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MINI-LINK ETSI

Product Portfolio Description

Copyright

© Ericsson AB – All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher.

Disclaimer

The contents of this document are subject to revision without notice due to continued progress in methodology, design, and manufacturing. Ericsson shall have no liability for any error or damage of any kind resulting from the use of this document.

Please note that this document includes details of both basic and optional products and that the content and delivery time of the described MINI-LINK releases are subject to revision without notice. If there is any conflict between this document and compliance statements, the latter will supersede this document.

Contact

For further questions, contact your Ericsson representative for your country at:

Ericsson AB Transmission & Transport Networks SE-431 84 Mölndal Sweden

Telephone: +46 31 747 0000 Fax: +46 31 27 72 25

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Contents

1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Microwave Network Applications................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Mobile Networks .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Broadband Networks ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Backhaul for Different Access Technologies.................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Broadband to Rural Areas ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Direct Business Access ................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.4 Enterprise/Municipality Networks..................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Trunk Networks ............................................................................................................................... 7 3 Microwave Network Architecture ................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Network Sites .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2.1 End Site ........................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.2 Aggregation Site ............................................................................................................................ 10 4 MINI-LINK Product Portfolio ....................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Complete Microwave Portfolio ....................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Any Frequency, Capacity or Modulation ........................................................................................ 12 4.2.1 Frequency...................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.2 Capacity......................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.3 Modulation ..................................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Advanced Traffic Handling and Protection..................................................................................... 14 4.3.1 Advanced Traffic Handling............................................................................................................. 14 4.3.2 Extensive Protection Mechanisms ................................................................................................. 14 4.4 Efficient Management Systems ..................................................................................................... 15 4.5 IP Based Data Communication Network........................................................................................ 16 4.6 Common Antennas and Accessories ............................................................................................. 16 4.7 Ease of Installation and Low Visual Impact.................................................................................... 16 4.8 High Network Quality ..................................................................................................................... 17 4.9 Large-scale Production.................................................................................................................. 18 4.10 Service Portfolio............................................................................................................................. 19 5 MINI-LINK TN................................................................................................................................ 21 5.1 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 21 5.2 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 23 5.2.1 Invest as you grow......................................................................................................................... 25 5.3 System Components ..................................................................................................................... 26 5.3.1 Basic Node .................................................................................................................................... 26 5.3.1.1 AMM..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 5.3.1.2 27 5.3.1.3 Node Processor Unit (NPU) ................................................................................................................................ 28 5.3.1.4 Line Termination Unit (LTU) ................................................................................................................................ 29

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5.3.1.5 Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU)............................................................................................................................. 29 5.3.2 Radio Terminal .............................................................................................................................. 30 5.3.2.1 Indoor Part ........................................................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.2.2 Outdoor Part ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 5.4 Operation and Maintenance........................................................................................................... 32 5.4.1.1 Management Tools.............................................................................................................................................. 32 5.4.1.2 Configuration Management ................................................................................................................................. 32 5.4.1.3 Software Upgrade................................................................................................................................................ 32 5.4.1.4 Fault Management............................................................................................................................................... 33 5.4.1.5 Performance Management.................................................................................................................................. 33 5.4.1.6 Security Management.......................................................................................................................................... 33 5.4.1.7 Bit Error Testing................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.4.1.8 Equipment Handling ............................................................................................................................................ 34 5.4.1.9 Data Communication Network............................................................................................................................. 34 6 MINI-LINK E .................................................................................................................................. 37 6.1 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 37 6.2 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 38 6.3 System Components ..................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.1 Indoor Part..................................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.1.1 Access Module Magazine (AMM) ....................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.1.2 Modem Unit (MMU) ............................................................................................................................................. 40 6.3.1.3 Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU)............................................................................................................................. 41 6.3.1.4 Service Access Unit (SAU).................................................................................................................................. 41 6.3.1.5 Ethernet Interface Unit (ETU).............................................................................................................................. 41 6.3.2 Outdoor Part .................................................................................................................................. 41 6.3.3 All-Outdoor Solutions..................................................................................................................... 42 6.4 Operation and Maintenance........................................................................................................... 43 6.4.1 Management Tools ........................................................................................................................ 43 6.4.2 Configuration Management............................................................................................................ 43 6.4.3 Software Upgrade.......................................................................................................................... 43 6.4.4 Fault Management......................................................................................................................... 43 6.4.5 Performance Management ............................................................................................................ 43 6.4.6 Security Management.................................................................................................................... 44 6.4.7 Data Communication Network (DCN) ............................................................................................ 44 7 MINI-LINK HC ............................................................................................................................... 45 7.1 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 45 7.2 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 45 7.3 System Components ..................................................................................................................... 47 7.3.1 Indoor Part..................................................................................................................................... 48 7.3.1.1 Access Module Magazine (AMM) ....................................................................................................................... 48 7.3.1.2 Modem Unit (MMU) ............................................................................................................................................. 48 7.3.1.3 Traffic Unit (TRU)................................................................................................................................................. 49 7.3.1.4 Ethernet Traffic Interface..................................................................................................................................... 49 7.3.2 Outdoor Part .................................................................................................................................. 50 7.3.2.1 Radio Unit (RAU)................................................................................................................................................. 50 7.3.2.2 Antennas.............................................................................................................................................................. 51 7.4 Operation and Maintenance........................................................................................................... 52 7.4.1 Management Tools ........................................................................................................................ 52 7.4.2 Configuration Management............................................................................................................ 52 7.4.3 Software Upgrade.......................................................................................................................... 52 7.4.4 Fault Management......................................................................................................................... 52

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7.4.5 Performance Management ............................................................................................................ 53 7.4.6 Security Management.................................................................................................................... 53 7.4.7 Data Communication Network ....................................................................................................... 53 8 MINI-LINK BAS............................................................................................................................. 55 8.1 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 55 8.2 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 56 8.3 System Components ..................................................................................................................... 58 8.3.1 Access Termination (AT) ............................................................................................................... 58 8.3.1.1 Indoor Part ........................................................................................................................................................... 59 8.3.1.2 Outdoor Part ........................................................................................................................................................ 60 8.3.2 Hub Equipment.............................................................................................................................. 60 8.3.2.1 Radio Shelf (R-AAS)............................................................................................................................................ 60 8.3.2.2 Interface Boards .................................................................................................................................................. 60 8.3.2.3 Concentration Shelf (C-AAS) .............................................................................................................................. 61 8.3.2.4 Interface Boards .................................................................................................................................................. 62 8.3.2.5 Radio Node (RN) ................................................................................................................................................. 62 8.3.3 Control Processor (CP) Unit .......................................................................................................... 62 8.4 Operation and Maintenance........................................................................................................... 63 8.4.1 Management Tools ........................................................................................................................ 63 8.4.2 Configuration Management............................................................................................................ 63 8.4.3 Connection Management............................................................................................................... 63 8.4.4 Software Upgrade.......................................................................................................................... 63 8.4.5 Fault Management......................................................................................................................... 64 8.4.6 Performance Management ............................................................................................................ 64 8.4.7 Security Management.................................................................................................................... 64 8.4.8 Data Communication Network (DCN) ............................................................................................ 64 9 Trunk System - InterLink............................................................................................................. 65 9.1 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 65 9.2 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 65 9.3 System Components ..................................................................................................................... 67 9.3.1 Indoor Part..................................................................................................................................... 67 9.3.1.1 Transceiver Unit................................................................................................................................................... 67 9.3.1.2 Modem Board ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 9.3.1.3 Interface Board .................................................................................................................................................... 67 9.3.1.4 Supervisory Board ............................................................................................................................................... 68 9.3.1.5 SVCE Board ........................................................................................................................................................ 68 9.3.1.6 Auxiliary Services Board...................................................................................................................................... 68 9.3.1.7 Power Filtering Board .......................................................................................................................................... 68 9.3.1.8 Alarm Display & Relay Board .............................................................................................................................. 68 9.3.1.9 Indoor Outdoor Interface Unit.............................................................................................................................. 68 9.3.1.10 Connection Panels .............................................................................................................................................. 69 9.3.2 Outdoor part .................................................................................................................................. 69 9.3.3 Split-Mount .................................................................................................................................... 69 9.4 Operation and Maintenance........................................................................................................... 70 9.4.1 Management tools ......................................................................................................................... 70 9.4.2 Configuration Management............................................................................................................ 70 9.4.3 Fault Management......................................................................................................................... 70 9.4.4 Performance Management ............................................................................................................ 70 9.4.5 Security Management.................................................................................................................... 70 9.4.6 Data Communication Network ....................................................................................................... 71

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10 MINI-LINK Management............................................................................................................... 73 10.1 General.......................................................................................................................................... 73 10.2 Local Management Tools and Embedded Element Manager......................................................... 74 10.3 MINI-LINK Connexion.................................................................................................................... 74 10.4 MINI-LINK Manager....................................................................................................................... 74 10.4.1 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 74 10.4.2 System Description........................................................................................................................ 75 10.4.2.1 System Components ........................................................................................................................................... 75 10.4.2.2 Modular Architecture ........................................................................................................................................... 76 10.4.2.3 Availability............................................................................................................................................................ 76 10.4.3 Management Facilities................................................................................................................... 77 10.4.3.1 Fault Management............................................................................................................................................... 77 10.4.3.2 Configuration Management ................................................................................................................................. 79 10.4.3.3 Performance Management.................................................................................................................................. 80 10.4.3.4 Inventory Management........................................................................................................................................ 81 10.4.3.5 Security Management.......................................................................................................................................... 81 10.4.4 Data Export.................................................................................................................................... 81 10.5 MINI-LINK E Mediator.................................................................................................................... 81 Index ...................................................................................................................................................... 83

Introduction

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Abstract

This document describes the MINI-LINK microwave portfolio supplied by Ericsson AB. It is intended to give an overall understanding of the complete product portfolio and the constituent products. The complete list of the currently available types and versions of the products is documented in the MINI-LINK Product Catalogs. For more detailed technical information use the Technical Descriptions for each product family. Please contact your Ericsson representative for such information.

This document covers the MINI-LINK R11 portfolio for the ETSI market including the following product families:

• MINI-LINK TN 2.x ETSI

• MINI-LINK E R11 ETSI

• MINI-LINK HC R11

• MINI-LINK BAS 1.4

• MINI-LINK Manager 7.x

• MINI-LINK E Mediator 1.4

• MINI-LINK Connexion R14

• InterLink R11

Chapter 1 is an introduction and gives a background to the usage of microwave technology in transmission networks. Chapter 2 discusses different microwave network applications. An architecture is defined for microwave networks in chapter 3. Chapter 4 gives an overview of the product portfolio and highlights the most important features. Chapters 5 to 10 go into more details and describe the main features and the system components for each product.

Introduction

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1 Introduction The convergence of voice and data is going on and many operators are preparing their networks to meet the challenge of handling a substantially increased demand for capacity that can be expected in the years to come. Planning now for future expansion, quick deployment of new services and selecting equipment with the best quality will create an advantage with respect to competition.

Having one transmission network with the possibility to transport all kinds of traffic from mobile and broadband services and which is prepared for future changes is an advantage from a cost perspective. The need to maximize flexibility and to quickly respond to increased capacity demands and geographical changes are essential characteristics of the transmission network for operators seeking the pole position.

Microwave transmission is the preferred solution for mobile access networks. Characterized by rapid start-up and flexibility, it is often a far more cost-effective solution compared to alternatives such as leased lines. In 2G mobile systems the microwave solutions today dominate the access transmission network. The use of short-haul microwave radio has evolved from scattered cable replacements to the formation of complete microwave radio based transmission networks. The requirements on the products are today not only optimization on terminal or link level, but also optimization on network level. In a typical network the majority of the sites comprise, or are expected to expand into more than one radio terminal, which is why a cost-effective microwave solution includes products not only for the individual radio terminals but also for optimized hub nodes.

MINI-LINK has been the leading concept in the evolution of microwave systems and is today a comprehensive product program including all necessary components needed to build cost-effective and future proof transmission networks. MINI-LINK is today well known and appreciated for its unique networking features and its world leading quality providing reliable and cost-effective operation.

Microwave Network Applications

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2 Microwave Network Applications

2.1 Mobile Networks The tremendous growth in wireless communication technology has created a large demand for reliable and cost-effective transmission networks. The broad acceptance of mobile voice communication has lead to a continuous build-out of mobile networks all over the world. In these networks microwave technology, providing quick network deployment and geographical coverage, has been the most commonly used access technology. In present-day, 60% of all GSM base stations are connected via microwave technology.

The success of wireless communication has now entered a new era and there are new demands placed on transmission that changes the landscape and it will no longer be enough with the traditional, plain radio terminals of today. More advanced features for increased flexibility and improved traffic handling will be essential.

Flexibility & Higher Capacities

The increased demand for capacity is one factor, perhaps the most important, affecting microwave transmission. One driver is the increase in number of subscribers. It is estimated that the worldwide number of mobile subscribers will be doubled and reach 2 billion by 2008. New geographical areas in developing countries will cater for the majority of those new subscribers, but there will also be an increase on mature markets.

Another and more important driver is the enabling and uptake of new data services. The introduction of HSDPA (High Speed Down Link Packet Access) is one very illustrative example. It gives each subscriber a peak rate of initially 1.8 and in later phases up to 14 Mbit/s. The traffic to be transported to a typical base station (3x3) can then vary from an estimated average throughput of around 10 Mbit/s up to a theoretical peak of more than 100 Mbit/s. However, in practice the required transport capacity depends on the type of services offered and how the subscribers decide to use them.

The ability to handle higher capacities and provide the means for efficient bandwidth utilization are strong requirements in themselves. The main challenge is however to handle the uncertainty in terms of when, where and with how much the capacity needs to be increased. It is a matter of providing the flexibility to invest in capacity only when and where it is needed.

Cost-effectiveness

Another factor affecting the transmission network is the continued pressure on improved cost-effectiveness. Low equipment cost is always important, but it is more to it than that. The cost for bandwidth needs to be balanced with the cost for aggregation. When the cost for bandwidth is cheap, then there is no demand for advanced traffic aggregation and low cost equipment can be used. On the other hand, when bandwidth is limited and/or expensive then the need for more advanced and costly aggregation can be justified and needs to be supported by the transmission solution chosen.

The cost for operation & maintenance is a significant part of the total life-cycle cost for a transport network, and cannot be neglected. An efficient solution that reduces this type of cost becomes even more essential when the networks become larger, denser and when there is a mix of technologies used.


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Capitalization on the installed base is also of importance when migrating from, or extending, an existing network.

Quality

The quality of mobile services offered is a key commercial aspect and must be competitive. Transmission ensures that by providing high network availability, including features for protection and resilience. This quality and reliability aspect has been a main reason for mobile operators to bring microwave technology into their transmission networks. Considering the drastically increased capacity to be carried over each transmission line in the future, the issue of equipment reliability and built-in protection mechanisms becomes even more critical.

Transmission Network Characteristics

It has become obvious that different parts of the mobile access network face different challenges with regards to transmission. The low capacity, outer part of the access transmission network providing the connectivity to the radio base stations, has a very dynamic nature due to rapid changes in terms of expansion of the mobile network, that is additional coverage and capacity according to demand. It is characterized by very high demands for geographical flexibility to support fast roll-out of new sites as well as upgrade/reconfiguration of existing sites. PDH over microwave will continue to be the dominating technology for connecting radio base stations. The introduction of point-to-multipoint technology has made it possible to connect new sites in a very simple and cost-effective way, and for future data intense traffic its dynamic allocation of capacity improves the spectrum efficiency in dense networks. As the traffic increases and becomes more data intensive, efficient aggregation mechanisms on TDM, ATM and higher layers need to be supported.

