe public health an( sa3ety4 co//on (e3ense an( security4 or theeniron/ent> !ega!dless of costs. 8oeve!> this standa!d is not intended to ,einte!p!eted in a ay that o+ld !es+lt in disapp!oval of o!thhile safety o! sec+!ityi(p!ove(ents ith +stia,le costs.#

Substantially- to a great or signi"cant etent*Co(pact H6fo!d 5nglish Dictiona!y> ) K3s+,stantially> #--)>httpE@@.asFo6fo!d.co(@conciseôed@s+,stantially`vie/+FLs+,stantiallyadve!, 1 to a g!eat o! signicant e6tent. # fo! the (ost pa!tM essentially.

Substantially is to a great etent or (egreeWo!dNet 1.7> 1::$ Kdictiona!y.co(L

S+,stantially * adv 1E to a g!eat e6tent o! deg!eeM 0Q( af!aid the l( as ell ove!,+dgetM painting the !oo( hite (ade it see( conside!a,ly Ko! s+,stantiallyLla!ge!M the ho+se has fallen conside!a,ly in val+eM the p!ice ent +ps+,stantially YsynE ell> conside!a,lyZ #E in a st!ong s+,stantial ayM the ho+seas s+,stantially ,+ilt.

Substantial is o3 a/ple or consi(erable a/ount4 uantity4 orsizeT; E)&!


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Topicality Wave 1 Page %B of 119

Contet o3 Substantial Key

Substantially /ust be gien /eaning een i3 arbitrary contetual uses are 8ey

!eins8y 2 KPa+l> 0P IPD%T5> RHI5 "> NH. 11> NHR5B59 #--#> 30s Clai( S+,stantially Denite` %sFPe!son of SFill in the %!t> httpE@@.(e.co(@inde6.cf(@f+seaction@p+,lications.nldetail@o,ect^id@c#c$2,d,*:,1a*4#,f*a#,$*-$")1#dc-e#d.cf(L

0n !eve!sing a s+((a!y +dg(ent of invalidity> the I.S. Co+!t of %ppealsfo! the 'ede!al Ci!c+it fo+ndthat the dist!ict co+!t>,y failing to looF ,eyond the int!insic clai( const!+ction evidence to conside! hat ape!son of sFill in the a!t o+ld +nde!stand in a technologic conte6t> e!!oneo+sly concl+ded the te!(s+,stantially (ade a clai( fatally indenite. Re!ve> C v. C!ane Ca(s> 0nc.> Case No. -1*141$K'ed. Ci!. Nove(,e! 14> #--#L. The patent in s+it !elated to an i(p!oved p+sh !od fo! an inte!nal co(,+stionengine. The patent clai(s a hollo p+sh !od hose ove!all dia(ete! is la!ge! at the (iddle than at the ends andhas s+,stantially constant all thicFness th!o+gho+t the !od and !o+nded seats at the tips. The dist!ict co+!tfo+nd that the e6p!ession s+,stantially constant all thicFness as not s+ppo!ted in the specication andp!osec+tion histo!y ,y a s+ciently clea! denition of s+,stantially and as> the!efo!e> indenite. The dist!ictco+!t !ecogni;ed that the +se of the te!( s+,stantially (ay ,e denite in so(e cases ,+t !+led that in this case itas indenite ,eca+se it as not f+!the! dened. The 'ede!al Ci!c+it !eve!sed> concl+ding that the dist!ict co+!te!!ed in !eA+i!ing that the (eaning of the te!( s+,stantially in a pa!tic+la! technologic conte6t ,e fo+nd solelyin int!insic evidenceE While !efe!ence to int!insic evidence is p!i(a!y in inte!p!eting clai(s> the c!ite!ion is the

(eaning of o!ds as they o+ld ,e +nde!stood ,y pe!sons in the eld of the invention. Th+s> the 'ede!alCi!c+it inst!+cted that !esol+tion of any a(,ig+ity a!ising f!o( the clai(s and specication(ay ,e aided ,ye6t!insic evidence of +sageand (eaning of a te!( in the conte6t of the invention.The 'ede!al Ci!c+it !e(anded the case to the dist!ict co+!t ith inst!+ction that YtZhe A+estion is nothethe! the o!d Qs+,stantiallyQ has a 6ed (eaning as applied to Qconstant all thicFness>Q,+t ho the ph!ase o+ld ,e +nde!stood ,y pe!sons eperience( in this "el(of(echanics> +pon !eading the patent doc+(ents.


