misquoting truth - timothy paul jones

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ong any ana oos you ay n a Ehns-Uogje: Te

St Beid Ca g ed te Bble ad Wy. his s a oadside aack upon h

Scues, and hsians need o e ale o eu hankfull, mohy

Pau ones s wn Mqutg Tt, scholary an acous (u ) reua o D Ehn"

D jAMES KNNEDY, D NR N RIDGE RAN RC

Mqug ru Tmohy Pul ones gvs Ba Ehan' Mqug eu

an Lt Ctate he unkng ey dsr jons eposes he ias and

auly logc ha suface e and gain n hese ighly puiczed ooks M

qig t pvds a uch needd anidoe and wll sve sudens an

Csan lears ery welL I recomnd h ook enhusasicall"

CRAIG A. VANS, AZN D OF STAMET, CAA

DN AD AUTHO fABRICING jESUS: MODRN CHORS

IORT H OSPLS

iohy Paul ones's wngs ae always engagng compelling and ofn hu

moous He capvaes e wh eveyhing e wis Wen ead his wing, I

ave any Ah o I wish Id hough of ha oens This sn' s grea

ook a ohys wren, and won' e h las Make ceain you don'

ss !"

AMES ARLOW, D CAHO B VNCI OBRK

AND CKIN VINCI'S OD

Dr ons nds us ha Chsans sho neer e afaid of oen deae

Wi aion, ence eason and crue s ou nal measu we cn u

all eas on he ae h condnce h n he end we will emrac wa is

and dsca ha is false.

RTT PIER, PH D. RN KLAOA WYA NVR

Jons cealy efus n a hslik anne he cams of Miqtg eu A

usad fr hose who love o gv an answe fo he faih

F l, A C A A EAT AN



"Timothy Paul Jnes t te table on Bt Ean' vertated Mig

e. He applie o Eman the ame obig logic that Ea claim to y

t the Nw etamet edence. he vdnce tn out t be moe believable

ta Ehan taind inteeation of it It i not the ew estaent ite

cots who deat o hitoy] one ow bt a fw chola wo ivet

too mc fat in tei skeptici Jon nt ony cck that ketici: along

t wy e qi ade t a thei o infmd choic abot atho

s, cbal tanmision and chch selectin ( ejecti) of key Nw es

tent asage ad docetand ay witing fo oide te ew

etament as well hi i a alable pi fo oiain in a discion tat

cannot be gnoed

O YO AOCE POFO O EN N EN DN RN VN DIVN CL

"It i an nftunate hg when a chla se a technical dicilie c a tex

tl crtici t bowbeat a necing ulic iothy nane

apach chalnge te ovelo clai f Ea setionled accot

of t textal ity f the New tamet Jon age wit Ema at mny

baic oints bt eeatl clleng hi conclion tat te New ent

i ttwthy effectivey coutng eac o Ean revionit cli I a

mot eadable teatmnt Jns pet anew t ca fo te ttwothi of

the New etament

"ee was a ie when Bce litl bok n the eliabiity of t New

tamet docet wa egh ow nw challenge to the inegy of th

New estamnt ave aen iothy Jones ise t met thee ew calleg y

cobinig this eftatin f at Ehan book Mg]eu wth a tho

e New esnt texl citicm Bot atos wok wth th ae e

idence and hae a goo a of cmmon gon t ty ave at spingly

dieent conclion In te oce of challeg t conclo f Bat

a' ola book] on inetigt seveal llged gica cange in the

tet an d th oe of em eqies rede to ehink a eetil elief

abot Je o o dobt te hitical ingity of te ew tamen

hi book i clasic aologetic yet tot ay hint of rnc Jon te



edbl vetl yle, mbg t e wt exelet

ve f begg tdet wel etetng ede d lltt e bk tbgrl t g degee w nee t e

l pe

Wte wt tbled beeve md Je beg by bwg ge

e det f neny- me y t e ble e e

tt det w e y gve ety f m f te my extt tex

l e ed my ne gget tt Em l ft t

bee e eeed deey t te g f C ft bt bee e

ged detdg f ft fdmet evgel ex t llwed ltle (f y e f qet v g edge

e de t y wy frm tee g edge bt e eet melg

e tt e ew eme text we ve ebe e t te

g f Je d te t t

T. O CALLEY . IC F Y F

I IY F B BI Y

eet ye Ct ve been led by bk gee tt egly t f Ct beef Mqt g t emd tt t t

lrm fte ded bmbt wy tt eld pee e wle

te Tmty Je expl wy ee ew ftn E

Miqtige tt ete w t beleve b te ew etet

tex Fe e mve e d ef wee t eble eey

e me pl eg pe el e ede dget te me

l e rel wetegted vlme t e wt few bk

d dmg te we t te me tme etg t lge ge fede neVt f pblg yet te exellet vlme tt

mmte l t t geet!

ARY HAERMAS I C F

Y iBY IVY; H FOR H

URCON O U



Guide to the Fallacies ofBart Ehmn's isquoting esus

O PUL JOES

o o oo v

wwwvo

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A Impint f lerVasty Prs

Dowes Gv, s



nterVars ressO. Box 400, De GroveL 60515-426

World Web wivpesscom

Emal emal@ivpsscom©200 b Tiothy Pl jones

All ghts reseed No prt o ths book m be reprodced n ny fo wtht wtt permssn terVarsiress

terVari ss® s he bpblishg dvson o ner Vai Chrsan Fewshp/US® a st memet acve on cmpus t hunred o niveites colleges ad schols of rsg n th Unted Saes o meca a ameber moeet of the Intertoa ellowshp of Evgelcal St. For nfoon t al a gcities we Publc Relaos Dept erVarsi san ellowship/US 64 Scheder O Box 7895

dison 53085 or vs the CF webse <intearstyo

Uess ohese inicated qottons ro he Chsan Scpres rated by th auhor rom erhrdNeste et ., v Gece, 27th ed. tuttgrt Desche Bbelgeseschft 9).

Unless ohese dcated qtaons fm he Hebr Scptures a fro the New Reed Sanard f copyght 89 by he Do o Chsan aton o he Nto Conl o he rches o Cht he USA Used b permssn A ghs reseed

less ohese ndiced, qotaons ro ree a atn t re trated b e atho fom p sueels

s bo s pbshed in socion h the Nppld e Age an pdt age decated oblshg works ht a Auhtic. Rvant El Vsi o the web at http:wNappalacom

e ap o Pa� thrd msson ouey n chapter e sed under cese rom Rose bishng <Wse publshingco> e Sch0en Colleco phogrphs are the proper of arn Schyen e b pesson ofbeth an Schelbraan or he Sch" Colecon, Oso a don oseschy

CSNTM phtogrp re use by person of aie Wle ective dctr o CSN <wcsntmor

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SBN 08383441

Pned n the United Stes o Ameca ba ng aagngbn aajones moh (iothy Pau

squotg th: a ide to the lcies of Brt Emansqotng esimth Pl joes

p mIludes bbliogphical refeces

ISBN 98030834471 b. pper)1 Ehrman Bar D Msquong es 2 Bible N csm,Tual. 3 Bibe N tcsm T-to BbleN -Mnuscp tle

BS232566 200

225 4'8 22

20001558

p I9 8 6 15 4 3 12 0 8 6 5 4 3 2

y 23 22 21 2 6 5 4 3 2 11 1



my eaches .

y sise hye my arns and hiy Bwn

d me ha ading ens ds

lds wne

d s made my way hgh hse s

cy wiha d a ghend cege eshmanh h didn he sle

waking hgh drs fashine by hs

e a wie sh said, and I bied he

c aey and Aan Tminsn

d m in ild and ndu ands

acien ees whs ices sill echn fagmens payus and pe and sne

ak imsn, Rber Pazmi and Dns Wiliams

agh me ha his knwedge ds n ma

nless I shae i in ays ha ansfm

he lies ia pe

he I ambecase f h each f y has ben

in y e



CS

Ioduco A N Beed Bblial cha l

AR E: WHY HE S AN E RSE 27

o Org T 29

2 h Aou h opy 39

3 Aou Sc g w T 51

ou quog u 67

AR WHY HE S HRSANES WER S 79

5 h o O Hoy 83

6 T ou h uo o h Gop 95

h Aou yw oy 07

8 T o How Boo Wr o 2

ocdg Rco Fs he ck 38

ppdx ow aabe s the Testimony o Paas?. 7

Acknowldgments . 9

About the Auhor5

Notes . . . 53

Subject Index. 70

Name Index . 17 4

S ciptur e Indx . 16



RD

Breed o iblical Scolar?

at good does it do to say that the wor are inspired

by God most people hae absoltely no access to

these words, bt only to more or less clumsy renderngs

o these words into a language? ow does t help us

to say that the Bile is the nerrant word o God n

act we dont hae the words that God nerrantly n

spred? We hae only errorrdden copes and the

ast maoty o these are centues remoed fm the

ornals

DR BART EHRMAN

A w rd o c co ow e Dallas Moings dcrd B D. E cr o pr o Ro

Sd Uvy o or ro p H d or osqoting]ess: e Sto Behnd o hange the Bible and y

pr wppr go g Er rpcd c

co d rpwd comcor H xc mg copcd cocp drd o ody pop oo d

c v od d o dy ch w xcc o o w ocr o gdu ud d



2 Q O T G T

oo o r oorE o pop oo rd o pogr

gg rm iane Rehm Show o o c do o oSw e aily Show o omdy r o Sw d

cd Misquotng esus " oo r o x

cc o o ro o o zo co Washington

Post copod d Misquoting jesus "o o

r o 26 d d w

So w po

p dcpo o B E w d o ccor o o w Er o y ' w co

cp oo cr og co o dcd Er d o do rwo corycoco or copo pg cocp d

og

E wod o c or coc w or ow E

p coco d o c w dd o ccodg o E w Gop w o

y w Lu o jo A o

E ppc y y o doc p yw oy o j W o

p cop o w cp r oddd w o y po o ow pcy

o d pc

W THIS K?

r co Br Er oo w wng poro o n-

swers to e a Vnci Code e a Vinci Codebreake wo

po o Bo o e a Vinci Code Bo co oc ccrcy o w w rddd w



1 Q O G T

wds f sr? sm pas w smply a

s ha w hav sd th xt aurat I a had kw wha h wrs f b ma w 't v

kw wha h wds a wud hav mr du f Gd prsv h wds f sru ha wudhav fr hm sp hm h rs pa T fa

ha w d' hav h wrds sry mus shw ras hah d prsrv m fr s f dd' pfm ta

mal h smd as t hk ha h prfrm h a ma f sr ths wrds 4

Th Gsps ha am udd h Nw Tsamtwr al wr aymusy y a a atr m w thyad by h ams f r ru ahs ahw ark,

Luk ad Jh N f hm as a rss aratv ay whsus ad wt aram )

ms wt y ywss mpa f a

yss

If I ap hrma stu h hsa rd () ha mausrs f th Nw Tsam r xs (2) h

avaabl ps f th Gk mausps f h Nw Tsam vay

s my as ha sm ass s mpssbl rs

h a wd a (3) h Nw Tsam Gss dd'

m fm athw k k thy wr aymusy hu h f ywss stmy ad h auhsams w asbd a

s la hrms fas sm aura I's u ha h r

a mausrs f h w Tsam ms ky srad t

s a a a tw svv s a dta d

h e m dfs w h mausrps ha thr a



I to c t o 5

s Grk Tsm ss r is r G

p riny ymu umnt, y E s

K N O W M O E

he New etamen wa orgnaly wrten n te Grek anguage; te

Old ament wa preeved primarily in Herew, w sme por

ion witten in a relatd language known as Aamac.

r pts ut t r fmns f

Gsp nvr m rk uk s utrs

n f is prsns pbm fr prsns v t

s f rt mn s " um bk fm n tn ut f m ppns mbr t b s smtn

more um k Emn's uss t sus f

uts mpy put if Ems nuss bu ibtx r rt r s tt f y rs v tt my

opy f sm uy sris yn jsus s r

v n ns r rm f ppr y ns rnry pp sk ifut quss bu i

fi f my p ss i mns p sm p n

f rs ntn pss ru my ps pby bhank yu, Bar hrmanhan yu r shwg peple hat tese is

sues really do mate

A sm m sny w mny f Emn's usn bv t n f rur is fuy umn an

y v 'm nvin my y f t Tstmn es

urty sb sus n An b u



N

nvn n r n nl n my rsn f u n smn sy

d I ps su pssn fr ng l unrn

y N Tmn ng r rll? Tru s

n gn lng f rmn r s r slr I r vn

fr m su n vng sr nd ur rd vs

ns n f N Tsmn umns Ts pn s r n u n rr f m ns

lg r svnnyl udn srng u nd n rg f s smln ru

F A C S E

Ba D hrma

Chair of h pamt of Rligious Studes ad Jams Gy Ds

nguishd Poesso a Unvrsity o oh Carolia a Chapl Hill PhD agna cu au, Pito Thologal mary 185

MDi Prineton Toogia Semnay (81

agna cu au, Whato College 1978

Dipoma oody Bibe Insu (16

tho of

Ooo Couon o Su

o Scpu

Lo Ca

Tuh an Fon n "T Da Vnc Co

Mquong Ju

P Pau, a Ma Magan



Inouco 1 7

W E

fw u g stll kr t r f

y wrg kv O s fur

glwg urs m m f ry ws ury rk T

r wrk t uls m,y tg t sm g ut mgt

OOK I

utorph n te aademic ed f exa citis te st o oi�i

nal anuci a dcment

t ks f u t stl k m my sv ts dt sm ruy k U xmt wk

m f my f sus wu rm ssfuy r f

ly st ss rys it f msg ms ms tuts sw wt ut t gts wrtu ff t tr fv k

Afr g by rs sk ww u, cst fm m mmt t 970s w t wr

ylh ocado grn u r gtr wu tgggs f ugr A uv sk f ks l f f

ss bg sws rs r l utoms u m f g s xtu rtism t

f rur, r usm sry f sm

urg rg m, w wkg t y ursf fr rry s vg sgg ugy f s k W g m k r

dg u ut m ft



18 I S Q R

Seen wees nto my rst semeser o Be oege srd s sr hzrd s of oos , and don know I een elee

e Bible anymore. U o r fston n ogr, rssdmy f gs my ss nd

s s f m ofssors g Bl rBu, h tur nd dng, m ssumons ou Spurssumos t hd d s ldoodhd md

no holss frgms

W oo m s o s d of sm Su

hd hough h Gr d r xs mpod rnsors of h Kg ms rso hd psd pl fomh m of h osls ut od A f s , h mos f

OOK IT

textual criticism Th sty o vos os o nst wth

th go o tng th wog o t og.

mlr mns of hrs dng d t suro,tsm, Lord's Suprr unqu to snt ntl h

momnt, m no ls v led m fs, u d v

doud m

o, t n od s ld w sos of s-m mls d mon shgs, dg ds nd sur rdmrs Log fo sus umld no fd rough n

sm obsur orr of h Rom mp Prsns sm o

hv vr hrs, vrgon d hos h s l-

rd y shrds d s m Ad g dvs orshpd ousnds of s for jsus , o



uco 19

liv o v rs from srs Aons

ts ous

I r or lss t orgn musrps of

t Nw Tsm sngr no us mor ou

s rs go o wo rmnng ops of s ou

s wr l W's mor, nsos ommso

y Kg ms r on Grk Nw sm mossolr ow rogn s nqu Grk Nw smn

t ud ls on pssg rs f m v

fog fo po rsosNong prr m for s rvlos I kw

o o m ur or om ws prp o w sudous tr If I r to vo s qusos, m wors wou

mr onrm tr suspo m su lds vo sf

Now, m rs smsr of og ou o ongr b m

B s I d o kw why hw dd so m mns of s f sm o orow fomor rgons? W wr r so m s w mu

sps of Nw smnt? ow d sors kow somGr muspts w mo l ors? A f o o

possss prf op of Grk w Tsm for

two m, ow ou m Nw Tsm poss m

ou Go?M profsors wou pro v b g o p m bu

s oo m o m m oubs o m An, so , gn o ro sul ppg oug oson trsg x, u o

sssv osumg ook fr ook ug m g sfs su ss r m I fou msf nkng

o ou rg out sows of so m og



Inroducti 2

sse o a and every un ear, a yeangowever

geor one ue od wo enrs no dea and rus over

N O W M O E

Te King aes Verio of te Bible wa ranated fo a ixteent

centuy esio o e Greek New estaet know s Tu Rc

u Te edor o Tu Rcu, Eass of otterda used t

st Gre texts aalbe to Oler acpts o te New Tes

taen e bee discoere ince tat tie

s ore ts od ay soees use frens of rut n

er reons o revea s gory o e ules read of uant

ces The Canon o Scrture and The N Testament Docu

ments re Th Reiabe? convnced e a e auors of e os

es weren recordn ere ys or gends . Tey wer nenonay wrn sorica docuens e auors purposes o e sure

ere eoogcal u eir eology was rooed n rea evens at d

appened n te conex o uan sor

o wor o ruce Metzger especialy The Canon o the N

estamen and e ex o he N estamen lerned owdespie

e undrds o tousands o vants n te ree New Tesen

s alos lys possb to deeine e ogin reading o ext. s ore I aed t non o tes poins o extua un

cerny undrnes any cruca eleen of Cstn fat

nd st, cearly recl te acng epness t noted

soc during ose ons o doub . reer e rsraon e wn rezed e answers erd n curc sply weren'

enoug os o al wl never orge te oy a surged n y sou



MSQUTNG TRUH

as a aer of oufu rus reaed ebd fa a adembraed for far ooo

a w m assoae abou wa vewre s boobeause ow a

bd fa s eou emember e jo ofmov fom bdfa o oufuus ad I wa ou oeeree a jo oo

D D

s suded rmasws wa foudmos ru wasa e oe faed a

In 155 the Renaissance scholar Erasmus pulled together the best New Testament manuscripts that were

avaiable to him. Te next year the rst published

Greek New Testament became available he origina

title was Novum instrumentm Omne, but the text became known as te Texts Receptus ("the Received

Text) when an editr decared in 633, "Textm ergo

habes nunc ab omnibu receptum ("Te text, therefore[this reader] ossesses wic all now eceive)

rss of fa smar om ow-bu e esus of mas rss were ada dffere

Dur s soomore ea of soo Lawree Kasas rma ad s wods a boa de boaa eeee8 Fasaed w ure e bueo soa eared a doma ba sudes a ood be sue ao befoe bes uderaduae deee a eao oee

s ma aeed e vew of rue a e eaed aood be sue e be was sed omee ad s



I t ro c to 3

ry ordvr pnry nprton y th tm h ntrd th

tr of dvnty prorm t rncton hooc Smnry hr-n tn th th ndrtndn of th H hd rncr mn of th m fct tht hd trrd ch dp dot n

my o oth nonxtnc of th orn mncrpt dr-nc tn ry cop of th tmnt nd th troom dfcty of rconcn crtn p of Scrptr

rn h cond mtr t rncton hrmn rot ppr n

hch h ttmptd to rconc n pprnt htorc ndr nr 22 n th p rfr to n vnt tht occrrd n

th tm of "th hh prt thr hn n fct th vnt hp-pndt t ccordn to Sm 2 drn th hh

pthood of thr� fthr hmc St hodn to h f

n th htorc trth of Scrptr hrmn ntndd to ho tht

th not htorc rror ftr profor' commntcrd on th n p of h rrch ppr trnformd th d-

rcton of hrmn'

t th nd of my ppr [th proor] rot mp onn

commnt tht for om ron nt trht throh m Hrot "My Mr t md mt trtd thnn

ot t condrn th or hd pt nto th ppr r-

zn tht hd hd to do om prtty fncy xtc fot-

or to t rond th prm nd tht my oton nfct t of trtch ny concdd "Hmm myr did m mt

nc md tht dmon th ood opnd For f

thr cod _n tt pcyn mt n r 2 mythr cod mt n othr pc Th nd of

rzton concdd th th prom ncontrn th



24 Q O T

m cy dd h n G mncp th

N mt

A y t Emn tchng c t Rut -y ttd h m o Sufg n th bc Tdtn u-

n th tm th nt o h th ppd Fth hd -com Ehn tmton " dd nd ody h m

vgc dc " hppy notc. n ct t

TINK I OUT

S o te wos o Jess Mak 2:26 ta 1 Sae 216?

e's e pssble ateate Mak's eeree t i re"

iates te sit tat Aiata eetall btae Abatha

was prse in the tabeae uri te nide esribe n

Sael 2 (see 1 Sae 2220 bt e i't bee res

u lar12

v hn commntd ht hn omo d tht pn -py c o xt " th mouto yo ttd ytd

t n my pc t udg hth t Ehmn ctuy "ppy

otcm h c And God on o hy th m

o c tt dpnd y th n th th o Scpt d-toyd Ehn n th nc Wht oy

to m ouh t tou uto out th c xt cn nh p und th chh g nnd g d

n

ct bou ho th b nd h qtn boudc n tx nd mcpt dout ou h oo



XS C

RSD

Ttnt txt ha cnd ovr th cntrthtuc crtn yo v dct tm ndrtndn how txt

cnd try th Gthr don or o pop totr nd v c

on pc o pr nd tn tn Tn t rop tocopy xcty t yo y yo y t

Soy rd od chptr or o ro Scrptr tt nt pr

tcry rnd dont to no mtr t trd coct r tr th rop v coy ppr o yor on ro

oty drnt c txt thn th on yo orny rd hncmp t cop nd rndomy rp m o n th dcrd

t mt t o ppr th ddd pc o ppr n ox th om dry nd yo hv hoct nd yo nt th o h xpnt to t ntrn v th ox on oor o yor vn roo or dy n ht hppn

or to t rthr t m rop o pop Gv tht ox nd thmthot n tr to rcontrctt on txt tr thyv crtd thr rcontrcton rd t

txt o yor nd ho co th rcontrcton rn to thorn txt



MSQG

Ive engaged in this experiment many times, and the reconstruction tat any cass has accomplished-it was a group of

middlescoolers, b te wa-has been ony correct

Barely a Cminus, if I gae grades for the project! In othe words, in

kwll fo st ctuy in

hich copyist would h d

ik by cushig bits of chcol in

ixtu of wt d ground gu

(Photogph of MS 655/2 cousy

of Th Schy Collction, Oso d

Lodo)

a ighy iterate culture, with easil

accessible writing materials, electri

cal lights and eyeglasses, the results

were still w Now, conside the same epei

ment in a cuture were our writing

materials are rough pieces of papy

rus, quills and ink that's a miture of

charcoal, water and ground gum.

Remoe all eeglasses and contact

lenses Then, replace our lamps

wit candles

Thats how te ew Testament

was copied.

How, then, can the ew Tstament

manuscripts be accurate?

How can anyone stil trst tat the

words in the ew Testament repre

sent what the original authors ad to say? Have centuries of copyng

caused te origina tets to be twsted until esus and the apostles

woudn't even recogize te words that are attibuted to them?

Personall, tink the ew Testament tets still be trusted

Wether you think Im right or wrong, will you walk aongside me

through the next four capters? Look wit e at some togh ques

tions about te tets. Lets westle wth the truts that we encounter

and ets see where these truths take us!



R A

" RIGILS R

W ha onl rrorrn os of th N sta

mnt], an th ast maor of ths ar ntus r

mo fm th orgnals an rnt fm thm . . .

n thousans of was.

BAR D EHRAN

umpd n n unpddd p hftnn to th mornn

tud n't prtcury ntrt n ht th tchr n thm hrtn hh choo hd to ut hn th tchr com-mntd tht th Gop y rport ord for ord ht u

d prd up nd ftd my hnd Th ttmnt rouht up

quton tht hd prpxd m for h.