The high capacity part, facing the mobile switches and the core network is required to secure rapid availability of "unlimited" transport capacity from the access to the core network. The capacity growth in the 2G and 3G mobile network will also raise the issue of protection mechanisms for increased availability. Microwave technology plays an important role even in this part of the access network, based on high capacity radio links deployed as protected point-to-point connections or in rings together with efficient traffic handling on aggregation sites.


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2.2 Broadband Networks Requirements on transmission for broadband networks are not different from those well known from mobile networks. This makes the MINI-LINK product portfolio well suited also for broadband applications.

One of the major challenges is to predict customer growth and the capacity needed. It is essential that the network solution provides the ability to make a quick response to an increased number of connected customers.

“Time-to-market” has become the key issue when introducing new services. Having a network that supports fast network wide service deployment and fast service delivery is probably the most important factor to consider when entering new market segments.

Many connections are often implemented using leased lines from the incumbent operators. Costs will be saved and it will be easier to expand and upgrade the network, if these connections are replaced by one’s own transmission solutions.

2.2.1 Backhaul for Different Access Technologies There are today different ways to give end users, residential and SOHO (Small Office Home Office), broadband connections, where the main application is Internet access. There are several access technologies available, such as Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL), power cable modems, Wireless LAN (WLAN), Wireless DSL (WDSL), WiMAX, etc. The capacities offered typically vary from a few hundred kbit/s up to more than 8 Mbit/s.

For all these technologies the traffic from several end users is concentrated at one point, that is the local telephone station for xDSL, the transformer station for power cable modems or the WLAN hub. An important aspect to consider is the transport of the traffic from the concentration point to the backbone network.

Depending on the capacity needed and the dynamic change in traffic, point-to-point or point-to-multipoint can be used to ensure that these requirements are fulfilled. Specific areas of interest are multi-dwelling and multi-office solutions.

2.2.2 Broadband to Rural Areas ADSL broadband technology is expanding rapidly, but for cost reasons this expansion is mainly concentrated to citiy areas. It is too expensive to lay optical fibers to DSL nodes with a small number of subscribers in rural areas. There are about 600 000 small sites (with Remote Subscriber Switches) with only copper transmission to the core network, which in most cases is insufficient for broadband services. Microwave radio links provide a fast, flexible and reliable alternative to fiber. MINI-LINK allows a return of investment of building ADSL to small sites with 200 DSL subscribers in less than 1 year.

WLAN/WDSL (Wireless DSL) is a complement to xDSL outside the normal reach of xDSL, which are limited to 4-5 km from the exchange. WLAN/WDSL solutions can be used by the incumbent as an overlay solution complementing their normal xDSL roll-out, or used by a competetive operator to take market share where the incumbent is not rolling out ADSL and/or the Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) process is not working.


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The main problem of building out broadband in rural areas is not the first mile, where there are lots of technologies available, for example xDSL, FTTH, WLAN, WDSL, etc. The problem is more related to the lack of cost-effective and sufficient capacity to the nearest broadband backbone. This is where microwave is a key to enable the build out of broadband as it provides high capacity, over long distances, at low investments.

2.2.3 Direct Business Access The broadband access market for small to large companies has different demands from the residential/SOHO market. The need to combine data services with telephony is often necessary in order to make the offer complete. Services provided are Internet access, LAN-to-LAN connections and PBX connections. Capacities are generally higher and the quality and security aspects are in focus.

Point-to-point systems can preferably be used to address large companies or companies that have a demand for a constant high bandwidth, both in rural and urban areas. The capacities used are typically 8 to 155 Mbit/s. Also small companies can be addressed with point-to-point in rural areas.

The end customer target for the operation of a point-to-multipoint system is normally the SME (Small to Medium sized Enterprise) market in urban and suburban areas. The bandwidth demand for SMEs varies a lot from market to market, but typically 2 Mbit/s or higher guaranteed capacity, with the possibility to peak up to 20 Mbit/s, is offered.

2.2.4 Enterprise/Municipality Networks

Large companies and municipalities often have a network of their own, connecting telephony and data between factory and office or between different branch offices. The major reason for companies to have their own broadband network is cost savings, both from much lower price per Mbit/s compared to traditional leased lines, and from more efficient data management. Real broadband connections, for example more than 10 Mbit/s connections allow a company with many local offices to concentrate servers and IT technicians to the head office, resulting in large savings of both software and hardware.

Municipalities, especially in rural areas are concerned about being attractive to both enterprises and inhabitants. As broadband services are easily available in large cities and of increasing importance for the competitiveness of a company, the availability of broadband is becoming a very important factor in the decisions to locate a company in a certain region or forcing a company to move somewhere else.

Point-to-point connections are normally used with capacities from 2 to 155 Mbit/s. Point-to-multipoint connections normally require a national or ragional licence. However, if licences are granted for individual hubs, then large companies/municipalities can also take advantage of the benefits of the point-to-multipoint technology


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2.3 Trunk Networks The accelerating development of new telecommunications services and technologies, as well as the expansion of broadcast networks (for example. pay TV), put increasing demands on long-haul backbone networks. As new and existing networks evolve, the demands for network transport services grow. Microwave radio trunk applications offer quick deployment and flexible network capacity that can be expanded to optimize the return on the investment.

Typical capacities are between one and several STM-1 working in parallel.

Microwave Network Architecture

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3 Microwave Network Architecture

3.1 Introduction The use of short-haul microwave radio has evolved from scattered cable replacements to forming complete microwave radio based transmission networks. The requirements on the products are now not only optimization on terminal or link level, but also optimization on network level. To address these network aspects, Ericsson’s products are optimized for the different types of sites in the network as defined below.

3.2 Network Sites In a microwave network, one can define logical building blocks (or physical sites) with distinct characteristics. The logical building blocks defined are here named end site and aggregation site. Any microwave network can be implemented as a combination of these two types of sites.

High Capacity Aggregation Site

Medium Capacity Aggregation Site

End Site - user access6236

1+1

End Site - mobile switch

Figure 3-1 A schematic network architecture including aggregation sites and end sites of different types

3.2.1 End Site The end site is the smallest building block. By definition an end site is where traffic is generated or terminated. It can be a site providing transmission capacity to a radio base station or an end customer, or it can be a site interfacing the mobile switches and the core network. For an end site providing user access, the capacity normally ranges from 2 up to 34 Mbit/s and redundancy is normally not required. For a site interfacing switches and the core network, the capacity normally ranges from 34 Mbit/s up to multiple 155 Mbit/s and it is normally protected for redundancy. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint end sites are foreseen. The end site should be flexible in order to support traffic interfaces including PDH, SDH as well as Ethernet.


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3.2.2 Aggregation Site

Medium Capacity Aggregation Site

The medium capacity aggregation sites have a northbound microwave link carrying aggregated traffic up to 34 Mbit/s. In the southbound directions they have a number of subtended end sites.

The Ericsson solution to the medium capacity aggregation site is to design smart, cost-effective nodes that can aggregate all the traffic from the southbound links into another microwave link in the northbound direction. This is far more compact than traditional solutions. The operator no longer has to deal with multiple coaxial cables and Digital Distribution Frames (DDF) for 2 Mbit/s connections. Instead, all traffic can be electrically switched in the hub node, requiring no cables at all.

High Capacity Aggregation Site

The high capacity aggregation sites have a northbound transmission link carrying traffic capacity of 32x2 Mbit/s or greater. The northbound media could be either optical or microwave. The topology in the northbound direction can be ring, tree or star. Since the high capacity aggregation site supports a considerable amount of traffic, it is assumed that most of the sites will aggregate a substantial number of southbound links. Parts of the end sites will be directly connected to the high capacity aggregation site and parts will be connected through medium capacity aggregation sites.

The Ericsson solution enables aggregation of all the traffic from the southbound links into a high-capacity interface to the northbound microwave or optical transmission link. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint sites including E1 and ATM aggregation are supported. The Ericsson solution for the high capacity aggregation site can be designed very compactly and cost-effectively as an all-microwave solution supporting traffic capacities up to 16xSTM-1.

MINI-LINK Product Portfolio

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4 MINI-LINK Product Portfolio The MINI-LINK portfolio includes products for point-to-point as well as for point-to-multipoint operation and a common management system. The combination of the point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and management systems results in the most cost-optimized, spectrum-efficient and flexible solution for microwave radio based transmission networks.

The leading star for the development of the MINI-LINK portfolio can be summarized in the three bullets:

Lowest Cost of Ownership

MINI-LINK microwave solutions are designed with the user in mind. Market leading reliability reduces the need for redundant links, number of spares, support costs and maximizes air time delivery.

Driving Next-generation Microwave Networks

Pioneering the smart node concept as early as 1995, MINI-LINK is continuing to offer innovation where it helps the operator the most. Today’s smart nodes save space, manage connectivity and upgrade, as well as handle multiple services. One radio unit covers all capacities and modulations.

Ericsson End-to-end Thinking

Ericsson’s understanding of the complete telecom operation influences the way our offering is designed, from the features of our products to the global availability of service and consultancy experts.

4.1 Complete Microwave Portfolio It is important to efficiently support the increase in capacity and number of sites that are expected to occur during the years to come, and it is evident that the operator cannot rely on one single product to solve all the transmission needs in the network. Ericsson has developed a complete portfolio consisting of microwave radio products and solutions that target this need.

Point-to-point Solutions

Ericsson’s microwave systems for point-to-point solutions consist of MINI-LINK TN, MINI-LINK E, MINI-LINK HC and InterLink. MINI-LINK TN realizes the smart node concept for point-to-point applications. The system provides scalable nodes with integrated traffic routing, PDH and SDH multiplexing and protection mechanisms on both node and network level.

Radio terminal configurations are available in capacities from 2x2 to nx155 Mbit/s within the frequency range 4-38 GHz. C-QPSK, QAM and TCM1 modulation schemes are available giving full flexibility for the frequency planner. The point-to-point solutions offer a wide range of interfaces for voice and data applications.

1 Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) is very similar to QAM


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Point-to-multipoint Solutions

MINI-LINK BAS, Ericsson’s smart nodes for point-to-multipoint system providing 37.5 Mbit/s per 90-degree sector. The capacity within a sector can be fixed or dynamically allocated to each end site. The fast dynamic capacity allocation makes it possible to assign capacity to an end site within a few milliseconds. This makes the system very suitable for data traffic both for business access and backhaul for mobile systems. The system uses ATM to guarantee different classes of services. PDH, ATM and Ethernet interfaces are available at the end customer side. The system operates in frequencies from 24 to 31 GHz and uses C-QPSK modulation scheme.

Point-to-multipoint will not be the only technology in the network but it is complemented by or is a complement to, point-to-point microwave technologies. A combination of the point-to-point and the point-to-multipoint technologies gives the most cost and spectrum efficient microwave solution. Ericsson uses the same MINI-LINK radio platform for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint systems providing the same look and feel and common installation procedures.

Management Solutions

One of the most important features of the total microwave solution is that it is managed by one management system. MINI-LINK Manager is a powerful network element manager for centralized operation and maintenance of all microwave radio equipment supplied by Ericsson. It can be used as a standalone system, or integrated in a higher-level network management environment using standard protocols.

MINI-LINK Connexion is a new product in the MINI-LINK management portfolio. It provides the functionality to manage links and connections in the microwave network end-to-end. The complete network structure, including network elements, radio terminals and microwave links, is modeled in MINI-LINK Connexion.

MINI-LINK E Mediator is a system integration tool for smaller MINI-LINK microwave transmission networks. It's objective is to provide management of radio terminals of type MINI-LINK E from a higher-level management system.

4.2 Any Frequency, Capacity or Modulation MINI-LINK microwave radio terminals of any frequency, capacity and modulation can be combined in the network-optimized nodes.

4.2.1 Frequency The MINI-LINK product portfolio provides a complete range of frequencies from 4 to 38 GHz, for all types of climate zones. This proves to be true by the global presence of MINI-LINK products. MINI-LINK products are also developed to fulfill any regulatory requirements that have to be met.

4.2.2 Capacity The MINI-LINK portfolio contains microwave products covering the full range of capacities from a few E1s provided by the low capacity systems up to 16xSTM-1 provided by the trunk systems.


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The advanced microwave technology deployed in MINI-LINK includes capacity agile radio units, supporting capacities from 2x2 up to 155 Mbit/s. This implementation does not require any change in radio unit hardware or software when changing capacity.

The capacity of a modem unit can be changed by means of software without any hardware changes. This flexibility together with powerful bus architecture and traffic routing functionality makes it easy to re-configure networks from a remote location.

MINI-LINK offers high capacity PDH transmission to fill the gap between 16xE1 and STM-1. It allows efficient use of 32xE1 capacities in ring, star and tree topologies. With high capacity PDH, a smooth capacity growth can be performed in existing microwave networks.

4.2.3 Modulation Spectrum is a limited resource that is becoming more important to consider. In the MINI-LINK product portfolio a number of new important features are introduced to deal with the upcoming spectrum issue. The most recent invention is a modem unit and radio unit that are can be used with different modulation schemes.

Higher Modulation Schemes for Medium and High Capacities

In order to increase transmission capacity within its existing frequency spectrum, higher order modulation methods based on 16 and 128 QAM are used in the MINI-LINK portfolio. The new features give additional flexibility in balancing spectrum efficiency and power efficiency in the network. The conclusions from spectrum studies show that:

• Both C-QPSK and QAM systems are needed in a microwave point-to-point network.

• Higher modulation systems are somewhat more expensive and therefore normally used for:

− The higher capacity point-to-point systems of 16 Mbit/s and above. − Parts of network with existing or expected lack of spectrum.

• In a typical, dense mobile network, a combination of C-QPSK and 16 QAM modulation reduces the required bandwidth by up to 40%.

Ericsson is using the higher-level modulation methods for the medium capacity as well as the high capacity radio terminals.

Bandwidth Aggregation Gain for Point-to-multipoint

Specific frequency bands are made available, enabling new services to be delivered. More than just the fact that additional spectrum is available, point-to-multipoint technology can be a very spectrum-efficient solution due to the shared media and due to different bandwidth aggregation gains that can be achieved:

• Allocation of capacity on an ATM cell basis (ATM granularity gain) instead of on a 2 Mbit/s basis.

• ATM multiplexing of the supported traffic classes in conjunction with Fast Dynamic Capacity Allocation (F-DCA) means that the network can be ‘oversubscribed’ in terms of the number of registered users while still maintaining Quality of Service (QoS).

• Delivery of unused access capacity to other services, such as wireless LAN access points or business access users, based on the daily traffic profile diversity gain (daily profile gain).


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4.3 Advanced Traffic Handling and Protection

4.3.1 Advanced Traffic Handling The Ericsson emphasis on microwave hub solutions performing bandwidth aggregation started already with MINI-LINK E during the mid-90’s. This product was designed to optimize the microwave transmission networks for the GSM application. The networks were built using a mix of cluster, ring, star and tree topologies creating a demand for small aggregation sites of typically 2-4 microwave links.

The evolution towards higher transmission capacities has lead to a demand for a better-structured network approach. More capacity is required at each site at the same time as the number of sites is increasing. This leads to new requirements on the hub nodes in terms of scalability and traffic aggregation. The network solution should support a high capacity structure consisting of larger hub nodes (high capacity aggregation sites), and a medium and low capacity structure based on smaller hub nodes (medium capacity aggregation sites) as well as non-aggregating sites (end sites).

The Ericsson smart nodes are solutions for the aggregation sites, developed to support the larger number of microwave links and the increase in capacity. They enable bandwidth aggregation of traffic originating from a large number of end sites. Transmission from the aggregation sites can be either microwave or optical. MINI-LINK BAS is based on ATM end-to-end, which enables not only multiplexing gains over the shared air interface, but also very efficient bandwidth aggregation on the aggregation sites.

