migration: the permanent long-term relocation from one place to another

voluntary migration: people have a choice to move or stay

reluctant migration: less than fully voluntary, but not forced

Such as…- any economic migrant- 75 million people from Europe to Americas (1835-1935)- Indonesia: resettlement from overcrowded Java

Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations

Migration in 2001. The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam

forced migration: imposed relocation by one group over another causing “refugees”

Ex.: - African slavery- Australian convicts- Siberian labor camps- Trail of Tears- the Holocaust- Rwanda (1994)- Darfur, Sudan (present)

internal migration: relocation within a country’s borders

- Colombia (rural-urban)- Russia- China (to industrial cities)- U.S. (1800s: “Westward Ho”; 1910-1930s:

“Great Migration”; today: west & south)

transhumance: semi-nomadic migration

i. Political circumstancesi. Political circumstances

Haiti Mariel Boatlift

Economic Opportunities

In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

Guatemalans

Vietnamese

Rwandans

Bosnians

Irish Population 1872

The Irish Potato Famine

Pakistan-India Partition Russian Jews arriving in Israel

The Mormon Trek

Push Factors: negative home conditions that “push” the decision to migrate (loss of job, lack of opportunities, overcrowding, famine, war, disease)

Pull Factors: positive attributes perceived to exist at the new location (jobs opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more room, safer)

place utility: degree of satisfaction with a place

The decision to migrate: is it better to stay or to go?

- have short term work visas- send remittances to home country

Step migration: smaller, less extreme moves

Ex.: farm to village—to small town—to major city

Chain migration: an established linkage or chain for future migrants (creates a “migration field”)

• Migrants provide information, money, place to stay, a job for other family/friends

Channel Migration: clear pathways & travel routes are established

- Ex.: The Oregon Trail

The complex route of one group of undocumented migrants from

a small village north of Mexico City to Phoenix, Arizona

1. Most only go a short distance

2. Longer distances = bigger cities

3. It proceeds step by step

4. Most is rural to urban

5. Each flow produces a counter flow

6. Most are adults

7. Most international migrants are young males1. Nowadays, women/girls represent 40-60% of all international

migrants.2. Mostly economic pushes and pulls.

1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person with: “a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,

religion, or nationality.”

RWANDA 1994

DARFUR 2007

The conflict in Darfur has led to the death of at least 350,000 and the displacement of 1.8 million people.

A Darfur rebel fighter

Members of a Janjaweed militia group