"ut omtm mud "th ord ofu n on Gop don't

tch th ord of th m tory n th othr Gopnot xcty

ny So ho cn you y tht th Goptr y rotht u d ord for ord

Th tchr trd t m ton nt thouht my h hdn't undrtood my quton o pontd

out n xmp tht 'd notcdth hn of "mn c of th



py Sm Ptr r ttew 946; k 28 k 2224

KJVSt

t trd ter prmded me r tnkng to

m t t B rtrpet t ttemnt wa m tn

tt r Bb t Bb t Bb Baptt

d m tnkg t mu t t B) Wt w dog

O O K

ineancy o an in no eancy n a ate o eor") The

neany o he ble ean ply ha the be el te h.

th an and doe nde appoxaon ee qoaon lan

gage o appene, ad deen aon o he e event as

long a hoe do no ond

e med w mr t w ppned n te rden o Eden,

we te erpt kd E God d tuly ommanded tem

ot t t m t Tre Kwedg

ddt t at te et twe my quesn nd e

T Kowdt er ltned t wat tat teer sad

ut te B gan k t metg ws wrng w wat e

w tg me Stl t tk m v yea t e out te ttut t dlmm t w t petd, d evey

tg t d t t t uty mt ut te Bl ad

ntg d wt Ev t erpt

H wt y B e umd h Bb s diny n

pd h Bb mus aways a h uh wd f wd, h n a

ans et t dtdg te B w rm ts



t b o t T e n l T M t t e

tchr prpctv o dobt th dvn nprton of Scrpr

E VE NY -IDEN IE

ddy noh hn t com to dffrnc btn bbc mn-crpt Eh m to fo r n f ron h cr

c drn of or th h fr oo ntnt mpy todny h hr r vton btn h docmn fy

r of dffrnc not ony btn dffrnt ccont of th mvnt bt o n th thond of tmnt mn-crpt c th vton btn bb mncrpt o n

dnby x h mn aot n Ehmn' m-

tonh nrnt ord of God

o do t hp o y tht th b th nrrnt ord of

God f n fct dont hv th rd th God nrnty n

prd bt ony th ord copd by th cromtm

crrcty bt tm mny m ncorctyhmn corc ht th orn Ttnt tn dn-

trtd nto d on o o corrc ht th cop of th

tmnt docmn dffr from nothr n thond of

tnc r hrmn rr h mpo th th m

crpt drnc omho dmontr ht th tmnto not rprnt God nrr ord h probm th th n

of ronn tht th s tuh of Stu os ot oooo agmnt amog a al mausrts o t a

a aount of th sam t

n th rt pc th noton of ordforord rnt rtvy rcn htorc dvopmn "n m of ntqty t not

prcc o v vrbm rptton ry tm omthn

tn o b r dt v th o p f Scrpr



OOK IT UP

cod, codcs rom ain word meaning loc" Sack o vellum

or papyru, olded and ound for e purpoe of creaing a oo

ppyus, ppyri rom Greek o Plan from wc ancien

people manufacured paper Papyru plan and around welve

fee all wi a em a ck a a pero wr. e em were cu in

oneoo ecion, e liced legwe in n r wo layer of

ee lie were placed on op o ea oerwi e gan ofeac pece running pependcuar o e one enea -en

eaen oeer and dried o form paper

vllu from ain word meanin pel Sn of an anmal-ually

a cal eep or goaued a a wring urfae afer eing oaked in

waer auraed wi lme craped and dried unde enion Alo

known a parcmen, oug vellum i ecnically a pee o parc

men o uperor qualiy

r dry ord ohr p hn oo

o ryhn n Srptur d n mnup r

odforod h pron n h ro on Th n to th uton y odn o

d h qto hod Thoh hy y h n prfty opd t t nd houh dr rr h d

d th m nt n drnt y do h txt ht

o u pod f o for o ndrnGod prd h

n othr orduppon h God np th or Tm t nd tht h protd tho rtn fom ror



b o M e " 33

r th b cop o th Ttmnt mncpt -cnty ccrt or to rp th tth tht God ntndd n t tcntry b tht th to th ton y

h ncnt mct not copd ct t ty w

copd t noh ccrcy or to comphnd t th orn

tho ntndd t Emn squt jsus hd bn t

oy boo hd d on t bc mht h cd rdcy

drnt concoo th c rd isqut sus cod mpy tt th y

copt o th mnt cr nd cn n tr

s Wht mor h crb pron to mn prpouchn n th tx o pry thooc ron tr consdrn

Ermn otptd mnd th thr mo dncs

H I N K T O UT

Wa do yo be eve abou New Testen? Is t e ew es

e ne rran? f so wa does a ea o yo? n a jon l

record yor own be iefs abot te Ne w esten

on o mncpt thn thr ord n t st-

mnt o poby b t th th mpton tht th txt

o tt nt tht b tr o hch

c o c copyn tntd th xt byond rco-y th mnt docmt cnty b or to dcor th tth th th or tho ntndd o n-n th ton ncr o to n ondtonndtnd o w h txt r pd n th t pc So



4

oc o h c o k ook ct ocmn r p n cop mon h r n

W E IN HE HRCH R ENRE

So o r oor o om o

crch t hr cnr o' mn h po m o d h ook o o mh y no

nd or o q n nd c o nd om mondn Gk nd Ln r S s

sm hch n "My h Forc o o h chono ntrt or to th d hoccodn o rcocon

o om ppod ndd on co nd o rom hro p o pc commd or o m

' o o dr o mo k .

ho

ho cc o tn o o cn o n

mn o oo h no tn ootor n oc mrkc nd

n yo ol ch co t connd om o cn o o odn o rd 5 0 cnt o op n h omn Empr o h r

o hn cn o or o d mn t

o oh vr, o od rnd ot rom

dom o n ron od h rom h rn

E R RCH LRE

t morn to rconz rn o rop n t

pot r o mon o hrn on or od dn mnnd crch r o o



b t e O n l t M t e

K N O W M O R E

y 18 he Roa a ho is kw ow ad wh Chis

a s p sd h wigs Sad g al Noh Afca d g a

i of pscio a Csi a a md Speats was askd Wha

books do o p i yo bookches? o hs Speas pl d

O books a d h l es of Pa l a js a 7 Mos l a Sp

as ad l fl low be es we behadd fo h fai h

5

n te st century te ews Srtures a s we as he wtns

of the aostes crcuaed as scosas srs o arment or ay

s roed aound a stk

ou coneaton woud a kt tese scros n an arman or

ookcest Smar ookces w aready common xtures n

ews synagoues wee tey wee cad te 'arn "cest or

sne) ad ras n te omes o weaty Roans ouhchs ces woud oay ae remaned n te om whee

yo curch most oen ateed In hs ookcesqued w

secay nched shees o od douments secureysaed wrt

ns were oraned and resered or fuue eneratons of bee

es It s ossbe, ou not certan tha oo ttes were wrtn on

sa saps of acment or ayrus and se aon te edes of

hese documents n te ae rs century Crstans st esered ther wrt

s ookcests, ut ese wrns began to take a new form

acs of ayr wer oded and ond to for a codex te ancestor

of e modern book Codcesats he ura form of ox

ee ceae and more ortae tan scros aty because

ces owed no udns and soetmes needed to moe e



t b o T e O n h t M e 3

t were wod te wrtns n yor r bookes ae

ome rom? ost key one of tese odes wod ae ome d

rety rom a or Mattew eter or jo! or r odes

K O W O R E

Wht hppe to th togrphs o the New estm exts?

Aroud 2 rl i n o Crhg cl md tht h h rhs o

Cornh Phl pp Thesslonc Ephess d Rom st l l possesse

P l's orig nl eers tm th ogrp s bme worn so hey

wre rpled n sr8

wod hae ee pies ad hese oes wod ae een assed to

yor onreaio rom oss or sres

he rst Cra ots were eems smy Chrsan who

were aae o tn Some of hem may ae oe sros i ejews saoes beore they beame beeers oters may ae re

roded Roman ea domens t some ontroay in te

eod etres n maor tes estashed oa

os o oysts to date te Cstan Srtres nd so te

aray o the New estament doments deended o dreds

o aomos ostsme ad wome wose ames yo w

roay neer knoi o orse s ome di esosestions

that deser to e aswered How sros were tese oysts?

ow serosy dd tey take te ra task o oyn te words o

Srtre? nd ow sked were tey te rst ae? ose are teqestons ta w orm e ramewor for or stdy e next

aer "t o e Coyts



K N O W M O R E

t last two dscri tios of arly Chrsti worsh ip hv survivd

o from a Roma rscutor of Ch riti s md li y th Yougr

ad aothr rom a ddr of Ch ristiaity amd u s

ey met o a ed day bfor daw a d si g rsposivly

hy to Chrst as to deity hy b d themslves by oth, . .ot to co t raud, thft, or adu lt ry, or to a lsi fy th ir tr st,

or to refse to rt r a trst w cl d uo o do so h

ths s i sd, it s thir custom to dsmss ad to ssmbl

g to rtake of foodordi ary d i oct food. ( l i y)

th day ca d Suday, who v i c ti s or i th coury

gahr togthr o o c, ad h Rm ii scs o h Apos

ts or h rots wrtigs a r rad, as og as ti m p rmitsh h rader has ceasd, h rso rsid i g vb ly

struc, d courgs th m it tio of th good thi gs. W

l l ris ad ry; wh ou r r dd, brd d wi

d wtr r brough, ad th ro rsid g ors ryrs

ad t ak sgvg . ad th op sy, Am. h is

d srbut o to ach ro, d hy rtcpt th food

ovr which th k s hv b giv. potio st thdcos to thos tht r abst To th t r wll too d

wl i g g v . [ to hl th ors ad widows, th i l l d

thos i d. u sti



b o t t C o p y t

e dffeences eween e manuscp ae ecome ea e

te tou e neence of some copss o tou tepeese audacy of otes te ete neect to ceck oe

wat tey hae tansced o n e pocess of checkn tey

make addons o deeons as te pease

4

Oens comment does no epeent a centc anays of the sa-

of New estaent anuscps n e eay d centuy t s an

excamatoy sdenote edenty uteed n a moment of futaon

But aatons obouy ext amon the manuscps Fomte comments of Oen and othes, t' cea tat e New etament

texts wee no en coped pefectyand ta not a canes wee

accdea

Snce te copss wee fae uman bens te pesence of

tese dffeences soudn supse us e copsts wee ut as

one to mpefect atention pans poo eest, faue and temp

tatons to make unneeded canes as you o I Occasonay copstsdd cane o add wods on pupose usuay to cafy somet

tat seemed aue o hem ut tese canes esued n e con

son y ntoducn daeements etween te aous texts s

poay wy e con cape o te Reeaon ncde a

wann to copysts

tesfy to a te ones ean te wods of te popec of t

ook f anyone adds upon tem od w add upon tat pe

son te paues wen n book f anyne akes away fom

te wods of e ook of s popecy od w take away ta

peson's poon fom te ee of fe ad out of te ol cty

wtten n ook Reeaon 22 89

he auto of Reeatoneen tat ts ook was a dect



42 M I Q O T I G R T H

reeatin f dwas cauining fuure cyss n t inro-

duce changes into this documet.

esite suc waings cpyss i iroduce cangessme-

times intentinay os ofen unintentonay In fact as Ehran

onts out te ,700 or so ew estamen manuscris hat ae

aaiae t us ay dier frm ne anther in as many as 40pacesand here are y 3800 or s words in the reek ew

estament in te st ace

hese copysts wee aso deang wh spti ntinaexts ta

icuded no unctuati no spaces and n disticion etween u-

pecase and wercase etters . (Which rodes the context for my fa

orite quoaion fro Misqing jess "Tis d of cntinuous wri-

ing cud ake i difcut a mes t ead e ane undesan

a text . Wa woud it mean say ltnightisawabnanen

thetable? Was tis a noma or supeorma eent? e answe

wud depend I suppse n wether Eran is thinn of "aun-

dance o "a un danceand wat sort of uns e had in ind! ) caer r erse desiatins existed eier n fac ree cenu-

res wud pass efoe ayone added suc dsins to te texts een

ten te chapers and erses wud not ecoe sadadized fr an

oter tousand years

t this oin it may see as f centuies of caeess cying ae

tained e ew estaent texs eynd recoer fer a if ere

are more differences aong the anuscts ha there are wrds ne ew estaent doesnt that mea tat ecoeing te rigin

wods of au ad te oter aposes s a opeess fantasy? If thas

how you fee don gie u yet ee ae st some ths tha we

haen exporedtree facts hat frm y esectie Ehrans

wtigs downpa

Firs e as maoy of te chages in te ew esaen



o t o p y t 43

ocents are no een notceae wen te ext s ransated nto

oter anaes 2 Wat more t almost always ossie

tro a dscne known as exal crtcsmto coare man

scrts an to scoer were and wen canes were ae 3 er

as ost morta te costs were ore concened wt re

sen te words o Scrtre tan wt romotn ter own

eooica aendas

RE HE HANGE GNFICAN

I the rst place Mstng jess rossy oerestmates te sni

cance o e derences etween te manuscrts Emas estmate

of 4,0 arants amon te New estaent manscts ay e

ecally correctut wat Eran doesnt ceary communcate

o s eaers is the insgnane f the vast maty f these varants

ost o tese 4, aiatons sem rom dferences n sen

wor orer, or te reatonss eween nouns ad dente art

cesaants tat are easy recoae and n most cases ray nnotceale n transaons or examle te reek words for

we (hemis) and te ra yo hymis ook ery smar and

oysts reqenty conused te. But does tmatey mater

weter yo are cidren o roise or "we . . are cdren o

pose alatans 428?

n oe cases a tex teray transaed rom reek mt ae a

dente atce eore te non. n some manscs ofon 3 3 orexampe te ersetransate ery iterayens "nswered

the jess an sad to m n oer reek manscts o te same

erse te dente artce s mssn. Bt snce ns neer aces

the n ont o a roer noun anyway ts dierece snt een ose

ae any Ens transaton Reardess o te presence or asence

o te artce e case s ransated nto Ens as esus aswered



44 M Q U O

and sad to m or some sma wodn n te end more tan 99ercent of e 40 derences fa nto ts caeo of uay

unnotceabe arants

Of te emanin ercent o so of aants ony a few ae any

sgncance for nterretn te ca text Most mortan nne of

te derences affecs any centra eeen of te Cristan fa Yet

Ean contnues o decae n Msqng]es and n rado and tee

son nterews "ee are ots of sncan canes a cam

tat te manuscrit edence smly does not so

EXA RIICIM

e science of textua ctcsm s notdeste te way te name

stkes our earsonceed t cczn e bbca ext. In s

conex crcsm eans anayss o cose nestaton e task

of e exua crtc s to ook cosey at coes of ancent documents

and to determne wc coy s coses o e orna docuent

eres wa extua crtcsm assmes I' mpssibe fr a he cpy

ists hae mae he same misae a he same me In oter wods

snce canes cee nto te manscrts one at a me n dffeent

mes and aces t s ossbe o comae seea manuscts to ds

coer whe and where e eror occured e texua crtc can ten

n most cases ure ou e oina wodn of e ex.

ets ook at a sme exae of s rocess In os eek

manuscrts on 6 reads sometin ke ts "ere was a mana een sen from od wose nae was jon u n a

manuscrt known as Codex Bezae o smy as te text reads

"ee was a man ain een sent from te Lod wose name

was jon

Lke most derences between anuscrts ts ariant doesnt af

fect te eann of te text St t moant for scoars and



o t e o py 45

tansatos to detene w words aeared in te orina text of

te ose of on So , ow do tey know wi readin s osest

to te orina?

ets oo at a few anusrpts and deide fo oursees!

Codex Bezae is a eu odex tat inudes not ony eek text

t aso atin oeter, te stye of wrtin, te use of eu instead

of ays, and te resene of reek an atin in te text sest

tat Codex ezaete manst tat reads "sent from he "

was oped aound AD 500 Codex ezae aso sees to ae ori

nated in te eion of Erope now kown as Frane

e two pary anusrits tat aee on te oter eadn

"sent fr od instead of "sent fo te ordare a eu odex

O O UP

ual r Li r or wid p rr c-

up w f i ) Sy writig pu r fr ir

u g ury ny pr nu rip e Nw

udig Cx Siiic d Cox Viu

we wri ui e.

now as Codex Snaitis and a ays odex tat soas ae

dued � Codex Saits was ed arond A 30 �roay dates from te ate seond entu A. , a enty or ess

from te tie wen ost soas eiee te ospe of on was

oinay wrtten! Codex Sinaitus and � aso see to ae een

oed n two dfferent aeas of yt

Sofom wat youe earned in te reou araras

wi words do you thnk on oriinay wrote? "Sent from G



U

o "sent o e ke you oce eoe oeedn to te

next

e te eeet etwee Codex Stcus d nu

scts tt wee oed two deet ces oe t cetuy

atnd te ct tt tese two odces ae entues ode tn

Codex Beze ney eey text tc s concuded tt on 6

ony ed "sent o od t soe ot oay soewhee

n Euoe n te t centuy ted o eess se wote "Lod

eek yri) wen te wod soud e ee coed ws "od

(eek e)

ow I ust dt to you tt ost textu ssues e oe

coted tn te sceo Ie eseted ee St tee e ce

K N O W M O R E

Coces of ew estaet mascr pts are ote ame to coect

hem o the p lace of d scovey Codex S c s ws d scoveed

e r on S a or to the r so ce odex Bez was oce the p op

ery oheoore Bea hese codces may also b gv lete des

gao sch a s A o B or D

tn nces tt wt e excetons ow textu ts to de

temne te on o o te text En s we wae o tesences (In ct one o E$ oe oessosBce M

etzes esonse o en y o te ost otat

nes o textu cts) t one ont n Misingjess

n een cknowedes "I ontnue to tnk tt een we cannot

e eent etn out wt we can ttn to tt t s t

est osse to et k to te es d eaies ste o te nu



b o t e C o p y t

K N O W O R E

Ppyr cod c r ll y gd w a � ol lowd by

br c or • So ohr lr r addd o d

c orc of p ce of papyr For eal POy rfr o

ppyr frg covrd r Oyrhynch gyp

47

st tadto fo ea of te ooks of te New Testet n a

ote lae, e adts

Te oe asts one dscoes te moe te n

eadis t also te moe te lkelood tat soewee

amo tose aat eads oe wl e ale to coe te

oal text Teefoe te tty tosand ats oeed

y eeetety textal ctc on l do not detact

fo te tety of te New Testmet tey sly oete data solas need to wok on to estas te tex, a text

tat s moe amy docmete an any te n te anent

wod

d yet t seems tat Ean wantsn te wods o one e

ewe"to ae is textctl cke n eat t o Ony a ew

aes afte afrn tat t s ssle to ee te st nen

fo of te masts Erma ees t Csnty as " textlyoeted eo wose texts ae een ced Deste at

t tat s posse to ecoe te ls nd als manscrt

tadtos, Ea ds sace efoe te closn aas of s

qng ess to eeat s ce t "en te cicmstne t

od] ddt esee te wods te concso seeed nesae

to e tat e adnt one to te toe of insn e Yet



48 Q O

an ans wll awa that txtual ctcs can, n hs wods, "con

stuct th oldst fo of th wods of th Nw Tstant wth asonabl (thouh not pcnt) accuac

Txtual ctcs snt a pfct scnc, but od has wod

thouh o than a fw pfct tools thuhout hstoyNoah

and baha, Moss and Elah, Esth and May Madaln, t

and aul, th autho of th boo that you adn ht no t

Ehan ss to xpct od to wo an huanty to ps hs

wods, so that txtual ctcs woudnt v b ncssa Th pattn thouhout th bw and Chstan cptus vals a dff

nt pattnth patt of a od who wos hrgh huant vn

od pnchant fo valn hs loy thouh falupn pl

nts of sh and blood n th st pac, who to say that a pocss

such as txtual ctcs ht not b pcsly th pathway that od

has chosn to ps and to sto th wods of cptu

AND NAVE! LEAVE HE D EADING!

t s potant, nall to b that th copysts w o con

cd wth psvn th wods of cptu than th pootn

th own tholocal andas spt hs svatons about th a

lst Chstan scbs, vn Ehan acnowlds ths fact n Mis-

qing]ess:

t s pbably saf to say that th copyn of ay Chstan txtswas by and la a consatv pcss Th scbs w

ntnt on "consn th txtual tadton thy w passn on

Th ultat conc was not to od th tadton, but to

ps t fo thslvs and fo thos who would follow th

Most scbs, no doubt, td to do a fathful ob n an su

that th txt thy poducd was th sa txt thy nhtd



h u h

In other words eary Chrstns wanted future generatons to nd

the same truth n the ew estament documents that the rst generatons of beeers had eperenced So ther ntent was to hand on

to ther successors the same tet that they receed

hs s edent n the compant from Origen of Aeandria that I

uoted earer Een though sgncant dfferences between manu

scrpts accounted for no more than percent of the arants, Orgen of

hi iae dicovered in the houe of aquiu roculu in the in of opeii depict two ethod of writin in the rt century

Soe writin were preerved in wooden tablet with wax

coated panel; word were cratched into the wax uin tylue

like the one in the woan' hand Other writin were preerved in

croll uch a the one in the an' hand. In the later rt century

codice-ancetor of odern bookbean to replace croll.



S Q O T R U T

lxanda csdd h dincs h saw n s wn cps

spls b "a Wy asy dsd s h ds ad

ins sd a sut n sal chans in h xt ubld

Mst copysts s t ha add th tx w th sa

nc that On displayd Whn on copys cand wdin

a txt n a uthcntuy anuscp nown as Cdx atcanus

a la cpys wo th oina wod and addd is ana

not "oo and na a th od adn, dn chan t C

any, copyss did at th x o t bt cnsi

ncy h aalabl anuscps h Nw Tstan dn

sas tha hs altatns w eptins no th u

o wha abut th supposd "snicant alatons ha Ean

ssss so haly n Msqting jess? Dd copss acualy alt h

N K O U

Sr Fc Kyo om co o h sh Musum oc

comm cocrg h Gops Th ra bewe h

as o h org a ompos o a d h a s exa ece

s so smal l as o b l gb le a las ouao or ay ob

ha h Scrp urs ha co dow o us subsaa l ly as hy wer

wr ha s ow b mod9

txs o stnhn scptual suppo o th wn tloica an

das s, how dos hs act ansaons h Bibl oday n

caps th and , wll a s h sposd "si

an cans ta Ehan lstsas wll as a handul tha Ehan

dsn ntin a aand dmn what os chans an

us oda



A

"G CGS

S

ne a sbe anges a textwete aintally

intentinallyten thse hanges ae pemannt in

is mansipt (nless f se ante sibe mes

alng t et te mista Te next sbe w p

ies tat manspt pies thse mistaes (tining

t a what te text sai an e as mistaes f

is wn Mtaes mltiply an get epeate smetimes tey get ete an smetimes th get m-

pne An s it ges Fr ntris

AR D ERAN

hn nd to t nfoaton to sval hundd popl typ

a docunt on y notboo coput thn snd th docunt to

a pnt wal acoss th hall fo my ofc and plac th nal

docunt n th photocopy achn

ft pss th button that ad "tat Cop d lht bnto ash and o ssas appa nfomn that v ad

t cop ft opnn th achn and contotn y too nto



t b o t S f n C ne t e e e t e

K N O W M O E

possi b o a Nw sa a c s xs x al

os as a ca ps ad o. s c a x o w

os a sa o xap l som a c scps o s

s" o so aci a scips ad is p as"

x os of h o dom

3

hs s howr ow doums wr rtd or od whss d r d wld hs ps dusty ths ou

s r s w s od by d. s doumts hdo hr b hosds of gs th

r muss o h Nw Tstmts hrm hs ghy

od o Most of s ltros r dl d y h

o brg o h s m sg h hgs wr

br d h toog ororss d by th opssod s w of ths o ros

to ths ot d msf goros oddg grmh Eh om hs po owd ogh h mmo gud

gs o fd og to h

hsy s ly otd o whos s

b d surg y os h ry fom o oh soms hgy st s. oud b

wro o sys o somtms do h hs

or t h o r o w h xs m or oh hoogl ousos h o drws rom thm . som sts th mg of t t s s.

o of hs gs r rm ods so s h



M U O N G R U

K O W M O E

So ow o w stan t sco ars coose t rea ng o a xt a

os roay reresnts t org na writ ng specia y wn r

ar sera oss t es H re ar asc p nci es tat ost txta

crit cs o ow

Look beyod t anscrit a) at whc rea ng s oldes, ) at

wic ra ng s sort y txs tat wr searat y far·

hes dsace an c) to w c exa famly an scri ongs.2 Look wh anscrpt for wc ra ng s or roae

as on a) wat a coyst wod ost key to can b)

wc ossi ra ng s sotst c) wc rai ng gt a

n an att to aron e on txt wit anotr an (d) wat

ct words a coyst igt ae racd wt s r os

3 . Look at ohe wt�s y t sa org ina ator to se wc

ra ng s ost s a r to te ator's otr w ings.

"afect the interpreaton o an enr book o the New Tsamen 3

From my perspectve, a a aa would be one at e

quires Chrsians eter to retnk a va bee about Jesus Chrst

a bee that we ght nd in the Apostes' Cee or example-o o

dout h istoca accuacy o the New stament documents. Yewhen oo a t te changes n the Gree manuscripts o he New Tes

tamen I d "hghy sgca ateraons

HE EH G HGE

In amost every nstance t s ossibleas Ehrman himsel amis

o "reconstuct the odest orm o the wors o the New Tesame



b o t S i g n f c a n C a g N w s m n 55

h r hh 00 r r rr

de ea s f h msr ro fr h of

os f h Nw smB wh o h ms wh ss o 00 r

r h or fom o h s s h hm s s r s

s sg h h ff r o of s

ths o h ms rsf r w h r wh

I d s I o h v a whh w

e pt ema pbe ev pob p mp f

tth hat ae aady ay pe h w f ha paua au

th ad h Nw Team a a wh; h a whh ay

he pbe pt wud qu ad h a a f

b e o db he ha y f h Nw am m

y h drs r hy s h s r

o whr from m rs h dos r

Em's ososWh s m s o wo z r s wr

w sm msrs sr fw oss tos hs r s whr s smy mshr or s

rd hs r s h for rs or ohr o or

ore oyss haed o r ro f h hds s o dfr rf

osss Wh h ss rf fo orhhr hs r r h fr

HE ASE F ER-ZEAS PY

y o hs h Nw sm dom smrom rlu ss w f w s rf s h h s r or m r Nw



S Q U O R T H

m m h d omhg h o fh of oh hbd of ry o of hom ho ho d h h o t om o

oy d o m d dood ht

gbo o h hgd h o ob fhof oh o hom bohd th g y fom homth o ho d th h bo

hogh h oy o y ommd

h hg do ff yo dtdg of h h

md of h ht dy fm h ry g h od h 82 o h oyt my m

hzd th h dy th h m of h ot of h my b fod oth

h 23 oy rgd o of od o

m h d rogz o oh h s

h o of 2 33 rb m o h d

h od h fh o m h rdr mmbr hhogh oph s lga fhoh o boog

fh h o ho dy oh g h Go 238 2

ohr m o h o o f tro b od m

ohy 3 oyt of h t hgd h od ho o

God hg th my h b oyg o oy

g m dgh th brto for God Cfo h od h d ho o os hogh h mg oy d o mh h dy

of h h h md t m wh h t

d o t h dd s g om d 2 oo hd dy rd omt oo fo o of



A b o t S i n a n C n n n 5

suh he uh ws ledy pesen i he py exs ne

agin n vezelus ps ws meely highligi a h h

e es aedy aug

Y n nd w me lses his s in 37 en

agi depending n whih si yue using y not be

abe nd As 3 7, wih is pesely he p u ed e

bk As as whe e weneve sne ws b-

zed pesn as mmied s e ie by ai esus Cis

(see As 234 9 : 720 6 4 3033 in he

s nien nd ms elible vesns As , esnl a-

mien ne idividul enu Ehiisn

uly e Hee hw he gin vesin he une be

ween hip d he eunuh ends

e euh eximed k We Wh peve me

beig bpized He mded e ai s ad hey

bh we dw i he waehii d he ehdhe bapized im

A sm pi ps is e seems hve b ad

smee migh hik e euh eeived pism u beeng

i jesus S he sibe dded he senees h bee As 837

ilip sid yu e using w yu whle e u eepied esus is Gds Sn beiuly deed ex

be seb e a peed i he gial ausp e As he Apses gin he pyis d eii i a seex wh ws ledy implii in he bk s whle

pssibe he sm s hnge ued i hn his vese y have igiay desibed ess he ne ad ny

he ex migh have ed he ne ad l Gdhe

nsip winesses hese w edings ae i pnn



S Q U O N G R U

eveny dvded Hees w s s p ug Boh wod

afm uhs ha ae ea expesed houho oh Gope

n supp ne nd y Gd J 2028 uniguusy

denes Jesus s Gd d e penng veses Jn Gspe s

py Jesus ws quey dvne 5 In spp ne nd ny

S e wds J 3 6 ledy ee ess s e

ny egen S e ne nd ny Sn edings Jn

8 e ge nex e Gspe Adng J ven

ug ue dieees do exs ng e nsps neie

pssbiiy ndis Js Gspe e ende e ew

esen d e deenes d ll n qesn ny u

spe Cs i I se se dd nge e nd y

Sn ne nd y Gd e se sipy epszed

ws edy pese in ns Gspe .