4.3.2 Extensive Protection Mechanisms The end user traffic is the most important asset. If the service delivered is not reliable, end users will change their service provider. High quality equipment complemented with additional protection mechanisms provides the means, necessary to deliver high-quality services.

The MINI-LINK products include protection against equipment failure as well as for radio propagation anomalies. Hardware is duplicated to support the protected configurations on either or both of the two sides of the radio connection. The transmitting equipment can be configured either for hot standby or working standby transmission mode.

MINI-LINK TN adds yet another level of protection i.e. network layer protection. This functionality makes it possible to build reliable ring structures based on any microwave capacity up to 155 Mbit/s. The ring protection mechanism works on E1 level, and it allows protection of all or pinpointed E1s within the total payload.

MINI-LINK TN also includes network layer protection mechanisms of E1s, without duplication of the hardware. The E1s to be protected can then be routed into two separate ports on the same interface plug-in unit.


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4.4 Efficient Management Systems Ericsson provides powerful management solutions for local and remote installation, configuration and fault tracing of the equipment in the network. A common management architecture has been introduced in the MINI-LINK portfolio and it implements distributed Management Information Base (MIB) architecture and open interfaces. It enables easy integration to higher management layers, support for multi-vendor environment, cost-effective use of IP infrastructure and standardized user interfaces. The architecture includes features as described below.

Element Management

MINI-LINK Manager enables centralized operation and maintenance of all microwave radio equipment supplied by Ericsson.. Supervision of the entire broadband and/or mobile microwave transmission network can be performed from one single screen, with a common environment for fault, performance and configuration management. It provides also a gateway to other industry-standard management systems.

Equipment specific information is distributed into each node in the network and can be accessed by Embedded Element Managers (EEM) directly or remotely via MINI-LINK Manager. In addition, MINI-LINK Manager supports a distributed architecture with its client-server solution.

All MINI-LINK equipment can be remotely upgraded with new software from a central location. This enables a minimum of site visits once the site is installed and in operation. Embedded File Transfer Protocols (FTP) clients in the nodes enables that software upgrades, bulk data transfer and file export for performance data can be ordered. The FTP server can be located in a PC locally connected to the equipment or in a dedicated server in the network for remote download.

End-to-end Connection

MINI-LINK Connexion provides end-to-end connection management of a MINI-LINK TN network. This fully utilizes the remote traffic routing capability of MINI-LINK TN. Continuous re-configurations and upgrades to the transmission networks are a big part of operating costs, making the cost savings from an end-to-end management system significant. The features of MINI-LINK Connexion are also available over a combined MINI-LINK TN and Ericsson DXX network. It provides end-to-end management functionality over PDH, SDH and microwave nodes from a common management system. The multilayer routing functionality automatically routes traffic over different physical layers from smallest 1/0 cross-connect edge device to largest SDH backbone node.

SNMP Based Management

Traditionally, proprietary management interfaces have been used. Today, Ericsson microwave solutions support open interfaces to facilitate integration towards higher layer management systems. The implementation supports delivery of alarm, performance and configuration data via SNMP interfaces, implemented according to industry standard, towards superior management systems.

A single point of management integration via SNMP and FTP is available for all the MINI-LINK products through MINI-LINK Manager. These consolidated interfaces provide alarm and performance information for all MINI-LINK products as well as for third party products.


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In addition to the open interfaces in MINI-LINK Manager, the new management architecture for MINI-LINK eliminates proprietary protocols between the nodes and the management system by providing distributed SNMP agents embedded directly in the nodes themselves.

4.5 IP Based Data Communication Network The use of Internet Protocol (IP) as a standardized, scalable and easy-to-use protocol has set a new standard for how Data Communication Networks (DCN) should be built to allow low operational costs today and in the future. All MINI-LINK products provide IP DCN functionality, also MINI-LINK E. This implementation enables O&M data from MINI-LINK equipment to be transported cost-effectively over a TCP/IP infrastructure.

In addition to the above described functionality embedded IP routers are provided. This enables not only the extension of the MINI-LINK IP DCN throughout the transmission network, but it also enables O&M data from any external equipment to be connected to the MINI-LINK IP DCN.

4.6 Common Antennas and Accessories The MINI-LINK portfolio includes a complete program of antennas and accessories that are common for all point-to-point and point-to-multipoint products. This means that the amount of spare parts needed for these common parts can be drastically reduced.

To optimize each link, MINI-LINK antennas are available in a wide range of diameters. High performance compact antennas, providing minimum outdoor visibility are available in diameters ranging from 0.2 m to 1.8 m. The compact antennas are normally integrated with the radio unit but they can be installed separately as well. The radio unit can be replaced without affecting antenna alignment. Larger antennas (2.4 m and 3.7 m) for separate installation are available in standard or high performance versions.

The innovative integrated power splitter solution is the latest addition to the MINI-LINK antenna and accessories program. It enables two radio units to be connected to one antenna without waveguides. This drastically reduces the space occupied in the tower, as well as reducing the installation time and increasing the reliability of the tower installation.

4.7 Ease of Installation and Low Visual Impact Speed of installation is always a business consideration. Microwave is less costly and time-consuming to deploy than copper leased lines.

Ericsson has prioritized user-friendliness in the installation as well as the operation and maintenance area. The result is a proven, well-designed product that has the features needed to secure rapid and safe implementation. The installation procedures are similar for all MINI-LINK products


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The Ericsson MINI-LINK portfolio has been optimized for simple installation with a compact, easy-to-carry outdoor unit. The single-cable interface between the indoor and outdoor unit, and the single-bolt alignment fixture are well known. The traffic routing functionality that was introduced in MINI-LINK E reduced installation time and space by the elimination of cables and distribution frames. MINI-LINK TN improves the traffic routing functionality and simplifies the installation and maintenance procedures even more. The implementation of a fully dynamic configuration of the aggregation site in terms of link capacity, traffic routing and protection mechanisms, managed from a remote location, gives the MINI-LINK microwave network unmatched installation and operational benefits.

The point-to-multipoint system is even faster to install than a point-to-point system, since there are fewer points to connect in the backhaul system. In addition, new radio base stations or interfaces can be added to the backhaul network configuration, literally in a matter of minutes, minimizing maintenance and upgrade costs. The point-to-multipoint hub only needs a single antenna per sector, regardless of the number of connected terminals. This greatly reduces the visual impact, especially in cities and towns where antenna pollution is an important issue. Moreover, fewer antennas reduce the amount of sites as well as time and cost for site acquisition.

Since implementation is a major part of the cost for a roll-out of any telecom system it is important to keep the installation time/visit as low as possible to keep the cost down and improve the business case. Ericsson’s experience of roll-out of MINI-LINK in large mobile network projects has been summarized in installation processes ready-to-use by the operators. In the processes all activities during the complete installation phase - from closing the end-customer deal to acceptance test - are described and optimized. All this secures quality aspects as well as economic aspects.

4.8 High Network Quality A very important aspect of a microwave system is its reliability. The highly integrated MINI-LINK products result in easier installation and contribute to overall equipment quality. Product design and production go hand-in-hand to create good product quality. MINI-LINK products have an outstanding quality with a proven MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) of over 30 years. The world-leading quality of the microwave radio platform is a major reason for Ericsson being chosen as the microwave communication supplier to many of the largest operators in the world.

High product quality together with suitable protection mechanisms give the network planner the best prerequisites for designing a network of good quality, and one that will make the subscribers stay in the network. Therefore, it is important to look at quality as an essential aspect of the transmission network, when deciding on transmission technology and product supplier.

Furthermore, the availability of a microwave network is very much a planning issue. With high quality products combined with proper network planning, the availability of the microwave network is normally the same or higher than fiber or copper networks.


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4.9 Large-scale Production Ericsson has with the MINI-LINK portfolio the unique position of being the global market leader in short-haul microwave communication with an annual production capacity 3-4 times as large as anyone else on the market. Ericsson has the largest microwave production plant in the world. Among the highly competent staff, approximately 90% of the employees have technical education. The highly automated production implies that Ericsson as no other player on the microwave market can produce large volumes to any operator without saturating the complete production. Large-scale production and automation are major contributors to the high product quality of the MINI-LINK equipment, in conjunction with careful testing of the product such as temperature cycling and burn-in. The MINI-LINK factory is ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified.


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4.10 Service Portfolio As an apart of the total MINI-LINK offering, Ericsson´s services includes expertise in consulting, systems integration, managed services, network deployment and integration, education and support services.

Advisory services

Behind the introduction of any successful telecommunications service lays a well-devised strategy analyzing all the key decisions that have to be executed. The advisory services are focused in the areas of business, processes, network and competence development.

Integration services

Integration services support customers in evolving networks and systems to optimize technical solutions as well as business support systems and end-user applications. It covers the complete range of network evolution services, from implementing a new network to upgrading, extending and migrating existing networks.

Managed and Support services

Managed and support services focus on network operations. The service offering range from fundamental support to the management of a customer’s network, hosting service applications and enablers as well as providing network capacity on demand.

Infrastructure services

Ericsson offers operators the solutions needed for successful and efficient network evolution. Ericsson can act as the prime contractor for complex multi-vendor projects by offering a single interface with clear-cut responsibilities. And with Ericsson, operators can effectively manage network capacity build-outs over time.

Telecom Management solutions

In an increasingly complex technological and dynamic business environment, Ericsson delivers advanced Systems Integration support for Telecom Management solutions in a multi-vendor and multi-technology environment.


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MINI-LINK TN

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5 MINI-LINK TN

5.1 Overview MINI-LINK TN is the latest product family for PDH microwave radio nodes from Ericsson. It provides an extensive range of products covering all needs in the transport network, from end-sites just heading in one direction to aggregation sites acting as a transport hub in multiple directions and capacities.

MINI-LINK TN is optimized for microwave solutions with advanced traffic handling on aggregation sites as well as end sites. MINI-LINK TN provides full range of frequency bands from 7 to 38 GHz. Traffic capacities from 2x2 up to 32x2 Mbit/s are available using C-QPSK or 16 QAM modulation.

MINI-LINK TN consists of Basic Node and Radio Terminals, which comprise plug-in modem units and an outdoor part (common with MINI-LINK E). An aggregation site solution can be configured using a combination of unprotected and protected radio terminals.

MINI-LINK TN provides a powerful high-speed bus architecture that allows traffic to be routed, via software, between multiple radio terminals and plug-in units. The nodes has no single point of failure in the traffic handling functions, as the redundant traffic bus is combined with physical link and equipment protection. Furthermore, the separation of traffic and control makes the system very robust and enables, for example, hot-swap of plug-in boards. Even more functionality is available in terms of PDH, SDH multiplexing and Ethernet mapping. MINI-LINK TN includes E1, E2, E3, STM-1 and Ethernet traffic interfaces for connection to radio base stations or other equipment on the site.

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Figure 5-3 An aggregation site configuration, comprising MINI-LINK TN and a MINI-LINK HC radio terminal

MINI-LINK TN provides a traffic routing function that enables cable-less and remotely controlled traffic configuration. Changes in the network topology and capacity are handled more flexibly and cost effectively due to the fact that many of the changes can be made from a central site, not requiring personnel to go to each site and change cables. No additional multiplexing equipment is needed to implement changes. High-density microwave hubs with low footprint and unique flexibility can be implemented.

Advanced protection mechanisms are available for equipment, propagation and network layer protection. The network layer protection mechanism enables for example microwave networks with ring protection on E1 level.

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5.2 Features

Traffic Capacity

The radio terminals provide traffic capacity from 2x2 to 32x2 Mbit/s. The radio terminals provide software controlled traffic capacities for flexibility and simplified logistics.

Frequency Bands

MINI-LINK TN provides a full range of frequency bands, from 7 to 38 GHz.

Modulation

For optimal utilization of the available spectrum the radio terminals are available with either fixed or agile modulation schemes, using C-QPSK and 16 QAM. 16 QAM uses only half the bandwidth for the same traffic capacity, whereas C-QPSK provides a better system gain. This flexibility makes it possible to balance spectrum and power efficiency in the network.

Transmit Power Control

The radio transmit power can be configured for Remote Transmit Power Control (RTPC) or Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) mode. In RTPC mode, the desired transmit power is set manually using the management tool. In ATPC mode, the output power is automatically set to a reduced level during fading free conditions and is rapidly increased during fading. The low transmit power used during fading free conditions allows more efficient use of the available spectrum with retained link performance.

Equipment Protection

Radio terminals can be configured for 1+1 protection, which should be considered for important and/or heavy traffic requiring high availability.

Transmitter protection can be configured for either hot or working standby. In hot standby mode, one transmitter is working while the other one, tuned to the same frequency, is in standby (that is, not transmitting but ready to transmit if the active transmitter malfunctions). In working standby mode, both radio paths are active in parallel using different frequencies, that is frequency diversity.

Switching for 1+1 protection is normally in automatic mode where selection of the receiver is made based on alarm and status information. Manual selection of the active receiver from the management system is also possible. Switching selection is monitored and controlled from the management system.

The STM-1 interface supports standard MSP 1+1 (Multiplex Section Protection) used in SDH networks. This protection mechanism is used for equipment protection of the terminal multiplexer unit.

Propagation Protection

If there are severe reflections and/or harsh atmospheric conditions propagation protection shall be considered.

Propagation protection can be configured as space diversity using two antennas mounted at a distance reducing the impact of fading.

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Propagation protection can also be configured as frequency diversity meaning two radio paths operating in parallel using different frequencies.

Propagation protection switching is hitless and hence not traffic disturbing.

Network Layer Protection

To ensure high availability in the transmission network, MINI-LINK TN provides additional protection mechanisms on the network layer in the transmission network.

The 1+1 E1 SNCP (Sub-Network Connection Protection) mechanism provides protection for sub-network connections. This mechanism is based on the principle that one E1 is transmitted on two separate E1 connections (permanently bridged). The switching is performed at the receiving end where the two connections are terminated. It switches automatically between the two incoming E1s in order to use the better of the two. 1+1 E1 SNCP can be used in a ring topology where the two separate sub-network connections are routed in different directions of the ring. Network layer protection uses signal failure as a switching criterion.

PDH Interface

E1, E2 and E3 interfaces for traffic connections are provided. In a mobile access network these are typically used for connection to radio base stations or for connection to leased line networks.

SDH Interface

MINI-LINK TN provides a channelized STM-1 Terminal Multiplexer (TM) interface that terminates one STM-1 with VC-12 payload into 63 E1s. The interface can be protected using MSP 1+1. Both electrical and optical interfaces are provided.

There are two principal uses of this interface:

• At sites where the microwave network connects to an SDH transport network. The STM-1 terminal multiplexer is an effective interface using one STM-1 interconnection instead of nxE1.

• When building microwave networks, like ring-topologies, using MINI-LINK TN in combination with high capacity radio terminals.

Ethernet Interface

The Ethernet bridge function in the NPU2 provides a seamless connection of two remotely connected LANs through multiple E1s in a PDH/SDH network. It gives fixed operators and enterprise customers a cost-effective way of connecting remote LAN segments.

Traffic Routing

As a microwave hub, the main function of the MINI-LINK TN node is to collect traffic carried over microwave links from many sites and to aggregate it into a higher capacity transmission link. MINI-LINK TN provides a traffic routing function that facilitates the handling of this aggregation. This function enables interconnection of all traffic connections going through the node.

Each plug-in unit offers nxE1 to the backplane, where the traffic is cross-connected to another plug-in unit. The E1s are unstructured with independent timing. The plug-in units may be modem units, E1 interface plug-in units or STM-1 terminal multiplexers.

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The nodes has no single point of failure in the traffic handling functions, as the redundant traffic bus is combined with physical link and equipment protection. Furthermore, the separation of traffic and control makes the system very robust and enables, for example, hot-swap of plug-in units. This robust design eliminates the need of any redundant NPU.

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The traffic routing function is controlled by software, using the Embedded Element Manager (EEM) on site or from remote using the MINI-LINK Manager.

