MIGRATIONS

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Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1930s Environmental/forced Great Plains region of U.S.

People left because of severe dust storms

Western U.S.

Many went to California to start over (jobs)

DUST BOWL

MARIEL BOAT LIFTNegative perceptions in U.S. when it was discovered that many of the Cuban exiles had been released from Cuban jails and mental health facilities. 125,000 Cubans made it to Florida.

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1980s Economic/voluntary

Political/voluntary

Cuba

Castro allowed people to leave

People wanted to leave communist dictatorship

U.S. (Florida)

Democracy, jobs, close proximity

(caused problems here because many were from jails/asylums)

MARIEL BOATLIFT

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1838 - 1839

Cultural/Political/ Forced

Tennessee

Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy

Cherokee forced to give up lands east of Mississippi River

Oklahoma

Cherokee had to relocate west of Mississippi River

(over 4,000 died along migration route)

CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS

HMONG

Indigenous group originally hailing from Mongolia thousands of years ago. Over the centuries, they moved south into China, where they were thought of as “barbarians” and persecuted. Many Hmong were killed and much of the population relocated into Southeast Asia. (Hmong diaspora) Still considerable numbers of Hmong in southern China today. Most native Hmong live in Laos as well as in refugee camps in Thailand.

HMONG

Hmong allied with the U.S. during the Vietnam War. When the U.S. left the region in the early 1970s, many Hmong were persecuted in Laos and Vietnam. Many fled to Thailand. Several Christian groups in the U.S. decided to adopt Hmong families. These Hmong immigrants brought over their next of kin, and now large settlements of Hmong are located in California, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Carolina. Hmong are also located in Australia and France.

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1970s-present (post Vietnam War)

Cultural/Political/ Forced

Economic/Voluntary

Laos/Vietnam/ Thailand

After Vietnam War, many Hmong persecuted for sympathizing with U.S.

U.S. (California, Minnesota, Wisconsin)

Adopted by Christian families

Jobs

Chain Migration

HMONG

West and East Pakistan were carved out of areas in India with Muslim majorities. Upon independence from Great Britain in 1947, it was decided that India would divide into two countries in an effort to resolve conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. India was created for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims. Mass migrations (about 15 million people) of each religious group followed.

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Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

Late 1940s/ Early 1950s

Cultural/Political/ Forced

India created for Hindus

Pakistan created for Muslims

Indians who were Muslim

Pakistanis who were Hindu

Pakistan (East or West)

India

HINDUS TO INDIAMUSLIMS TO PAKISTAN

BRITISH EMPIRE BY 1919

British relocated Indian people as indentured servants. They worked on sugar plantations and in coal mines.

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

Post 1860

Economic/Voluntary

Forced (Indentured Servants)

India (many people therefore many workers)

South Africa

Guyana

(and other colonies of Britain)

INDIANS TO SOUTH AFRICA/GUYANA

CONVICTS IN AUSTRALIA

• During the 1700s-1800s, British going through Industrial Revolution

• High poverty, social injustice, child labor, and long working hours lead to high crime rates

• Pressure on correctional facilities in Great Britain

• Send large number of convicts to Australian penal colonies (settlements used to exile prisoners)

• Note: many also went there willingly due to gold rush from 1851-1871

Convicts were put to work on these colonies

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1800s

Economic/Voluntary

Political/Forced

England (Great Britain)

Gold Rush

Industrial Revolution led to poverty and high crime in British cities so many criminals relocated

Australia

Australia set up as a penal colony for Great Britain

CONVICTS TO AUSTRALIA

GUEST WORKERS IN

EUROPE

Many of the Muslim migrants to Germany are from Turkey

Large-scale migration of Turkish citizens to West Germany developed during the Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle") of the 1960s and 1970s. West Germany suffered an acute labor shortage because of the economic boom, in 1961, the Bundesrepublik and officials at the Turkish Republic negotiated a trade of labor. Turkish workers were invited to move to Germany to fill in this void, particularly to work in the factories to do simple repetitive tasks.

Turkish citizens soon became the largest group of Gastarbeiter—literally, guest workers—in West Germany, laboring alongside Italians, Yugoslavs, Spaniards, Greeks and other immigrants.

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1960s-present

Economic/Voluntary Turkey

People left for better jobs

Chain migration – followed friends/ family

Germany

Labor shortage led to policy of guest workers

TURKS TO GERMANY

Many of the Muslim migrants to France and Britain are from their former African colonies.

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1960s-present

Economic/Voluntary North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco)

People left for better jobs

Chain migration – followed friends/ family

France

Labor shortage led to policy of guest workers

Former colonizer so common language

NORTH AFRICANS TO FRANCE

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

1858

Post 1997

Economic/Voluntary

Political/Voluntary

Gold Rush

Hong Kong (feared transfer of Hong Kong from Britain to China)

Canada (part of Commonwealth)

Vancouver (chain migration)

CHINESE TO VANCOUVER

OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE-BRAZILIAN CONNECTION

• After Japan industrialized (Meiji Restoration of late 1800s/early 1900s, population growth skyrocketed and many left to look for opportunities elsewhere

• A common destination for Japanese was Brazil to pursue jobs on coffee plantations

• Now Japan is being faced with a declining population and major labor shortages

• What is Japan’s attitude toward foreigners?

• Ideal nation-state (majority of people in Japan are Japanese)

Nicholas Wada, right, and classmates at West Homi Elementary School, where about half the students are Japanese-Brazilians.

“AN ENCLAVE OF BRAZILIANS IS TESTING INSULAR JAPAN”

• “Facing labor shortages back in 1990, but ever wary of allowing in foreigners, Japan made an exception for Japanese Brazilians. With their Japanese roots, names and faces, these children and grandchildren of Japanese emigrants to Brazil would fit more easily in a society fiercely closed to outsiders, or so the reasoning went… Immigration is an unpopular and politically delicate topic… Children born in Japan of foreign parents do not automatically get citizenship…In the beginning, the Japanese did not understand why the Japanese Brazilians played loud music, failed to sort their trash perfectly, and did not seem bothered about arriving late to appointments… Japanese shop owners follow around Japanese-Brazilian customers because they think they’ll shoplift… In schools, foreign children are often bullied.”

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

Early 1900s

Post 1990s

Economic/Voluntary

Economic/Voluntary

Japan

Brazil (Japanese Brazilians)

Brazil (pursue jobs on coffee plantations)

Japan (population declining so facing labor shortage)

JAPANESE/BRAZIL

• Buddhist spiritual leader of Tibet

• “His holiness”

• 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso

• Claims to be head of state in Tibet

• In exile in India

DALAI LAMA

Time Period

Reason for migration Source Destination

Post 1959

Political/Forced Tibet (China)

(Under communist rule)

India (Government in exile set up by Dalai Lama)

TIBETANS TO INDIA

•The Tibetan Government in Exile views current PRC rule in Tibet as illegitimate, motivated solely by the natural resources and strategic value of Tibet, and in gross violation of both Tibet's historical status as an independent country and the right of Tibetan people to self-determination.