Hee e expe, nd in Hebews 2 Did esus die

p Gd (chors thu by Gds ge (chart

thu)? En beeves e Heews gny

we chors thup Gd Te nusp evdene

s wdng is wek u s e psse edg e ex

d ye , ee wding s he lge nex Hebews d

ng Hebews 3 3 esus ded euded e ewsp

Gds pepe n ig s exs we s Mk 34 w

wud ve een n un we Hebews ws wen

wud s ve de sense sy esus ed seped ewsp wi G e e p Gd) A e se

e, dg Hebews 9 i s by Gds ge Gds

pepe n edue peseun S e e pen edg

y Gds gels kes sense eie pssbiy n

ds yng n e ee e Heews n e ew ese

s we



T u h A b o u g f c a h a g h e w T e a e 59

THE AE F DDING CIE CIE

Seies pss iprated the welkw Sptes it

erai biblia texs Hees a spe exaple sme sies wh

were pg exts ha had bee expaded i he ext hs-

ia wrship A se pi i he lae rst r eary sed entuy

se histiansprbably in Siaadded his paaphrased sip-

pe r hriles 2 9 hei eiais he 's Prayer

Fr yus is he king ad pwe and gry eve Ae

Evetua ths addi eae aiiar that a pyst ilded it

a e end Matew 3 wen pg his Gspe Sil e hepyists expaded the versi the d's raye hs ud n

uke t t the re ailiar vesin in Maew's Gspel. ne

ex Sripe was ade ahe ex

Siial iJh 9 te ahr qutes Psal 22 : 8 as a prphey

te sldiers gablig r esus tig his ulle he Sp-

ure hey pared y lthes ag heselves and up y lth

ig hey as ts' Qhn 924) This qui eveualy wrkeds way in Matthew's despi te ixi (Mahew

23) Agai ps used e Sipre expad athe Sip-

ture anyane r exual ris ad bibial shlas Se

wa Bu ae sh hages s sigiant that hey ale se aspet

isia aih

ke's espi he apis Jeus a ew lae au-

srips replae he ailia ws heave u i ther Gs-pelsn yu a wellpeasedth is qati Psalm

2 day have begte y uke 3 2 Eha akes the

ase hat te qan r e Psals represets he Gspel rig-

inal wrdig dn't d Ehrma's ae be pellg a his

pin Ye eve i he qa r te psls he riga

rdig b te hange d the rgi wrdig a rs



S Q U O I G R

bou esus s ppe hougo he ew esen see

Mew 3 Mk As 3 33 Hebews 5 5 5 n Mhew 2 noe exple o s so o leon ppes

n Mew 234 soe le nusps ve ey gve vi-

ega o nk in plce o hey gve wine o dn Ehn po-

ys hs nge s ossble ep o vod inonsisency be

ween s ex nd Mhew 229 wee jesus sys wll

eny no dink o hs ui oes o e ne unl

dy wen nk new wh you n y es kingo Though

ossble, is seno is que unlike Ae ll n e s enu

vneg n wne wee th pos o oes o e

ne Wen ess oised no o dn he ru o e vne gin

nil he conson o ods kngdo, e ws os lkely

ponng s posles enion o e bnque ews beeve

would k e begnning o e Messs eign ) Why en d

ops hnge he ex Mos lely ese he pys ee-

ee pssge o e sls eds o y hs hey gvee vneg Ps 9 2

Sne sibes eqeny oped l ou ew esen osels

onseuvely s no suising opyss osionlly nged e

wodng o one ospel o e oes o expe ew n-

sps o Mk 3 ve ene son n le o pene e

spe Ehn eps o sbe ohe nenions o soe pess

sibe i os pobbe e ops sly dpe Mk 3 o he plle pssge n Mhew 3 55 Ts nge sed

soe onuson ong ely hsn eolons nluing gen

o Aexn gn ese oons e esly dsovee

n o no know ny dinl doine o sin h epends

on whehe esus ws aente o aenter s esely n cu-

ue n whi sons clly ook up he se de s ei hes



r h b o u f c a h a g e " h e N e w T e s a e 6

E AE OF OYT OO CH

n he ses yss see o hve e h he i ex didn'

rvide h nin h edes needed o, yiss s-

eened h ex no wih he ies b wih her wn

nowedge exe ny e nss dd pe

ses on jhn 534 o exin why so ny hysiy dis-

dvnged sons hd ghered rnd he known s Beh-

h Behsad

hey we aiing o he we o ve bese n nge fhe rd wen down erin ies in he nd sred

he we heve seped n s e he sing he we

ws heed ny dsese

one o he os nen ree nsrs nde hese wods

gh h addiion bby es see desed bee

he o Behzh herwse he yed n's wds

in ohn 5 wdn e ny sense Ld he py eds ve no es in ode h soeone mig how e no he o

when he we s sed A soe pnerhs in n e r

m jese where hs dd noion wsn' wdey ndesd

knwedgeb srbe e h edes needed n enion o hs

so

ir oys o Mk se sees o hve egned h

he ohe n n he oenng veses o he ose Ad-ng Mrk mes n ony sh 43 s m M

3 h hse hrwn n m Exds 232 Ehn de-

s hs s n ero n Mk's ose sih is he os -

ne ohe i he x nd ws on ie o e -

bned ons y he os onen se se e

sbe y h seen oeni rbe hee s Ehn does A



6 Q U N U

esul his ps hnged he pening wds Mk 1 :2 us

s i hs een wien in Isaah h poph" us s i hs een wi

en in h pphs. "

he si ddiins his s inude diin h wee no

p he iginl duen u h y sill epesen uheni

uns wh ppened exple in se nusps

Luke's Gspe Luke 23 :34 is issing ile he issin desn' ll

in quesin ny spe Chisin ih hese wds esus

he sshe give he hey d n knw wh hey'e d

inghve hd pund ee n ny peple Ehn gues

h his vese ws iginlly pesen in Luke's Gspel u h ni

ewish Chisins u i u Even he us di hugh h he

elies nd es nusips inude his piul pssge 's

e likely h e sie addd his vese he Gspel A

ding Luke

When i es Luke 23 :34s well s sevel he expnsins

in he Gspelsi ppes h he pyis inped ilidiin h hd ledy iuled ng he huhes sevel

dedes These diins y hve een elile u hey wee n

wien in he igin Gspel nusips Pesnll suspe h

esus dd sy he ss he give he hey d n knw

wh hey'e ding; hese wds wee siply n pesen in he s

ediin Lke's Gspel

Tw he exples n e und esewhee in his Gspel inLuke 22:4344 nd 24:12 In Luke 22:4344 se le exs de

srie n ngel ingesus s he sueing Messih's swe in

gles wih d In Luke 24: 1 2 se nusrips dd rie

un Sin Pee's expeiene he epy · ne h

sees dw he se diin s hn 2 1 :3 10 Relile r

diins Ve pssi P Luke's igin Gspel Pl



u t h u t ig n ii n t h n g i n t h t n t

I thi tthctuy iucul aucipt Mak Gpl kw a

669 "a it i witt i Iaiah th ppht ha b chagd t "a it

i witt i th ppht (Mak :2). (htgaph cuty

SNTMg)

There are also some onger eampes o tese sorts of addtons to

the New Testament One of te most famous s te beloved accountof te woman caught n adutery Qon 7 : 538 1 1)a pognant and

rofound stoy to be sure but not part of Jons orgna Gospe ts

mssng competely from eary manuscrpts suc as te trdcentury

apyr and as well as the Snatcus and Vatcanus codces.

Even when ths story appear n ancent manuscrpts ts locaton

canges Sometmes ts found after on 736; oter tmes ts at te



4 M S O G T H

ed Jhs Gspel ne he sy eve shws up i he Gpel

Adig nd he wrings uheuy Chis-

ned Esebus Cesei sees h he sy ls p-

pee in nwls Gspe knwn s Gsp h Hbrws 14

Mk 1 6 920 gh be he exple he s ie -

ss Mks Gspe end wih his wwd se hng

nye did hey sy hey wee eg Mk 16 8b) Ape

his bp edg bheed e h e sbe 5 his edg

ew exs e seveh, eghh nd ninh enures AD dd

hy ssip

A h hey wee d hey eped bey Peer d hse

und hi Ae hese hings Jesus se u by ens

he es wes he sed nd il essge

sv un he ges.

he uss he verses we knw s M 16 920

Ag, ese veses pbbly ween n Mks igil Gsel, buhey d epese n uhei in bu esus esuen

Whe hs ke n nsidein i bees e he

wds ue Mezgeh he ew esen ns n u

bu ve evngeli uns eves subseque he Resuen

Chs

he veses dded Mk 16 d see s lude se

snge ehngs They wl ke hld snkes, n i hey dinksehg pss wl h he he ex dees (Mk

16 18) Uness I iss y guess hese rises wee neve ended

s divne ling guzle yide ue esnkes he

e ws iluse n puesque es hw Gd s be

e hs pepe y eney Whs re bh pses e

s ese n he bii pssges efeene en



t A o t S g n f n t ng n t N s t m n t

OOK IT UP

Textul cri cs ave developed severl terms to descrie e un i nten

t on erors th t copyiss ade as tey coped te New estmen

docments

hooyiy (from G reek hny, sme n me" Textua vri-

ant h seems o be te res of isheri ng one word s a noer

sm l rsound ng word

perua (rom tn pmuta o chnge compl etely") Tex- a vrn ha sees o e the res of faly eyes ght

paabepsis (from Geek looing eside" Textul vrnt t

seems o be the resul o copys un ntenionl ly omt tng or repet

i ng word or seres of words ecse o a s p of e eye8

digapy (fro Greek d doe"] + gaph [wriing"]

I ncd ence of paalepsis hat seems to e he esul of copyis

copy ng a word or seres of words wice

hapogaphy (from Gree hapl s ingle"] + gaph [writng"

I nc dence o par eps s ha sees to be he res of copyist skp

pi ng wod or se rie s o words

hoooeeuo or ooeoeeuo (rom G reek h [ l i e +

tl endi ng") I nc ence of p ogrphy ca sed by he copys's

eyes sk pp ng to lter word or ph rase t ended n sim l r wy tothe word or ph rse ht he copyi st ws reprodc ng

hooioan or hooeoaro fro Greek h [lke" +

ah [begn n ng I nc dence of aplogrpy caused by he coy

ss eyes skp ng o er word or ph rase h began n sm r

way o he wor or ph r se th h e copyst ws reprodc ng

65



66 M Q U N U

serpets s foud L Gosp (e 10 : 9 ; compr s 8) d the proms o protcto from poso chos sm 69:

"he gve me poso for food . m o d ; t oursvto God protect me (sm 69 2 1 , 29) g oe o thddtos ters Chrst fth or prctce sct



R A "ISQIG JSUS

Ehma maes the pvcative cae that may f

chehe ilical sties a wiely hel elie c

ceig the iviity ess the inity a the ivie

rigins f the Bile ite stem fm th intentinal

a accietal altetis y sces

PROMOTI ONAL COVER COY FROM

MQ UO U

N every inenin hnge in he New esen exs is quie

s eru s e ones Ive sed so r Tere are inenin hnges

in he mnusps ud e he reder unersnng

prur ex And s, none he enges ny vi spec f

Chisn ih

WHA ID jE O AND WHEN ID ?

t sees, expe, h Mhew 24:3 gny red, Abu

h dy nd hou, n ne knwsneher he nges he hevens

n he Sn, bu ony e e A se pn , pys ehe -

deny skppe ew wrds n e exn expe f p

grp prbepsir udn hnde he de jesus int

knw he dy r hur o he end ime A esu, sme nu



68 M Q O N G T U T

sps eve u he wds n he Sn hs wee he nly p-

pere hs pssge, hs d ve se ee n he e-

peers unesdng he pese eshp beween jess'

dve nd h nures Bu he wds n e S ppe wh

n exu vns he pe pssge Mk 13 32 ! Eve n

uhe quesn d exs bu is ex v spe my h

n jess Cs s e sen d epeds n whehe esus uld

ve ed he plyse desk lend dug his e

hs e

TH ISSIG AS

nhe expe hs e hnge n be un n e eer

knwn s jn Hee Egish rnsin wh yu wd

nd 1 jhn 5 8 Texs Reepus Geek ew esen e-

ed by sh nmed Esmus he 500s

F hee e ee wh be ness n heven he Fe heWr d e Hly S; hese ee re e nd hee

e ee h be wess n eh he Si he we nd

he bld; nd hese hee gee s ne. (NV)

e pbe is e de p his ex ppes n Geek

nusp he s e n he essne en hees

evey esn hk h ws rged n eve in h ex!

Whe Esus pu gehe he Texus Reepus he 500s hehse quesined he uheny hese uses

n he vehemng y eek nusps hn 5

8 eds e lke hs Fr hee re hee es: e Sp e

er nd e b nd ese ee e ne Ehng w

eve her pee bbl s wh hs ked hs ex

he ps ded yersbeleves sene expded his ex



j e s u s "

K O M O E

As textua critics examned the Nw Tstan texs, ty notced

cerai n i i ariies ha a l owed o roup e au crpts i to

ree "fa l ies. Eac fam l y reprst cerai pattr of preser-

vaio ad caes i e Nw Testamt manscrips By ompar

ig e fail ies textua c ic are ofte ab le o determi ne n ad

ee crta ch anes ocurred

T Wst ext mergd and crcuated prmar n tay, Ga

(oder Frace) a d orh Africa Som e im portant Westr wt

ess ar te a pyr �8 and �38 s we s Cox e D

Copyist of the Wesern exs see to have paraphrsd fr

qenly an freey ddd o he r ma nu scr pts

2 exts fro e Alxandan fa y cam from the ara aroud A

exan r Eyp. Beaus of e d rynss f s r an y of th

most acien srvi texsnclud � 75 Codx Si

a tic us a nd odex Vaca n s come rom t Aexadr an am iy.

3 The Byzantne ext was h dom na nt txt n estrn pr o

Ro mp re. Most Gr anucript of th ew esam t a re

Bya nt e texts, o t Byz ni txt s so nown as t Majo

Txt. Most scho rs consid er Byza e a uscr pts o be aterand le reabe ta Axandria uscrps. We rasmus

coted h extus ecpusfrom wch he Kin ams Ver

sio w rn adhe on ly txs ava ab l to h m wer Byzan

t ne manscrpt



70 G U

mor th thousd rs ftr h ttr ws wrt Tht whyt o tslos tht cudd t o so of tsss r rdrs th somho oud to th xts Rc

tus t o hs doct dds o th logr so of1 oh 58 Mthw 28:920 stts t coc of o God

th e sur xssd th rsos of th Fth ofth o d of t Hoy rt ust s cy s ts wors tsomo ddd to 1 oh

OIFE O PPOSE WOME A jES?

Accod to hrm, ths ctgory of tos lso cuds

cs th occurrd cus coysts "who wr ot ltoh ssd th wht th w stmt oos sd modd h odso m thm o oousy oos htcs wom ws

d gs t s fr s c t h fls o com th

e sc chg t ct coctd y oo culy t

mscrt dc from th c orlds Ehm cotto tht sc xcsd u 2334

cus of twsh stts t muscrts do't suot thssuosto s w h rd s t dos sm tht som csmy h md t ous tms to sd Chs fth fom

th chrgs of s rtcs Bt ' dy ood t my

of ts chgs d dscord o chgs th sct o

hs fth or ctcA hdfu of chs cod otty rt to th ol of wo

chcs tod t s th om yd mor rom

ros th rly chc h thy dd th tr rs A rsutsom scrs ct d md tms sm to h td

txts tht smd to lc wo omt osos

Fo xm h os ct muscrts of cs 8 :2,



A e

wmn nme is seems be e pmy ee Aps

Ceues e pys she he e nmes ping he

nme si's husbn Aqui s n Rmns 16 7 , smene

me juni wmn's eis si be sn mg e

pses bu e sibe ue uni in uns mn

me4 n As 7:4 ne sibe nge pminen wmen in

wves pminen men n eh hese ses weve i pss

be k e mnusps n eve e gn wg 5

ess ein is Ehmn's im le pis e 1 Cin

is 4 3435veses ee in e Kng jmes Vesin "i

is shme wmen spek n he uh u's ign e

e n sme Gee musps ese w veses ppe e

Cinins 4 33 bu e mnusips pe em e 1 Cin

hins 440 sme shs inuing Ehmn is suggess

e sibes e ese senenes ul's ex hee Gee mnu

sps pe ese ispue senenes e vese 40 bu n su

vivng ex mis e veses mpee ve uvng musinues ese veses n e elies n bes Geek exs pe

em e vese 33 Cnsequen Emn ensuin seems

ess hn nvining Wee ese ws wee pese in

uls iginl epise is pssibe unesn em n wys

vue wmen s eq pnes wi me in Gs wk Ms iey,

ul ws simpy empsizing h he expee wmen w e

sme guielines s eveyne ese in being sien wie hes weeehing n by eing m se believes

Ceny ese veses ve ee msnsue imes in wys

shn n subuge wmen This is inexusbeus s

Cisis' hies wis he g news esus Chs n exuses

le jewsh pepe n suppess An Ameis ve

been iexusbe An ye e u is n wih e bibi ex is



7 M U O G U

wh he chces indvs wench he bblcl ex sncn

seng ess hn wh d hs eed huny n jess his .

ISQOIG jESS OR ISQOING TRH?

ere leng e sse he exl negy he ew Tesen

wn e clse hee specc exs These e pssges

n's perspecvescbes hve chnged n wys h

e s gy sgnicn h hey le undesndng enie

bs he ble

M Ag, Coso o Boh? Ms nslns

M 1 2 desie jess' helng sindsesed n se

hng e s: Feeing cpssn nd sechng hs hn he

uched h nd sd wn mede he sn dsese ed

r he n nd he ws clense

S w's e dicy? hn beleves h he ex shuld nt

ed eelng cpssin ee splanchnsths;7 n his esi-

n, he rgnl edng he ex ws becng ngy eergsh. hn ges s s mply h hs eng ecs

e ineen n ene b he ew Tesen

Ahgh he nusc evdence becng ngry is xed

nd hns cse rgths be cnvning es

e sense n h cys hnge being ngy eel-

ng cpssn n he ppsie hve ce And n

ee he w ws nehe l ie n sund lie s hs cne n sse cnusng s es

Sll, l see hw n Ehmns esin hs snge wd

cnges ndesndng jess M's spel Wih

h rgths in Mr hs spel deps jess s ps-

sne ppe pdy cisscssng llee nd ude s e

ves wd hs ipendng encne wh Rn rss y he



u h A b o u M s q u o g s u s " 7

thrd chaptr, jsus as alrady upst so ay rlgous rs a

ty'r akg pas to murdr (ark 36) H cos -

oyd wh popl do't rust (ar 35 923) h sa

t Mark as t car ta jsus costaty fls copassio for

dtrddn pop (Mk 6 34 8 2 9 2 223) Basd on dc

houghout ths ospl, thr radig o t tt wold rs

prstato ofss Udrstadg th t o dcar at ss b

ca agry dos ot scaty cag y udrstadg of

Mark's osp

Era s rr at o pot s aaysis of ts , togh

Era clas ta , aftr sus has t a,

"svl ruks i ad "tws out ark 3].s

ar tal rdrgs o t r wods, wc ar suly

softd trasato hy ar arsh trs, usd lswr

ark always n t conts o ot conct ad arsso

thoug kbaO tr Era traslats "rows oudos sotis appar i Mar's ospl i t cox of -

ont conic t dos "aways fuctio ts ss I

Mark 5 40 , kbao dscbs howss st a dcasd cld' i

fro t roo w r ody la I dot t ark itdd us o

nson ss grabig g's rts y t colla and ug

t troug t door t pssb tat kbao cars suc a a-

g ar 2"t Spr oltly hurd jsus ot o dstut ts or kly tat r sip tdd kbao o

convy t rnt urgncy tat aks ts osp so ascag

o wat actually happnd wh Jss ad ths lpos

Ad, f sus was ag, why was agry s iporta to otc

were sus ws tcig w tis ag occrd ppty

sus was a syagogu (r 39 whr t ws of o d



74 M Q N R U T H

gatd to a ods Wod so ts an psc could av

rdd a t wsh couy unclan! loug sus cal-

lgd th tradons tat ad n added to th Law of Moss

cosstly cald s pop to lv y laws tat od ad gra-

cously gv t troug Moss (s Ma 44) ccodg o

ts laws t lpous an ws sppsed to av sustd sl

away fo s flow ws (Lvtcus 1) Instad placd a t

ws county n dag o cona unclannss s ay

wodr at sus ca angy d sll jess heaed hm.