The features provide excellent scalability and flexibility. Changes in the network topology and capacity are handled more flexibly and cost-effectively due to the fact that many of the changes can be made from a central site, not requiring personnel to go to each site and change cables.

User Input/Output

User input ports and user output ports are available for propagation of external alarms via MINI-LINK TN nodes and for communication with and control of external equipment.

The outputs can be mapped to a given alarm severity in the MINI-LINK TN node or to provide power failure alarm towards other equipment.

5.2.1 Invest as you grow To support true invest as you grow scenarios it is possible to order functionality according to the present needs and upgrade the functionality, when needed. This means that the deployment of equipment can be optimized for the specific needs and afterwards be adapted to changes. See MINI-LINK Product Catalog for more information about this invest as you grow scenario.

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5.3 System Components The system consists of a Basic Node, Radio Terminal. There are also a number of well-adapted accessories, both hardware and software.

The Basic Node comprises an Access Module Magazine (AMM) with various plug-in units, except for the Modem Unit (MMU). Integrated signal interconnection including routing of traffic minimizes cabling. Each AMM is equipped with a central Node Processor Unit (NPU) for administration of the node. The indoor part is independent of frequency band and supports up to 19 Radio Terminals.

The Radio Terminal comprises the MMU, antenna, RAU and associated installation hardware. The antenna and the radio unit are either integrated or installed separately. The outdoor part of the Radio Terminal is fully independent of traffic capacity and supplied for various frequency bands.

The interconnection between the outdoor and indoor part is a single coaxial cable carrying full duplex traffic, DC supply voltage and a control channel.

5.3.1 Basic Node

5.3.1.1 AMM The AMM provides mechanical housing and electrical interconnections between the plug-in units through the backplane. There are different magazines available for different site configurations, all models fit however in 19” cabinets and in metric cabinets based on BYB 502. The AMM 6p fits as well in the Ericsson radio base station outdoor cabinets.

The Power Filter Unit (PFU) distributes the primary power to the plug-in units through the backplane.

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All indicators, controls and external connector interfaces are located at the unit fronts.

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The AMM 2p is suitable for end site and repeater site configurations. It has two full height slots for MMUs and two half-height slots for the mandatory NPU2 and the optional LTU 12x2. The PFU functionality is integrated in the NPU2 for AMM2p.

• AMM 6p

The AMM 6p is suitable for medium capacity aggregation sites. It has six full height horizontal slots of which one is used by the mandatory NPU 8x2, leaving room for five additional plug-in units. Two half-height vertical slots house PFU2 and Fan Unit (FAU2).

• AMM 20p

The AMM 20p is suitable for high capacity aggregation sites, for example at the intersection between the optical network and the microwave network. It has 20 full height slots for plug-in units. The mandatory NPU 8x2 always occupies one slot, all in all leaving room for 19 plug-in units. Two half-size slots at the left hand side of the AMM 20p are available for one or two PFU1.Two PFU1s are required when redundant power sources are used.

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5.3.1.3 Node Processor Unit (NPU) The main control system functions are housed in the NPU. Once the node is configured the traffic is unaffected by failures or removal of the node processor unit. It provides:

The Following NPUs are available:

• NPU2 Fits in an AMM 2p

• NPU 8x2 Fits in an AMM 6p and AMM 20p

Common Functions

The following summarizes the common functions of all NPUs:

• Traffic handling

• System control and supervision

• DCN routing

• The SNMP Master Agent for the whole node.

• A 10BASE-T Ethernet interface is provided for connection to site LAN

• Storage and administration of inventory and configuration data

Specific Functions

The specific functions per NPU type are summarized below.

NPU 8x2

• 8xE1 for traffic connections.

• The Ethernet interface is used for local management.

• Three User Input signals. The use of these interfaces may be configured.

• Three User Output signals. The use of these interfaces may be configured.

NPU2

• 4xE1 for traffic connections.

• Filters the external power and distributes the internal power.

• USB interface for local management.

• The Ethernet interface can be used for Ethernet bridge application.

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5.3.1.4 Line Termination Unit (LTU) The LTUs provide traffic interfaces to other equipment on site. The LTU units come in different models providing 12 or 16 E1s and one model with STM-1 terminal multiplexer. The latter is available with electrical and optical interface.

The following LTUs are available:

• LTU 12x2 (AMM 2p)

For sites where the number of E1 interfaces on the NPU is insufficient, an LTU 12x2 with 12 additional E1 interfaces is provided.

• LTU 16x2 (AMM 6p/20p)

For sites where the number of E1 interfaces on the NPU is insufficient, an LTU 16x2 with 16 additional E1 interfaces is provided.

• LTU 155e LTU 155e/o (AMM 6p/20p)

For sites where the node interfaces SDH equipment, an LTU 155 with an STM-1 terminal multiplexer is provided (155 Mbit/s). The LTU 155 is available with both electrical and optical interface.

5.3.1.5 Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU) The SMU2 is a multi-function plug-in unit. It provides the following functions:

• 1+1 protection for MMU2.

• Interfaces to MINI-LINK E radio terminals located on the site.

• General multiplexing, providing E3 interfaces that are channelized with E1s.

Only one of the functions can be used at the time.

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5.3.2 Radio Terminal

5.3.2.1 Indoor Part

Modem Unit (MMU)

The MMU features modems with software controlled traffic capacity from 2x2 up to 32x2 Mbit/s. The MMUs are also available with fixed as well as with software controlled modulation schemes, using C-QPSK or 16 QAM modulation.

Traffic to and from each modem unit is routed on the internal traffic bus, hence no front connections for traffic are required on the modem units.

The MMUs can be used together with a MINI-LINK E terminal at the opposite side of a hop.

MMU2

MMU2 provides capacities from 2x2 to 17x2 Mbit/s, using C-QPSK modulation. 1+1 protection requires an SMU2.

MMU2 B

MMU2 B provides capacities from 2x2 to 17x2 Mbit/s, using C-QPSK modulation. 1+1 protection is obtain without SMU2.

MMU2 C

MMU2 C is a modulation agile modem providing capacities from 4x2 to 17x2 Mbit/s, using C-QPSK modulation and 8x2 to 32x2 Mbit/s using 16 QAM modulation. 1+1 protection is obtain without SMU2.

MMU3

MMU3 is a single-board solution for unprotected configurations. It provides capacities from 2x2 to 16x2 Mbit/s, using C-QPSK modulation. The unit fits directly into a 19” rack, without any AMM.

5.3.2.2 Outdoor Part The outdoor part is fully independent of traffic capacity and supplied for various frequency bands. It consists of an antenna, a RAU and associated installation hardware. The antenna and the RAU are either integrated or installed separately. The interconnection between the outdoor and indoor part is a single radio cable (coaxial) carrying full duplex traffic, DC supply voltage, service channels as well as a control channel.

The outdoor part of an unprotected (1+0) radio terminal comprises a Radio Unit (RAU) and antenna. For a protected (1+1) radio terminal two RAUs and two antennas are required. As an alternative, an integrated power splitter can be used to connect two RAUs with one antenna. The RAUs can also be connected by waveguides to an ordinary power splitter, when using one antenna.

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6137

1+1 terminalintegrated power splitter0.3 m compact antenna

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1+0 terminalintegrated installation 0.2 m compact antenna

1+0 terminalseparate installation 0.6 m compact antenna

Figure 5-6 Radio units and antennas in 1+0 and 1+1 configurations

Radio Unit (RAU)

The RAU is independent of traffic capacity and the operating frequency is determined by the RAU only. The operating frequency is set on site. The basic function is to generate and receive the radio signal and convert it to/from the signal format in the radio cable.

The RAU is available in one version supporting C-QPSK modulation and in agile versions supporting available modulation schemes (C-QPSK, 16 QAM and 128 QAM), which also supports MINI-LINK HC.

RAUs are available for different frequency channel arrangements according to ITU-R and ETSI recommendations.

The RAU is housed in a weatherproof box painted light gray, with a handle for lifting and hoisting.

Antennas

The available antennas range from 0.2 m up to 3.7 m in diameter. They are made of aluminum, painted light gray and have standard IEC 154 type B waveguide interfaces. The antennas can be adjusted for vertical or horizontal polarization by adjusting the waveguide interface. All high performance and compact versions have an integrated radome.

The radio unit and antenna are easily installed on a wide range of support structures. All antennas up to 1.8 m in diameter are normally used in integrated installation where the radio unit is fitted directly to the rear of the antenna. They can also be fitted separately, connected by a flexible waveguide. Two radio units, in a protected 1+1 configuration, can be connected to a single antenna using the integrated power splitter or flexible waveguides . In all cases, the antenna is easily aligned and the radio unit can be disconnected and replaced without affecting the antenna alignment.

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5.4 Operation and Maintenance This section gives an overview of the management tools and the management features provided for operation and maintenance.

5.4.1.1 Management Tools The element management function in MINI-LINK TN is implemented as an Embedded Element Manager (EEM) that can be accessed using a standard Web browser. Local management on site is performed using a laptop connected directly to the node. The EEM provides tools for on site installation, configuration management, fault management, performance management and software management. The EEM is also used to configure the traffic routing function and protection mechanisms.

MINI-LINK Manager is used for centralized supervision and control. The EEM can also be launched from MINI-LINK Manager for configuration of individual nodes remotely from the network operation center.

Open management interfaces are available both from the NEs and MINI-LINK Manager through SNMP Interfaces.

5.4.1.2 Configuration Management There are several types of configurations:

• Radio terminal parameters; for example standby mode, frequency channel number, output power and alarm thresholds

• Transmission interface parameters; for example long/short-haul, line coding etc.

• Traffic routing; for example cross connections

• Traffic protection; for example SNCP and MSP

• DCN parameters; for example host name and IP-address

• Security parameters; for example enabling telnet and adding new SNMP users

After the initial setup most of these settings can be performed from a central location.

5.4.1.3 Software Upgrade Remote software upgrade can be made simultaneously on all units of the same type in a MINI-LINK network. It is a background process allowing the user to have full access to the management system, with no traffic disturbances. It is also possible to perform software upgrade on individual units locally on site.

After loading the software both the new software and the previous software versions are stored on the unit. The new software version can be activated immediately or scheduled at a later time. Activating a new software version only affects the control system, thus leaving the traffic undisturbed. The previous software revision remains stored on the unit in case a fallback is needed.

Plug-in units with old software revisions inserted into an access module magazine will automatically be upgraded to the currently running software version. The software upgrade function enables the addition of new functions and new types of plug-in units without disturbing traffic.

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5.4.1.4 Fault Management Fault Management deals with detection, isolation, and correction of malfunctions. A radio terminal is able to report alarm information, indicating either a traffic affecting or a non-traffic affecting fault situation. Alarms can be monitored both locally and remotely using EEM and MINI-LINK Manager, and on the local supervision interface on the terminals.

SNMP traps are used to report alarms to MINI-LINK Manager. In general alarms are correlated in the node to prevent alarm flooding. Alarm notification can be enabled/disabled for entire MINI-LINK TN nodes, for individual plug-in units and for individual interfaces.

5.4.1.5 Performance Management Performance management consists mainly of monitoring line and radio transmission quality. MINI-LINK TN supports performance management according to ITU-T recommendation G.826. Radio terminal performance is measured and stored in 24-hour intervals. In case of protected radio terminal configuration, the performance for the protected path is measured. The system supports measurements and storage of performance in both 15-minute and 24-hour intervals on all E1 connections and on the STM-1 interfaces. Performance is also measured for protected E1 connections (1+1 E1 SNCP).

5.4.1.6 Security Management For access to the system functionality, the following security mechanisms are used on the various external O&M interfaces:

• Telnet/CLI password: protected with the possibility of disabling the interface.

• Web interface to EEM: password protected.

• SNMPv3 interface: compliant with User-based Security Model (USM) and View-based Access Model (VACM). The security level is authentication/no privacy where MD5 is used as a hash algorithm for authentication.

• SNMPv1/SNMPv2 interface: community based access. A public/private community gives default read-access to MIB-II system information. These privileges can be extended by configuration via the Web or SNMPv3 interfaces.

Usernames/Passwords on the various interfaces are the same.

5.4.1.7 Bit Error Testing All plug-in units have built-in BER-meters. It is used for measuring performance according to ITU standard O.151. As with loop tests bit error testing may be used for system verification or for fault location.

The bit error test is started and stopped by the operator and the bit error ratio, as a function of the elapsed time, is the test result. The test can be started and stopped remotely using the EEM.

This function provides an advantage over using external test equipment. The installation crew of the microwave link can start a verification test before leaving the site. The results can be checked from remote. If everything is in order, there is no need for the installation crew to return to the site to bring back any test equipment.

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5.4.1.8 Equipment Handling Several functions facilitate operation and maintenance.

• Plug-in units can be inserted to and removed from the node while in operation. This enables the addition of new radio terminals or other plug–in units without disturbing existing traffic.

• When changing a plug-in unit, the new plug-in unit automatically gets the same configuration as the previous one (provided the change occurs within 15 minutes).

• Node configuration is stored non-volatile on the node itself, and it can be backed up/restored with a central FTP-server.

5.4.1.9 Data Communication Network The Data Communication Network (DCN), providing the connection between the management tools and the terminals, is normally structured in a number of isolated clusters from a DCN point of view. Terminals can be connected to each other within a magazine, in-between magazines on the same site and over a link, using various channels, and thereby forming a cluster. Communication with such a cluster is IP based and thereby becomes a part of the overall MINI-LINK IP DCN.

The MINI-LINK IP DCN provides transport of IP based O&M data. Each node has an IP router for handling DCN traffic. It has an Ethernet interface to enable connection to other IP based equipment on site. There is also a terminal server providing interoperability with the DCN traffic from legacy MINI-LINK E networks.

The DCN router uses IP over multilink Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) on various overhead channels available on the microwave radio interfaces and SDH interfaces. The PPP connections are automatically set up when the transmission link is established.

The MINI-LINK TN utilizes the services from standard IP network servers:

• Domain Name Server (DNS) which enables the use of host names for all nodes

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to allocate IP addresses in the DCN. The nodes have DHCP relay agents for serving other equipment connected to the DCN

• File Transport Protocol (FTP) can be used for transferring of software upgrades and back up/restoration of terminal configuration

• Network Time Protocol (NTP) for synchronization of internal clocks. For example, time stamping of alarm events

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MINI-LINK Manager

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DCN

NTP DNS-DHCPFTP

NTP Network Time Protocol

FTP File Transfer Protocol

DNS Domain Name System

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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DHCP Relay Agent

Figure 5-7 DCN servers

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6 MINI-LINK E

6.1 Overview MINI-LINK E is the world’s most deployed microwave transmission system. It is designed to offer optimal capacity, performance, spectrum and cost effectiveness. MINI-LINK E provides a full range of frequency bands, from 7 to 38 GHz. Traffic capacities from 2x2 up to 17x2 Mbit/s are available using C-QPSK and 16 QAM modulation schemes.

The MINI-LINK E system consists of an outdoor and an indoor part. The indoor part comprises an Access Module Magazine with plug-in units and the outdoor part comprises a Radio Unit (RAU) and an antenna. The outdoor part holds all frequency dependent units and the indoor part holds all capacity dependent units. The radio terminal can be upgraded or reconfigured by software and/or with plug-in units for increased capacity or protection. Terminals can be configured as unprotected (1+0), protected (1+1).

Several terminals can be integrated into one common AMM. This enables extremely compact network sites as well as efficient sharing of resources between different terminals, such as multiplexers, service channel interfaces and support systems.

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6363 Figure 6-8 MINI-LINK E system

All-outdoor solutions are also available, see section 6.3.2.