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Substantial Jercentages Q )rbitrary

Substantially increase has no use3ul /eaning unless itsattache( to a speci"c nu/erical target)3rica Eesearch 'ulletin4 02 5?WH9D SI0T 'H9 SIST%0N%B5D5R5HP5NT> :@1> le6isL

Negotiations having stalled fo! 4) ho+!s> t!ading !enea,le ene!gy fo! sanitationthe HS on the argu/ent so there oul( only only be a re3erence in the"nal agree/ent that reneable energies Pshoul( be substantiallyincrease(P* 'ut ith no co//it/ents or ti/etables4 eniron/ent an((eelop/ent groups beliee( that the agree/ent oul( be al/ostorthless*


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Substantially )2, ?Consi(erable )/ount@

)rbitrary --- there.s no obAectie (eter/ination o3 hat is

consi(erable.Star8 96KStephen V.> 3ey Wo!ds %nd T!icFy Ph!asesE %n %nalysis Hf PatentD!afte!Qs %tte(pts To Ci!c+(vent The ang+age Hf 2" I.S.C.> Vo+!nal of 0ntellect+alP!ope!ty a> 'all> " V. 0ntell. P!op. . 27"> e6isL

1. H!dina!y eaning. 'i!st> o!ds in a patent a!e to ,e given thei! o!dina!y (eaning +nless othe!ise dened. 2-

8oeve!> hat if a pa!tic+la! o!d has (+ltiple (eanings` 'o! e6a(ple> c12sider t8e :1rd su6sta2tial+TheWe,ste! dictiona!y gives eleven die!ent denitions of the o!d s+,stantial. 21%dditionally> the!e a!e anothe! todenitions specically p!ovided fo! the adve!, s+,stantially. 2#Th+s> the o!dina!y (eaning is not clea!. The!st denition of the o!d s+,stantial given ,y the We,ste!Qs Dictiona!y is of a(ple o! conside!a,le a(o+nt>A+antity> si;e> etc. 22S+pposing that this is the p!ecise denition that the d!afte! had in (ind hen d!afting the

patent> t8e 4ea2i2g 1?a(ple o! c12sidera6le a41u2t a33earsa41r381us. T8is c1uld 8a;e 12e 1? at least t8e

?1ll1:i2g i2ter3retati12sK1L al41st all> K#L 41re t8a2 8al?, 1rK2L6arel e21ug8 t1 d1 t8e H16. The!efo!e> the +se of

a te!(> s+ch as su6sta2tial, :8ic8+s+ally 8as a;er a46igu1us4ea2i2g> 4aes t8e sc13e 1? 3r1tecti123articularl 8ard t1 deter4i2e.

)ccepting a substantial increase ithout lin8ing it to a speci"cpercentage is /eaninglessDube, 02(Ste;e, Wester2 Bail, 5EART) SUBBIT R)ETORIC LASTED Y OSERVERSDES@ERATE OR C)ANGE,7 9$, le>is'

The!e e!e also scathing o!ds f!o( Si(on Tho(as> the Ce!edigion P ho attended the s+((it as a (e(,e! of

the 8o+se of Co((ons envi!on(ent co((ittee. ! Tho/as blaste(B!itish and 5+!opean states(en>incl+ding 9hod!i o!gan and Tony 'lair4 3or 3ailing to stan( up to the Hnite( States byinsisting on raising the proportion o3 reneable energy pro(uce( to 1%pc4

an( accepting instea( a /eaningless re3erence in the "nal agree/ent thatreneable energy shoul( be substantially increase(*


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+ncrease


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Topicality Wave 1 Page B0 of 119

+ncrease Q Jre-isting

+ncrease reuires pre-eistence

Eipple4 76 KCi!c+it V+dge> 5((lee . Ca(e!on> Plainti*%ppellant> v. '!ancesSloc+( BanF & T!+st Co(pany> State %+to(o,ile 0ns+!ance %ssociation> andGlassley %gency of Whitley> 0ndiana> Defendants*%ppellees> )#4 '.#d "$-M 1:)$ I.S.%pp. 5[0S :)17> :@#4> le6isL

%lso !elated to the aive! iss+e is appelleesQ defense !elying on a p!ovision of the ins+!ance policy that s+spendscove!age he!e the !isF is inc!eased ,y any (eans ithin the Fnoledge o! cont!ol of the ins+!ed. 8oeve!> the

ter/ PincreaseP connotes change* To sho change4 appellees oul( haebeen reuire( to present ei(ence o3 the con(ition o3 the buil(ing at theti/e the policy as issue(. See " V. %pple(an & V. %pple(an> 0ns+!ance a and P!actice> \ #:41 at4*" K1:$-L. 'ecause no such ei(ence as presente(4 this court cannot(eter/ine4 on this recor(4 hether the ris8 has4 in 3act4 been increase(* 0ndeed> the anse! to this A+estion (ay depend on !. GlassleyQs Fnoledge of the condition of the ,+ilding at the

ti(e the policy as iss+ed> see 1$ V. %pple(an & V. %pple(an> 0ns+!ance a and P!actice> \ :7-# at "1"*17 K1:)1L>since the f+nda(ental iss+e is hethe! the appellees conte(plated ins+!ing the !isF hich inc+!!ed the loss.


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mgw 11 - gsm topicality - final - 627

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