So was Jsus a o was cmpassae

Ys

:: Why D]ss D? Whn t

cos to uk 22 Ean agus tat a lat sc addd Luk

2 1920ad h ay coct Sod vdnc des st to sg-

gst tat ts spcc vrss ay ot hv appad n t rst d

Ad he t bred gve th s ad be it d gave t t the s-

g "h i d gve f ; d th s reence f e

In the se wa fte te s e he t th c sg h s

c is t he e w cenan t bod wch i ed t fr

Luke 2:1920

ton o Luks osp Varous fos of ts sa sntcs dappa owvr n Mattw 262728 Ma 14225 ad

Contans 1 2 2 So v ts clauss w ssng ro

Luk ognal wg ts s ot a cas of "suogJsusts a

passag tat was alrady pst n svral ot placs toug p-

aps ot n Lus osp

Ea proposs t asc of ts vrss as poo tat th a



u h A o

h ke Gspel idn vew ess eh in qie e sme wy

s he hs he her Gspes

ke hs ieen nesning he wy in whih

jesus eh les svin n es Mk n Pl nd

he ely Chisin wies) I is n h jesus e is

nimpn is xml impn kebu nt s n

emen Inse esus deh is wh mkes pepe eize

he gi bere G

S m Ehmns pespeive hgh uke se Mks Gspelnd pehps Ps ees s sues ssmpin bse n

uke l 3uke hnge wings h mig sues esus die

pepes sins e pyiss Ehmn lims e uke 22 9

20 emphsize he esnbld humniy ess hgh Im

pen his pin h le pyiss dde hese w veses Ehmns

ine he hge is quie ulike e pysi by esus

is ey emphsize in ke 242443 n menin in kenives jess birh n ih s me likely pyiss

inlued hese veses beuse hey h beme ii in he n-

ex Chisin wship muh ike he iins e s

Pye we isusse eie)

S i uke ey isgee wih Mk n ul n he wies

bu he eh jess

Ehmn is cec h kes Gspel desn emphsize jesuseh s n ning sie pepes sins he ide siil

nemen sins ws e mre pminen in h hegy

n uke ws wiing n ene h ws me inuene by

Geek ue his udiene wh ws ms mening wsn

h jesus wul sue s sie r sin Wh w impess

hem ws he persn s igheus n s ivine w su



I Q O N R

hself ot only to lve n hua es b also o die te aet

poe eat

Ts oes not ea, however hat ue d ot ve esu deat

n es of toee. eiher does a tht e saccal asec

o e crucion dd' nterest ue It spl ea tt sacrc

aoeet was no he sec ofesus deah ws o eg

ful to Le aece o , ue focsed on esu as a de

derent ephass to be sure, but ot at odds wt oter New e

aent ectios of esus py put ffee epes o ot

aout to coadcory unerstags of te se eve

Te sae ot ay e ae whe t coes o Le 3 .

ere soe uown cost added a coupe o cuses to ephse

esus pssone pryer i Gehsee Era ares ta on i

these veres d ue orry ess de o sess

te tn eteing h pssio wit ea nd tebig in

gush over hs coig fa , he esu of Lue goes to ehc coo It s cear th Le does o he

Mrs uderstnding tt esus was gih orerg on

esr

Its e tht Le ospel oesnt eae he ded ess

sees to hve et n te de o ethsee di Lue act-

ally "ot re Mas udesdg of e uffeg or d ue

smply ighlig dee spec ofesus et I e tt Luefocus chaned ecase he ws addess dfeent auece. ut

oce g differet epss do o aout to cotrdco -

erstgs of he se eve

WHO WAS EAY ISQOE?

he proo coy for Msqotng]es cs tht "a of or



h A o M q o ng 7

ese ll stores n ly el eles conernng t

vinity o jesus, th Tny, n t ivne ogis of te e itself

ste ro ot ntentonl n cenl ltertons y sries

An, supposly hrn es hs cse "for the rst te

A I exne Misqoting]ess n nothng ht esures up to

te ttle or to he promotonl op Wt n s gret el o is

sson out hndful o xtul vrintsnone o whch lt

mtly hnges ny essentl eef thts rsente n te New est

ment Wts ore , deste te senstonl tle of isqoting]ess I

nd only hlozen ties when jess might hve een isquote,

n most o these sppose hnges sply echo ies t re ounelsewhere in pture

nd, so, retuing to our ntl questons: v he New est

nt mnuscrps hnge ovr the cntries? Wthou out! ut

re the hnges n th nuscrps "hghly signn n o ny

of the "ffect the interpretton o n etre oo o th New est

nt Not tht I n tell



P A �

S CRISIIIS

R S

W ws los s w es Csy w' l

e als aps of w se ccdg a

w ve s Ca h we c

dg m, s s ee cee

ee ws o gedpo ca geed el

sed ee ws wd g dvsy dve gps

ssg dves eogs bd vs we xs al

g b w by osls ess

Ts dvesy w spy m o dl bes

dsgem ov ys of wp e we Eionie wvwd es s h pope d Gnotic wo bevd s

ws sw dv b e y eemed a T hee

w l o whm h es as Cstas

w bls s e s w d w Tee da

y dseod e olwes f a aed ac

d bo p of h x oo a gp ad c h

md b pso Y o pepcv, fe scldg e o fd e wy o he Nw



y t L t i t i i t i L t 8

A glace at the New Testament reveals tat Ehrma is partly correct. There w may diverget sets of belies that circulated i techurces-all o them mostikely claimig to be Cristia.Some peope rej ected the possibility o a pysical resurrectio 1 Corithias 1 ) . Others believed that keepig the law ofMoses was a ecessary outward

expressio o Cristia faith(Acts ) Still others diedtat ess was a pysical beigat all 1 o :1 -) Ad thesecotroversies did't ed withte deaths of te apostles! Iact, as eac set o belies devel

oped i the secod ad tirdceturies te divisios greweeper.

Bt the crcia questio istWere there serious strugges orseveral ceturies amog peoplewho claime to be Christias?

Twelfth-century copy of Origen of Aexandria's homiies on Genesis and Exodus In his essages on Genesis Origenspoke strongy against the Gnostic understanding of Gods creation (Photograph of MS02 courtesy of he SchyenColection Oslo and London

Tere w The qestio is, Wich uderstadig of ess represets athetic, istorical testimoy about him? I happe to believetat the New Testamet preserves precisely this sort of testimo

rma ow rle o thumb i determiig istorical truth isthat "particularly i te aciet world . . earlier is better. 7 I oterwords the sources cosest to te origia evet are most liely to becorrect-especially if those sources represet eewitess accouts.



R A R ISR

mts Chrstan apoogss say thr ar ny

thr ptons t wh jsus was a a a lunat r thLor But thr cul a fourth optngn

BRT D HR

Cance ae yo eay want t o emembe oethng today, youll cbbe t n a ntebok o n te pam o yo and n te

nee o you ble ean Yo mgt even caw t n te nde cover

o th boo (t oay you do reall t ) Tat becae yo lve

n a clte that ele on wtten wodven wen t come to

mall tem le ppng t teepone nmbe and te eve

gowng catalog o tem tat yo poe wan yo to do aond

te oeSppoe that, ometme th week evea wnee clamed

mutaneoy tat a condmned cmna came back to le tee day

ate dang h lat beat an electrc cha Sce o and I ve

n a cltre tat centee on pned pce and word the tory

wod ace n wtten orm tog newpape and bog and tab

lod n a mate o Wtn a ew week te te con

veted RS agent naed Mattew would how p n h Wal Strtoual, a aldoen hng magane would be oerng eclve



h A o t O H t o ry 85

hw o e and read n he rst enury A.D5 exsed also because

he charace o he person spreadng a soy matered so deepy o

ancen people (n some cases rscenury ol may have bee le

likely to rus wten records beause hey oudn't spea ersoay

e nddua hat was telng e soy A a res tths

were oten preseved in e or o ra his. o be sre not every

sory a cuaed n e ace word quaed as oral stor ad

there ay e soe nsances wen such hstoes beoe nconss-

ent The pon here s sly hat n e ultural onext o e rs

cetury oral hsory provded a rimary pahway or relabe preser-

vao o past ruhs

EU A EGEn su a onex shodn' surprse ayoe hat hree decades

ay ave passed beween te oen when ary agdalene rs

laed she saw esus ave and e te hat te rst Gospel was

F A CT S E ET

We ee h e ame Gope proab re? He re e

e dae ha mo oar i ud g Ba Ea g o e

Gope:

Gsp Ain� t att: eee 75 ad 85 og

ma ho a bei ee ha a Aramai foee r of h Goe

w u io i he 0 or ea er

Gsp Ain� t ak eee 5 ad 70

Gsp Ain� t uk eee 65 d 5

Gsp Ain� t Jn Beee 75 a 95



86 M O I N G

wr Wha re his shdn as ayn sn h r-

aby Gospspay s pssb o sw ha a -

ss ora hsry h y vens o Jss xsed ag he

ars wnsses o s rsurro

Ehran ss owvr w h gap bw h ary

nsry ss and wng Gsps as a ss prl

ers wa Eran has sd abo hs gap

[ w sa Gsps] wr wr rtyv o sxy

v yeas aer Jss dah . n y pp wh wr ywsss bu by pp vng atr Wer dd se popl

g hr nao r? r t days sus ppe

sad ng sors abou h n der to ovr ors h

ah . rs are ruan yar ar yar ar yar, ad

as a rs a h srs gt angd.

s on ts bass a Eran rpatdy as n nrvws ad

trs "s Chrsa apoogss say hr ar oy h op-ons w Jss was a ar a unai r e rd Bt hr od

b a rh ptgd s urh op is th a

r hras prspeiv bs s h hsoa ed

o wa s rgh?

Wat dsrp oss te w Tsan Gosps isnt

hsraly ara? Wha no n nws wh aay wr

w sa Gospes? Wa h stry o Jsus rsurr ssply h rs a srs gnds ha hagd ver i? d

wa hs Gss ar v basd n ywnss aous

rs pa? I s Ea gh b opy rr w as

Chrstan a a "dad nd .

Dse Eans apparet d abou s ousis, I

nvnd ha hr ar s dts hs ntrpraon h



h A o O r H o r 87

he hsto reblty o the ew estment Gospels nt be

soune nery s esly s he mples Wth ths n mn lets

wreste ult queston tht os the oundton o Ehn

ms Dd the stoes bout esus hne snly s they ru

e yer fter yer In e next hpter we oo t seond ques-

ton Were the ornl ew esment Gopels tuy nonymous

ouents

ID HE RY AY HE AME

e you eer plyed Telehone You no the me n whh oneerson whspers sentene to someone ese tht person whspers

wh she o he ers to the next person n the rle nd so on t

the e, the rst person nd the s person reel ther sentens

nd eeyone uhs t how muh the sentene hned between te

rs lst ountors

I st reeber n ths e n the ourth re when my

tehr ws ryn o upy n unuy ss on rny d I dd notwnt to py eehone; I wnte o o somethn onstte suh

s pnn y uer l lhtsber nd smn ellow students

wth pstme or whh Mrs ewn d not shre my psson

o eh e seene rehed me hne t mpeel he

stuet bese me ht sy he sy s dr n ry todybut

wht I wou hser to the next suden ws soehn le, "Mrs

ews hr loos le mn Wooees rmpt For some reso I oun ths o be onserbly more musn thn my teher

; I thn she ws ust eous euse r rler wsn nted le

hsber

espte y stste or the me I dd pk up ths t ro

yn Tephone Een wthout n obstnte nneyerod n te

re, s possbe or sttement to hne drmty wheneer



88 I S U I N G U

t's passed ro one person to another ccordng to Ehra, ths s

precsely wha happened to he earlest sores abou esus

tores based on eyewtness accounts are no ecessary rel

able, and the sae s true a hundredold or accounts ha

even steng fro reports o eyewtnesseshave been n

oral crcuaton ong ater the act agne playng ee

phone no n a soltary lvng roo wh en ds on a sunny

ateoon n uly, bu over he expanse o he Roan pre

(soe ,500 es across) wh thousands o parcpants roderen bacgrounds, th derent conces, and n dere

contexts, soe o who have to ranslate he stores nto der

en languages all over he course o decades a would hap

pen to the sores?

at woud happenaccordng to Ehrans tha these so

res would end up radcally changed tores wee chage wh

what wou sre us today as recless abandon, Eha cahey were oded, apled, and ebellshe nd soetes

hey were ade up In other words, ro Ehran's perspecve,

he earles Chrstas passed on ther radtos uch he sae

way as I played elephone as a nneyearold nd , accordng to Ehr

an, he rs cear tradon o esus' resurreco cae we over

wenty yas" after esus ed If Ehran s rgh, he ew esa

ent ospes are he beudded resuts o ore ha two decades opeople nventng and ebellshng stores abou esus

ut ae Ehran's clas e? d he earles Chrsan actuay

change stores wh recless abandon? nd d wo decae realy

pass beoe any cear tradton abou esus' resurecon eerged

t tus out, hstocal edence o he rst ceury AD sply

doesn' support Ehran's reconstructon



9 I S U I N G U

ges ove t a sps t out wit epetos ts pemaet m

ptg te tougts te sous of the eaes ese abc pates o hm a epetto ae pesethugout jesus' teacgs o exampe aout ow theo leed begs eac e of te Beates ad ow jess epeats

te pases "ou ave ea it sad a but I sa to o te Semo o te Mot Mattew 7 247 Suc pattes ae s

tict feates of acie oa tatios

Whats moe tee s evdece tat t wast o jesus' ech-ig tat ccate oa It seems ta bef summaes of te es

seta evets oesus' e eat a esuecto ccated tesame wa ets ook at oe exampe o ow oa stoes weepassed fom oe goup o Cstas to aote shot tme afte

jesus ed o te coss a cosstet oa accout of te cucxoad esecto of jesus emegedappaet fom eewtesses

of tese evets!

So wee ca ou ts oa sto

t o i te ew estamet te tgs of a Weeag wt some teoogca cotoveses the ct of Cot

te aposte a ecaed a ecode a oa accout of jesus esuecto au pma puose pesevg tese wos was to

emd te Cotas o te tuts tat e a pocame amog

te tee eas eae aou A.D. 0 et tee ae cues awods that sow ow qc a oa accot o jesus' esuectoemege amog hs st oowes a ow cosstet e tadtio

emae as t ccate ee wat au sa to the Cotas

o aded ove to ou wat aso eceveThat the Messa e o eaf of ou ss accog to the

Scptues



u h o u O a H o r

d ta e was bued,

d ta e ose o the d a accog o e Scptues,d ta e was see b Cepa

e te wev;

e, e was seeb moe a ve ded boes at oce

e, e was see b James,e b a te apostes(

Coas 5:7)

9

So, ow ca scoas ow ta ese wods actua came foma ea oa so e s pace a oduced s summao wt wo Gee wods at cea caed t was oa adto

Tee wo wo we araimi aded ove tasaoabove) ad araamban eceve) cet eades udesoode wo wodwhe used togeteto mp a e we was

uog wods a e o e teded to become oa tadto ts wa, au cea fomed te Cothas at e was abou o

pas o oa ado

Tee ae aso cue te x tat sgges wh a whn te ao bega ve toug au was wg te Geek auage o

Gee peope e cas Smo e b s aac ame h

Te, tee's te epeaed pase ad taa epeo at seems

TNK IT OUT

Look cfly ol rdio s psrd Cs

15:3- ow my ssil ooicl rus o ss r

pckd ino s fw poic lns?



9 U U

odd ess oe famia wit ebew o amaic e pase edeed a tat is te Gee tasao o a amiia ebew ad

amai meto fo og cases Base o te vocab adgmmatia pattes i tese veses t seems tat is tatio ogi cated i te amaic aage

d wee dd pope pmi spea mac Gaee aJdea te paes wee ess waed ad taed de a aege

ose fom e ea

d e o a possi ave eceve oa accot o te

dat ad eseio of Jess amc age Ms ie eaed s taiio ao AD 35 we e vise e c o

Jsamoig to s ette to e Gaaias a e p to Jesaem

to teew Cepas ee eas ate hs expeece o e a toDmss aatas 118) e Gee tem tasated to is o

to teew atias 1:8 is histro w ta ofte impie

pesoa ivestgatio o te ppose of detemiig stoicats So t appeas tat a tvee o Jesaem to spea it Smo ete speia bease e wae to eceive te oa sto

fom a eewitess of e evets

H RY H ME

o a to ave eeve a cosset iso i amac o ae

t AD soas estmate ta te adio mst ave s sed aod Jesaem o ate a o 33 peaps eie ote wods a ed tato emeged ess ta ttsix mots

t Jess uio ea te pace o s et at a tme Jess'

t oowes ad am membes wee si ig

eaps most impotat it obvos tat te eaiest istiasid nt ecess cage tese aitions Otese w cod



h A o t O a l H o y

C S E E 2830 Appox mae date of eu earl y m nry, begi ig i

e feenth yea of Caea T ber u (Lue 31)

33 Pau ees Je u on e road o Dama cu (Act 9)

333 au ves n Aaba (Gaaan )

3-7 Pau tavel o Daacus, Jea em and au (Ac 912)

7-9 au oe o Aa ino on i rt mioary jourey nAD I9, Caea Ca ud u expe a J ew o omeaccordig to

oman oa Sueon u becaue o ro "on accou of a ce

ai n Cretus, p oba by a refeence o e u C (Ac 131)

'93 au l eba on second mi ona y jou ey, etab i h

ing a cuc n Co n aound AD 0 (Ac 168)

37 Pau ave to pheu on i thrd monay ourey

(Ac 82) Du ng tis t im e, Caud u Caear die, and J ew re

tu n o ome.

7-62 au i a eted n Je uaem, pend wo yea n R oman

cu ody before appea i ng to Caea, then wa i two yea fo eo

Caear o ea h s appea (Ac 2128)

6266 Pau may ave been eea sed fol owing h a ppea, perha p

tavel ng we of e a i a p ovin ce Pas g ough ome, Pau l

may ave been areted and executedaog wi Smo e

te n e afema of he e n Rome

66-70 Afe yea r of end ug atago m fom oman governor,

he ew evot he ebe on cu m nae n e deuctio of

e Jew tempe i AD 70

9



M O T T R T

Pulwtg th yrs ftr h rst vstd Cothhv sad o

th Coths dty for uotd ths oa hsoy I

rdg yo oths out th good proco that pro-

cld to you ( 1 Corths 15 1 ) o Pl to av ad uch a

sttt h ust v procld sl tdto ch plc

tht h vistd d thr's vry raso to lv ha ths s r-

dton ws th o tht Pul hd jus oly ohs ftsus dth

So s Eh coct wh h ps tht th rlst Chsas

chgd th stors of sus wth "rcklss do d dd two

dcds lly pss fo ay cl tdto out jsus' surc-

to rgd s Ehn pls

s fr s c tll th hstocl vdc suggss h prc

opst Wt hs of ss dth , cosstnt l ccontof jsus' rsucto gd og s folows What's o

ths tdto dd not chag fo pso to po k g of

pho go try wog o th cotry h tdo r-

d rtvly uchngd thoughot th rst two dcds of

Chst fh

Ctly th w ts wh he focs of crta stos aout

ss chgd fr on ctt to oth th dffrt Nw sta-t uthos fo pl rd ad oldd ct tadto

to phsz th vac for ct udcs Yt he ccal

facs of ths stos rd rrky cosstt s thy sprd

y ftr y coss hudrds of culurs d soc cotts



9 U

jesus o to pesos t a ccess to eewtesses of jesus

But wt f o o ows wo wote te Gospes Suppose atfou peope me Mew M Lue d jo d og to

o wt te ceato of tese ocumets Wt f te o easo

tese mes ae attce to tese wtgs s that og afe teoos wee wte some cuc eades asce ese fou mesto te Gospes

om wat as wtgs tt pecse wa

ma was hs eaes to eeve ee wha m s wtteou te ogs of ese fou ames:

he ttes of te Gospes wee ot put ee te autoss soud e cea afte ust a momets eecto Suppose a

scpe ame Mtew ctu dd wte boo ou jesuswos ees Wou e hve cae t e Gospe cco

g to Mattew Of couse ot e mgt ve cae t Te

Gospe of jesus Cs o "e fe a e of Ou Savoo somethg sma But someoe cs e Gospe accord

ing to atth te ts oous someoe ese tg to exp at te outset wose veso of e sto s oe s

fact we ow t te og mauscpts of te Gospes ot ave te autos ames attace to tem

W te o we c tem Mttew Ma ue a jo

Becuse sometme te secod cetu we potootodoxChsts ecogze te ee fo apostoic autotes te at

tuted tese oos to apostes (Mtew jo) a cosecompos of postes (M te seceta of ee ue

te taveg compao of au)

Scoas cotue to ca tese oos Mtew Ma Luea jo as matt of coeece te ave to e caed



A e A r f e p e

somethng, a t oest mae mc sese to ca tem Geoge

Jm ed ad am

7

s oof of is otess Ema maes a oit tat tecica te " wide vaet o dieet) ttes o te Goses ca befo aciet mascpts og to ma tis act oves

tat Ctas added te ties ate deet tmes a paces Now mpotat to ot ot tat te stoca accac o te

ew estamet Goses oes not deed o deteg wo eed

tese documets te st pae Most scoas wod eve amit

OOK IT

pr-rhdx (ror [beoe" rhx rit

if"]) Aor to Er ter e o stt blies ot

es o l rist ree n te rst son n tir

tries r re drnt ometin oinon from erl ts.En ses te ter p-t to escri rly ists

ose is ere sr to te bli tt ee o s o

toox belie lter

tat its mpossibe to ove beod a doubt wo auoe t Gos

es t te same tme t s ossibe to demostatebased o teavaabe stoca ecotat ome ossibites ae moe pobable

ta otes Wt ta md et oo at te evidece togete adcosde wo ma ave wtte e ew estamet Goses

WHA HE TIES TE US

I te s ace Ema st qit coect we e cams tat f



9 M Q N U

a isie ame Mattew acta dd te a boo about jesswos a deeds te ator wodt ave cded ame te tite I act oe commo patter or ttg ooks te acietd was to ace te autos ame rst oowe b a bref e

st te boos cotets. For eame te tte of Faus osess histo o the ews wars was laus josephus Hstorcal n

vestgaton of jeh Conct ad is efese of s ews ertage

ea t te ascpto Favs joseus Regarig te tiit

o te ews Sma patte ca e od i te tigs o oter

aciet ators cug Herodots obus ad tacS ts a t of a ovestatemet to camas a doestat

act we ow tat te ogia mascpts of te Goses dd ot

ave tei autos ames attace to tem Te tt s we don't

w ceai te id o t We ttes wee attace to

acet boos te ote too te form o tags sew to te edges of

docmets Over te cetries tese tag cod ave bee ost St

its ve pssbe tat te st mauscrts o te ew Testamet Goses i ot ave te atos' ames icuded wit tem ter a

as a coect pots outvaros mascrits of te ew

esamet do ascie iferet ames t te Goses. exampe i te secodcet pap ad i two

tcetu coices o as Code ezae ad Code Wasigtoias te tte of te rst ew Tetamet Gospe is Gospe c

t attew. ew ear meeva mascrts ave epae ts tite to Ho Gospe ccodg to Mattew or eveDe Beig o te Gospe ccrg t Mattew whe two

cces om te ort cet Code Satcs a Code

atcabeg wit te sime tte ccoig to Mattew.

d variatios of ts sort ae't imted to te Gospe ccordg toattew Te same patte ca e od te macrpts



T r e r f e p e s 99

th oth th w tmt Gop tooSo wh t o m vtos th tt o t Gospes o

dtd w m t m o w momts Sppos tato w Cstn n om n th o th t t duth o mpo otn mg tht o gto h

o v d t to o j m pps codx thatpop tod wod coz t Gosp codg to Ma

ow sppo tht tstd mmb o o oegato

td om bs tp to pss wth oth cot oess'

f o tht b th t wod I t b was th Woa t W wth God th Wd ws Go Qoh )

Sddn onggtn w som w to dtgsh o

Gop om oth t tg to pto aoc tattoda's mssa wod om om "hatOGospthatBegs

ttWodIthWstWod' ddstt

spsCth53sh wod t elly tsom t w

wk Wod't you b d to t tt otd to somth o nb on to john

TAKING A ECOND LOOK A HE TIES

Som sao o th ot s v possb ow th Gosps dd p

wth t tts d ts ttes w bd to t Gospes

dt tm d p dcs th ms o t Gospes

dvopd om pa to p ts mn th tht m s oct whn ms tat

t ms sb to th Gosps v ot to do wt t og

tho t t tt "otm th od t w

potoothodox Chts cozd t d o postolc autot th ttbtd th boos to posts d os ompaos

o pot



U

f hts ht on throuh your md t ths oment, pese

ke seond ook t te derent ttes tt I sted erer for te

ospe cordn to tthe Its esy to noce ho each one s d

feent hs tme thouh, oo crefu t what emns the sme n

ech tte

Wht dd ou notice as ou ooed at the ttes

Despte the m rtions, ee te tht' cbed to ths Gospe

ene tthew the surce. And ths hppens not on t the

ospe ordi to atte ut so t te other New estament

ospes thouh the tites ary fom pce to pace, eery tted

mnuspt of the ospe Accod to r denes ar as the

ospes uthord he sme pte so marks manuscrpts of the

ospe Acordn to uke nd te ospe ccordn to oh

Smpy put, ht chaes fom oe ospe anuscript to another

s the prese fom of the tte The dentco of the tho, how

ee neer res i Ne estamet fret or mnuscrpt th

hs ts tte ntct d ths unty n ttes snt mte to one reono the Romn Emprempes of ths unty may be found n

nusrpts fom the este potons of the ancent empre a he

y to North rc, Eypt n sia inor

Why s ths cosstecy so scat

hk of t ths y for moment t f the pushe of the

oo tht youre hod rht no didn ncude my nme nhere

n the book Now, mne that to dstnush ts boo fro ohersr ors the reders of hs ook hd to come up th prob

e uthor Wt e e chaces that eve up of redes woud

sce ths ook to he sme uho

Some peope ht ess tht the uhor ws schor ho ad

tte out the hsor uders n The a n Codeut tht

oup woud oer oens of peope , nudn not o e u



h Ab he Auhos of he Gope l

aso a msef! I someoe ate te book to seem espeaautotative tt peso migt am B Gaam o te pope as

te auto oeve uke tose asiptos migt be d mostike o a fe peope i m fam ou guess tat ote ts

boo Wtig tis paaaph s not mpovig m sefesteem bte a)

o ad te fatos tat ee eset te Roma mpeo

teepoes o ema to ao stat ommuiato d postasee tt too mots to taspo a ette aoss te empe us,

i te st ad seo etues tee as o eta eoeautoit amog Cstas to foe ogegatos to oet a etai ame to ea Gospeo exeutve eto o eomatoa

boad o teatoa oveto o Cistias Gve tese fatos at ou ave appeed ieet se

oetu Cstia ogegatos a simp asbed apostoiames to ea Gospe to make tese omous tigs s au

toitatve as ma suests Remembe b te seod etuAD te e estamet Gospes a aea spea toughout teaiet Roma mpie fa beo uea a Rome Most eea u oud ave oeted a eet auto t ea os

pe Chues sia Mo mgt ave asibed a Gospe to teaposte e, fo exampe, e ues udea mgt ave

oete te same Gospe t Taddeus o mes o ude

But wat ou be te ikeood tat eve goup of Cstias ite oma Empie ou ome p it Mak's ame to esbe tesotest Gospe o tat eveone u ame atte as te auto

of te Gospe tat begs t a geeao d at te pobabiit of eve u i te Roma mpe oosig ue as te te

of te Gospe tat o beas s ame o seetig os ame fo

te ast of te e estamet ospes matemat tes, te



12 I S U N G U

aswe woud e pretty cose to zeo. I prctca tes, te answer

s It aint gona appe, bab

WH ME H HE SPES?

ow ten s t possbe that te ames of te authors ae so consstent n te cet manuscripts of the w Ttament Gospels?

Consie ts scenao Let suppose tat, we each conregato eceved copy of a Gospel, te cogegaton aso eceived an

oa tadton ou e origs of tat ospe Ad wt f hechuches receve an passed on te same ora trdtons about eGoses? A a esu wen it ecme necery to ascie ames a

autors to the Gopes n ter ooces, every cogregtio conected te same autos' ames wth te same Gospes Sure te ex

act fo of the ttes dffere ut te names o the authos remaineetca

y?

ecause ec conreaton ad areay recevd a consstent oatdton aout te souce of eac Gospe.