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6.2 Features

Traffic Capacity

The radio terminals provide traffic capacity from 2x2 to 17x2 (34+2) Mbit/s. There are radio terminals available with both fixed or agile (software controlled) traffic capacities. The latter provides flexibility and simplified logistics.

Frequency Bands

MINI-LINK E provides a full range of frequency bands, from 7 to 38 GHz.

Modulation

For optimal utilization of the available spectrum the MINI-LINK E radio terminals are available with two different modulation schemes, C-QPSK and 16 QAM. 16 QAM uses only half the bandwidth for the same traffic capacity, whereas C-QPSK provides a better system gain. This flexibility makes it possible to balance spectrum and power efficiency in the network.


The radio transmit power can from the management tool be configured for Remote Transmit Power Control (RTPC) or Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) mode. In RTPC mode, the desired transmit power is set manually using the management tool. In ATPC mode, the output power is set to a reduced level during fading free conditions and is rapidly increased during fading. The low transmit power used during fading free conditions allow more efficient use of the available spectrum with retained link performance.


Radio terminals can be configured for 1+1 protection, which should be considered for important and/or heavy traffic requiring high availability.








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PDH Interface

E1, E2 and E3 interfaces for traffic connections are provided. In a mobile access network these are typically used for connection to radio base stations or for connection to leased line networks.

Ethernet Interface

Radio terminals can be configured with an Ethernet unit for support of Ethernet traffic over a link or network, typically used for LAN-to-LAN interconnection and xDSL backhaul. It has one 10/100BASE-T interface, for connection to a LAN.

A radio terminal supports a combination of Ethernet traffic terminated in the unit and other traffic terminated in the G.703 interfaces. When using 34+2 Mbit/s traffic capacity for example, 34 Mbit/s can be used for Ethernet data and 2 Mbit/s for voice transmission, or vice-versa.

Traffic Routing

Traffic routing and re-routing within a network site can be performed with a minimum of external cables. Traffic routing is software configured during station setup.

Service Channels

Two 64 kbit/s service channels are available used for the following purposes:

• 64 kbit/s point-to-point connections terminated on G.703 interfaces.

• Analogue order wire for speech communication over a hop or through a network, with selective calling.

User Input/Output

User input ports and user output ports are available for propagation of external alarms via MINI-LINK E nodes and for communication with and control of external equipment.

The outputs can be mapped to a given alarm severity in the MINI-LINK E node or to provide power failure alarm towards other equipment.

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6.3 System Components This section describes the indoor and an outdoor parts as well as all-outdoor solutions.

6.3.1 Indoor Part This section gives a summary of the standard types of indoor equipment. Different versions are available and they can be combined in different ways in order to achieve the required functionality.

Cooling of the indoor part is accomplished by forced ventilation provided in the cabinet. When the airflow is not sufficient in the cabinet an optional fan unit is available.

6136 Figure 6-9 Access Module Magazine and plug-in units

6.3.1.1 Access Module Magazine (AMM) AMM provides mechanical housing and electrical interconnections between plug-in units through its backplane. There are several types of magazine for different site configurations.

The magazines fit in 19" cabinets and in metric cabinets based on BYB 502, or directly on a wall or a desk. Standardized solutions, including prefabricated cables and accessories, are available for installation in Ericsson RBS and transmission cabinets.

6.3.1.2 Modem Unit (MMU) The MMU provides traffic interfaces, signal processing and the interface with the RAU. One MMU per RAU is required and they are available with fixed or agile traffic capacity. Different MMUs are used for C-QPSK and 16 QAM modulation techniques.

The MMU handles the multiplexing and demultiplexing of traffic data, two independent service channels and the internal communication between near-end and far-end terminals. All MMUs are fully independent of frequency band.

On the transmitting side the MMU performs data rate adaptation (stuffing) and if no valid data is present at the input, an Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) is inserted in the nominal data. It also inserts bits for Forward Error Correction (FEC).

On the receiving side the data stream is demultiplexed and FEC corrected.

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6.3.1.3 Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU) The SMU provides 1+1 protection switching and/or multiplexing/demultiplexing of additional 2 Mbit/s channels. Both 2/8 and 8/34 Mbit/s multiplexing are supported.

6.3.1.4 Service Access Unit (SAU) The SAU is available in several versions providing different features such as parallel input/output ports, service channel interfaces and DCN interfaces. The latest addition, SAU IP fits in an existing indoor magazine and enables legacy networks to be upgraded to modern IP infrastructure.

6.3.1.5 Ethernet Interface Unit (ETU) The ETU enables transmission of Ethernet traffic over a link or network. A typical application is LAN-to-LAN interconnection or xDSL backhaul.

The basic function is to convert Ethernet traffic to a PDH data stream with a chosen traffic rate, 2, 8 or 34 Mbit/s. The unit supports standard functions like auto negotiation for automatic configuration of duplex mode (full or half) and traffic rate, transparency for VLAN and flow control.

The unit is designed for remote management over an IP network, and can thereby easily be managed as a part of an existing datacom environment.

6.3.2 Outdoor Part The outdoor part is identical with the one used in MINI-LINK TN, see section 5.3.2.2.

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6.3.3 All-Outdoor Solutions

Outdoor Cabinet Modem Protective Housing (MPH)

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6377 Figure 6-10 All-outdoor solutions

Two all-outdoor solutions are available:

• The Outdoor Cabinet can house an AMM with up to four plug-in units plus power distribution units for AC/DC or DC/DC. This solution supports one or two unprotected (1+0) or one protected (1+1) terminal with a traffic capacity of up to 17x2 (34+2) Mbit/s, operating within the 7-38 GHz frequency bands. Both C-QPSK and 16 QAM modulation schemes can be used.

• The Modem Protective Housing (MPH) can house a single MMU. This solution supports an unprotected terminal (1+0) with a traffic capacity of 2x2 or 4x2 Mbit/s, using C-QPSK modulation. All available frequencies from 7 to 38 GHz can be utilized.

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6.4.1 Management Tools The integrated control and supervision system in MINI-LINK E radio terminals continuously monitors the transmission quality and alarm status. The information is available through the DCN channel, which is extended throughout the MINI-LINK network.

A laptop with MINI-LINK Service Manager (MSM) is used locally for installation and field service.

MINI-LINK Manager is used for centralized supervision and control.

MINI-LINK E Mediator provides an SNMPv1 interface towards higher order management system for supervision of smaller networks, see section 10.5.

6.4.2 Configuration Management MSM is used to set parameters such as standby mode, frequency channel number, output power and alarm thresholds.

6.4.3 Software Upgrade Remote software upgrade can be made simultaneously on all units of the same type in a MINI-LINK network. It is a background process allowing the user to have full access to the management system, with no traffic disturbances. It is also possible to perform software upgrade on individual units locally on site.


6.4.4 Fault Management Fault Management deals with detection, isolation, and correction of malfunctions. A radio terminal is able to report alarm information, indicating either a traffic affecting or a non-traffic affecting fault situation. Alarms can be monitored using remote management tools, MSM and the local supervision interface on the terminals.

6.4.5 Performance Management Performance management consists mainly of monitoring line and radio transmission quality. MINI-LINK E supports performance management according to ITU-T recommendation G.826. Radio terminal performance is measured and stored in 24-hour intervals. In case of protected radio terminal configuration, the performance for the protected path is measured.

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6.4.6 Security Management Local access to the radio terminals, using MSM, is password protected.

6.4.7 Data Communication Network (DCN) The DCN, providing the connection between the management tools and the Network Elements (NEs), is normally structured in a number of isolated clusters. Terminals can be connected to each other within a magazine, in-between magazines on the same site and over a link, using various channels, and thereby forming a cluster.

MINI-LINK E utilizes a proprietary broadcast protocol for management traffic between NEs, but clusters can be connected to the IP DCN through the SAU IP or a terminal server.

The SAU IP facilitates the integration of MINI-LINK TN in an existing network consisting of MINI-LINK E. The SAU IP adds, among other things, to MINI-LINK E the ability to route IP packets containing management data from MINI-LINK TN systems. However, the transport of management data between NEs of MINI-LINK E will still utilize the proprietary protocol.

The following standard external IP services are supported:

• Network Time Protocol (NTP) for synchronization of internal clocks. For example, time stamping of alarm events

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) can be used for transferring of software upgrades and also for backup/ restoration of terminal configuration

• Domain Name System (DNS) enables the use of host names of all terminals

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), used to allocate IP addresses in the DCN. The terminal has a DHCP relay agent, serving other equipment connected to the site LAN

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7 MINI-LINK HC

7.1 Overview MINI-LINK HC is a compact microwave radio solution for voice and data transmission at 155 Mbit/s, STM-1, operating within the frequency bands ranging from 7 to 38 GHz.

Being a member of the MINI-LINK portfolio guarantees key characteristics such as high reliability, fast network roll-out, cost-effective solutions and easy installation and maintenance procedures. Furthermore, MINI-LINK HC utilizes the same antennas and accessories as MINI-LINK E and MINI-LINK TN.

MINI-LINK HC can be used as a stand-alone compact, cost-optimized radio terminal on end sites or together with MINI-LINK TN in configurations for aggregation sites. The terminal multiplexer functionality in MINI-LINK TN is provided for termination of the 155 Mbit/s traffic into 63 E1s. The radio terminal can be configured as unprotected (1+0) or protected (1+1).

7.2 Features

Traffic Capacity

MINI-LINK HC radio terminals are able to transmit and receive data at 155 Mbit/s, and support the SDH STM-1 electrical and optical standards. A channel for Wayside Traffic (2 Mbit/s) can also be transported over a link.

Frequency Bands

MINI-LINK HC provides a full range of frequency bands, from 7 to 38 GHz.

Modulation

The high capacity radio terminals are available with two different modulation schemes, 16 QAM and 128 QAM. Comparing the two, 128 QAM uses only half the bandwidth, whereas 16 QAM provides a better system gain. This flexibility makes it possible to balance spectrum and power efficiency in the network.


The radio transmit power can be configured for Remote Transmit Power Control (RTPC) or Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) mode. In RTPC mode, the desired transmit power is set manually using the management tool. In ATPC mode, the output power is automatically set to a reduced level during fading free conditions and is rapidly increased during fading. The low transmit power used during fading free conditions allows more efficient use of the available spectrum with retained link performance.

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Equipment protection

Radio terminals can be configured for 1+1 protection, which should be considered for important and/or heavy traffic requiring high availability. In case of failure, both STM-1 traffic and E1 Wayside channel are switched.



The STM-1 interface supports MSP 1+1 (Multiplex Section Protection) used in SDH networks, by means of Equipment and Line Protection (ELP) . The ELP functionality simultaneously protects the STM-1 line interface and the radio equipment against any single point of failure. The radio hop is configured in hot standby mode and performs protection switching on the transmitter side. Receiver switching in the TRU is disabled. The ADMs/Terminal multiplexers at both ends carry out the receiver protection switching.






Interfaces

SDH STM-1

Ethernet and E1 Interfaces

High capacity radio terminals can be configured to support a combination of Ethernet and E1 traffic over a link or network, typically used for high speed LAN-to-LAN interconnect and connection of PBXes. The solution provides 4x10BASE-T/100BASE-TX LAN and 4xE1, G.703 interfaces.

Service Channels

Two independent 64 kbit/s digital service channels, with V.11 and G.703 interfaces, are supported.

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User Input/Output

There are 12 User I/O ports available. They can be configured as input or output ports. An input port can be used to collect external alarms or a summary alarm from different sources. An output port can be used for remote control of external equipment such as turning on a mast light.

7.3 System Components The MINI-LINK HC radio terminal consists of an indoor part and an outdoor part.

The indoor part comprises a Traffic Unit (TRU), Modem Unit (MMU) and an Access Module Magazine (AMM). The outdoor part comprises a Radio Unit (RAU) with antenna. A radio cable connects the RAU and the MMU.

5544 Figure 7-11 A MINI-LINK HC radio terminal in a protected (1+1) configuration

A fan unit provides cooling of the indoor part. The DC power is connected to each modem unit, which distributes power to the other plug-in units through the backplane of the AMM.

Apart from the main units, the system offers a number of well-adapted auxiliary units and accessories, both hardware and software.

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7.3.1 Indoor Part This section gives a summary of the standard types of indoor equipment of the MINI-LINK HC terminal. Different versions are available which can be combined in different ways in order to achieve the required functionality.

6138 Figure 7-12 Access Module Magazine, plug-in units and Fan unit for a protected high capacity terminal

7.3.1.1 Access Module Magazine (AMM) The AMM provides mechanical housing and backplane connection for the plug-in units. One or two terminals can be integrated into one common AMM.

Two types of AMMs are available; one for a single unprotected terminal configuration, housing one MMU and one TRU and another for protected or unprotected terminal configurations, housing up to two MMUs and two TRUs.

The AMMs fit in 19” cabinets and in metric cabinets based on BYB 502.

7.3.1.2 Modem Unit (MMU) The main function of the MMU is to modulate the digital traffic data to an analogue signal suitable for microwave transmission and demodulate the received signal from the radio unit.

The traffic channels and service channels are connected to the TRU through the backplane of the AMM. The MMU merges the main traffic (STM-1), the wayside traffic (2 Mbit/s) and control information into one data stream to be transmitted over the radio path.

The primary power supply and the radio cable to the RAU are connected at the front of the MMU.

The MMU is frequency independent.

Different versions of the MMU are used for 16 QAM and 128 QAM modulation.

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7.3.1.3 Traffic Unit (TRU) The TRU main function is to provide the physical interfaces for STM-1/OC3, wayside channel (2 Mbit/s) and service channels. It also provides 1+1 protection switching.

In the TRU, the service channels and the embedded communication channels, which can be used for DCN, are inserted in the SDH/SONET Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH).

The central processor in the TRU stores operation and maintenance data received from the other units in the terminal, and makes that information available to the external management tools.

The TRU is equipped with interfaces at the front for Auxiliary Channels and operation and maintenance interfaces.

There are two versions of the TRU; one with electrical traffic interface and the other with both electrical and optical traffic interfaces.

7.3.1.4 Ethernet Traffic Interface The MINI-LINK HC Ethernet Solution supports a combination of Ethernet and E1 traffic over a STM-1 link or network. 4x10/100 BASE-T LAN and 4xE1, G.703 interfaces are provided.

The IP Traffic is mapped into a configurable number of VC12s (1 to 50). A proprietary mapping scheme is used, thus the traffic must be de-mapped by another MINI-LINK HC with Ethernet interface (point-to-point connection).

The MINI-LINK HC Ethernet Solution features layer 2 bridging/switching with VLAN support, spanning tree protocol and flow control.

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7.3.2 Outdoor Part The outdoor part is fully independent of traffic capacity and supplied for various frequency bands. It consists of an antenna, a RAU and associated installation hardware. The antenna and the RAU are either integrated or installed separately. The interconnection between the outdoor and indoor part is a single radio cable (coaxial) carrying full duplex traffic, DC supply voltage, service channels as well as a control channel.

The outdoor part of an unprotected (1+0) radio terminal comprises a Radio Unit (RAU) and antenna. For a protected (1+1) radio terminal two RAUs and two antennas are required. As an alternative, an integrated power splitter can be used to connect two RAUs with one antenna. The RAUs can also be connected by waveguides to an ordinary power splitter, when using one antenna.

6137

1+1 terminalintegrated power splitter0.3 m compact antenna

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1+0 terminalintegrated installation 0.2 m compact antenna

1+0 terminalseparate installation 0.6 m compact antenna

Figure 7-13 Radio units and antennas in 1+0 and 1+1 configurations installed on

7.3.2.1 Radio Unit (RAU) The RAU is independent of traffic capacity and the operating frequency is determined by the RAU only. The operating frequency is set on site. The basic function is to generate and receive the radio signal and convert it to/from the signal format in the radio cable.

The RAU is available in one version supporting QAM modulation and in agile versions supporting available modulation schemes (C-QPSK, 16 QAM and 128 QAM), which also supports MINI-LINK TN and MINI-LINK E.

RAUs are available for different frequency channel arrangements according to ITU-R and ETSI recommendations.

The RAU is housed in a weatherproof box painted light gray, with a handle for lifting and hoisting.

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7.3.2.2 Antennas The available antennas range from 0.2 m up to 3.7 m in diameter. They are made of aluminum, painted light gray and have standard IEC 154 type B waveguide interfaces. The antennas can be adjusted for vertical or horizontal polarization by adjusting the waveguide interface. All high performance and compact versions have an integrated radome.

The radio unit and antenna are easily installed on a wide range of support structures. All antennas up to 1.8 m in diameter are normally used in integrated installation where the radio unit is fitted directly to the rear of the antenna. They can also be fitted separately, connected by a flexible waveguide. Two radio units, in a protected 1+1 configuration, can be connected to a single antenna using the integrated power splitter or flexible waveguides . In all cases, the antenna is easily aligned and the radio unit can be disconnected and replaced without affecting the antenna alignment.

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7.4.1 Management Tools The element management function of MINI-LINK HC is implemented as an Embedded Element Manager (EEM) that can be accessed using a standard Web browser.

Local management on site is performed using a laptop connected directly to the radio terminal. The EEM provides tools for on site installation, configuration management, fault management, performance management and software management.

The EEM can also be launched from MINI-LINK Manager for configuration of individual terminals remotely from the network operation center.

Remote management can also be accomplished from any Network Management System (NMS) using SNMPv1 or v3 for the communication with the radio terminal.

7.4.2 Configuration Management The EEM is used locally for initial setup of the access module magazine, protection mode, DCN connection, transmitting frequency, output power, etc. After that, the EEM can be used both locally and remotely from MINI-LINK Manager for additional configurations of, for example, the optical link, user I/O, alarm log and performance measurements.

7.4.3 Software Upgrade The radio terminal software can be upgraded remotely as well as locally. The traffic is not affected during this procedure. A software package, including all images of the units, is downloaded into the terminal. It is then activated either at the end of a successful download or at a later time. When the new software version is downloaded the old version is stored in a memory area, which enables the user to switch back to the old revision if the update fails.

7.4.4 Fault Management Fault Management deals with detection, isolation, and correction of malfunctions. It can be used together with performance management as well, to compensate for environmental changes. Also included are maintenance and examination of error logs and action on alarms.

Each unit is able to report alarm information, including the name of the alarm, the severity of the alarm, a time record, the board where the alarm is located and its position number. Alarms are also indicated by LEDs.

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7.4.5 Performance Management Performance Management can be described as a set of functions to evaluate and report the behavior of the equipment and to analyze the effectiveness. It also includes sub-functions to gather statistical information. Performance management is based on the ITU-T G.826 and M.2120 recommendations.

Information collection is based on the information of each direction of transport separately, as specified in ITU-T M.2120 covering counters, filtering, thresholds, reporting and historical storage.

7.4.6 Security Management The equipment provides two levels of access control: View mode and Control mode. Security management takes care of prevention of security violations and control of the unauthorised use and the access of the resources (access control).

The following security mechanisms are used on the various external O&M interfaces:

• Web interface towards embedded element manager: password protected where MD5 is used as hash algorithm for authentication.

• SNMPv3 interface: compliant with User-based Security Model (USM) and View-based Access Model (VACM). The security level is authentication/(no privacy) where MD5 is used as hash algorithm for authentication.

• SNMPv1 interface: community based access. Public and private community strings allow differentiating the read and the write access to the system information base (MIB).

7.4.7 Data Communication Network Various channels are used for transport of operation and maintenance data (O&M) over the hop and with peripheral systems. O&M data from other network equipment as well as the O&M data generated internally is incorporated in the main traffic over the link, using one of the embedded communication channels. Each TRU holds a router that terminates and routes IP packets, between the different interfaces (O&M port, 10BASE-T port, service ports and channels over the hop). The router functionality extends the DCN throughout the transmission network.

The overhead (RSOH) bytes of the SDH/SONET frame in combination with the Ethernet interface are used for the transport O&M data over between two high capacity radio terminals on the same site and throughout the network.

The Ethernet port on the radio terminal provides an interface for transport of management data coming from other equipment on site over the MINI-LINK network.

MINI-LINK HC utilizes the File Transport Protocol (FTP) service from standard IP network server: It can be used for transferring of software upgrades and back up/restoration of terminal configuration.

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8 MINI-LINK BAS

8.1 Overview MINI-LINK BAS is Ericsson´s point-to-multipoint product family. It combines ATM transport and microwave radio technologies in order to build wireless access networks for broadband services and mobile access transmission. The system exploits a point-to-multipoint topology to further improve the efficiency of the spectrum usage. In a multipoint topology the air interface is shared among many terminals, thus enabling statistical traffic multiplexing. The radio at the hub has a 90-degree sector antenna and typically reaches up to 6 km. For a longer radio reach or a high traffic demand, point-to-point connection with a directional antenna can be provided. For point-to-point access the distance is up to 10 km.

The point-to-multipoint system aggregation site (hub) is realized by the MINI-LINK BAS radio shelf (R-AAS) and a number of Radio Nodes (RNs). An optional Concentration Shelf (C-AAS) can be used to aggregate the traffic further. At the end sites, Access Terminations (ATs) with different traffic interfaces are used. See the figure below.

Control

Processor

Concentration shelf (C-AAS)

Radio shelf (R-AAS)

Access Terminations (ATs)Radio Nodes (RNs) Access Terminations (ATs)

6608

ATM MUX

ATM MUX

Traffic

Interfaces

Traffic

Interfaces

Traffic

Interfaces

Traffic

Interfaces

Traffic

Interfaces

Traffic

Interfaces

Traffic

Interfaces

Traffic

Interfaces

Modem

Figure 8-1 MINI-LINK BAS system overview

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The ATs are available with interfaces for E1, Ethernet 10/100BASE-T and ATM allowing a variety of services, for example mobile access transmission, PBX interconnections, LAN-to-LAN interconnections and Internet access.

MINI-LINK BAS follows a cellular deployment structure where multiple sectors cover a geographical area. The AT requires a line of sight path toward the hub and can be located anywhere within the sector coverage area. The system operates in the 26, 28 and the 31 GHz bands. 28 MHz channeling is adopted achieving a capacity over the air interface of 37.5 Mbit/s per carrier in both directions, using C-QPSK modulation. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is used in order to enable a Fast Dynamic Capacity Allocation (F-DCA).

8.2 Features

Easy Service Deployment

An inherent benefit of point-to-multipoint architecture is that once the hub is in place, a new link can be added by installation of a single terminal.

The system is designed for fast and easy installation. Once the installation of the AT is completed, the sign-on procedure can be carried out without visiting the hub site.

New services can be added at the end user side by adding new interface boards in the AT. The “hot plug-in” service interface boards can easily be inserted without any traffic interruption or disturbance of other services.

The E1 service interface board is software configurable for Circuit Emulation (CE) or ATM.

System Scalability

MINI-LINK BAS is optimized for scalability allowing for a gradual expansion and minimizing the investment. The minimum configuration to achieve coverage with MINI-LINK BAS consists of a Radio Shelf and a Radio Node. With this configuration 37.5 Mbit/s is delivered over a sector. ATs within the sector can access and peak up to the full capacity. A single Radio Node can connect up to 64 ATs, although normally 5-15 ATs are typically deployed within a sector.

A single R-AAS can house up to six RNs and multiple R-AASs can be deployed on the same site.

Increased capacity in a sector can be obtained by deploying multiple RNs with overlapping coverage, if spectrum is available.

The launch solution allows the use of multiple antennas connected to the same radio for coverage of more than 90 degrees.

Traffic Handling

At the hub the Radio Shelf efficiently takes care of the traffic handling with the built-in ATM cross-connect, allowing local drop of traffic. Traffic is collected and consolidated from different sectors in order to reduce the number of high-speed links to the backbone.

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The Concentration Shelf collects traffic coming from different hubs, cross-connects on ATM layer and creates one or several aggregated flows, thus reducing the number of ports on the ATM switch/Edge router. Also the total amount of traffic is reduced since local interconnections can be created without occupying resources on the ATM switch/Edge router.

Circuit emulated traffic can be terminated in the Radio Shelf and/or in the Concentration Shelf in a very smooth way.

The Embedded Element Manager (EEM) provides a one-step end-to-end circuit provisioning within the system.

Efficient Spectrum Utilization

A robust air interface that, at the same time, efficiently handles the traffic is essential for a point-to-multipoint system. In MINI-LINK BAS the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) air interface allows efficient and fast allocation via statistical multiplexing and F-DCA. It allows capacity to be allocated to an end user within a millisecond. The uplink and downlink are separated in frequency, according to the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) scheme.

This approach is the most suitable choice for wireless broadband access point-to-multipoint systems due to:

• Interference robustness, which is a key feature in a high density and highly interference polluted environment, allowing very aggressive frequency reuse, with no need for network synchronization and the safest co-existence of multiple operators in the same area

• Better performance in terms of Cell Delay, Cell Delay Variation and effective support of real time services that require lower and predictable access delays

• Easiest frequency allocation on present channel arrangement

The system uses C-QPSK modulation scheme, which in combination with the Forward Error Correction (FEC) capability gives an optimal balance between capacity and performance. C-QPSK modulation is adopted in both uplink and downlink providing spectral efficiency equal to 1.3 bit/s/Hz. The air interface is symmetrical 37.5 Mbit/s.

The possibility to have high output power of the radio allows the operator to deploy large cells when necessary. This results in low investment per square km and fewer hubs to cover an area. Network planning will be simplified and fewer sites are needed. To reach single customers at even longer distances, or to provide dedicated capacity to a customer, a point-to-point antenna can be used.

Traffic Classes

MINI-LINK BAS can provide the traffic classes and interfaces needed for voice and data applications.

The available ATM service categories in MINI-LINK BAS are Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR/UBR+MDCR). CBR can either be used for voice services (CBR CE) or for real time data services (CBR data). UBR can be used for services with best effort performance. UBR connections can also be configured for a peak data rate. UBR+MDCR gives an additional possibility to guarantee a minimum data rate per connection.

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On a radio sector basis it is possible to mix CBR(CE), CBR(data), UBR and UBR+MDCR connections. Bandwidth reserved for a CBR(data) connection can instantaneously be used by UBR best effort when the related CBR data source is silent.

Protection and Security

The radio node protection is provided by 1:1 architecture. For each primary radio node providing service, a dedicated secondary radio node is provided to back up the primary one. The back up radio node operates in a cold standby mode using the same radio carrier. Therefore only one radio node is active at a time.

The Radio Shelf and the Concentration Shelf supply units are equipped with duplicated redundant power units. For the Radio Shelf these units feed both the sub-rack plug-in boards and outdoor radio units.

Link security is improved by the possibility to modify the scrambling key.

8.3 System Components The system consists of the following components:

• Access Terminations (ATs) for end site configurations

− Flexible Network Unit (FlexNU) or the Compact Network Unit (CompactNU) − Radio and Antenna

• Hub equipment for aggregation site configurations

− Radio Shelf − Concentration Shelf − Interface boards − Radio Nodes

• Control Processor (CP)

8.3.1 Access Termination (AT) The Access Termination (AT) consists of the indoor part and the outdoor part. The indoor part comprises the modem and traffic interfaces. Two types of indoor parts are available, the FlexNU with several interface options and CompactNU providing E1 interfaces as well as Ethernet interface. The outdoor part comprises the Radio Unit (RAU) and the integrated antenna. The AT is located at end sites providing the needed traffic interfaces.

The design of the AT enables very quick and easy installation. A single coaxial cable makes the interconnection between the RAU and the FlexNU or the CompactNU. New services are easily added to the FlexNU, without any traffic disturbance.

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8.3.1.1 Indoor Part

FlexNU

The FlexNU holds Service Units (SU) that can be inserted during operation (hot plug-in).

The following service units are available:

• SU-E1, with two interfaces, providing transparent and/or fractional transport of E1. It can also be configured for transport of native ATM over E1.

• SU-T1, with two interfaces, providing transparent transport of T1.

• 10/100BASE-T Ethernet SU, with two interfaces for LAN-to-LAN interconnections and Internet access.

• ATM STM-1 SU, providing an ATM interface.

6609 Figure 8-2 The FlexNU with the Service Unit plug in boards

CompactNU

CompactNU represents a complementary solution to the FlexNU, which provides an enhanced flexibility in setting up the optimum end-to-end solution. The CompactNU is a single-board solution that fits directly into a 19” rack. It provides the following traffic interfaces:

• Four E1 interfaces

• One 10BASE-T Ethernet interface

The E1 interfaces are prepared for Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) termination. Complete IMA functionality will be achieved with future software upgrades.

7229 Figure 8-3 CompactNU

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8.3.1.2 Outdoor Part The outdoor part consists of a Radio Unit (RAU) and an integrated directional low profile antenna of parabolic type, 0.24 m in diameter. The radio unit is housed in a weatherproof box painted light gray, with a handle for lifting and hoisting, designed for quick and easy installation and alignment. The radio unit is connected to the FlexNU and the CompactNU via a single coaxial cable, carrying traffic channels, DC supply voltage and control channels. As an option, a 0.6 m antenna is available for longer reach.

8.3.2 Hub Equipment The hub equipment for aggregation site configurations consists of a Radio Shelf with one to six RNs. The R-AAS can also house different interface boards for connection to the backbone.

8.3.2.1 Radio Shelf (R-AAS) The R-AAS is an ATM switch in an indoor sub-rack. The Node Control Units (NCU) and northbound interfaces are plug-in boards in the R-AAS.

Depending on the configuration, a Radio Shelf can host up to six RNs, or up to eight SNI-E1/T1 boards terminating 32 E1/T1 interface connections.

The possibility to configure the radio shelf with SNI-E1/T1 boards provides a very cost-effective solution compared to the use of E1/T1 interfaces supported in commercial ATM switches.

8.3.2.2 Interface Boards There are five types of interface boards available for the R-AAS and C-AAS:

• ET 155 and ET 155 SC, providing an ATM STM-1optical interface

• ET E3, providing an ATM 34 Mbit/s electrical interface

• ET DS3, providing an ATM 45 Mbit/s electrical interface

• SNI-E1, with four interfaces, providing transparent and/or fractional transport of E1. It can also be configured for transport of native ATM over E1

• EGW, Ethernet Gateway providing a Fast Ethernet interface

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6610

EARTHGROUNDING

MMU2 4-34

MMU2 4-34

LTU 16x2

LTU 155e/o

NPU 8x2

Figure 8-4 R-AAS

8.3.2.3 Concentration Shelf (C-AAS) The Concentration Shelf is aimed to concentrate the traffic from different Radio Shelf into a single ATM interface, connected to the ATM backbone. In addition, SNI-E1/T1 boards can be housed in the Concentration Shelf.

The Concentration Shelf can support different configurations with a cellbus bandwidth capacity of 870 Mbit/s.

7228

MMU2 4-34

MMU2 4-34

LTU 16x2

LTU 155e/o

NPU 8x2

Figure 8-5 C--AAS

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8.3.2.4 Interface Boards The interface boards described in the section about R-AAS can also be used for C-AAS.

8.3.2.5 Radio Node (RN) The RN consists of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The name of the indoor unit is Node Control Unit (NCU), which is a plug-in unit in the R-AAS. The outdoor unit consists of a RAU and a sector antenna.

Indoor Part

The NCU consists of the modem and Media Access Control (MAC). One NCU is required for each RN.

The modem provides the radio interface to the RAU and contains all modulating and demodulating functions.