A it tuns out tere s istoca evdce tt ths is preceywhat happeed Fo exampl, Papias of erapolisa churc eader

n te eoaphic aea now toay as urk o aout t tmte Goses were eg wrtte and a fre of te fou dugters of

ippreseed ts radton aout the Gospe of Mark aMtthew

I wont estate to ane aongsd my teretatios watever tngs lead n ememere we f te eers, con

rmin te tth on the ehalf Te ee sad ths Mar,who ecame ter tereter wrote accuratey s much s e

remembeedtoug ot ordered fof e Lords sy



1 M Q N U

ad uilding p te curc tere At e det Mr

eters foower nd iterreternd do to u eterrcamatio n writte or Lue, t conon of au,

wrote in a oo te Gopl procame y u F ote Lord o foower, te oe wo ed gat cetcomosed te Goe we ivig Epes, n

And were d ee eceived foato rom teacer olycar, wo receve t ro te eyewt o eu

So Pi ad Irenetwo eer t eary cc eprad udreds of mle d dcade of tmerepote y etc

tradtio aot two of te w etet Gope Ad t

I N O

a qs e accrac f t tradti

a c f aa d eta y ee trad t ae t

c t e t e d f t b H V -

be I e f aa ?

every reaso to t tt contet trdo cocig te ot

two Gosels were circulatig at te same te

at ore, a New etamet cor named urgToto a emotted ot ony at t trdton on Irenaeus exit every mark of utentcty ut ao tt tey ae vysimilar to te note aout utor t wr kept te cataog of

cient lirarie imirty e tat oe ta co

gregations ay ev ave maited e foto ote aoteac coex i teir ooct



T r t h A b o t h e u t o of h e G o p e l 5

K N O W M O E

Evey nown m an us p of e Gose Aodn o M aew s w

en n Gee Ye ap as and enae s eo ha a ew woe hs

Gos pe s and a e woe n Heew As a es many s oas

be eve he apose aew og na y woe esus' eans i Aa

ma a anuae has osey eae o ebew ae soeone

peaps Maew o someone assoaed w Mahemeed

hese eans wh poons of Mak's Gospe o fo e Gose

Aod ng o Maew as we now 22 n he G eek anage2 S

pae wee no nea dof n e s eny Fav us osephus

woe wo soes o e ewsh o man Wa one n Aama an d

he ohe n Gee As wh Maews Gospe he Aa a veson

d dn ae wdey ad h s as no suvved e book of To

bfoud n oman ho and Easen Oodox besas

aso houh fo many yeas o ave uaed ony Geek. e

eny famens of sepaae ebew and Aaa vesons of h s

boo ave been d soveed amon e D ead Sea Sos2

So is n ot w e lis secoceuy

ues smpy sid ou aoous Goss to wlo

sts os ns woud e peevd s uoave? If a

ad n t t ning t w stmn sps teewoud v n mnps dozns diee auos

nms und n t ou Gsps Y uh pa a b fou an

wh h a maup Te uos onnted e ew

smnt Gosps onsistntly t s fo oe u

st o o W Because we t ues eceived te

w Goses t ived oe ta oues Te also



M S O N T R T H

d o stos o t st tuy out

Gosl os s tdtos std fo t st s

of t Goss d d osstt s t ospls d t

wy to y o o t Ro Fo y psptvnot ss soly x t ufoty of u

tos s t Gos usts



TRUH ABOU

EYWINSS TSIMONY

Even though we mght desperatey want to know thedenttes of the authors of the earest Gospes we sm

py don't have sucent evidence. e books were wrt

e anoymousy and evdety not by ewtesses

BAR HRMAN

How o you ow that you wee o? I mea, simy eauseyou'e hee iht ow oest pve tat you wee bo. Peaps thee

ae othe ways to aive o this aet A you ot rememberei

bo, o you?So how o you know that you wee o?

You have witesses? O yes, you mote, a maye a otoyou fathe, a few uses ut ave you aets ever lie? ow aoutmeica esoel? os to say tey aent yi ow tyi to ie

some ak secet about how you ealy aive

You have ocumets? Oh yes, te it cetiate ut oumetscan be falsie, you kow

A pictues? Oh yes, te photo fom the mateity wa, te oe

tat shows a espotce ewbo with a ospita aceet auits wist ut how o you ow thats you? o to say tat the ifat



T r u A o y e w e e m o n y

wee o Take toethe they woul most key lft my coece you bth to the eve of ovehem poabt

So what's my pot a of ths? You can' ove ha evens ha

pened Wht ou can o s ook caefuy at atfacts a testoes

fom past evespecay epots fom eyetessea etemne whc pupote evets ae ost poae That's ow hsto-as ece whethe to eeve tat Caesa Auustus oce le teRoma mpe, that te Ameca Cv Wa came moe tha500,000 ves a at huma h was the poae pathway y

whc you ave o ths paet I each of these cases ecos tatcome fom eyewtesses pove the stoest eeces that these

evets did appe

HE MPRACE F YEESSES

Te st foowes ofJesus aso uestoo te mportace of elaeeyewtessesspecay we tey ea to cam that Jesus ha e-

tue fom te ea Ths cam s afte a, qute nceble A aesut, eay Chstas chese eyewtess testmoes aout theesuecto

Two ew Testamet Gospes speccly cam that eyewtess e-

pots fomed the fouao fo what they had to say about esus

hese thgs wee hae ow to us, the peface of te Gospe

cco o Luke ecaes, y those wo wee eyetesses fom

the e Luke 1 see also Acts ) A the wte ofo'sGospe aouce wt utmost scet e oe who saw ths astestes estmoy s tue, a he kows he s te te trut

o 9 35 see aso 4) Aou AD 60 a uko wte

Rome ecoe a oal tato tat backed up tese cas Ac-co to ts autho Luke base hs Gospe o pesoa tevews,pesumay w eyewtesses, a he Fouth Gospe epesete



1 I O G R T

te eyetness testmony of he pose John

Te ote two ospels don't speccly clm to come from eye-tnesses ut ery rsns eleved tha ese wrtns repre-sente eyetness testmon Wtn from s Mno n e ery

secod centu Pps of erpol frmed th Mrk� ospe pre-

see Petes eyewtness testmony nd t te postle Mew wsesose fo te ospel h ore s nme few yers lter re

eus of Lyonthe eadn pstor n n are kno ody as noh-

e cene ec New Tesment ospe to n eyeness ofte resrected Lord ustn defender of Chrstn fath tn

fom Rome te mdsecond cenryrefeed to quotton fromM 67 s comn from e recoectons of eer round

AD 00 Tetulln of re pu ths wy:

We reset s o rst poston th e ospe testmony hasostles fo ts tos to wo te Lord hself ssned te

poston of propn he ospe Tere re so soe hto not aposes e aposoc do not stnd lone tey

er wt nd fe te postles . . So, ohn nd Mahew,of te postles st nsl fh nto s we te pooc

es Le d Mrk renew t fterds . Never mnd thttee occus some vron n the order o er narrves s

lon s ere s eemet n essenl mtes of fth

m e rst centry onwrd, constent srnd of Chrstn r-to ted te trut of he ew Tesment opes o eyewnss tes-tmon

W WRE ESSS?

este te consstent testmony of san ters rouhout est nd second cenes Ehrmn ty dene tht e ew Test



e w e e s n

t co hv wtt tss:

[h sp w tt thtv to stv s fts th no b p who w wtnss ut

pop t . ft th s of us pop ttd

tn bo h n t cov oth o th fth

In th chpt n ht vn thoh th st copsof h N tt Gop ay hv omos ths

Gss cct wt cstnt tto bot thos

Now t t to s t nt oc qsto W ths o t

K N O W M O R E

e rs nown l sng of C s n w ngs so u be onsd-

red auoe s e Muaa C ao-so a bease s

rod on frgn soeed by a mn ne oo M u-

o n arond l&0 No on nows wo eordd hs l s oug he

l s sees o e bn wrn o oun 160 he M -

roran Can on lues l l e boos a r n e New esa

mn oday exep e bws, a es n 2 ee an 2 an 3 ohn.

Aord ng o e M urorin agn, u e bas s Gose on pe

sonal news psmaby wh eywnesses and he ourh

Gospel eresned he ywness esmon y of he os o .

tos e? spps h w t hw t tht whtt h Nw stt Gops s tss tstoIs t posb tt th ttona cptos t O s

cct hn h c tht th ops st b th st of tsto t b pp who v ct w ss of Nzt



S U N G U

ts mott to note t ts ot tht the truth o the our New

estmen osels de epen o the ury o te ttol

ritons o the boos to thew r, ue n oh I othe

wod, e Gosels mght epresent hstor th ee hese our

utors nt te the boos tht be ther nmes A the se te,

te trton srtons ae oret, te lelhood ht the Gos

es wee bse on eyewtness testony beomes ore robble

HO VE?

So , wt e the hnes tht eyewtness eenes orme the fou

dtons o te ou New estment Gosels? ost sholrs dt ht

l our ew estmen Goses were written somete between AD

0 n 00 Bse on te otent nd lguge n e osel, the

moy o ew estment sholr woud gree wt the rnges ht

m ss to te emergene o e Gospels he Gospel Aor

ng to me nto estene betwee 65 nd 70 the ospels A-

ordng to tthew n ue emerge ede or so lter, ohn spe ws ometed sometme beoe AD 9

en oo t these dtes, eres wht n nterestg Sme

he pepe wh waed and aed wh jeu mu have bee ave whe

he Gpe wee we rtg leter to the Corhns two

ees o so ter eus tudge u the l o the Su , he postle

P o sy [he ord ws seen by more hn e unred

brotes t one ost o wom re stl ng thoug soe helen ee ( l Cortns 6) rk Gospel rst beg to cr

ule ond AD 70 t tuly ertn tt soe o these peoe

wo hd een the sen esus woud stll he bee e A ew yers

e wen uste o Crstn houghou e omn Ere be

gn to ed te ee lte New etme Gospels, ts not t l un

ely tht t let ew qutes o esus were s brehg



A o y e w t e s T e s m o n y 113

Thus it's a bit of a tretch to state, without ulcation, tht te

four Gopels were penne not by people who ere eyetnesses,ut b peope iving later, as hrma does f the Gospels began tocrculate three or four decades after jesus waled this earth, it is at

east ossble that te sources of these books were eyewitneses of

eus The eergence of Mark's Gospe ony thirty years or so ateresu' death ae it difcut to eny tat eyewitness testimony, atthe very leat, wa available to te autors o te osels

MB WERE E ISPES

So what proof does Ehan oer fo is ureseed cim that theew Testament Gospels were not based on eyewitess testimony?

Spy th

eu' ow follower were mainly oercass peasant

sheren and artisan, for examleand tey spoe Ara-

aic ratr tan re f tey dd hve any kid of faciity inGee, woud ae bee py for rough cmmunication at

et kin o ie wen bungle y ay through Geran to

the gener conteation of natve speakers ve ore strik-

ingy te two eades aong jeus' foower, eter and oh,are expcity said in te ew Testet to be iliterate [Acts 1 n the end, it seems unliel that te ueducated,

owerca, iliteate discipes of jeus played te ecisive en the literay copositions that have come own truh history und ther nme

At rst glace, a' reconstctio convicing After , es correct that some memers of te udea rulig council pointe

out that e an john were or nschooed Act ) How, then, cou uch testonstorie that ay hve cir



I S U N G R U

cuate rst n coarse Aramaae tued to te ree docu

mts found n te ew Testmet osels tode st dcty t n nteretto s t te wod

does not neessr l tt ete n o e lterate n te cotext of te ews oul le et"ntraned te jews a f ts te te ou meme

were ontg out tat deste te oless tert te e

rw Scptures Peter and jo d ot een sooled ras.

So, were the tradtoa atos of te ou ew estmet o

pls lterate as hman lams ee te rell le o eatng works of teratre Or ws tere somethg moe go on te rst cent tn rm eeed to eer? Let te

a ook at eac of te tradtonal authors ad see were rm s orectnd were a few ddtonl fts m el us to loo t

ma reconstctos n a ew lt

W C L

n te boo that ea h me Mthew s nted a

or colector t dout tt erl Ct ol e

te t of ocatol tr Afe a te e de tt esus aed

a t colector to folow m mst e ee t emss ete ospes wee wrtte Ro oeos exted olleto to

stoce peona weat y ceat eoled ost colleto

appantly comed t t extto ot sul olleto rarey mad t to e top o anoe t o motloed cte

n Roman rhetorc to refe to someoe a t oleto was to lltat peson hoor to uesto te wts of oseus te

ews stoan tod ow a jden tax colleo ed te otgoo os ot log efore os ted te es eeloagans Rome. And acordng to the osels ol njudea ad a



r u A b o u E e n e s s T e s m o n

ee groped tax collectors wt dnards, gutons pagans anadlteers (Mattew 119 817 Le 18) mply pt, answeng te classied ad tat ea ecome a Roan tax coecto Mae

milon eecing your fends was no te most prosing pathwayto pesona popuarty n te ancent wold

ut thee was one sl tat tax coectors dd possess

y cold and wte

ax coectos wee, n fact, nown to cary pks hnge

woden talets wt a tc wax coatng on each pane ax coec

tors used styluses of meta o one to etc notes in te waxnotestat, n soe cases, wee aer tanaed an ewrtten on paps

Papy frm t prove that tax coecors aso wroe receps andresers fr ctens n te vllages

espte man ddainfl descrpton of e rst discples asunedcated, loweclass, iteate, a tax colector sc as Mat

thew coud no have t such a descrpton e day tasks of a Ga

lean tax colector eed m t colect copy and recod nfoaton, proay n ultpe angages

K N O O

Ras • e i brat cse r an saage e as ax

ccr; ten, t ride t it as ati t geed

ea c rie si ng t recgie a r a ir

es gss sra ni a as ree.

exc nt r e e's rert bt a fr t ir

bis b eans ij is, assa t, a n ea tts

Philo of Aexandria



116 M S

W D SCANS WRIE?

Wt out no cc whos n s scbd o Gospt copon o u nmd Luk? opd to oth pop n w Tstamnt, Luk s a ute oscu cct s m

tond oy th tms n tts attutd to Pau olossas 1Pho 1 Tmothy 1 1 ) onsdg how mny of Pulspats noy f ga pomc n th w TstamtTothy fo xmp o bs o Ss's dcut to xp why

nyo woud scb h td Gosp o Luk . unss of cous,

Luk ctuy sponsb fo th book tt bs hs n Att vy s ss hat Luk authosp s posslty wothxanng

Accodng to n ncn t to th cuc ooss Luk was

Pauls blod physcn oossans 1) Pyscans n te acnt wod ddn oy ut unc o s th y do od Mos physcns cd tnng y cong ppntcs

of a mo expncd pyscfquy spng yscsfateutl thy ad t t of dc23 Outsd t tanng

o mdcs t Romn ty, o d cucuu xstd fo h

tanng of ancnt mdc pacttons 24 osqutly ts dfcuto dtn t pcs xtn o ltcy mong pyscas

O W M O R E

Sn an av p tr ands t arran a dd stan

at th deds that av n fll aed t a jst as

nsss and srdnats f ths essa av andd th

t semed d to m as t r e hem

Luke -



t h A o t Ey e w t n e s s e s m o ny 11

Stil pysici wu see ve pssess te veyleast te capcity t read te summaries f medic kwedgtat ursed i te rst cetur Wats e ppyri frm Egyptpve tat aciet pysicias a teir scies frequety wrte e

prts fr weforceet fcis regrig suspicius iues

a pssie causes f eat as wel as stateets fr slave mas-ters certifyg te eat f sves 25 Sf deed ue was py

sc as te etter to te Cssis suggeststs uliely tat ewas iliterte r ueducte A y pysics were cpa

e f puig tgeter vrus eyewitess accuts it ceetreprt ust as te peface Luke's Gspe implies tat e utr

s de

WHA B ARK A jH?

at leaves Mrk a J We it cmes t tese tw tesses

y be crrect Tug i is y mes ceri eiter r

t f tese me ave ee iterate Yet eve ts es't pecude te pssiiity tat eyewitss suces st eid te ew

Testmet Gospes

I te rst ce AD. prfessio scibes were reay viet reder messages fr ter laguages icig Aaaic it

pised Gree Cpex ega titles equet epistes t famiyemers sip cerci recepts l require secretaril

skils pre iveids fr mutitu of scrbes t yi ur areas suc as Epesus ad Rm as i Gaiee a

uea A pspeous ptrs were't te ly pepe tat useprfessi scribes perss r per csses empye scries

t Eve tug u ws cpetey cpbe f wrtig Geek

(Gaatis 6 1 em 1 92 ) scres peed ul ettes fr

im (Rmas 1622 see as 1 eter 52)



8 MQTNG TRTH

ts etirey possbe tat ar ad o empoyed proessioalscrbes to redr ter ora acouts o Jsus ie ito te Gree documets tat ceturs o copysts ave pass d dow to us I so tywoud sti ave bee te o tese Gospes ve i ty ddtpe te actua words 28

do d it itriguig tat te smpest Gree te New estamt s oud i te Gospe Acordig to o ad te Gospl Accordg to ar te two Gospes wose tradtioa autors ave bee less ta iterate act-ev ater trasatig udredso Gree epigraps papyri ad writigs rom promiet secod adtirdctury Crstas sti avet oud a documet wrtte

as simpy as te GospeAccordig to o

We I tac Greeto coege ad smiarystudts I xpct stu

dets to be abe to traslate a o os Gospad most o ar Gospe wit miima assis

aci w al (pi) th rz sylus Phgraph S08 curtsy h Schy lctiOsl a L

tace ater oy iemots i te texts-ad wt vey ew exceptios tey ca! Ad,by te way i youre oe o t adu tat ' I do ope tat

your gradepot average vetualy rovered ) eraps te smpicity o tese two Gosps stems rom teir origisspoe wordsowig fom te togus o two ordia me w_os stors a scribesaped arraged ad preserved papyrus ad

Y Y DY

So wat about Ermas caim tat te New estamt Gospels d o



t h A o t y e t n e e t m o n y 119

ot represet eyewtess testmoy aout esus of aaret?ased o te dates we te Gospes were wrtte, t's eary m-

posse to dey tat eyewtess testmoy may ha bn avaaeto te autors of tese documets. Wat's more, rma's cam

tat te tadtoa autors of te Gospes coud't ave ee tesources of tese ooks ecause tese four me were ueducated,

owecass, [ad] terate s smpy utrue . Mattew te tax co-ector ad Luke te pysca amost certay woud ave pos-

sessed te capacty to autor suc documets, ad, eve f Mark

ad o w teate, professoa scres were ready avaaeto tem.

I te end, d o compeg reaso to reect te acet ora

tradtos tat coected te ew Testamet Gospes to Mattew,Mark, Luke ad o. Gve te evdece tat's avaae to us, ooe a e certa wo wrote tese ook ts, Erma s cor-

rect Ad, st, te est edece tat we possess suggests tat the

sources for te fou Goses were a tax coector amed Mattew, S-mo Peter's trasato Mark, te pysca Luke ad a sermaamed o.

Do kow ts for certa?

We, o.ut, te aa, I do't nw tat was or eter. Yet te est

evdece tat I possess compes me to eeve I w o So, eac

year o te sxteet of auary, I ceerate tat eef t a com-petey cea coscece. Hstorca evdece so compes me to

tk tat Matew, Mark, Luke ad o were the sources of theooks tat ear ter ames. So , weever ope my ew Testamet

to te Gospes, I ead tese documets t a cear coscece as te

words of tese four tesses.If deed Mattew, Mark, Luke ad o w te sources of te



2 S U N G U

ooks tat ear ter naesand I tnk tat tey ost kyweeac New Testament Gospe reprsents eyewtness testmonyaout Jesus Wat recorde n te Gospe Accodng to Mark s the

testmony of Smon eter recaed and preseed y Jon Mak.Lues Gospel ntegates wtten and ora sources gatered y au's

pea pyscan Te materas tat are unue to te Gospe Ac-corg to Mattew came from Mattew a tax coector wo deserted rotae professon o folow esus And te stories n te Gospel

Accodng to on? It seems tat tey orgnate n Jon a

Zeedene of Jesus rst folowerr peas one of Jons stu-

dents recordng hs teacers testmon



R ABOU OW

H OOKS R COSN

Many htian tay may thin tha th ann f thN Ttamnt imply apa n h n ay,

n aft th ath f u, bt nthing l b f

th fm th tth

BART D EHRAN

To undestand wy eyewtness testony attered so uc to ealy

Chistians et's suppose or a oent tat youre a Csian in teidsecond centurysa soewee around A.D. 60

Te last eyewitnesses oJesus' esurecton ded a eneaton ao

Fo nealy a centur Cristians in you own ave gered each

week n te courtyard o a weatier belevers villa In wooden cabint n te la, your conegaton ost keeps a ree taslation ote Jews Scripures as wel as two doen o so codices tat yourconreato cerises

Tese codcs are you copes o e rtns of te rs foowerso esusany o wo died or te at wen epeos suc as

ero and Domitan deaded te pesecution o Crstians n te

provnces o sa and Itaia ee are not nly books about esus andhs s folowers bu aso etters fr aposes suc as Per Pau



22 M I S Q U O T I N G T R H

d o c wee we yor coretio ters one o oeders eds slectio ro tese itis

ut tere ha ee questio out fe tets

Te qestions e we visiti tece ot soe ecodces Gospel tt cis to coe o ete ook out te

ftere tats lso scried to ete vsio medited trou dne ei i sepes ott d a al tt cli to

coti Th Tahng f h Twl pl s tere ae severa etters tat scies i ey coeatios wee ki eou to co

or your crc. Tees secod lette ro Sio ete a te o leder te Romn cc ed Clement ad a eiste tatclis to coe from s ot evoe is cetai at to dowt tese wrtins Sod te cuc eders read te ode

te Gospels te ettes of l d te jeis Scitues so i eveoe te cc eied to ollo eveti tat te sest

Ten tere e te ors te cit o oe A leate

wore fo ou coetio ut ete o te cit o teSete d te Cesars Ate spedi s days selli oatides te metpce e istee to sevel ectues a eeetic

pecer med co Accodi to cio te ol oo tateoned n Citis ookcets ere te eistle o aul a te

Gospe Accod to Luk A te cio eve ae tat

soe potos of Le Gospel sold e ct ot

ow te leteorer is coviced tat t least e coice iyour cuc oocest m ot e tstot At te ve lest

e sys not of te e equl Suely te o ojess isel

d is st followes e oe iotat ta late lettes oote pstors Ad now d o people oe i cio

mt e correct erps te ol oo tat el i ou ookcest a Pu etters d te Gospel Accod to Lke



u A b o u H o w e B o o k e e o s e

O O I P

Mc f p (i 60) li i ht ih

pl h it ' li a h h il

a inrial l M at a lit o athoitaive

bok t t h lo. h l i i e i i o

k' ol a Pl's tle. H b tah i Roe

r ; t r i Ro xl i l lp

i l.

ID HE HHES EE?