The MAC functionality handles the traffic allocation over the air interface to the ATs, in both directions. The MAC protocol and scheduling mechanism grant a capacity request in less than 1 ms. This enables Fast and Dynamic Capacity Allocation (FDCA) among the different ATs in the same sector, thus allowing a high statistical multiplexing gain to utilize the bandwidth efficiently.

Outdoor Part

The outdoor part of the RN consists of a RAU (identical to the RAU connected to the AT) and an antenna. The RN is normally equipped with a 90-degree sector antenna for area coverage. Thus, with four RNs, 360-degree area coverage can be obtained. Directional antennas can be deployed to dedicate capacity to one specific user at a longer distance (point-to-point connection).

The RAU connects the antenna at the waveguide interface. Disconnection and replacement of the antenna can be done without affecting the antenna alignment.

8.3.3 Control Processor (CP) Unit The CP hosts the management and control software required to operate the product. The management software, Embedded Element Manager (EEM), provides the user interface and related logic, such as the database repository and the SNMP agent. The control software, named CP software, coordinates the execution of the management commands throughout the system.

The CP is a UNIX-based shelf mounted processor. It can be either co-located with the radio shelf or with the concentration shelf or remotely located. The CP is physically connected to the Radio Shelf or the Concentration Shelf through an STM-1 link.

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8.4.1 Management Tools The Embedded Element Manager (EEM) and CP software provide a complete set of management functions to control the system.

The EEM allows the operator to perform equipment configuration and operation, alarm visualization and connection handling. The EEM provides a graphical user interface that is accessed using a Web browser. The EEM can also be launched from MINI-LINK Manager for configuration of a system remotely from the network operation center.

Although the complete configuration can be done via the EEM, an AT Craft Tool (ACT) software application is available for installation and maintenance on end sites. The ACT accessed from a laptop and is then connected to the FlexNU or CompactNU.

8.4.2 Configuration Management The EEM provides the means to configure the system including interconnected sub-racks and boards. It provides a representation of the sub-racks with plug-in unit front panels, interconnections between sub-racks, and detailed information about the system.

8.4.3 Connection Management. The connection handling provides the commands to establish and release connections.

8.4.4 Software Upgrade Network wide software upgrade of the complete MINI-LINK BAS is supported as a background process allowing the user to have full access to the management system, with no traffic disturbances. If plug-in boards with old software revisions are put in use, they will be automatically upgraded to the currently running software version.


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8.4.5 Fault Management The fault management application includes the following functionality:

• Alarms and events reporting

• Alarms and events logging

• Alarms and events reporting and logging criteria selection

• Alarm severity assignment

• Alarm summary

8.4.6 Performance Management Transmission performance according to ITU-T G.826 and I.356 ATM is measured and logged. It specifies the error performance events, parameters and objectives for paths operating at bit rates at or above the primary rate.

8.4.7 Security Management Access to the EEM and to the CP is handled by means of user profiles. The following optional security mechanisms are used on the O&M interfaces:

• Remote secure access to the EEM via HTTPS using Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

• Secure FTP and Telnet connections via secure shell (SSH) to the control processor

8.4.8 Data Communication Network (DCN) MINI-LINK BAS uses an ATM in-band communication channel between the CP and the different system components of a MINI-LINK BAS network. Management connectivity can be achieved via an ATM network (over E1, E3 and STM-1 physical interfaces) or via a circuit switched network (over dedicated E1 connections).

The Element Manager resident in the CP can be accessed via an IP based DCN.

IP DCN connectivity over the point-to-multipoint network for other equipment can be realized utilizing the Ethernet interfaces of MINI-LINK BAS.

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9 Trunk System - InterLink

9.1 Overview InterLink is an SDH radio trunk system for transmission of nx155 Mbit/s in the 4 to 11 GHz frequency bands. The InterLink is ideally suited for long distance high capacity communication solutions.

The InterLink solution provides more compelling reasons than ever to choose microwave radio for trunk networking environments. It is a highly versatile modular system covering multiple applications, as well as being easily reconfigured and upgraded. Despite its exceptional functionality the InterLink is remarkably compact. Employing the latest technology design techniques it is easily housed and accessed in typical customer environments.

9.2 Features

Traffic capacity

Interlink is able to transmit and receive data at nx155 Mbit/s, supporting the SDH STM-1 electrical and optical standard. Interlink can be configured as a basic unprotected 1+0 system and expandable up to 8+0. As protected configuration it is configurable from 1+1 up to 7+1 system. Furthermore, the capacity is doubled in co-channel operation.

A channel for wayside traffic (2 Mbit/s) can also be transported over the hop.

Frequency Bands

Interlink provides a full range of frequency bands, from 4 to 11 GHz.

Modulation

128 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM).


The radio transmit power can be manually adjusted or configured for Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) mode. When manually adjusted, the desired transmit power is set manually using the management tool. In ATPC mode, the transmit power is continuously adjusted in order to maintain a selectable minimum input level at the far-end terminal. Under normal path conditions the ATPC mode maintains the transmit power at a reduced level resulting in a lower interference level in the radio network.


If there are severe reflections and/or harsh atmospheric conditions propagation protection shall be considered. Propagation protection can be configured as space diversity using two antennas mounted at a distance reducing the impact of fading. Propagation protection can also be configured as frequency diversity meaning two radio paths operating in parallel using different frequencies.


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The radio terminal can be configured as unprotected N+0 (1+0 to 8+0) or protected n+1 (1+1 to 7+1). Moreover, the protected terminal can be configured as hot standby 1+1 or with frequency diversity n+1 (1+1 to 7+1). In n+1 frequency diversity systems the protection channel can be utilized for occasional traffic by adding an extra interface board. The hot standby system is configured as two transceivers sharing the same branching and RF-filters. Space diversity configuration can be used in all configurations mentioned above.

If STM-1 line protection is required the hot standby terminal can be equipped with two interface boards and configured as hot standby dual baseband.

PDH Interfaces

Interface board with 3xE3 traffic interfaces is provided.

SDH Iinterfaces

Interface boards with STM-1 electrical or optical are provided. The Optical interface board comes in two versions, one for short haul and one for intermediate reach. Interface for E1 wayside channel is located on the traffic interface boards.

Operating Modes

InterLink handles capacity problems caused by the lack of bandwidth availability by operating in a co-channel configuration. This effectively doubles the number of traffic channels on the same frequency making the most of valuable resources. The transmission quality is maintained in co-channel configuration by utilizing ATPC and Cross Polar Interference Canceller (XPIC). These features strongly reduce the interference between signals.

The System can be operated in Adjacent Channel Alternate Polarization (ACAP) mode, Adjacent Channel Co-Polarization (ACCP) mode and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP) mode. In CCDP mode the system can be expanded up to 16 RF channels (for example 16+0 or 14+2).


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9.3 System Components InterLink is mainly an indoor system with the antenna as the only outdoor part. The antenna is connected to the indoor part with a waveguide.

7231 Figure 9-1 InterLink sub-rack configured as 1+1

9.3.1 Indoor Part The indoor equipment part consists of a sub-rack mounted in an ETSI 600 mm or 19” rack. The indoor part contains the power filters, line interface modules, the modem units, transceiver modules, RF branching circuit and the indoor-outdoor-interface units.

9.3.1.1 Transceiver Unit The Transceiver Unit contains both XMTR and RCVR for one radio channel. When space diversity is used, the Transceiver Unit also contains the additional receiver circuit. Alarms and control signals are routed through the Modem Board to the supervisory system.

9.3.1.2 Modem Board The Modem Board contains modulator and demodulator functions for one radio channel and includes a control processor for alarm collection and controlling purposes.

9.3.1.3 Interface Board There are different Interface Boards providing one STM-1 electrical or optical as well as 3xE3 electrical.

The splitter, alignment and switching functions for an n+1 system are also included as well as the Section Over Head (SOH) processing. A control processor for alarm collection and controlling purposes is included.


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9.3.1.4 Supervisory Board The supervisory system provides operational control of the system configurations One Supervisory Board is serving a complete terminal- or repeater- station independent of configuration.

9.3.1.5 SVCE Board The SVCE Board includes a service telephone function and a Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX) connection. The board also includes two G.703 and two V.11 interfaces providing four 64 kbit/s channels. Each function on the board can be connected to available bytes in SOH. The board contains a control processor for alarm collection and controlling purposes. The following two options are available:

• Service telephone function, four 64 kb/s insertion channels and PABX-adapter, all on the same board.

• Service telephone function and four 64 kb/s insertion channels, not including PABX, on the same board.

9.3.1.6 Auxiliary Services Board The Auxiliary Services Board includes an alarm adapter function to facilitate remote control and external alarm collection. The board contains a control processor for alarm collection and controlling purposes.

9.3.1.7 Power Filtering Board The Power Filtering Board is used for filtering of the DC supply voltage. The board also includes main power switch and fuse. This board is always duplicated in multichannel systems to increase the system MTBF.

9.3.1.8 Alarm Display & Relay Board The Alarm Display & Relay Board has the following functions:

• LCT connection port

• Four LEDs for alarm indication

• Relays for the Critical and Major/Minor alarms and for the Warning indicator

• Inventory control, temperature monitoring, voltage reading and alarm collection

9.3.1.9 Indoor Outdoor Interface Unit The Indoor Outdoor Interface Unit (IOIU) has the connection point for the IF cable between the indoor unit and outdoor unit. It supplies power to the outdoor unit and performs lightning protection for the indoor unit. The IF signal to/from the Modem Board is also lightning protected by this unit.


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9.3.1.10 Connection Panels The Connection Panels include connectors for all circuit boards in the equipment and user interface. The panels are available in two versions depending on the system configuration.

• A half sized board, Connection Panel Smaller Systems, occupying half the subrack-width suitable for systems using up to three radios.

• A full size board, Connection Panel Larger Systems, occupying a full subrack suitable for 3+1 and larger systems.

9.3.2 Outdoor part The outdoor part of an InterLink terminal comprises one or two antennas. Normally is just one antenna enough in an n+1 configuration, also for frequency diversity. The single waveguide is connected to the transceiver units through the indoor branching unit.

However, space diversity configurations require two antennas.

9.3.3 Split-Mount InterLink can also be configured for split-mount installation, with the main difference from the common installation that the transceiver modules and RF branching circuit are placed in an weatherproof outdoor box. The outdoor part can be mounted on/behind the antenna or on another suitable pole arrangement.

The indoor part consists of a sub-rack mounted in an ETSI 600 mm or 19” rack. It contains the power filters, STM-1 or 3xE3 line interface modules, modem units and indoor-outdoor-interface units.

The system can be configured as unprotected N+0 (1+0 to 4+0), 1+1 hot standby or n+1 (1+1 to 3+1) frequency diversity.


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9.4.1 Management tools Local management on site is performed using a Local Craft Tool (LCT) , which is a laptop with appropriate software, connected directly to the node. The LCT provides for on site installation, configuration, control, alarm display and software management. It is also possible to access other NEs in the network from one site.

MINI-LINK Manager is used for centralized supervision and control. Remote management can also be accomplished from any Network Management System (NMS) using SNMP.

9.4.2 Configuration Management The LCT is used locally for initial setup of protection mode, DCN connection, transmitting frequency, output power, etc. After that, the LCT can be used both locally and remotely from MINI-LINK Manager for additional configurations of, for example, the optical link, user I/O, alarm log and performance measurements.

9.4.3 Fault Management Fault Management deals with detection, isolation, and correction of malfunctions. It can be used together with performance management as well, to compensate for environmental changes. Also included are maintenance and examination of error logs and action on alarms.

Each unit is able to report alarm information, including the name of the alarm, the severity of the alarm, a time record, the board where the alarm is located and its position number. Alarms are also indicated by LEDs.

9.4.4 Performance Management Performance management consists mainly of monitoring line and radio transmission quality. InterLink supports performance management according to ITU-T recommendation G.826.

The Performance log contains the current and last month, current and last 24-hour and current and the sixteen last 15-minutes records.

9.4.5 Security Management The system is password protected with different privileges for different users. Events that are related to security are also stored in a log file, with a capacity of 1000 events.


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9.4.6 Data Communication Network The Network Elements (NEs) of InterLink have all required functionality for a SDH managed network. O&M data from other network equipment as well as the O&M data generated internally is incorporated in the main traffic over the link, using one of the embedded communication channels. The NEs are interconnected through the built-in network interfaces or by using TCP/IP or OSI connections.

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10 MINI-LINK Management

10.1 General The overall objective for a MINI-LINK management solution is to minimize the time needed for service activation/restoration, and to save operational costs. Ericsson provides a management solution that:

• Provides fault management, performance monitoring, and configuration management

• Supports all products in Ericsson's microwave product portfolio

• Handles microwave networks of any size

• Supports all management layers up to and including the Network Element Management layer (as defined by ITU-T and TMF)

• Is easy-to-integrate into any higher-level OSS by means of management protocols/interfaces based on global standards, such as SNMP, FTP, TCP/IP and Ethernet.

Figure 10-1 Positioning of the MINI-LINK management systems

Operator dependent

Provided by Ericsson or

other vendors

Equipment dependent

Provided by

Ericsson

Business management

Service management

Customer Self-Care

Customer Care & Order Management

Revenue Assurance

Inter-connect Agreements Invoicing Rating

Service Configuration Trouble Management

SLA Management Asset Management

Network management

Policy Management (IP / MPLS)

Fault Management ATM Connection Management

Performance Management Billing Mediation

Element management

Network element management

ML-BAS

EEM

LCT

ML-TN

EEMNetwork elements Compl.

M/W

EMS

Local craft terminals

Fault Mgmt Perf. Mgmt

Config. Mgmt Security Mgmt

Inventory Mgmt Software Mgmt

MINI-LINK Manager MINI-LINK Connexion

ML-HC

EEMML-E/C

EEM

LCT LCT LCTLCT


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10.2 Local Management Tools and Embedded Element Manager PC tools for on-site management (also called Local Craft Tools, LCT) and embedded element managers (EEM) belong to their respective products, and are described together with them in the previous sections.

10.3 MINI-LINK Connexion The advanced traffic handling functionality, in MINI-LINK TN, can be controlled and supervised by MINI-LINK Connexion, which provides the functionality to manage links and connections in the microwave network.

The complete MINI-LINK TN network structure, including network elements, radio terminals and microwave links, is modeled in MINI-LINK Connexion. A new connection is easily created, by specifying the two end-points and the required traffic capacity. A path, with sufficient capacity, is then automatically suggested by the system and when confirmed by the operator, the system sets up all the required cross-connections in all network elements in order to create the end-to-end connection through the microwave network. Connections are also easily monitored, re-configured and protected using MINI-LINK Connexion.

Main functions of MINI-LINK Connexion are:

• End-to-end circuit provisioning

• Easy topology restructuring

• Fault localization & resolution

MINI-LINK TN can also be an integrated part of a DXX managed access system. It provides end-to-end management functionality over PDH, SDH and microwave nodes from a common management system. The multi-layer routing functionality automatically routes traffic over different physical layers from smallest 1/0 cross-connect edge device to largest SDH backbone node.

10.4 MINI-LINK Manager

10.4.1 Overview MINI-LINK Manager is a Network Element Management system for centralized supervision, operation and maintenance of all types of MINI-LINK networks, consisting of point-to-point as well as point-to-multipoint equipment. Multiple sub-networks are supported as well as multiple operator workplaces.

The MINI-LINK Manager provides an extensive set of functions for fault, performance, configuration and security management.


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10.4.2 System Description MINI-LINK Manager provides a single access point for management of all the microwave network management applications. It can easily be configured to fit into the working process and network modeling used by the operator.

MINI-LINK Manager has open distributed client/server architecture that delivers:

• Automation that minimizes the manual workload of installation and commissioning

• Scalability that enables your management system to grow as your network grows

• Adaptability that enables the management system to be reconfigured to adapt to suit your changing needs

• Availability that keeps the management system downtime at a minimum.

10.4.2.1 System Components The MINI-LINK Manager system is built around just two modules: the Server and the Client. The Server uses Microsoft Windows 2003 operating system and the Client uses Windows XP Professional.

MINI-LINK Manager Server Application

The MINI-LINK Server Application collects and stores alarms and/or performance data from network elements. It has a powerful graphical user interface and an operator can use the Server Application also as a Client. That is, the Server Application includes a Client Application running on the same PC as the server.

MINI-LINK Manager Client Application

While the Server Application is a behind the scenes device, the Client Application is very much the upfront application. It provides a single access point to all microwave management applications and it can be connected to one or several Server Applications. Up to ten clients can be connected to one Server Application.

The Client Applications can be located at any convenient site. They can be distributed around the network at, for example, regional centers and central operations and control facilities. Each Client Application can be programmed to monitor and control part of a network, or the entire infrastructure.

There is also a special version available of the client application, the MINI-LINK Manager Terminal Services Application. It is a Server application that enables several users to launch MINI-LINK Manager Client sessions from a remote PC accessed through Windows Terminal Services.


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10.4.2.2 Modular Architecture MINI-LINK Manager can be adapted to most configuration needs. Different network configurations can be managed depending on the technologies used within the microwave transmission network. Management tasks can be distributed over several Server Applications with, for example, each Server Application managing different parts of the network or different types of network elements.

MINI-LINK Manager can be configured to show only regional information at one location, yet the whole network at another location.

7230

Regional view Regional view

Total view

Point-to-point

domain

DCN

Point-to-point

domain

Point-to-multipoint

domain

Figure 10-2 Scalability by distributed system architecture

10.4.2.3 Availability There are several different ways in which MINI-LINK Manager offers high network availability, including:

• Distributed Management

• Self-management

• High availability server

• Standby server

Distributed Management

The load of the management systems is shared between several MINI-LINK Server Applications. These collect data from different parts of the transmission network, so that a failure or disruption in one part of the network does not affect the rest of the infrastructure. Distributed Management minimizes the need for expensive high-performance redundant solutions.


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Hardware solution

Hardware solution availability is achieved through building a platform that is highly protected against failure. This could include an error checking and correcting memory, mirrored disk, redundant power supply, redundant central processor, non-interruptible power supply and so on.

Self-management

An inherent solution, called self-management, monitors the status of the management systems. MINI-LINK Manager uses a versatile SNMP manager for this task. A Server Application can be run as a Windows 2000 Service, and can therefore automatically be restarted if a power failure occurs or if the PC is restarted.

High Availability Server

High availability is achieved through building a platform protected against failure. This can include an error checking and correcting memory, mirrored disk, redundant power supply, redundant central processor, non-interruptible power supply and so on.

Standby Server

A standby server can be used as a protection if the main server is out of order. To ensure data consistency between the active server and the standby server, data transfer is made automatically between them. When the active server fails the standby server can be quickly configured to take over control of the network and become the active server.

10.4.3 Management Facilities

10.4.3.1 Fault Management MINI-LINK Manager provides up-to-the-minute information about alarm status throughout your entire microwave transmission network, regardless of the type of equipment. It is a total Fault Management solution for microwave transmission networks, enabling monitoring and control in real-time of faults and other events.

MINI-LINK Manager Network Explorer provides a full view of the MINI-LINK Manager database, the logical hierarchy and the alarm status. Large networks can be navigated around easily using its intuitive graphical user interface. An alarm banner provides an alarm summary for the whole network, speeding up operation and maintenance tasks by pinpointing trouble spots immediately.

The Alarm List includes many functions designed specifically to make identification of fault causes fast and efficient. Typical functions are synchronization, sorting, filtering, acknowledgment and deletion, comment adding facilities and grouping of alarms.


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Figure 10-3 Fault management presentation


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10.4.3.2 Configuration Management Configuration Management functionality for all network elements in the microwave network is provided by launching the native configuration application (EM/LM) for each integrated technology. These can be launched in various ways such as right-clicking on the menu in the Network Explorer, right-clicking menus on icons in the animated maps, or from the alarm list.

When a configuration application is launched from MINI-LINK Manager, information regarding the selected network element is used in the launching mechanism. This enables MINI-LINK Manager to start the configuration application towards the network element of interest thus saving valuable time for the operator.

Figure 10-4 Configuration by launch of local element managers


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10.4.3.3 Performance Management MINI-LINK Manager collects, stores, and processes data from all the network elements in the microwave transmission network. The performance data can be presented in customized reports for operations, maintenance and planning purposes.

Performance data can be read, filtered, sorted and presented on any Client Application machine, thus allowing any authorized user to create a customized view of the performance quality of the entire transmission network or any sub-part of it.

Export interfaces for transferring performance management information to other systems are also available, such as TL-1 and FTP. The FTP export interface enables export of data in two file formats: CSV or XML.

Figure 10-5 Performance management presentation


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10.4.3.4 Inventory Management MINI-LINK Manager Inventory Management automatically collects, stores, and process data from all the MINI-LINK network elements in the microwave transmission network in order to provide a database of all relevant hardware and software inventory data from the different equipment types. The collection can be performed at once or scheduled on a daily base or on a specific period. The Data can then be viewed or filtered as well as exported via the FTP interface either as CSV or XML files to other inventory management systems.

10.4.3.5 Security Management MINI-LINK Manager Security Management determines user access to the microwave network and permission to give commands and change network settings. These facilities can be used to limit access, for example, to specific sub-networks, network elements, objects and displays.

10.4.4 Data Export MINI-LINK Manager provides a number of export interfaces to other Network Management Systems (NMS) for integration into a total management solution. The export interfaces are:

• The SNMP Proxy Agent, used for exporting alarm data

• The TL-1 interfaces, used for exporting alarm and performance data

• The FTP interface, used for exporting performance data from MINI-LINK Manager to other systems

• The BNSI interface, supported by many Ericsson management products

10.5 MINI-LINK E Mediator The MINI-LINK E Mediator is essentially a converter, which makes it possible to monitor and control MINI-LINK E terminals from an SNMP-based network manager. MINI-LINK E Mediator is intended for networks with not more than 100 MINI-LINK E terminals. For larger networks MINI-LINK Manager should be the preferred choice.

Everyday operations tasks are performed from the network management system, making it possible for the mediator itself to be running unattended for long periods. (Please note that other MINI-LINK products like MINI-LINK TN and MINI-LINK HC do not need any mediator of this kind, since they already provide embedded O&M interfaces based on SNMP and http.)

MINI-LINK E Mediator supports the following MINI-LINK products:

• MINI-LINK MkII

• MINI-LINK C, including C Micro, and SMM

• MINI-LINK E, including E Micro and SAU

MINI-LINK E Mediator offers Fault Management and Performance Management via SNMP interface and has clients for Configuration Management. Access to the MINI-LINK network is controlled by a Security Management application. There is also an application for Remote Software Upgrade (managed from the client) of the MINI-LINK network.


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Index

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Index A

Access Module Magazine (AMM) MINI-LINK E...................................................40 MINI-LINK HC................................................48 MINI-LINK TN ................................................26

Access Termination (AT) ...................................58 Accessories .......................................................16 Adjacent Channel Alternate Polarization (ACAP)

......................................................................66 Adjacent Channel Co-Polarization (ACCP) ........66 Aggregation .......................................................14 Aggregation site.............................................9, 10 Alarm display & relay board ...............................68 Alarm list............................................................77 Antenna ............................... 16, 30, 31, 50, 51, 69

sector antenna .........................................55, 62 ATM.................................................13, 55, 56, 61 ATM STM-1 SU .................................................59 Auxillary services board .....................................68

B

Basic Network Surveillance Interface (BNSI) .....81 Bit error testing ..................................................33 Broadband network..............................................5 BYB .......................................................26, 40, 48

C

Cellbus...............................................................61 Circuit Emulation (CE) ...........................56, 57, 58 Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP) ..................66 Command Language Interface (CLI)..................33 Concentration Shelf (C-AAS) .............................61 Configuration management

InterLink.........................................................70 MINI-LINK BAS..............................................63 MINI-LINK E...................................................43 MINI-LINK HC................................................52 MINI-LINK Manager .......................................79 MINI-LINK TN ................................................32

Connection management MINI-LINK BAS..............................................63

Connection panels .............................................69 Constant Bit Rate (CBR)..............................57, 58 Control Processor (CP)................................62, 63 Control Software ..........................................62, 63

Cooling........................................................ 40, 47 Cross Polar Interference Canceller (XPIC)........ 66 CSV .................................................................. 80

D

Data Communication Network (DCN) ............... 16 InterLink ........................................................ 71 MINI-LINK BAS ............................................. 64 MINI-LINK E.................................................. 44 MINI-LINK HC............................................... 53 MINI-LINK TN ............................................... 34

Data export ....................................................... 81 DC power supply............................................... 47 DCN............................................................ 34, 41

IP DCN.................................................... 34, 64 MINI-LINK E.................................................. 44

Distributed management ................................... 76 Domain Name Server (DNS)............................. 34 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) .. 34

E

E1 ........................................24, 29, 33, 39, 46, 56 E2 ............................................................... 24, 39 E3 ..........................................................24, 29, 39 Embedded Element Managers (EEM)............... 15 Embedded Element Manager ..........32, 62, 63, 74 Embedded Element Manager (EEM) ................ 52 End site............................................................... 9 Equipment handling .......................................... 34 ET 155 ........................................................ 60, 62 ET DS3 ....................................................... 60, 62 ET E3.......................................................... 60, 62 Ethernet ...............................24, 28, 34, 39, 46, 56 Ethernet Gateway (EGW) ........................... 60, 62 Ethernet Interface Unit (ETU)............................ 41 Ethernet SU ...................................................... 59 Ethernet traffic interface

MINI-LINK E.................................................. 41 MINI-LINK HC............................................... 49

Ethernet. ........................................................... 73

F

Fan Unit (FAU)............................................ 27, 47 Fast Dynamic Capacity Allocation (F-DCA). 56, 57 Fault management

InterLink ........................................................ 70

Index

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MINI-LINK BAS..............................................64 MINI-LINK HC................................................52 MINI-LINK Manager .......................................77 MINI-LINK TN ................................................33

Fault management MINI-LINK E ........................43 Fiber To The Home (FTTH) .................................6 File Transfer Prorcol ..........................................34 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ......53, 64, 73, 80, 81 Flexible Network Unit (FlexNU)..........................59 Frequency band...............................13, 23, 38, 45 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)......................57

G

G.703...........................................................39, 46

H

High availability..................................................77

I

Indoor Outdoor Interface Unit (IOIU)..................68 Integrated power splitter ........................16, 31, 51 Interface board...................................................67 Interface boards.....................................56, 60, 62 InterLink.............................................................65 Inventory management ......................................81 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM .............................59

L

LAN-to-LAN connection ......... 6, 39, 41, 46, 56, 59 56 Linet Termination Unit (LTU)..............................29 Local Craft Tool (LCT) .................................70, 74

M

Management Information Base (MIB) ..........15, 53 Management tools

InterLink.........................................................70 MINI-LINK BAS..............................................63 MINI-LINK E...................................................43 MINI-LINK HC................................................52 MINI-LINK TN ................................................32

MD5.............................................................33, 53 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) ...............17 Media Access Control (MAC).............................62 MINI-LINK BAS............................................12, 55 MINI-LINK Connexion ..................................15, 74

MINI-LINK E...................................................... 37 MINI-LINK HC................................................... 45 MINI-LINK Management ................................... 73 MINI-LINK Manager .........................15, 52, 63, 74 MINI-LINK Mediator .......................................... 81 MINI-LINK Service Manager (MSM)............ 43, 44 MINI-LINK TN ................................................... 21 Modem board.................................................... 67 Modem Unit (MMU)........................................... 67

MINI-LINK E.................................................. 40 MINI-LINK HC............................................... 48 MINI-LINK TN ............................................... 30

Modulation .......................................13, 23, 38, 45 C-QSPK .............................................13, 23, 38 QAM.............................................13, 23, 38, 45

N

Network Time Protocol (NTP) ........................... 34 Node Control Unit (NCU) .................................. 60 Node Processor Unit (NPU) .............................. 28

O

Operation and maintenance InterLink ........................................................ 70 MINI-LINK BAS ............................................. 63 MINI-LINK E.................................................. 43 MINI-LINK HC............................................... 52 MINI-LINK TN ............................................... 32

OSI ................................................................... 71

P

PDH .........................................................4, 24, 39 Performance management

InterLink ........................................................ 70 MINI-LINK BAS ............................................. 64 MINI-LINK E.................................................. 43 MINI-LINK HC............................................... 53 MINI-LINK Manager ...................................... 80 MINI-LINK TN ............................................... 33

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)............................ 34 Power filtering board ......................................... 68 Power Filtering Unit (PFU) ................................ 26 Protection...................................14, 23, 38, 46, 58

1:1 architecture ............................................. 58 1+1 configuration .......23, 29, 31, 38, 41, 46, 51 Equipment and Line Protection (ELP) ........... 46 frequency diversity .................23, 24, 38, 46, 65 hot standby ..................................14, 23, 38, 46

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Multiplexer Section Protection (MSP 1+1).....23, 24, 46

n+1 configuration ...........................................66 network layer protection.................................24 propagation protection .................14, 23, 38, 46 space diversity .......................23, 38, 46, 65, 67 Sub Network Connection Protection (SNCP) .24 working standby...........................14, 23, 38, 46

R

Radio Node (RN) ...............................................62 Radio Shelf (R-AAS)..........................................60 Radio Unit (RAU)

MINI-LINK BAS..............................................60 MINI-LINK HC................................................50 MINI-LINK TN ................................................31

Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH)......49, 53

S

SDH.......................................................24, 29, 45 Security management

InterLink.........................................................70 MINI-LINK E...................................................44 MINI-LINK HC................................................53 MINI-LINK Manager .......................................81 MINI-LINK TN ..........................................33, 64

Self-management ..............................................77 Service Access Unit (SAU) ................................41 Service channel .....................................39, 41, 46 Service Unit (SU) ...............................................59 Signal failure......................................................24 Smart node ........................................................14 SNI-E1 .........................................................60, 62 SNMP ..............................................15, 62, 73, 77 SNMP proxy agent.............................................81 Software upgrade ........................................15, 32

70 MINI-LINK BAS..............................................63 MINI-LINK E...................................................43 MINI-LINK HC................................................52

Spanning tree ....................................................49 Standby server...................................................77 STM-1.................................. 24, 29, 33, 45, 60, 62 SU-E1................................................................59 Supervisory board..............................................68

SU-T1 ............................................................... 59 SVCE board...................................................... 68 Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU)

MINI-LINK E.................................................. 41 MINI-LINK TN ............................................... 29

Switching criteria............................................... 24

T

TCP/IP ...................................................16, 71, 73 Telnet.......................................................... 33, 64 Terminal multiplexer.................................... 24, 29 Terminal server ................................................. 34 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) ............. 56 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)...................... 57 TL-1 ............................................................ 80, 81 Traffic capacity.......................................23, 38, 45 Traffic routing.........................................17, 24, 39 Traffic Unit (TRU).............................................. 49 Transceiver Unit................................................ 67 Transmit power control...........................23, 38, 45

Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC).. 23, 38, 45, 65

Remote Transmit Power Control (RTPC)23, 38, 45

Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) ....................... 65

U

Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)......................... 57, 58 User input/output..............................25, 39, 41, 47

V

V.11 .................................................................. 46

W

Waveguide.............................................31, 51, 62 Wayside channel........................45, 46, 49, 66, 68

X

XML .................................................................. 80

minilink-product protfolio description

Documents

broadband networks

ericsson representative

mobile networks

trunk networks

minilink product

described minilink releases

microwave network applications

microwave network architecture