Do you ene te diea tat faced econdcentuy curce amore and ore itan wtng bega to crcuate? A ew t-

ing ufaced htan ad to decde wc docuet epre-

ented te tt about eu and wat ot of cout thee wtngoud coand in te daybyday ive So ow dd eary beev-

e ae ti decion?

ere ow te curce decded wc writg wee autorta-

tive according to an expanaton n Miqting:

We are abe to pnpont te rt tie that any Ctan o

record ted te twentyeven boo of our ew etaent a

th book of te New Tetaentneter more nor fewer Sur-pring a t ay ee, t htian wa wrtng n te econdaf of te fourt century neary tree undred yea ater teoo of the New Tetament ad teeve een wtten. Te

autor wa te powerfu bop of Aexandra naed Atana

u n the yea 67 C Athanaiu wrote annual patoaetter to te Eptan cce under udicton, ad in t



2 S I N U

e nclue advc conceng wc ooks sould e read as

Scrpture te curces e ists our twentyseven ooks, excudng all otes Ts s t rst suvg nstace of ayone

aing ou set of ooks as te ew Testament And evenAtanasus dd o set te matte Deats cotued or dec

aes even centues

vey act tat man provdes n ts summary s teut easo leaves out a ew key tts As a resu ma's summary coul

eave eaders t a coupe of impessios tat aret ute coectmpessons suc as ( u te ate ourth cenury tere was noconsesus aout wc Cstan tgs were autotatve ad

true ad (2) even tn te cucs standard was smply te word ofa poweful sop

So wa's te compete uth Wn i Crsans agee on wc

wtns wee autotatve e coegatos And wat were

te standards for tese decsionsn te st pace te prmay standad for decng wc ooks

wee autortatve emeged og efore te ou ceturyand e

stadad wan't te wod of a powefu sop nts of ts staardca fac e foud n rs centu Crsta wrtgs Atoug o

oe put ths sandar nto wrng e asc dea was someg ke

ts Tetimny that ul be nnete t witne f the in

wa uniquely authtatie amng ealy htian

W HE YENEE ARED

ve we te New Testamet ooks were eng ten te wods

o people wo saw ad folowed te rse Lodspecay tewords ad wrtngs of te aposteared speca auorty in tecurces see Acts 226 6 orintans 4 9 2



T u h A b o H o w B o o k r o 2

Gs 11 1 Thssos 5:67) Afr th possdths hrsts cou to chrsh h smoy of yw

sss h ssocs. Arod AD 10 , Pps of pos pu

t hs w

I d o pur hos who spo much but

os who ugh ruho hos who rtd srg cods u thos who rcd h commds

v by ord So f yo wh d srvd h drs

c I sd bou hr sygs dtwh Adrw orPtr sd or wh ws sd by Php or homs or s or

oh or Mthw or y ohr f h or' folowrs

Aou h s church lr md Polycrp ctd h

word of h pos Pu s Scrpur

A gro tr wh somo h Rom church codrd whch hrs wrtgs shoud b uhotv ts phss

o h posoc ywtsss prsstd. Af g h oos hh vwd s uhot rs wh o hrs wo rgdg popur boo o s Shph tht ws ccutg h

churchs:

s composd Shph q cy or ms

h cty of Ro wh hs bhr Pus h ovs srv s

ovrsr of h cy of Ro So wh shod dd b rd co b d publcly for th pop of h church scoud hr mog h Prophs (for thr ubr hs

compd) or mog h Aposls (for s r hr )

Notc cfuy hs scodcury wrr rsos for ot ow

g Th Shephe of Hrs o sv s hov gud h churchs Ths wtg coud o b ddd to h d Tstt



126 S I N U

proph bc th of h Hbrw proph hd pd (hrubr h b copd dwth th dths of h po

th of h poolc yt hd o d ( ft hr m Th chr d fob bvr to rd e Shep

he h py pod o h h boo houd o uthortv tx for h cogrgto ("t cot b rd pub

cy for th pop of th church)tr chrch r ch Tr of rhg d Srpo

of Aoch chod h or of drd, wh Srpo cry tt

g "W bothr d r rcv Pr d th rt of th potl w woud rcv h hsf u tho wg th r

fy crbd wh h w crfy rc og h

o ch wg h vr b hdd dow to u Ag hr- rood thr drd or dtg whch tg wr u

hottv h toy of potoc ytFro h r cy owrd hrs vwd oy tht

could b coctd o ywt of h r ord uuly uthottv h ogc of th drd w p h pop otky to ow h tth bout u wr hr ywt who

K O M O E

Sp gt se l g -

te tg a sr v is T b s o i l itte i

e t T a t s bl i b s

Spi ri r vag ge

tt es a S G i t aa

avin n te iv So S p p

til b k y t r it .



h A b o u H o w h e B o o k s W e r e h o s e 1 2

had encoutered jesus personay or close asociate of tee wt

nesse. S, alhoug Crii ged or severa cetuie abtwhh wtigs wee utotatie, it was someig ch reaterta poitic acinaos tat dove thei decsins. Ther ga was

t deteme whc books could be coected to eewtesses o te

ie LordWit this i mind, et ook t a cope o re-fe exae o

how se ings eded up excded fro te crces' coecions

o autoitve ooks !

F P SL L CSS

I AD 199 a stor nmed Serapion ecae oversee o the eadgcurc in Syia, the curc in Antioc pstor i Atioch Serap

ion was esposibe not oy or hi o curch but aso o everasme cogegatios i e aea Oe of ese cogregations gat

eed in te vie o Rosu. iti e mos, Seapio ead

mors tt te curch i Rossus s te verge o a it so Serpio oud himel tdig e soy cost ad t too im

nor o nioc twad osus.

e he ed Rossus, he discveed tha oe curc

membes d poes wth a Gospe tt s "scred wi Peers

me7 e e ead is Serapio repied "f s ta

reaes o produce ad eeigs mog yo, e e read Afer

al, if ti reteg o]esus inisy ce fro Sio Peter srely represeed eyewitess estony! Gen the cossent ditio n

e eary crc t he se According o Mrk represeed Pe

er accoun oesus e even posse tha Serapon ssumed egood ok ossus were descbg Mks Gospe.

n y case te answer ast neary s clec as Seapionougt Soe ie aer, someoe ougt he pasor copy of G



12 M S Q T I N

pel f Pete Spo d th codx o hs cogd d sous st Su ost o Gpel f Pee rctd sm stos s th ot wtgs t churchs boocs t

t ythg vb muscpts of Gpel f Pete d

cy cotdcs th Nw Tsm Gosps yt Sapo sw tht ts boo ws cy nt h produc

o Smo Pts prchg T wr hs o bggs o s bf tt gd o t st ctuy coup o

dcds r Prs d Ts rsyow s Dim, fo

th Gr wod ki (to s)md t sus wst tuyhum; std ccodg to ts crs sus oy eeme hu

Fo xp w Gpel f Pete scbs h crucxo suss ht jsus ws qu s h t o p T t of hs

ps s pobby to po out t Msss cmss o th coss

cog fro Ish 7 shp tt bfor ts ss

s st so d o op hs mout Ad dost sy tht sus

t o p sts tt h ctd ft o p St toctss coud wst s pssg to tht jsus o physc

p d o us ot v possss physc bodThr du of oh os Gpel f Pet W sus

Gpel f Pee sys smpy ht h ws t up But scGl f Pete dscbs pysc suco fw vss t s

ws ost y o wy o syg w th Nw Tstt Gos

ps h go o o gae up s spt (Mw 70 c joh9:0)

T ods tws Gpe f ete s w jsus ps fro to I t sos ys jsus ss s s th s d bhd

jsus y gps wh oos mssv coss. A voc uds

o hav v you procd o thos tt sp To ts coss ps Ys



T h A o H o w h B o o k s r C h o s n 29

At dg Gsel f Pete Srpo sd o tr to curch hossus vrsg hs pvous dcso d dcg "I

m g to s yo; xpct to s so . ost tgs [hs Gosp] rom h Sors rgh wod but som thgs r

sd ths w wll pot ot o you

So wy Srpo o Atoc rct Gsel f Pete? rmmks muc of Srpos csr cmg tt ovs o Atoch rcd t ook smpy cus t d o t hs pcocvd

otos bou h dtty of sus Accordg o hrm

Srpo cocud t cus th boo ws poty h

rcl t mus ot v b wrt by toprg ot dubous ssumpto t x dsgd wth th ts d hs llow protoorodox hsts sw t t t

coud ot possy postoc

spt Ehrms ducto o s ogc s dubos Srp

o rsog s cuy qut sou Srpo d rcvd ccordg to hs r to th chuc ossus t tsmoy o pos

oc ywtsss wgs hd do to us swrtgs most y cud t lts o u d o or o o

t w Tstm Gosps cudg t ywtss rcoctos

o t t Gosp o Mdocmts tt stog or td

os hd og d to postoc wsss

Fcd wth wrtg tt cd to com om Smo t Srpo comprd s tchgs wt ths "wtg hd dow to us

d od po cosstcs w Goe f Pte d wtgs suc s Mrs Gosp d 1 tr ooks tt or tdto dog d o So Ptr As su Srpo ch t ogc

cocuso tht So t postolc ywss o Jsus c

corg to us ts d t rs Gospscouldt hv b



3 M S Q U O N R U H

te se e saed Gsl f Pt eapn ga was tesme as ew beeves satteed tougut te wod: H wante

eseve eewtness estmn abut u e e amedGl f P s onusn was tat ts documt ddt epesent eewtness testm at a

As tu t, eapn was ect anage ad tugtptes n Gs f ave cnved mot tempa co

a ta e b was tten n e st a te end entu

a geneatn ate ete deat, at a tme wen Docetst teacg

wee sen

IT OT

ow Gospel of Peter decibes t e eurrein of Jesus:

d . sw te ope, nd tw mn d ecen ing m

Te men in g rigl me ear the tomb e se psed be

n wy of is ow d movi side e

omb being opened te yong men en ered. We e soie s sw

ng wnd euron ad t e ed ers-f

w gurdi g t e tomb Wi e e wee exlai i g wha ey

d tey w t ree me come out of e om b w of e m s

png he oe d os cmi g be id em. he eds f he

two d twd eavens bu t e head o he e beng ld

d nd n ey e a vie fm e eavens

yin you rci med t hse tat e s e?' nd a vie

o te ss Y"3 e derence nd te m·

re bewee s st a d e resuecn ouns i n M ahe

Lke J Does ning ot ti aunt aa con·

rad Mew ue o Jon



T r u A b u H e B k W e e e 1 3

espe Serpons reecton of e book G f P remnedp edg mong Cstns fo ever centures In fct morecet frmet rem rom Gel f Pe tn fm te GospeAccod t k A ece of roe ptte fom he sxt or sev

ent cenur AD decre on one e "Peter n evnges no e ote se "Let u eceve s oel to 's not comlete ce wete "s spe rees to e documet ko Gsl f Pte o to Peters prech ot jes A cop of Gl f

Pe s even een oun ured wi sevencent pn

mo Stll, o e sctes edece exts to ue tt excefo tose few mon n te cc t sss Gsl f Pt w

ever consdered n uotve ccont of jesus e

F P W HRH ES' Z S

Au AD 0 0, ment out ptsm erte n congreg

ton n Nor Afc Some crc members ppee o wrng

wn Pal ocument t some rstans seem ove cceted s uottve nd I mst dmt tee are ortonf A f Pl tht wou ve povoe some terestn dscu

sons in e Bbe sdes or churc

ccong to ts ocme beng stn ncdes t on

n jesus Cst t s compete sece from sexul e

tio even n mrre us, out hw trou A f Pal,

te poste Pu bptes on tht egeen fee So A Pal ee up e ew Testent yu mgt get o w

fene u crc bster u ou' lso ve to o hng

sex (Ye I know muc o o je) Most te books a sees of e es aut ow te oste P nd womn

nmed Tec trump ove ee poe pot to stop tr proc

mat te se



MSQNG RUTH

t r m Trtu o rth who rt om o th ro why

f r m uthortt tt or hrt16

W Trtu hr tht om hurh mmr wr pp to

hs thdcey fae is he o

est o oto of the As of Paul andhela. ooap of MS2634/ coesyof e Scye oeco so ad Lodo)

f utorttportry o u mt hm to h o om rrh to t oo or th pro h u up r t tht t out o th

oo ptTrtu or tht

t uthor o f wthr pot or qut wt y potTh uthor h r r hurh A orty

yr or mor tr u mrtyrom Wh qutoth r ot tht h

oot th tor out o o or u8 hurh thr r tht th tor wr pou t thy or th r to tp ow rom h poto Th rhty Trtu to rjt f wrt tht rut y ur u m 19

Wht rt m mot out th t urrou f t why yo wou wt to tht u tuy pt o th rt p-thouh tht quto ro my mWht ry tru m how muh ry hrt wt tom rt tht thr uthortt wrt rprt htortruth t to th m wom tht htor t tuy orm t outo o thr r oo otury



t A t w t e e e e

hsns n nnd h svn ynss uh hy

dd h uh h A Pauh s lkly nd nhn

hn hn Puls y h suns ls

nd u shd nd sd hs dnn

vn n h ls hsns sny h uld b n-

nd ynsss h sn Ld s unquly uhv

h$ hy h susd ls Sus ls -

s hy hy n svd s uly s h ns h

n yu sn d

nly Gsp Pt bu ls h ssl uns h nd hns Gsp uas, Gsp a, Gsp

Piip, Gsp t Eptias, Gsp t Savi Gsp Tut nd

svl hsd n h snd nd hd nus ln

h ls sls dd s u h s ns Gsp Pt s

l s Gsp nh sndnuy Gsl h$

lsly sbd n slbby s ynss s

O O K UP

(From Gr gins hav nowld) Sct that

mrd wthn and sparatd from th Chrstan movmnt n th

st and scond cntu rs Gnostcs clamd to possss scrt

nowld aout God that was unavalal to othrs. Gnostcs

vwd th physcal world and ts Cratoru sua ly dntid wth

th God of th Old Tstamnt as vl . As a rsul t most Gnostcs r

jctd al l phys cal pl asu rs. Fo Gnostcs sus Ch rst was no God

n h um an sh. was a div n sp rt n what appard to a hu

man ody s ms so n was to fr po from th constra nts of th

physcal word.



r A o u o w e B o o k e r e C o e

able

he Fagment of Muto

(mid-second ent Rome)

AcceptedMheMrkLejohnAcomns1 nd 2 ConinsGisEhesisPhiinsooi1 nd 2 Thssonin nd 2 mohysPemon1 joh23 john coned one)jde

veiondom o Solomon

DisutedAocaype of Peer

Reecedoceas

Aas Spher of He

Coex Clamontanus

ate third centu Ept o North a

ccepeMeMkkejohnAcsoms1 nd 2 ConhinisesPhipisCooss1 nd 2 Thesloni1 nd 2 imoyiPiemonHebs•m1 nd 2 Pee

1 nd ohnjdeeveion

DisputedApalype of PeerEpe ofBaaasT S of HeAts ofPau

Eueis of Caea's

Crh Hiso

ealy fuh eu Paestine and Asia Mior

ceedMeMkejohnAcsRom nd 2 ConhisisEphesPhinsCooins1 n 2 Thesonins1 nd 2 moyiPhemonHeb1 Pee1 john

Reveon

Dipedjmee2 eer2 nd 3 joh

RejectedApocaype ofPeer

A fa Shep of Hee of BaaTeacig of Twelve ApoGope ofPeerGope of oGope ofMaGope ofe erewAt ofAAs of]o

*ndc is cnon lsn may he ed s in in he i of ised boos



r h A o H o w h e B o o s e r e C o s e 13

te second cetu God eer pomsed tat te poce o etemn c books represente eetess tetmo ould betout eror et tee ee eon to eleve tt te tetm I

d m Ne estamet accurte eects te epeeces o med omen o pesonlly ollowe jes ad o passed on ter

epeeces to enerato et to come

OOK I U

c (Frm Gree no meri ") Ri

et t re thitive for member o tt rio. Ar

twey f te bo i the ew tme we ccepte t or

itive rom e egi i hi of uquoe bo ue

e or Gpe the f the Aple the t i t etter of P l

e ibe o J I eeiy ev i e w e

tme y thee boo every til oti of te

Crii wo rem i tct



CONLUDING FLETOS

"It Fts the k"

In answer t the histrical ue f wy [ritian

faith] was accepted an is accepted, I answer fr mil

lins of thers in my rely bcaus i t ts the lc, be

cause it is like le It is ne amn mny stes; nly

i haens to be a te st e accpt it an the

grund is slid under urfeet nd th rd is pen b

fre us . . It pens t us nt nly incrible eaens

but what seems to sme an qually incredible erth,

and makes it credble the sor f t tat is

hard t eplain becaue it is a fct; but it a fact t

whih we can call witnesses e ae htians . nt

beause we wrship a but becae we have psed

a dor and felt the win tt is the tmpt f libr

blow vr the lnd f the liin

G B E K C E N ,T VRLASTING AN

te year of wetling wt e Gospels d myse cotiuay

retung to te sae conuon aud as it ay sem at God

ere an e to sffe deat and o ise agai tis stoy te wod of G . Cestetos ock t simpy wrks



C oc d g Rf c o 139

A t os ot oy ev of sts um bu

o cotex of stos s o to sy t o dfcu o coutes m.

poos of Gosps s o coc Pes wys ll Ad yt ee ms coscy mo ts ocu

mts cotues o wr my mpts o xpl wy soy

t ty seOco sems s f m lmpses s cossecy too

I s ect boo Pt Pal, an Ma Magaln Em dms

I m sruc y c cosscy mo ors dp- tesses plc My Mle bo t coss

t t om o te t I f s s ot stoc dt utsomt t Cs soyll d up e pssd

o to ots o s t t ts scc bt of fom sfoud s wy o ccous t os dd ot m us of

oe ote My's psce coss s fou d u d Mw wc usd ) d lso o

c s depdt of M Moe sct st of oury Gosesot s Jo d M Mte

Lu s el) bu so Gospl of Per wc pps o bept of of temdce tt t s y

Mde wo dscovrd sus mpy om Ho d of

tese pedt cous to m xcy e spso ts t m d o bv s us p-ped by y of u of stoyl I sm muc mo

ey rdons vov t mty

tomb w e t som ctuy oo so

W a aling ith mthng atual t n hit, e sy must ee



4 U U

Smtng hppeed er e dedf core Ehr d I wod dgee whe t coe o

hat cuy hppeed d to the eg o hoe evet e

eve y ot epcl oe co d ye to deyh oehg dd ppe d h oeg dd o erey occr oeoe p mgo I deeply rooted he o ofh ho

e oo crefy he fco o ccxo e ce

wod becoe eve ore covced h wht hppeed he

epy to w ohg hor o rco I he rt ceryAD ccxo repreeed he dre pobe ph to dh heRo phoophe Seec decrbed wht he eed ccxo wy: I ee e te heeo o oe d b of

Soe vc re pced hed do; oe hve pe dve

hrogh he ge; othe hve he reched o o he

gbe gg e hrd cery C he very word cc

w vg h dd o p reey bewee he p o cutredeope I oe ce docet Ro proe hred h

pehp he ewde eece her vocby co pro Go ge yoref cuced

o woder he h rcetry o eferred to he wop o

cced God d ooe y Gree d docy c oe of the ere

gpc depco o ch wohp b of ecodceuy gr, coered er Roe ce were ve ted o eehe pel

I h go m wh e hed o dge ed from cro A e foo of he cro oeoe eel, roded by hee

oghcwled wod lxamn bt thn, Aexeo wohp God Ede oeoeerp er rg o ee



142 S I N U

tm tht Sony Pctr d th mo he a Vini e -t ny on hndrd ton d rdo tto trwdon or oth of n th pc of two or thr ws I ot mm-

r ot of th quto I wd dug tho cop of ws

t I do rcl o qry tt c p mor thn ocTh qton cm fro wtntond Ctn t wt

omtg th: "hy do yo tnk D Bro utho of The

a Vini e ch thrt to th Chrt ft

"H nt w my rpo d th qt momt of w

wd c ford tt th w't qut th sw t hotpctd So contnud "u d tht no t thtotn t gt of Hd ' to us h wordod td gst t

flowp of pop tht cam h n If t gt of Hds poso t tht to Chtn fth oow I pct tt Dn

Bro dont thr

"So f Bron 't thrt to Chtn fth hot -

rtd "why you wt th oo"Bc th r gr in' Dn Bro '' I rpd " d-

g our o onc of how Chtty s w ow t cm toxtnc I pon to hndrd poy tod of c

r n u who m tt Ct ftd not spy

Chrtn fat t Chrtty th ow t pc t d pc-

tc t drcty f ha ond n lck t t t

wod of j dy ttrd d Ty ct dl t d ttth fth ty prctc w mmd ot or cts of t y

dd of popd tht t t w of th pop possd

mot tt wrnt ptcy pr"Whn a ponon he a Vini e ts t mt

Chrt who dot now how th fth d do w thy don't ow wht to do So of th tt D Bro



C o u i g R e f l e t i o 13

s sed vld ests t te ct see te ws wt e

ss s te eeve t d w w f Cst ft. Oteset wll eve t cse te uests e ses s te wtt s s dt eleve e Da Vinci Coe, ut dt wt

t bu t ete e t rvdes cce t e ee e

t el tetc er t de st D B e Da Vinci Coe. Its ft tt refses t de t tu ues

ts ut te rcs st d ut Sctre t e Da

Vinc Codes vde s rtut t e lls f ee e s ese ests

fee te se Bt r d s s D deedsee wt f s teetts te stcl dt Ce

t Ad e ses te tet t Crst ftt e ses s f eeves t bece re we

f e eutf stes wc d ut us t were we et s cee tt f s s dfcut es

tess e t d e e e s tt te B-

le s d W d Wt e we ctll c we we de

ce tt e Sctues e wtut er

A ecet Wngon os tce desced s v "eereds rd t te s stt tt e st s ft lt-

ee t s t ce t sce t ctcetse tt ted Ad et t es t e tt te lews no tt e eeed t dee t te rgs f t ft;

t ws tt e eted tec sste fr weeevelcl sts tt we tlef sce es

ts vts ru edes Sctue ws ssued t e d-

ve sc w tt ce reed f te sets



144 O N

B co covio d cozo

Fcd w t cpl um of Sctu oud t tologcl cgor d irid fm ac olog word o E dod i ic of

Scpur I viw of Em$ Miquting u w Ttcor Ro Gud pu t t w

[Erm] m ui cl i furtr d ulm purpo o proci w Tt xtu ctcm d w to

wo lv t B to God Wod Tu Em dg uo o uc vr: "t oo ou t gvg ou God word td cot um wod

T t u: m o rdd cgor of mt d dvt t c t B " vr m ooo i i c o dvi pd T ua uto

wtg ou o tr "d f wordw oio ov

t log d iuo prom omow xcud o S ug to d f wodw

d o o to cov d rvto A toug God coud

v couctd vcuu pt ro uc cocomt! o wod t t Em "our fro v

glcim c to w cll " dd d vglc

fait did w of dg o ctgo; d l-

portd poor d g o vgcl owom itd o o t dg of cgor

• • •

Tog I mou t dt of Erm$ fi mut dmt t

d ffu touto t co itlgord Cotl mo pproprt rpo nt to d



on ud ng Ref e c o

N T OUB t ws e o peope w wee neted o nd e

enge s need t te e ny o t ng te

swes. e e o nd t tey wee yg t m e jst d dt

wn nyt ng do wt s wife nd go to ss smet mes e

nee oes wt s nymoe"

D Dale Marn

Frend o Bar D hran

t s t m th s t to ttk s ds wt ov

smled e l tt es go vgel sol j IPk omt

It wl b sd l tcs wol bkwrdoong log Ftf ustos thow up t

lbel mp t vngl xpoto wh s t v d d T bt o t bl mst ot s

log s ubg b ot t b ots but s

Asop ms o sd "t bst defese o

dt s t tv exposto o t d te etve ex

sto of t dotr o Spt s w ts qstos wh st s to e k hd

Th bt fn f any dtn th at tn f t kp

tos wods fot of me touot t tm tt I wot tsok W Bs I d blev tt t bst espose to

to wst tvl wt t estos tt s ks sWt I v suded ftg tv xosto tes



S G

TNK T U

I wo ov o m o w m [ ] om m

w t wa omt g w a Bt rp tgy o

o ma vn og w

m

D Saah Bkth

Ba hma's f

pes I t tel t s ous t ed But s d ko T

oe I stle it ec istol possilit or I bomvice tttu tee s I d t r

sme tt I ct ecolest it s de dA se poit wee t os d st v s

gel ere oe ote I stl se ub t scp tiscvt: e tmb s ept ecus ppeed to e t te sto s cull te t e bus

dt u i i becuse t s es proe o cmpssle d el tu s m I v Nw Tset

iues tesm t oe o s ss esults ts eversl Ntg less u e ee I

t l Sptre bt lso be e Spturs i e s o te curcs s o cturis I smp "s t ok



APPDIX

How Valuable Is the Testimony of Papas?

At sevel ponts Miquting Tth I hv ppeled to te f

met tns o ur eder rom te e seond entu

ps of Hierpos I Pete Pau an Ma Magaen, rm

mes the follon lim rerdn the rins o Ppsees n ev bger pbm t k ps t hs ord

en he ndes t rk Gospe is bsed o eetnessrepor of Peer ru evethn es ht ps ss s

de nd rtl disound scors s pous imnton

ther thn hstor ft.

I ess to rmns positon some el Cstn teoonsi enge in pious e s he despios o e eetcCrportins in he tigs of Cme of Aedr nd piphnus of lis qu mnins.

tl n's on detion t s poit is I t t o

overttemet Te rments o ps rtns nle stoes

out mn nme jusus Bsbs o s posoned ut nt die

out ed m ho s sed to f. pis lso eserdtios eed from o he uo of evetion bout fu

ture epoh of ert bss d mtei besss fon te euofesus to ert ("te meum) c ides m stie soe persns s od ut he o not der scnl rom otons tt

ere led prese the e Teste.



8 N

Pp did rn c qy "pmo Run h h ofu co p cor y hch byrpy hn u c

p crb 27 5 u h y co nb h n oz p p h u

n y h n y ; h cnm h fou n A 1 18 ouh cho

r n p rn r hn cb

pb o o ro h

Ao Lc Pp ay cy h bou Rong o h o Ju Ehmn

com h p by n o h c

S f o h r h rn h P

n h Accon o Mh ?Vy y

mpor o Pp moy h h

o hor n c y Iu Lyoo hnnc ur n h u ohx o h m o cuh h m P c h h

on w nc l o ly o c

P huy crd h h h pob

h m o h B h Pp

a h rcord om x o o no n c h h r bu h o h r cruon n wy yr h o h o

Tm o n Th c y by

cocy wch u nuc cc h up h uhor moy o P mpy conrh



AKNOWDMEN

Miqting Tth s e dec esu o ppoxmly 2 mocles cosumed se poes fo of e pce es

Scs e woldJ sc stoe o Y Avue Tuls

Ohomd he odo coffee shops Tu Ossod Jes Ths to e my s o lowed me to em te stoes o f my pesce ofc qed s oe

T wy th ed o hs oo 2005 w J Gow

ed me o we Th a Vn dba wh hm esecTh Da Vini dba ed e o he ws of Bt m d

w ed Ehs oos dv me s esose

you Jm o you pes d ecom pp t ppd te Aecy foud pecsey he pu-

she to he oo o ou I m eed o ve woed hh od people teVsy ess espcly my edto Jm

oov m Vy ss oded o oly xc ed

o lo ccomlsed eow scho Hee ve vosssed e my sec y slg oos of vo mms Ge-

m tess o lsh e L Boc Roe Gudy oeYo d e Joes oo te tm o cospod o secc

questos ed e es of he Goels d the fe o he uto-

ps Fst Bps Cuc o Ro Hs co ted

hydy sbtc fo execuve dues o coud copeehs oosec s o dmsv sss y ovt d



150 S Q U O T N T R U T

ssoct mnistrs rd roos nd rm Gons for ting crof bsinss n m bsnc

Wt compl m most stron t comt ts oo s

c s poss ws not owvr, n ddn o to o t.It ws t ct t God s gftd m wt two tl grs wo

wcom m om c gt nd wo v n m v wn I flto v slf Wn I tn o t two o o words c no

logr r th wgt of wt I T r no sntncs to

sc ts ov r s on t ctc n m trot c tm I oo

to or s n t tomss ng n m t c mont

tt w r pt To m wf nn n m dt nnt o tn o for oving tis cn ovdvn wtwo dos o o tn words cn

St ng to Go c

Timh Pu ne



BOU H UOR

I t t es mste degees tetue st mst t Pu es s eed ese -

tte Te Sute Bptst Teg Se s t

ssett ege te gs bss Wed twe

St met te psst t tt eques betve tet d exed te sttst eltsp etwee Cs

t tevepmet tsegus sptut

D Jes s te epet umes ws s ese t ug te Be B use Aw exeee

telg studes d s dtl w te ed t e

vemette t Ae Pesss Cst EdtSlst et Awd I 200 Chstani Toa Online se

lete Ca Ho a ts stig te T Te Et

Pts t st st I 2005 te ees eWm se

ete Finding G n a Gal Fa Fa Awa s ees e Best

te Ye

Beses iquong Tuth, D Jes s ute Chsia Hito

a (se Psg) Fnin Go in Gal Fa F Awa

(Wte Mutm) Answe t "he Da Vnc Co (se

Plsg) Payes jeus ad (Set Puts Paying ike

he jew jeu (Mess Jewis Pubts) Dscoering Go

Gl in Oia Le (C Cmts) s tes ve

ee cilehp jounal aing Aduls Peaching Bblical lu



OE

Intdction: A New Bd oBiica Scoa?eanette eard "Q h Bible Hstoan Ba Ehan, i Te Dall Mig ews Ouy

29, 2006 reieved Febary 2 200 o <hpkecoshaedcontent/dwd

eligiostoeNQ&ea_29reT.Saeditio 2502f3htm>.See Danel B Walce The Gospel ccording to Ba, jul f e vagelial TelaSie 49 Oue 2006 327.

Ba D han Msquigjesus: Te S eid aged e ile ad y (New York:

HapeCollns 205, pp 0 Heeater Msquig jesus l be cited as Mj folowed

by the page bebid pp Ba D Ehn s siaiies (New York xfo Unveity 2003 , pp 3 23 5.

Heater s siaiies wil cited as L folowed by the page numbe In fact, teGospel cordng to Joh des include veral we sateens tat were ntended to identfy

the soue of he Gospel s a companion of Jesus (Richard Bauckham, jesus ad e yi-esses e spels yewiess Tesimy [Grad pids, ch Eerdmans, 2006] , pp 369-

83

6Mj p C S es, "swers o Qestions on Chstianiy ad yth Becae Fact, n i eDk says Tel ad is ed ate Hooper (Grand pds Mich. Eerdmans,

90, p. 58 66

Mj p 3

bid, p 4'bid. p 90 bid, p 3See R T ace Te spe Mark A mea o e reek Tex (Gad Rapids, Mich

edms 2002 p. 6 It s stil coonly acceped pctice to refe to a person by te

ofce o stts hat he o she ultiately ataed For example a cidren biogaphy of

George Bh Whee dd residet Bush attend college? <http//wite

housegovidpresden> Eve though Bsh ateded college moe than thiy yea befre

coi pesiden the itle Preside is ascibed at this poit becase thi was e oce tat

he utiatey atined

eely Tucke, Te Book of Ba Wasig Ps (ah 2006: eteed ust 222006 ro <http:/washngonpostco >



o e f o r a e 3 0 3 5

Chapte One th About "he On hat Matte

Chales Caldwell Rye a You Shod K Abou Ieacy ev ed (Chago Il. oody

1981) p 162Mj, pp. 7, 1 1 3E J Young Thy ord Truh (and pds h Eedans 1957) p 9 o otesoues ee eg. and Babaa Aland e T ofhe Teamen A rodco o heca Edons ad o he eo ad Pracce o Mode Texua cm ad pdsh Eeda 1989) p 5

o hetoa atonae o the auay o te ospes opaso h ote aenwok e A R Mlla Rd ad n he me oje (ew Yok New Yok nvety Pe 2000) pp 22729

5Mj, p 90

6Ehan tes two exellen wok on the se of teay the anent woldWlla ais Ace Lerac (Cabdge Mass: Haad Unvesty Pess 1989) and Catee ezse jeh Lera Roma Paese (Tngen oh [ebek 2001) ee espealy pages 3263 n Has ook. To hs lst I wod add Teesa oga erae Educao he eensc ad Roma ord (abrdge Cadge nvesty ess 999

Fo a oe optst pespetve than oe nds n these texs see llad Rea a p. 15-85.

7Po Sanom Scaom etieve Otoe 28 2006 fo <tp//let.kunn/unnONDRWIJuetOCataslpd >

8Reogzng that jus was atualy o beore AD 1 any sholas ave eplaed he fama B.C/A.. desato th BE ("Befoe the Chta Ea o "Befoe he Coon

Ea) and CE. (Cha Ea o "Coon a) In ethe a oweve jess of Nazaeteans the deaaton on of alendas the Weste wod; this book etas the adtonal degnatons BC. (Boe Chis) and AD (t Ao Dom d Yea. au jesus wa bo dung the egn of eod the eat (atew 23 and eod the eatwas hought o have ded aound BC the suesed date fo jesus bh has tatoallybeen o 4 BC. Howeve eent studes hae sho tat eo ay have ed as lae as BC eandng he possble ange of daes fo jess bth. ee Dad W Beye joeh Reamed Unrave he TeySecod Year of Tbe (aon a Mee vesty Pess1998)

an Hengel Sudes he ose o Mark (Egene Oe W an k 2003), pp 77-

8; ee also Ma Heene Pages Anc rek and Roma brae A tess atol nvesy of Amea 196

0H. ego nyde Teher ad Ts he Acn Wor Phoher js ad rsaondon Routedge 000), p.

Fo anays o stoge ste n anent pvat and publ baes see oa Lee johnsoThe eec ad Ro Lbra Sudes Pea o Ther Archecura Form PD dssetton Bo Unvety 198 and Elzbea akowea The Or a Eoo ofArch-ecura Fo of a Suda Aqua (Waw datwa Unwesytetu Waszawskego 1978)

2ften a blank sheet was left at the oute end to pote the tet ad Roan tes a tag



ote o p age 3 6 - 3 7

o fpaps o pahment t o i o bea the tite o te wor (Mllad, eng and tngp 2) "bes appeared on al ossie suraces edges coe, ad sines el enn

Sal, W Tablet of the Min Cognte Stdie o Mer and tera n Caal AntqNew Yor: Routledge 1997 0) "Fding docuent w] aciltated b the ttl anging from te lls (Pags ncient Greek and Roman brae p 135 c H Gamble Band Reade n the arly Chuch [ew Haen Conn Yale Univest Press 1995 p ) erudeds o ears suc a tag woud be eas ost so i is ossble tt the ew Testamentwtings oe tes a eaie t e avaabe edec sus t howeer asiatingsuc a sppositon a e t eans ee conectre

3Man Henge e Fo Gopel and the One Gpel o je Cht, tans Jon Bowde (a-sbug, enn : Tnit Pess 2000), pp 61 It seem pobable that 2 imoh :13 efeto codices (rd, Readng and tng p 63)

�he cpaci to place all of Pau leers n a sigle boo he dese or Crstans to e afo or their Sctus dierent ro tos i Jewis snagos and te d ct i obaning tig mateas te sagos aso probabl inlueced ts trasition Seeegel For Gpe p 20, t aso compare Peer Ka Te arl Chstans Us ofCodces nstead o Rol jorna of eolcal Studes 95) 6365

Henge For Gope 2224; Henge Sdies 8 o te cronoogca pot o ausletters in te pocess o colleco see Aad a Aan of the N estament p 8

6Jst Mr, Apologia Pma ed J Migne, atroogae Cuss Compeus Ses Gecae6 (as Ltetae asiom, 5866) p 6

7Robe H Gund ind poned me to ts uoation "Age ia qui uoes cositatem meus exeere i negoto salutis uae percue eccesias aposocas apud qas ipe adhuc ca-

hedrae apostoom suis locs aesdent apud qa psae authentcae ltterae eom citaur sonantes uocem et praeseantes facie uniuscuiuse (Teulian of rage, DePaecptne aetom 36 reteved oeber 2006 om <ttp//teullanor>) Altoug authencae cold ean "cote coies it wo no ae se or Tetan o ae to eades o tave o oe Tessaoica pus or Corint to sethese cope; D. 200 colee coes o Pal ettes cou be fod troghout te Roma Emp The most natral eadng of te te in ths context is a reeence to the autogaphs of these lettes

8Milla, Reang and ting pp 20 333.9os eal Chstian copst see to ae bee commercia crbes accustomed o pduc-

ing scal lega and adintrative docuens Te less oae ste o handwitig, the placeme of lae etters at he begn o paragrahs and te use o abbreatios for m-bes ad comon wors al supo his r of sestion (Millrd Readng a tng pp69)

20See ad and Aand t o the N etament p 55 enge our Gpel pp 2829 BceMege an Bat han he t the N Tetamet t amio Copton and Retaton (New Yo Oxo Uves ess, 2005) pp 15 Althogh Metzge and Ehr-ma sue a ostonstaninan date fo he o Chisa scptoa the also seem tocogne tat some scba organzaton existed bo ts te t sees unlel hat coegatios i urban areas would ot have estaised oganed pocess for the dplicatio



Nt e s r page s 5 3 6 15

ment 2nd ed (Sgar eusche Bibegesellscaf 994 I also refer o Ehans mo exenie reamen of his opic e Orthdx Crptin o Scrptre e Eect o Eary

htgca Cntroversies n the Tt the Testament (xford xford Uniersi ress199 3 ereafer cied as OC foowed b page numers Howeer since m response in isbook s inended for apeope ae refereced his academic ex onl when i is ecsao ndersand he ful bad of Ehan argmen

bid pp 69 208Ibid p. 32.bid. p 62 LC p. 22 ese clear auions of dei o esus Crs n corar o Ean claim ha he NewTesame ral ever" ariues deiy o ess (MJ p 1 3 emphasis added Alhough heabuions of dei o esus ma e (argabl rare hardl fair o imp ha here mabe n sch cas.

&his approac is a leas as od as he hrd cenu The hi-cenr Chrisian heologan "Orgen noices he wo readings in Hebrews 29 . b no ineresed i decidingbeween hem nding spiriual signicance in boh (ce ezger and Ba han eTt te New Testamet Its ransmission Crptin and Restratin [New York Oxford niersi Pss 2005 p 2007M] pp. 59-61 OC pp 61-73.See e presenaion of e eidences n hiip Comfo Encunteing the Mancpts: An ntroductn to New Testament Paegahy and Tta Ctcsm (Nashle Broadman & Holman 200 p. 332.

he inegar woud hae een he waereddo wicefeened wne dnk b

poorer casses and apparen prefeed by he Roa ay becase i alowed soldierssens o remain sarp (see Andrew ab od n the ncen Wrd London Rouedge2003 pp 270 343; cf Leon orrs The Gspe Accordng t jhn [Grand Rapid chEerdmans 97 1 p 8 4

Craig S Keener A Cmmenta n te Gse Matth (Grand Rapids ic Eemans990 pp 402 632

rigen of Aexandria Contra Cesum 636.R T Fance e Gspe ark: A Cmment n te Greek Tt (Grand Rapids ich. Eerd

ma 2002 p 63 Ben Wiheringon sess ha e combiaon of ex may comefrom a prearkan conlaion of expecaions of an Eiahlie gre (he Gspe ark A

ScRhetca Commenta Grand pids ich Eerdmas 200 p 7See OC, pp. 8792 where Ean arges ha hese wos were added o couner ocei

Chrisoog Wha mos sgnican hough is ha he ee$ simpl highigh a h has alread pree hugho Lue Gospele ll humani of esus

eger and han t o the New estament pp. 39-20 Euebius ccesiastca sto339.

N Claon Cro proded careful cogen and compeling argmen indcaing ha ahog he erses of ar 16920 were nt pa of he origna Gospe a oger endingaswe as a onger egnning exis i he origia manscrip See e Mutaton MarkGospe (Nashie Angdon 2003



5

�ezger and Ehan t of he ew estment p 323bd 327

Note fo p e s -

dl Mng han ealy ispl his as hch ouldan og aon sad ookng bed (se MJ p 9

Cp Fu Abu Msqg jss

Bce Meger ad Ba han e t the N Teamt I Tanmon, Coptonnd estratn N Yok Ood vesiy Press 2005 p 88

2MJ, pp 8083bd p 49Ahough d uae agree h Ehan ha una s a an he case n alaiesno ue a cearcu as Eha presn r aeaiv undsandngs he see Daniel B Wallac "Jnia Aong he Aposs Dubl ecaion rbl nans 6 7 reeve Dcbe 006 r <hpbberpagephp?pag_d=1163>.

Se dusson Mezger and Ehan t the N estment pp. 28890�s k h a sy nnded plac a lao on en Paul haaad pacd n ngsspeakes and prphs (e, g Cg S Keener ConthanCabrdge: Carig Unvrsy Press 00 pp 79.

Ehran inccl anslraes hs r as spnntheis hough no such Grek ess M] p 133

i p 3 Th prnan o dnc or ohe n M dos rall o usc o Ean a

en s rany pned n A p n Han an g Jesus N etment Greek and eess, A M Daldsn and B Salr (Grand Rapds Mch erdan 2003 pp 77 9pbay Ehans s acs

h rds d sud slar n e Sac angag and a esser een n AraacHeve snc er s n evnce a Mar rgnay cuaed en n ehro hese anages any agmen ad on hs ssbles ud be sher scuan

Per Jones pond ou o adna apes o Mark psenan Jesus as apassnae prpehe u o he o poeru vers (as usd dscr reuking o dmo mo re cooy e o desce ung o a dbea) o esc Jsus calming o so Ma 439

2M] p 36o a dvonal xosiin o Mark Gos ha ds n avod h ughr sde h Gs

pl ee Mark Gal jess Men nd d he Unected e of n Untmbe Gd Granapds Mc Bakr, 006

pp 6667Dngor s a icy Jh ccp hie h nble dah a hr prednas n

Gecan dions (Mar Henge he Aement On the Dotne n the ewetment [Lnd SCM Pss 98]

6M] p 4-43id us ac hcov eion



N o t e s o p a g e s 9 8 4

Pa To e Lo Chanie We Lot

1Mj

h , of coue, an adaptaton of Walter Baur clasc hothesis a modied n lght ocoectves fm Helmut Kstr and] M. obo Althouh am familar h Bauer ap-ach an a a ctque of Baue sand yond the oe of th ud For h asso an view, e Wlter Baur Orto and Hs in Ealest stiani, ed andtrns raft ad G Krode (Ldo S ress 9 aes oo d eltKoester Tretoes rough arl Cstan (adepha or 97 or ctqs Aad tgr e se o Noaive ant (eapis oress, 99; B APao, nostis ad Chnt n an and Copt Ept (do & T lark 200;Thomas obnson Bauer ss aned (Lwton NY Mllen, 1988 For a raa ey an cique of Bauer hypotesi, e Dall ck, Missing spls Uneathing the Tth Bhind Altetiv stianites (Nahle Thomas elon 2006 pp 2

3e, for eampls, Mj p 222 Ba Ehman st Spus Book t ot Mk t nto teN Testant (Ne York Oord Unver 200 p 2 eafter, st Spus wll c olowed y the pag ne f Ba Eha esus Apoapti Propet othe N Mlnum (e Yor Oxord verty Pr 999 p eeafter, jesuApoalti Ppt ote N Mllenum wl cted jp folowed y the g e

"LC, 925 Orthdox Coption oSptu, ha mple hat art of th rewting of te hocal rco ncludd alterg the New eamen docuen to poohodo thologFor a torough ctque o ths hyo vo Tam, eologchhstologis Vaanten

n dr n rlieeng de Nen Tstns? Magtrit Wfihe Wlhlnvet Mnter, 2 teved Sptmbr 8 2006 fro <htp//.evanglcaltex-tualcicmcodocumetheologischchtologseVanten_Tamm pf >

6LC jAp p 87

Chape Five ut Htoy

I hav ollow an Vansina helful dtnction tween oral traditon an al sto. orVanina, ol hio beoes oal tradiion oly afer he deaths of te eyewitne and otherconmoray hearers of the ognal event an Vansina, Oral Trditon Histo !Madso

nvey of Wiconsn P 98 26-29amul Byko St Hitosto Sto e spel Tradtin n the Contt Annt Oral to ide Bl, 2002 p 16 ao Jocely Peny Small W Tablets ote Mnd Cogite Studes o Meo and tera in Qsca Antiqu New York otledge997 p 77 8; Main S aee, oa n te Muth ting an Oral Tradton n Palesnan

juds BCE400 CE (Oxfo Oxor nversy r 200 pp 283Qo n ebu, lestial Hst 9 Papia ws not atmpting to rlace or to ds-regar te wrten Gol ther cong h vaue o oa tadin he out to certain th b oral nes to ceve aode the Gospels e H Y Gambe Books an in t Earl urch (New Haven o.: Yale nivety Ps 99 p 0



N o t e s f o p a g e s 0 - 2

t cereonal p to the Natve Ameicas Tis sor is ore ta a centu old and noneo he soteles knew the sto tte fo Yet their stor lines mained rearkabl

simla varin fm one stoeller o anoher ol in the ost ncoquentia detailPhlo of Aexandra th Contemplaive fe, in Volume ed H Coln b Claica

brar (Cabrdge Mas Ha nves P 9) §§75Seejaes D Dunn, jesus Remembed (and Rapid Mch Eerdans 2003) especial

paes 9225Some scholars or substantive reaon ote n focritical scholaip exclude 1 Corin

tas 5 6a fo he oral tradition What atter mos n te raion howeer teclea refernce o e' deah an boil resreconand the aeions a prent nthe tradition weter or not t orina fo ncluded eses 6a and For discussion eK R Macreor, Conia 5:3b6a and he Bodil Resuection of jesus joul

ofthe Evangelial olial oie 49 une 2006) 225-4N T ght, Te Rseion ofe on ofGo (Phladelpia Fo, 20) pp 3 18 19 Seeaso te refernce o the Heew qibbel in Ramond E Colln Ft Conthan (ColeeleMnn: tucal Press 999 . 522

joach Jeremias The Euai Wods ofjesu (New Yor ribner 966) p 100102 The peated wordpatte wic ad at appaetl tansates the distinctl Semitic vav

osecuive See Pinca ade e Resetion ofjesus: A jwish Pespetive (MieapoliAgsrg 98) pp 999; ordo ee, Te Fist Episte to the Conta (Gand Rapd,Mch Eerdans 987) pp 79, 2226jereias Euhati Wods 03

am au hee that te apostle Pal was not beg decepte about his experiences hee ote his letter o te Gaatas Paul as at the ver least poin actual eents he

pereive d ecale hem For discio of e ous aspec of tis pasaecldigPau edge o ttfune ( ocence bearn wnesse liam M sa toal Commenta on Galatians, rpnt ed (Grad pds Mich Kreel 99 7) pp 4950;S K Wlias Galatians (Nashle Abndo, 99) pp 4850

Denion sumae from joannes an Euene A Nda eds Gee-Englih -ion of te N Testament Be on manti Domans 2n ed (Ne Yor: Unted Bible Societies, 98) dell and Sco poide nuire no a n" and to lea b nqui as pa eanns of hsore (H del and Rbe Scott A GeekEnglh on 9h eded H S. one and Rodeck McKeie [New Yor: Oxfo Uversit Press, 996] Ifhsor s uderstood to ean hat Pal dered to become acquainted with Cepas for te

pue o eceivn the ral taditon ti would account for te poibe deniton ofhsor as o ake aquanance (cf E E Bce Epstle to the Galatan N ntetonalGe Testament Commenta Gand pd, Mc Eerdan 982] p 9

t s probabl at thi te a Paul also receive te oral histor ta allowed him to decato te Corans and oher eal Chsian what the ord had aid Fo dcuso eRca Bauckha es an te Eyitnesses Te Gospels Eitness Tesimony (Gandpids Mc Eedans 2006), pp 2679

For e explcato of ts tradition see to acles fro Gar Habes Resuctioarch from 195 to te Pesen Wat A Critca cholars Sain? joual fo the tudyofthe Histoal jesus (205) 553 , ad Experieces of he Rien esu The Foundatioal



2 N o t e s o p a g e s 2 0

Hiscal Issue in the aly Pclamain of the esuection" alog A joual o eoo5 (Fal 006): 88-9

2Ge Ldean Reuio oesu (ondon SC es 1994 8 ob W nket al . , As ous (San Fncco Plbg, 1998) . 4.

27A shf he focus of a s becus f a chnge in ctxt tocl cimances or es-chatlcl epecain s very ierent however from lteing ccunts wth reclssabann rearin he ctul hisoc even. Se jAp p. 18- for an x-mple f how he emphais f iren ts may shift in liht of dieng hscl exca-tions ugh I n Ehan's inerrean of the shfs to e ssct h is naaycoc tat raiions w olded n remded in ligt of vng ta an contextualciusance

28Amngjes rb nd dcls aancs cod occr ti sory s it w ad from

on eson o nthr bt the sntil fcs and nen f toy emaned e se Michal] Wilks an] Mran ds. jeu Udr Fi Mod holashp Rev heioal u (Gand pid ch. Znden, 99) 3

Cpt S th bt h o th Gosps

jAp p 42, p 3 .3jAp pp 46.b pp 4- 48-49bid. . Main nl Sud h Gopl Mak (gen Ore pf nd Stck 00 65

7jA p 4A R Millard ng n h ou (New York ew Yr University Pss00 p 4 M Hln ges Anien Gek ad ma bas, A. thesi Caolcrsi f meca 196 15 .

9Se Hngl Sdi 6, a well h ctical aparaus for the tiles f th for Gsels inm amm Ga.

1Henel Sdi pp. 81-8 p 52enel Sudi p 66h Easter conroversy maks it clr tat n univeay recogd tty gre ee

h con cnu Tw bishops f RoeAncs nd Vicorte at ire timn he cn cenury A stan th dt f Etr cebins ang CsiansYt chues in e e hlf of te man mpiry i inrrsste inclraing Easr a a ime dien fm h ha i was clbraed by he chuhsn Re he mar w still nt tled in th fouh centu A s cer fm eredins f h ncil of Nicaea. Fr va ccn f th ctrover, se niantalame e al Et n h Ealy uh An Antholo ojewih ad Early Chsa T(ollelle, inn urcl , 199 337 ss Eleasial so 5 23

8 rancis A Slian Frm Apols to Bhop: e Dvlpme oth Epopa in he EayChh (Mahwah N als 001 3



te s pge s 0 0 3

+hee secndcetu New Testent pp! !5 nd !see to ve gntedn lest tw rhps the dent es of Eg (Fyu Buss nd Ohnchus F

New esmen nuscpts t ve ceved ts degree o dstuton n centl Egney ne thousnd mles fo Re nd e tn ve hudred les fom jesley he ey mdcond cetu te Gse d pbby reched most f t l p poputo etes te Ro Ep y s te.

15Se cts 2 9 It ws ccong to Euss fo ese petesses tht s rcevedme ses ut te pstles (useus Eccestc Hist 339

6 Qued n Eusbus Ecclesiastc Ht 33917 Rchd Buck pons ou thg Pps proy wrte und D 0 the tme

d th e desbed ust hve ee ound A. 80 ess n the Eytnesses The Gspels Eyness Testmy [Gnd pds Mch Eerds 2006] p

18Eubus ccesastcl Hst 819Eusbus Eccessc Ht 20 Fo defese f the tencty f eeus clms

regrdng hvng st t the fee f ycp see Buckh ess nd the Eyewtnesses pp.996

2M Hengel The Fr ses nd he One Gse ess ht tns jo Bowde (Hrsbug Pen. Tty Pes 2000 p. 36

21Clusjen Ton De Zege des egen Lka strker de Pssen The W-ness of te Ws Luke s Hsto f us Tvels ed Mn Henge WssenhlceUtersuchungen u Neuen Testent 6 (Tbngen Mo [Sebeck 99 pp 1082

22Ths meng f Mtthew's ecolectns wth M Gospel whle tnsltng Mthewellects mght n hve een vewed s the ceo o ew wr t wuld ve

been vewed s n expnded tnsltn. Fr re cet uthos' udesndng ftnsto see Gerge Kenedy "Clsscl nd Chstn Souce Ctcs n The e-tnships Amng the Gses ed W 0 Wlke (S too Tny vesy ess978 p 44

3ge How gus ht e ele Hec fo o te Gospel ccodng o Mtthewmy be fund n he wgs o ewsh scl ned Shem Tov Ben Isc ut f fou-teenhcentu efuton f te Chstn Gospels. See Gege Hwrd Heb Gspe fMtth (Mcn G. Mee Uvesty Pss 99 s well s R Sheddnge The Te-tul Reltnshp Beween ! nd She Tb Hebew Mhew New Tstment Stdes 31997 8-7.

t see s th the Gspe ccrdng to Mthew th te Greek d c vesns werndepedent dcuents whle st sng e conet See Hegel Gspes p 7

5. A Fye "4Qpp Tot n Qmn ve 4: VII bbc Tets 2 (Oxrd Clen-d Pess 99 p 76

Ct Sv: t Eyt tmy

1T dcument s cmly k s te uton Fgen It gnlly ncluded fences t Mthew nd k but nly fgen e ls seence of he desptn fMrk Gspl ns The scc efeence n the docue to te cent deth f usvee of te Rmn chuh suests lpobbly Rnpvence e he



6 Not es fr pages 0 3

n pre pno e Muratora Fragme as equvalen o h Greek ex k"rom ta c s ead, ha s an oral adton or e te o he Mratoran Fragmen,

see Buce M Meg, The Canon of the New Tsamnt (Oxor Carendo Press 987) 30-7. For aalss o he Mraoa ragme se Georey Mark Haema, Th Murao-an Fragment and the Develment f the Caon (New York xord Uverst Prss, 992)

2Te Gospe Accordg o Mar k dos-as Rchard Backham as poted otlam he eyenss smon o mon Peer as ts sorce, bt ths clam s not sted clear It s mpld grea se ad lterar nesse esus and th Eytnsses: Gospls EyewtnssTestmoy [Gad ds, Mch Eerdmas, 2006 pp 227)

3Irenaeus o os Advers Harss 3 .us Mar Dalog cum Tpone d Me, Patloga Csus Complus, eresGraecae 6 (Pas Lueae arsom, 87866) 038 063.

5Teuan o Cahage Adeus Maronm 2 rerved cober 28 2006 rom <ttp:lla.o >6For er exposto o t mpotance o eetness estony amon eal Csas, seeMa Hg, he or Gospels and the One Gspel of jess Chrt a jo Bowde (Harsr, Pe Tr Pess, 2000), pp 68

7Ba hra ad Wllam e Crag, "Is Tee Hsocal Evdence o he Resurecon ojesus? A Date Beeen Wllam e Crag and Ba Ehn (Mah 28, 200) retrevedAgst 2006, rom <h//olcosseddeamencreebsresrrecondbaeranscrptpd>

LC pp 920. C Cag Keeer, 1-2 Contha [mbdge Cambdge Uves Prss,200 p. 2- 3 ar Hgl, udes h Gospe f Mark (ugne Or Wp and tock,

2003) pp 30 . Howard Mashal, Th ose o Luke (Grand pds, Mch Eedmas,978) pp. 3-3 eo Mos, e Gospel codng to john (Grad ds, Mch Eedmas99) pp 230

9a ad Crag, "Is Tere Horca Evdec or e Resurcton o jess°For urther dscsso o s pon, see Bauckam, jess ad th Eywtnsses pp 8-9.

Tese eetnesses seem o av remad authoatve vng sorces o e radosup to ter deahs (p 20) The accos o jess' e r not, e, nforma conrolledoral tradons, to use ennet Baes catgos; hey represented fomal ontrolled rahso ( jsus and the Eywtnsss pp 2289 c Keneh Bae, "InormalCotrolld Oral radto ad e Snoptc Gospes Asa joual of hol 99]

3). 0e oter commet ro a mg conted as evdece or te ack o eytnss

estmo: a ces a rdceu osopher named Porphr as havng en sstateen: e evangelst were corterot obses o eetnss o e l ojess Mj p. 99) I ths a appanly dd ot examne te orgna reek sorce ohs quotato, reg ntead on a blaantly sleadng transaton m R ]. Hoan Inhe acta ragmen o oh ngs n hch s satement apeared e t tlaed "obsees or eweses s h Greek od or stoan (hsors) and he ordanslaed ctones more comonly m "venos or "devss (eheres)at Poph cas s The evalss ere deers, not htora o te le oesus



N o s for pags 1 1 3 1 1 5

still a neativ statee bu on h o connottos readi he snc o absenc ofytness testimony

jAp Itti in a at book Ea dit tat so Nw Tsta itimay well hve ben ducd by t orinal aostes of]ss p Ea does ot,howev cla whc wtigs blvs ay hav procd by es followers

13See scussio and frencs B Witnton III, Acs of h Aposs A SocoRorca omma (Gad d Mch Edan 18

Aivly, agrammaos cold an tat an ivdua was itat d covesat i a rional anuae-i his cas te iona tone wold av ben Araac-bt ot iGek Se H C You i Agrammaus An Asct of Gk Sciy i Egyt a Braosgraphon twen Ltercy ad llieacy i Scrpuncua sris (Astedam Hakke13 6 1 1 1

15I n t Goss Accodi t o Mak a Luk h a coctor is calld Lvi. Aho mnycommentaor hav vewd Lvi ad Matthew as dirn nams fo t sae ndividal,his is igly ulikely (s Backh, jsus a h nsss - Giv hoeeded and foulaic natue of hi accon, it more lkely a the dal whoreded t Gek vson of he Gospl Accong to Matthw-kown a Maewt aostoc eywt bhd th tacins of Jesu s h Gosel, ad ocbe a ta colctoadatd Mak dscio of th ca of Lev th tax colecto toescb he aostl Mattw Lvi was t aa h ro of h ao kon s"Ja o of Aau (cf Mark 14 3 18 hee i no eao wy Matthe a Lboh tax collctos cold ot hav ben cal n th same ma afte al Simo Andwjam a Jo apa to have ben cald n wo dit encot in nay dntcal

ways (Mak 6-S g Eict cho scourss Books 34. chro d A Oldfat,

Lob Classical Liba (Cabde Ms. Haad nvrsy Prss 8, Polybius sos Voum IV Books 9-15, d R Paton Lob Cassical Lbra (CambdgMass Haad Unvrity Pss 1 1 .1 3

1josephus jwsh Wa Bks 1-2 ed H St Thacera Lob Casscal Liba (Cag Mas. Haad Uivy Ps, 8

8A R Milad, Rang a g h Tm os (Nw York Nw Yok Universy Pss p 8 Som shoas av aed hat th aoses w irate an tat teywol have care aks an notd sicant sayins of sus It sees to e howv,

ta ts asss a h at of literacy i Gale and jdeaecay amon sons nads suc a ha avaiabl vc ca sta Fo scson efecs, se B Gerardson Orgns of h Gosp Trao (Lodo SCM Prss, 1, 68-16 ad S Lieba sm n jwsh Pas (Nw Yok TS 16 3

1 abnance of un Ron aton cip, te i Gk, cleay dmotrat thisfac. e pical vnc luds ot o bef cs at follow sme foufoemes h numros ice of Elpati ad Ea oac i Uc keGchch Osraka a Apen un Mchsr, H.: Ay , and i FdcPsk t a! Sammbuch gchschr U a Apn (lin Wa d Gytr}ut mo ey and comlex cei on ays uc O 136



166 N s f pags 5 2 4

2�d Radng and ng, 3 7 See he xaio documention m the -Chstan ea an m he t and ecod centres A od i te Oyhncs apy PO

346, POx 64334 POxy. 443, POx 4534 nd POx 6645 we asore extenve corctua ageemets sch as the thicent POxy 433

]p p 45hilo of Aexadria, D Spali gs in Vlm II ed E H Coso Leb Clssil

rar (Cmbdge Ms aa Univeri es, 13, 3Van Nto, nen Medcn New Yo Roege , 6Ahough neie h e taks nor te trann of iit medics ses o have qird liteac

Dioside ta meicas suciety erate to uho ook esbig how toee nd iite edices Mird, Redng and ng 83

5Jaet Husinson, nng Rm Cl Idiy and P in h Rman Emp (Lodon

Routlede,,

p8;

Ntton, nc Mdin 6364

For fe of te mndocuentr exmles iterac ong physicis ee PMich 758, PO. 44:3, PO45345 PO 53, O 634366, PO 6343 POxy 644 and POx6645 Thogh soewhat ae tan the New Tetment e te docuents repsnte os of coesondence in wch rst-centu hsicas miht have engaed

il Rading and Wing p. 685 cf R Cioe Wng ahes and Sdns inGaRman Ep (tana: Schola ess, 6 pp. 5

27Ehn see o ve the fact tht a be oe on a behaf bein pemaic foreson who eace he Bie as a ok o vne h ( 5 Hweve aul u oa cie doe not peclude u sition a the soue o f te episte; cein he wod hveaproved te eter efoe it was sen

28It is ccia t note that cent eso ere conideed to the wes of a docuent evenif he d a sribe o e the wods. oce ow u eclae I hve wtten to ou inRomans 1 5 5 even thou Teius ened the actua docuen (see Romns 6 In theo cutur of the acient Ro Ere, hat scbe apantly ecoe ws he spekerte' oa perace o he ocen i eroance wa ten -perfoed" b tecourier o te doument See oce enny ma W ls f h Mind Cgi Sisf Mm and Liay in sal Anqy New o Routlee 17, p 161 Grego de hes and s n h Ancn Wd Phlsphes, js ad ChiaLndon Rotede, , p , 67 Rosind omas ay a y inn Gece (Cmdge Cie nivei ss, , p 364 45

Cpe E t A Hw e B ee Cosen

M] 36 cf. . 132Eh ace the emergence o this ncie later a summae i i ts wy Auhotaive tets a to be acien" ro the te of esu) and asoc (fo e s oowes of]ess or thei associates) C p. 443 Ehan notes wo other sandas cmeinto l ter, ose of cathociy (ideread uge among Chistans an ohodoageeet oter ctues) I wol cten, og ta the eliest Chsiathe ateoes ofhd apsliy anii we not distighable theecategoies we rooted the sston tha eyetns estiony s uthottive



N s f r p a g s - 67

uoted in uius Eccsica Hso 33+olca of Sm To Phppas in T Apsic ahrs, 1, 1 Qmn Qmn. 1gna

s oca ach ed Ba han b lsscal ibary amdge Mass.: aaniveit ress 23 2 nslaed from "Mutoan anon in tin reteved Ocober 28 26 fom <ttealchstianwtin.cotemuratorianlatinhtm >

ubius Eccsca Ho 612 cf eulian of hage D Prascpon acom32-21 trieved Octobe 28 26 from <h/tuliano& >

7ubius Eccasca Hso 6 12

or e dcussion e Main Hengel ou osps and h On sp fj t john Bowden (Hasbu, Penn. Tnit s 2) 25

�slated fm tet of air. 15 Fo the te o this fagment as e as a more cautiona aoach to identicaton as the Gosp P e au Foser "Are here An arlgment of te Soalled sp of Pr?" N Tsam Sdis 52 (206 -28

10L 1611ubi casca s 6 12 See L 6 he bennins of aming the ccion on the ewish eole can e en

he al beo Pontius Piate in osp P suesing a date after te eulsion of Chstia frm he agoges in the ate rt centu AD

1air 1514 22-21t i oible hat ubius's cn of sp ofer could be consted to suest hat some

churches accpd he documenbut thi is mere conectual Witin a few yea of the

incident in hossus the fourfod Gosl of Mathew Mark uke and o seems to haveeen sumed o contitute the authentic and aosoic couting of esus ife enaeus ofLons had aled made this argment aound AD 18 b the time of ement of Aleandriain the eal thi centu, he fourfold Gosl see o e sumed i Aleandria too engelFor sps, 15

1or eaminato of the autheticit of Teulian o see a N remmer Magc Martdom, and Women tion and A. ihost "Teullian on Ac oPau i Appha Ac fPau an ca ed an N Bmmer (men Kok aros 6) 56-6 161 Ac Pau eidentl incuded he documents that later came kno as AcsoPau and ca Marrdom a and Ill nhans

The aroimate date tcall assigned to Acs a has been AD 6 neal a ceturafte Paul Hihot adduced evidence fm the tigs oferome to suest a date closeto AD 1 a geneation after aul deah "Teulan 15861

Scian in ia sem ui eam sctum constt usi titulo aul suo cumulansconctum aue cofum id se amr au fec et oco decessis Teuian oahge D apsm 1 rteved Octor 28 26 from <htt/.teulianor >

1�eulan D apismo 12or eamle in 2 Qn 5:2- the unno oclaimer of is seon aa to e wok

ing from a commonnd most likel reliableal tadition that aso seed n spo



68

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gardg he resrreco o jess ha has state The rreo cam are camstha ot oly that jess ody came ack ave ame ack ave ever o de aga Tha avolato of wha araly hapes every da me afer tme mo of tm a year Whatare the haes of hat haeng Wel td e a mracle oher wos 'd e so hymproale that we cat aout for y atural meas o y he ve ature of hecaos o soica research we cat clam hsorcaly hat a mracle aly haeedBy eo t roay dd't Ad htor a oly estalsh wha proaly Bar Ehrma ad Wllam e Crag Is Te Hstocal vece for the esueto of jesus? ADeae Bewee Wlam e Cag ad Ba han Marh 8 6 reteved Augst 6 om <h//hoyrossedeamecrewesresetodeae

trast pdf > Here Eha makes he cam hat se resuecto s so ghly mproae that t wold qal as a mrale he rereco of jesus stas ousde he realm ohtororahc reseah ad evdee I resose Wlam Lae Crag adaes a aumet ase o the work of hard wue hat my vew eve more duous thahahat oe ca asrie stastca pales o htocal eves I resoe Iwould ced hat whe ostet ad deedet testmoes e fr ay evet a aequae hstooghy qures he htora to osder the olt hat the evet aalyoued whether e evet was mraos or omaulous I the cae o e reco of esus thee a cosstet ad deedet testmo o a emy om Conseque a hsoca resto sho e cosered of several osses Te hstoal ords tha are rooed eyees estmoy have ed me o view he resuco

as he pbabl au for the empy tom My deo to eleve e resueto wth ah deree of cetude s rooed smulaeousy sorica evdee ad a ersoalhoe to vew ths evet through eyes of fah

eeca D cslat ad Maram Vl II Mral Esay ed Jo Bre Loe CassalLrary Camdge Mas : Haard Uversy Pres 1 3 3

xampes are dra rom Man Hengel ci i th t Wld a h ly hMssag h Cr rev ed Meapos Augsurg Fos 17

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er the atter seem more kel For more foato regardg he Aeameos Grato th Everett Ferguso Bakgrd Erl hiay 3 ed Grad ap Mchema 3 pp 59697

Neely Tuker "Te Book of Ba ahi st Marh 5, 6 retrieve Aust 6 om <htt/wwwashoostco>.

ee p 3 where Eha coras wo posse views o cu th o aaret reoto of he may possltes btw ad wi the two extmes: "esus walkgo he water s o a acual htoal eve u a mha horke so tha tryg oovey a th I ot omethg tha ad omehg tha app . js aouthe oly soars wo dsage a ose who for heologal asos eeve hat he Be



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Ga Ha t Mcal cona e Ceor Resecon oes Gand pid,ic 2004

ApendPPM p 9Se pp 198-200uei c!esca H S e oonot 1 on pag 5 3 n Andr ort a d e AteNcee atheso 1 : rrd Nom , 06 rom <tt/ooooeco>

5PPM 0



ubjt Index

As ofP end-enu htin

witin 3133 135 17tim the belief th i int

pible t knw whehe d is

rel 2-25

Alexmen f (endenu

r 140-1 18

Aexndi le pin i kn

fr is libr nd is lihhue 0

9-50 0 9 8 1 1 1 5 1 23 1 35 17

Alexndn ext fmil biblilmnuip fm he e rund

Alexdi Ep 9

Aih in it 1229

Apoypse of Peer end-entu

Chin in 135

ple eewinee mmiind

b esu t eif bu hi

resuein 3-3 38 7 1 79 90-

91 9 99 101 1 10-1 1 121-22122 13233

Ai (nien lnue imil in

ppene ebew 15 85 91-

92 105 1314 11 7 158 13 15

rn. Se bk-he

Auhed Vein Se nme

Vesi

utph inl mnusript f

e 17 18 37 55 fuh-enu mnusrp See

ex Vtiu

eth-sid tee spelin f

ehed. See eh-zh

eth-zth (pl f eslem l

kn h-id r ethed 1

bk-het ple where e

hiins kep slls nd die

35-37 1 02- 12 2 28Bzntne ext fmil (bibli

mnusrip ped in he esten hlf

f he nien Rmn Empire 9

nn (uthitve in r

ideline 79 1 1 2 1 134-37

14

rptiim (ender

nsi mvemen 17

rhe Nth Afin it mdeui 37 1 10 12 132

dex eze (fh- r sth-enu

mnipt l knwn s ex

Cntbiensis 4- 69 98

Cdex Clmntnu sh-eu

mnupt sinint s

ereenive f the Wete tex

fml nd eu thidetu

lisin uhitve ings fundi the muipt 35

dex die tk f vellu

p lded nd bund f

bk 3 35-3 44-46 50 69 98-

99 10 128 135

dex Sinitus futh-et

mnust 5- 3 69 98

dex Vtinus futhetur

mnusrit 5 50 63 69 98dex Wshninus uth-

fh-enur mnupt 98

pi Se ies

n ien metho f

exeutn 59 7 90 9 18 1�1

D 05. Se Cdex Bee

D 0 Se dex lmnus



S b I n x

Damacu (ya city) 92-9

dttoaphy (type of crbal error) 6

Docetism (blf that sus oly eemedhuman 12830

bonsm (blif tat Jeu was a

huma Meiah) 79

Ept (i the r cetu AD Roman

proce n ohast Afca) 9 ,

4 69 1 00 1 1 5 1 7 1 23 1 3 1 14

135

phsus (city i Aa io) 7 93

104Epste of Baabas (lat r or eay

econd-centu Chrstan tig)

122 13

Gale (Roma proce uoudig

the ea of Galee, oh of amaia

ad rea) 92 1 7

Gostcs (belef that the physica

word herntly evl) 79 1334

ospe oPee (econd-cetuChrta wtig 1 27-31 1 3 13

139

ospe o hom (cond-cury

Gotc wtg) 1 3 1 5

ospe o he Hebews (ao ko a

ospe o the Hebws, 64 1

Greek (agage i wch New

Testamet wa wrtte, 1 6 4

6 56 72-7 9 1 92 10 3 1 -18 121

haplogaphy (type of scba eo) 6

Hrapos (cit a Mo) 84

102 10 12 17

homooarcto homoeoarto (type o

scba or) 6

homoiotluton homoeotluo (type

of crbal ror 6

omoymty (tpe of crba or, 6

neracy (decripto of the dgre to

which ciptu s thful 1 1 303 1 14

Itala, Iay (Rom pronc along the

othe edge o the Medtaea

ea), 69, 93 121

ea (mar cty oJuea 92

94

Judea (Rom provce locatd outh

of amaa 92 1 0 1 13 1 14 1 7

ig James Veso (evteethcetu taslatio of th ble 18

19 2 69

Laodca (cty in Aa Mior 13 148

Lati (act aguag) 45

teray (capaty to ead ad wt) 3

6 9 1319

Lyo (cty i the Rom povce o

Gau th ara now ko a

"Face) 10 1 8Mao Text See Byzatne text famy

Maiosm (cond-century

movmt followg th teachins of

Marc of Soe 79 12223

Moody Bibe sttute (coaive-

evageical ductoa stiuto,

6 22

Muatoa agmt (secodctury

itig o wigs tha Chrstiaoiderd to b authotatv 1 1

1 166

Nag Hamadi (viage Uppe pt

14

Noth rca (Roma povce i north

centra Afca), 35, 69 100 131

Novm stmem Ome. See Textu

ceptus



12

oal hstory hstoca foato

coveyed orally whle eyetnee

are stll lg) 89 19oa tado hstocal nfoato

conveyed oraly at a tme when

eyeteses are o loger avalable)

909 1 1 0 1 09 1 1 9 1 9 18

19

Ohychu gtan vllage) 7

163 166

�38 ae econdcetuy manucrpt)

69�4 ae secon- or early thdcetury

portons of Roma) 13

�48 thd-century manuscpt) 69

�52 late rst- or early second-cetury

ragmet of oh's Gopel earlest

o porton of New Testamet)

7 163

�4 second-cetury fragmet of

Matthew's Gopel) 98�66 second-cetu copy of Joh's

Gospel) 7 6 69

�75 thrd-centu poton frm uke's

ad Johs Gospels), 3 9

�90 second-cenury ragment ofoh

Gospel) 163

papyrus ancen tg mateal) 28

32 33 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 8

parablepss tye of scrbal eor) 67

permutaton type of scrba eror) 6

ompe cy the poce o f Iala

desroyed n 79 by a volcano) 9

rnceton Theologcal emnary

rebytera educatoal

ttuto) 6 3

potoorthoo early Chrta whoe

Q N U

belefs were smar to the oes now

releced the New Testament) 79

80 9699 19resurrecto de restoaton of lfe)

6 8 8 6 88 90 92 9 09 1 1 0

11 18 30 1 16

osus yra cty) 1731

Rome captal cty of the Roma

mpre) 37 93 103 109 l l O I l l ,

1 1 1 17 1 13 12 13 140

Rutgers Uversty educatoa

nstuton) 2scrbes ancen cops of tet) 28

33 3777 719

scoll parchment or velum documet

rolled aroud a pece of wood) 3

37 9 103 10

epuagnt Greek traslaton of

Hebrew cpure) 36

Shphrd of eas secod-centu

Chan wt, 36 1 6 3 ope cty n northe a Mnor)

13

ya Roman pce orth of Gallee

ad the Decapol) 9 17

hing f th w t secod

centuy church manual also o

as Didh 1 13

textual ctcm study of mauscrpts

for the purpoe o recoctng theorga tet) 1 7 18 38 9

6 69

Textus Receptus steethcentury

Geek New Tetament comple by

ramus), 1 6870

uncal ancet wrtng sle)

Uversty of Noh CarolaChapel

l eucatoal sttuton) l l 16



ubec t ndex

veu (anent wrtng atea 32

45

W bblal nusrpt Codex

Washngtonanuswax tablet (anent wrtng surfae, 49

l l 5

rk Latin and r r

agratos Greek, "unshooled,

l 3 - 1 4

aarin (ree, "anet, 35'aon (ebrew, "shrne 3

chait theou Greek "b ods grae,

58

chris theou (Gree "apart ro God ,

58

dokin (ree, "to see 128

eall (reek, I throw out 73

hmeis (ree "we, 43

histoe (Gree "to nvestgate 921 6

Weste text fal (bblal

manusrpts oped n este

rope an orth Ara 69

Wheaton Coege evangeaeduatona nsttuton, 6 22

hymeis (Gree, ou al 43

7

io reek "fom the or), 6

rgistheis (Greek "beog angr

paadidmi (Greek "I hand over 91

paalamban Greek, "I reeve 9 1

pin, piakes Gree "tabet

"tabets 49 l 5

scriptio contnua tn "otnuous

tng 42

splanchnistheis Gree "feeng

ompasson, 72theu (reek, "[ro God 46



N a m n d x

Ppi iepi, 9, 84 02 03,

, 05 0, 2, 4, 48

Pquiu ruu 49

Pu ru pe, , , 5 ,3 , 2 8 3 5 , , , 8 9 90, 9 ,

9 2, 9 3, 94, 9 , 3 04 , 2 , ,

, 9, 2 , 22 23 , 25 , 29

13 32 33 134, 3 3 13

39

eer, Sim pe , 30 3 3,

48, 5 , 2 4 8, 9 92 9, 9,

02, 03, 04 0 1

9, 2 22, 25, 2 2 2829, 30 3 , 33 34 35 3

3, 9, 4 49

Piip 5 84, 2 3 34

hi exdri 89 5

Pin e Yunger 8

Purh eriu 98

biu 98Pp Sm 04 25

ril

ehm, Die 2

7

Serpi of ih 2 12 128

29 30

Sim Peer eer Sm

Speu f Siium, 35

Sew 2

Sueu iu quiu 93eui fChge 3 10 2,

32

Th Cu-rge 4



Scpur Indx

Exodus28 1920, 7 322 333 6 4 4 6

23 6 522-2 1 5

Mark 119 66 1 1 , 1 Levitis 1 2 6 1 2

3 7 1 11 6 1 8 1 1 5

1 12 7 2 7 13033 Tos

1 Samel 1 1 2 6 2 920 7, 7 1 4 7 1

2 1 1 39 23 6 1821

2 1 1 7 7 76 18 7 1 mthy

22 7 23 3 6 8 7 3 6

113 7 24 12 6 28,

1 Conces 1 3 223 7 1 9 6 moty

291 1 7 1 1 , 6

2 jh Romas 13

Iah 21 1 5 66

1 1 66 2 6 1 6 7 Phemn

403 6 22 8 7 7 66 1 1 9 2 1 7

3 , 7 3:3, 4 2 6

: 7 31 1 his

aai 3 1 534 6 5 Hebrws

3 6 31 6 5 , 6 9 2 1 6

39 3 6 1 235 7 29, , 7

Mathew 5 1 6 433, 7 5 6

1 6 3 6 19 1335 9 , 125 6 3 9 24 4:, 13 1 113

23 2 1930 1 5

3 6 9222, 93 1 1 Peer

5 1 9 23 7 2028 1 3 6 1 2

521 3 3 2131 6 3

1 3 42 7 15 6 Peter

940 3 Acs

1 9, 6 1 Gaata 12

3 6 �. 6 22 ll2

1 3 6 1920 6 1 22 oh

1 1 1 6 23841 7 1 1 4 1 3

2467 1 3 42 58 6 702 7 Lke 7 7

29, 1 1 3 7 6 82 Reveato

2 1 2 8 3 7 Phppias 2 81 9

2, 1 23 6 9 2 6

23 6 25 6 912

23 233 6 912 oossa

2 31 115 6

misquoting truth - timothy paul jones

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